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Page 1: 7: Commencing a Voluntary Case - OU Lawjay.law.ou.edu/faculty/Knippenberg/Bankruptcy/Fall... · Problem 2.2(c) • Apply the federal bankruptcy venue statute to answer the following

7: Commencing a Voluntary Case© Charles Tabb 2010

Page 2: 7: Commencing a Voluntary Case - OU Lawjay.law.ou.edu/faculty/Knippenberg/Bankruptcy/Fall... · Problem 2.2(c) • Apply the federal bankruptcy venue statute to answer the following

Who can file?

• Important threshold question is who can file under which chapter

• i.e., issue of debtor eligibility

Page 3: 7: Commencing a Voluntary Case - OU Lawjay.law.ou.edu/faculty/Knippenberg/Bankruptcy/Fall... · Problem 2.2(c) • Apply the federal bankruptcy venue statute to answer the following

Who gets in the courthouse door?

Page 4: 7: Commencing a Voluntary Case - OU Lawjay.law.ou.edu/faculty/Knippenberg/Bankruptcy/Fall... · Problem 2.2(c) • Apply the federal bankruptcy venue statute to answer the following

3 sets of eligibility rules

1st: Generally applicable rule: § 109(a) Two requirements:

(1) “person”AND(2)  Nexus to United States

• Residence• Domicile• Place of business• property

Page 5: 7: Commencing a Voluntary Case - OU Lawjay.law.ou.edu/faculty/Knippenberg/Bankruptcy/Fall... · Problem 2.2(c) • Apply the federal bankruptcy venue statute to answer the following

“Person”

• Defined term § 101(41)1. Individual –> a human being

Page 6: 7: Commencing a Voluntary Case - OU Lawjay.law.ou.edu/faculty/Knippenberg/Bankruptcy/Fall... · Problem 2.2(c) • Apply the federal bankruptcy venue statute to answer the following

Partnership

• What is a “partnership”? not defined in Code– Look to state partnership law

Page 7: 7: Commencing a Voluntary Case - OU Lawjay.law.ou.edu/faculty/Knippenberg/Bankruptcy/Fall... · Problem 2.2(c) • Apply the federal bankruptcy venue statute to answer the following

Corporation

• Defined term § 101(9)– Very broad

Page 8: 7: Commencing a Voluntary Case - OU Lawjay.law.ou.edu/faculty/Knippenberg/Bankruptcy/Fall... · Problem 2.2(c) • Apply the federal bankruptcy venue statute to answer the following

Connection to United States

• Other absolute eligibility requirement is that the debtor must have a connection to the U.S. (domicile, residence, place of business, or property)– Remember problem in Grupo Mexicano??

Page 9: 7: Commencing a Voluntary Case - OU Lawjay.law.ou.edu/faculty/Knippenberg/Bankruptcy/Fall... · Problem 2.2(c) • Apply the federal bankruptcy venue statute to answer the following

Chapter‐specific eligibility

2nd type of eligibility rule‐> Chapter‐specific rules: 

– § 109(b) ‐> Chapter 7– § 109(c) ‐> Chapter 9– § 109(d) ‐> Chapter 11– § 109(e) ‐> Chapter 12– § 109(f) ‐> Chapter 13– Chapter 15 ‐> special rules in chapter 15 itself

Page 10: 7: Commencing a Voluntary Case - OU Lawjay.law.ou.edu/faculty/Knippenberg/Bankruptcy/Fall... · Problem 2.2(c) • Apply the federal bankruptcy venue statute to answer the following

Exclusionary rules

• 3rd type of eligibility ruleExclusionary Rules:

1st – for abusive serial filers § 109(g)

2nd – not get pre‐bankruptcy credit counseling § 109(h)

Page 11: 7: Commencing a Voluntary Case - OU Lawjay.law.ou.edu/faculty/Knippenberg/Bankruptcy/Fall... · Problem 2.2(c) • Apply the federal bankruptcy venue statute to answer the following

Credit counseling

• Eligibility rule that individual consumer Dr get pre‐bankruptcy credit counseling was added in 2005– Supposedly to PROTECT Drs 

• Give them a better sense of their options, not file hastily, maybe could work something out

– Don’t do us any more favors!!• Hundreds of reported cases where Drs had problems

Page 12: 7: Commencing a Voluntary Case - OU Lawjay.law.ou.edu/faculty/Knippenberg/Bankruptcy/Fall... · Problem 2.2(c) • Apply the federal bankruptcy venue statute to answer the following

Credit counseling

• Has been a real trap for– Unwary Drs– Drs facing an imminent foreclosure

• Need to file ASAP to stop foreclosure

• No time to get credit counseling

Page 13: 7: Commencing a Voluntary Case - OU Lawjay.law.ou.edu/faculty/Knippenberg/Bankruptcy/Fall... · Problem 2.2(c) • Apply the federal bankruptcy venue statute to answer the following

Problem 2.1(a)

• Under which chapters of the Code (if any) are the following debtors eligible for relief?

a. Bill Gates (founder of Microsoft and richest person in the United States)

Page 14: 7: Commencing a Voluntary Case - OU Lawjay.law.ou.edu/faculty/Knippenberg/Bankruptcy/Fall... · Problem 2.2(c) • Apply the federal bankruptcy venue statute to answer the following

Answer to 2.1(a)

• Bill Gates? • Chapter 7 [§ 109(b)]

– Yes – person with US connection• No insolvency requirement• Might kick out via dismissal rules (bad faith to file if billionaire?)

Page 15: 7: Commencing a Voluntary Case - OU Lawjay.law.ou.edu/faculty/Knippenberg/Bankruptcy/Fall... · Problem 2.2(c) • Apply the federal bankruptcy venue statute to answer the following

Gates

• Chapter 11? [§ 109(d)]– Yes– Individuals can file chapter 11 (Toibb v. Radloff)– Mostly tracks chapter 7 rules

Page 16: 7: Commencing a Voluntary Case - OU Lawjay.law.ou.edu/faculty/Knippenberg/Bankruptcy/Fall... · Problem 2.2(c) • Apply the federal bankruptcy venue statute to answer the following

Gates

• Chapter 13? [§ 109(e)]– Individual?  

• yep

– Regular income?• yep

– Debt limit?• $336K unsecured, ~ $1 M secured• Probably over!

Page 17: 7: Commencing a Voluntary Case - OU Lawjay.law.ou.edu/faculty/Knippenberg/Bankruptcy/Fall... · Problem 2.2(c) • Apply the federal bankruptcy venue statute to answer the following

Gates

• Chapter 9?  [§ 109(c)]– Obviously not a “municipality”

• Chapter 12? [§ 109(f)]– Also not likely to qualify as a “family farmer” or a “family fisherman”

Page 18: 7: Commencing a Voluntary Case - OU Lawjay.law.ou.edu/faculty/Knippenberg/Bankruptcy/Fall... · Problem 2.2(c) • Apply the federal bankruptcy venue statute to answer the following

Problem 2.1(b)

• Under which chapters of the Code (if any) are the following debtors eligible for relief?

b.

Page 19: 7: Commencing a Voluntary Case - OU Lawjay.law.ou.edu/faculty/Knippenberg/Bankruptcy/Fall... · Problem 2.2(c) • Apply the federal bankruptcy venue statute to answer the following

GM

• Chapter 7?– Yes = “person”

• “corporation”

– Has US connection

Page 20: 7: Commencing a Voluntary Case - OU Lawjay.law.ou.edu/faculty/Knippenberg/Bankruptcy/Fall... · Problem 2.2(c) • Apply the federal bankruptcy venue statute to answer the following

GM

• Chapter 11?• Yes – person, no exclusions• This is chapter actually filed under

Page 21: 7: Commencing a Voluntary Case - OU Lawjay.law.ou.edu/faculty/Knippenberg/Bankruptcy/Fall... · Problem 2.2(c) • Apply the federal bankruptcy venue statute to answer the following

GM

• Nothing else• Chapter 13 – not an “individual”

Page 22: 7: Commencing a Voluntary Case - OU Lawjay.law.ou.edu/faculty/Knippenberg/Bankruptcy/Fall... · Problem 2.2(c) • Apply the federal bankruptcy venue statute to answer the following

Problem 2.1(c)

• Under which chapters of the Code (if any) are the following debtors eligible for relief?

c. Writ, Estoppel & Replevin, a law firm partnership

Page 23: 7: Commencing a Voluntary Case - OU Lawjay.law.ou.edu/faculty/Knippenberg/Bankruptcy/Fall... · Problem 2.2(c) • Apply the federal bankruptcy venue statute to answer the following

Partnership eligibility

• “person” so can file chapter 7 or 11– Assuming US connection

• But not chapter 13 because not an “individual”

• Each individual partner would have to file chapter 13

Page 24: 7: Commencing a Voluntary Case - OU Lawjay.law.ou.edu/faculty/Knippenberg/Bankruptcy/Fall... · Problem 2.2(c) • Apply the federal bankruptcy venue statute to answer the following

Problem 2.1(d)

• Under which chapters of the Code (if any) are the following debtors eligible for relief?

d. New York Yankees Baseball Club

Page 25: 7: Commencing a Voluntary Case - OU Lawjay.law.ou.edu/faculty/Knippenberg/Bankruptcy/Fall... · Problem 2.2(c) • Apply the federal bankruptcy venue statute to answer the following

The Yankees

• Chapter 7 or 11• “person”  “corporation” § 101(9)

– Definition includes virtually any type of organized business, even including unincorporated association

• No insolvency requirement– Question whether really need bankruptcy relief tested via motion to dismiss, not at eligibility

• But not 13 – not individual

Page 26: 7: Commencing a Voluntary Case - OU Lawjay.law.ou.edu/faculty/Knippenberg/Bankruptcy/Fall... · Problem 2.2(c) • Apply the federal bankruptcy venue statute to answer the following

Problem 2.1(e)

• Under which chapters of the Code (if any) are the following debtors eligible for relief?

e. Toronto Blue Jays Baseball Club

Page 27: 7: Commencing a Voluntary Case - OU Lawjay.law.ou.edu/faculty/Knippenberg/Bankruptcy/Fall... · Problem 2.2(c) • Apply the federal bankruptcy venue statute to answer the following

Toronto Blue Jays

• Same analysis as Yankees re: “corporation” as “person”

• Issue:  requisite United States connection?– ANY OF domicile, residence, place of business, or property will suffice

– Likely have property in the United States

Page 28: 7: Commencing a Voluntary Case - OU Lawjay.law.ou.edu/faculty/Knippenberg/Bankruptcy/Fall... · Problem 2.2(c) • Apply the federal bankruptcy venue statute to answer the following

Toronto Blue Jays

• Obviously, also would be potentially eligible for bankruptcy relief in Canada

• Raise transnational bankruptcy issues– Dealt with in chapter 14 of casebook– Problems of coordination

Page 29: 7: Commencing a Voluntary Case - OU Lawjay.law.ou.edu/faculty/Knippenberg/Bankruptcy/Fall... · Problem 2.2(c) • Apply the federal bankruptcy venue statute to answer the following

Problem 2.1(f)

• Under which chapters of the Code (if any) are the following debtors eligible for relief?

f. Greg Norman, Australian golf star and resident of Florida

Page 30: 7: Commencing a Voluntary Case - OU Lawjay.law.ou.edu/faculty/Knippenberg/Bankruptcy/Fall... · Problem 2.2(c) • Apply the federal bankruptcy venue statute to answer the following

Greg Norman

• “Person” – yes• US connection?

– Yes – even though Aussie citizen, is a resident of Florida

• So, eligible for chapters 7 and 11 for sure• Chapter 13 – likely problem with debt limits

Page 31: 7: Commencing a Voluntary Case - OU Lawjay.law.ou.edu/faculty/Knippenberg/Bankruptcy/Fall... · Problem 2.2(c) • Apply the federal bankruptcy venue statute to answer the following

Problem 2.1(g)

• Under which chapters of the Code (if any) are the following debtors eligible for relief?

g. New York City

Page 32: 7: Commencing a Voluntary Case - OU Lawjay.law.ou.edu/faculty/Knippenberg/Bankruptcy/Fall... · Problem 2.2(c) • Apply the federal bankruptcy venue statute to answer the following

New York City

• ONLY chapter 9 ‐‐ § 109(c)• “municipality” ‐‐ § 101(40)• Specifically excluded from definition of “person”• So cannot file chapter 7 or 11

Page 33: 7: Commencing a Voluntary Case - OU Lawjay.law.ou.edu/faculty/Knippenberg/Bankruptcy/Fall... · Problem 2.2(c) • Apply the federal bankruptcy venue statute to answer the following

NYC

• Detailed rules in § 109(c) and in chapter 9 to protect sovereignty of states – Must be specially authorized to file– Must be insolvent– Pre‐bankruptcy negotiations with creditors

Page 34: 7: Commencing a Voluntary Case - OU Lawjay.law.ou.edu/faculty/Knippenberg/Bankruptcy/Fall... · Problem 2.2(c) • Apply the federal bankruptcy venue statute to answer the following

Problem 2.1(h)

• Under which chapters of the Code (if any) are the following debtors eligible for relief?

h. Probate Estate of the lateWarren Burger, former Chief Justice of the United States Supreme Court

Page 35: 7: Commencing a Voluntary Case - OU Lawjay.law.ou.edu/faculty/Knippenberg/Bankruptcy/Fall... · Problem 2.2(c) • Apply the federal bankruptcy venue statute to answer the following

Probate Estate

• NOT eligible• Not a “person”• Compare definition of “entity” § 101(15)

– Includes person and estate – thus indicating that an estate is not a person

• Why exclude?– Insolvent probate estates handled under state lawprobate proceeding

Page 36: 7: Commencing a Voluntary Case - OU Lawjay.law.ou.edu/faculty/Knippenberg/Bankruptcy/Fall... · Problem 2.2(c) • Apply the federal bankruptcy venue statute to answer the following

Problem 2.1(i)

• Under which chapters of the Code (if any) are the following debtors eligible for relief?

i. Reading Railroad

Page 37: 7: Commencing a Voluntary Case - OU Lawjay.law.ou.edu/faculty/Knippenberg/Bankruptcy/Fall... · Problem 2.2(c) • Apply the federal bankruptcy venue statute to answer the following

Railroad

• ONLY eligible under chapter 11, § 109(d)• Specifically excluded from chapter 7• Subchapter IV of Chapter 11 deals specifically with railroad reorganizations

Page 38: 7: Commencing a Voluntary Case - OU Lawjay.law.ou.edu/faculty/Knippenberg/Bankruptcy/Fall... · Problem 2.2(c) • Apply the federal bankruptcy venue statute to answer the following

Problem 2.1(j)

• Under which chapters of the Code (if any) are the following debtors eligible for relief?

j. John Hancock Insurance Co.

Page 39: 7: Commencing a Voluntary Case - OU Lawjay.law.ou.edu/faculty/Knippenberg/Bankruptcy/Fall... · Problem 2.2(c) • Apply the federal bankruptcy venue statute to answer the following

Insurance company

• NOT eligible• Excluded from chapter 7, § 109(b)(2), (3)• Chapter 7 exclusion carried over to chapter 11• Why?

– Heavily regulated by states– States have statutes in place regarding insolvency

Page 40: 7: Commencing a Voluntary Case - OU Lawjay.law.ou.edu/faculty/Knippenberg/Bankruptcy/Fall... · Problem 2.2(c) • Apply the federal bankruptcy venue statute to answer the following

Problem 2.1(k)

• Under which chapters of the Code (if any) are the following debtors eligible for relief?

k. HealthCare America, a health maintenance organization

Page 41: 7: Commencing a Voluntary Case - OU Lawjay.law.ou.edu/faculty/Knippenberg/Bankruptcy/Fall... · Problem 2.2(c) • Apply the federal bankruptcy venue statute to answer the following

HMO

• Problem – a hybrid• Part insurance company – which is excluded, as saw in last problem

• But also part medical provider, would be an eligible corporation

‐> So how decide which part controls for bankruptcy eligibility?

Page 42: 7: Commencing a Voluntary Case - OU Lawjay.law.ou.edu/faculty/Knippenberg/Bankruptcy/Fall... · Problem 2.2(c) • Apply the federal bankruptcy venue statute to answer the following

HMO

• Defer to state law classifications

• If treated as insurance company under state law, then have same justification for excluding as for any other insurance company, namely, detailed state law regulation

Page 43: 7: Commencing a Voluntary Case - OU Lawjay.law.ou.edu/faculty/Knippenberg/Bankruptcy/Fall... · Problem 2.2(c) • Apply the federal bankruptcy venue statute to answer the following

Problem 2.1(l)

• Under which chapters of the Code (if any) are the following debtors eligible for relief?

l. Sue Debtor, a retired individual with credit card debts of $25,000 and a monthly social security check of $750

Page 44: 7: Commencing a Voluntary Case - OU Lawjay.law.ou.edu/faculty/Knippenberg/Bankruptcy/Fall... · Problem 2.2(c) • Apply the federal bankruptcy venue statute to answer the following

Retiree on Social Security

• “Person”• Assuming US connection, clearly eligible under chapter 7 and 11

• Chapter 13?– Individual? – yes– Under debt limits? – yes, $25K unsecured, well below $336K ceiling

– Regular income? • yes, gets monthly social security check• Function is whether she could fund a payment plan

Page 45: 7: Commencing a Voluntary Case - OU Lawjay.law.ou.edu/faculty/Knippenberg/Bankruptcy/Fall... · Problem 2.2(c) • Apply the federal bankruptcy venue statute to answer the following

Problem 2.1(m)

• Under which chapters of the Code (if any) are the following debtors eligible for relief?

m. Bob Farmer, an individual who farms a quarter section of corn and soybeans, and whose total debts are $1.1 million, of which $900,000 is attributable to the farming operation

Page 46: 7: Commencing a Voluntary Case - OU Lawjay.law.ou.edu/faculty/Knippenberg/Bankruptcy/Fall... · Problem 2.2(c) • Apply the federal bankruptcy venue statute to answer the following

Farmer

• “person” and thus eligible under chapters 7 and 11, assuming US connection

• Chapter 13?– Issue is debt ceiling– Depends on mix of secured and unsecured

• Facts say has total debts of $1.1 M• Chapter 13 ceiling is $336K unsecured and ~ $1M secured

• So depends on whether > $336K of total debts are unsecured

Page 47: 7: Commencing a Voluntary Case - OU Lawjay.law.ou.edu/faculty/Knippenberg/Bankruptcy/Fall... · Problem 2.2(c) • Apply the federal bankruptcy venue statute to answer the following

Farmer

• Chapter 12, §§ 109(f), 101(18), 101(19)• “individual” – yes• Under debt ceiling?

– Yes – Ceiling is ~ $3.5 M, Bob has $1.1M

• Enough of a “farmer”?50% of debts attributable to farming – yes, $900K of $1.1M

• Regular income?– Fact question – fund a plan?

Page 48: 7: Commencing a Voluntary Case - OU Lawjay.law.ou.edu/faculty/Knippenberg/Bankruptcy/Fall... · Problem 2.2(c) • Apply the federal bankruptcy venue statute to answer the following

Problem 2.1(n)

• Under which chapters of the Code (if any) are the following debtors eligible for relief?

n. Guillaum is the official Liquidator of the Cayman Islands insolvency case regarding Offshore Assets Inc. (OAI).  OAI has assets in the United States.  Guillaum would like to obtain relief in the U.S. courts protecting those assets

Page 49: 7: Commencing a Voluntary Case - OU Lawjay.law.ou.edu/faculty/Knippenberg/Bankruptcy/Fall... · Problem 2.2(c) • Apply the federal bankruptcy venue statute to answer the following

Foreign representative

• Guillaum may commence a chapter 15 proceeding by filing a petition for recognitionunder § 1515 and then, upon recognition, filing a petition under 301‐303. See 1511.  He is the “foreign representative” of a “foreign main proceeding” – the Cayman liquidation of OAI.  

Page 50: 7: Commencing a Voluntary Case - OU Lawjay.law.ou.edu/faculty/Knippenberg/Bankruptcy/Fall... · Problem 2.2(c) • Apply the federal bankruptcy venue statute to answer the following

COMI

• The U.S. court should grant the petition for recognition if the Caymans is the “center of main interests” of OAI and if all else is in order. See § 1517.  The relief that will be granted is governed by §§ 1519‐1524.

Page 51: 7: Commencing a Voluntary Case - OU Lawjay.law.ou.edu/faculty/Knippenberg/Bankruptcy/Fall... · Problem 2.2(c) • Apply the federal bankruptcy venue statute to answer the following

Venue

• Where file?– The bankruptcy case 

• 28 USC § 1408

– Proceedings in that case• 28 USC § 1409

Page 52: 7: Commencing a Voluntary Case - OU Lawjay.law.ou.edu/faculty/Knippenberg/Bankruptcy/Fall... · Problem 2.2(c) • Apply the federal bankruptcy venue statute to answer the following

Problem 2.2(a)

• Apply the federal bankruptcy venue statute to answer the following questions: 

• a. Sue Debtor had lived in Illinois all her life.  On March 1, she moved across the Mississippi to Iowa.  On June 1, she filed chapter 7 in the district court in Iowa.  Is venue proper?

Page 53: 7: Commencing a Voluntary Case - OU Lawjay.law.ou.edu/faculty/Knippenberg/Bankruptcy/Fall... · Problem 2.2(c) • Apply the federal bankruptcy venue statute to answer the following

2.2(a): Case venue when move?

• Venue of the case is proper in Iowa– § 1408(1)

• Sue has lived in Iowa (residence or domicile) for the longer portion of the 180 days before bankruptcy– Specifically, has lived in Iowa for 92 days

Page 54: 7: Commencing a Voluntary Case - OU Lawjay.law.ou.edu/faculty/Knippenberg/Bankruptcy/Fall... · Problem 2.2(c) • Apply the federal bankruptcy venue statute to answer the following

Other problems arise with pre‐bankruptcy move

• Note: other problems – especially with applicable exemption laws – arise when a debtor moves before bankruptcy

‐ will see in chapter 11 of casebook

Page 55: 7: Commencing a Voluntary Case - OU Lawjay.law.ou.edu/faculty/Knippenberg/Bankruptcy/Fall... · Problem 2.2(c) • Apply the federal bankruptcy venue statute to answer the following

Problem 2.2(b)

• Apply the federal bankruptcy venue statute to answer the following questions: 

• b. Enron Corp.:  – home office, principal place of business in Houston, Texas 

– incorporated in Oregon.  – Enron Metals, a small affiliate of Enron, is headquartered in New York   

Page 56: 7: Commencing a Voluntary Case - OU Lawjay.law.ou.edu/faculty/Knippenberg/Bankruptcy/Fall... · Problem 2.2(c) • Apply the federal bankruptcy venue statute to answer the following

Corporate venue

• Enron’s management would love to file chapter 11 in the Southern District of New York

• Very experienced (and debtor‐friendly!) court• Any way to do this?

Page 57: 7: Commencing a Voluntary Case - OU Lawjay.law.ou.edu/faculty/Knippenberg/Bankruptcy/Fall... · Problem 2.2(c) • Apply the federal bankruptcy venue statute to answer the following

Corporate venue (2.2(b))

• YES – use the “affiliate hook”• Have Enron Metals, which is headquartered in NY, file first, under 1408(1)

• THEN the parent company, Enron Corp., can file in NY under 1408(2)– Because a case is already pending in NY involving an “affiliate”

– And affiliate is defined to include parents or subs

Page 58: 7: Commencing a Voluntary Case - OU Lawjay.law.ou.edu/faculty/Knippenberg/Bankruptcy/Fall... · Problem 2.2(c) • Apply the federal bankruptcy venue statute to answer the following

Forum shopping

• The upshot of – 1408(1) allowing a corporation to file where it is incorporated (domicile)

Plus– 1408(2) allowing parents to use the affiliate hook

Is that a large corporation can file virtually anywhere it wants‐ which promotes forum shopping

Page 59: 7: Commencing a Voluntary Case - OU Lawjay.law.ou.edu/faculty/Knippenberg/Bankruptcy/Fall... · Problem 2.2(c) • Apply the federal bankruptcy venue statute to answer the following

Problem 2.2(c)

• Apply the federal bankruptcy venue statute to answer the following questions: 

c. Debtor Inc. filed chapter 11 in District of Hawaii*  Shortly before filing, Debtor had paid off a $1,200 debt to Creditor, a supplier located in Maine*  Debtor (as DIP, e.g., trustee), sues Creditor in the federal court in Hawaii to recover the $1,200 as a preferential transfer under § 547.  

Was Debtor supposed to file suit in Maine?

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Venue of proceeding

• General rule:  home court• 1409(a) provides that the default rule is that a proceeding connected with the bankruptcy case may be filed in the district where the case is pending, e.g., the “home court”

• If that rule applies, then the filing in Hawaii is proper

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Distant defendant, small $

• Is it fair for a creditor located in MAINE to have to go to HAWAII to defend a lawsuit over a measly $1,200?

• Over 5,000 miles away!• Hardship on Cr• Under non‐bk law, likely would have to sue in Maine (where Defendant “resides, 28 USC 1391(c))

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Special protective rule

• 1409(b) protects a distant defendant on a small debt– Here, a non‐insider being sued on a non‐consumer debt is protected for amounts less than $10,950

– So the $1,200 debt is covered– Have to sue in Maine

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Statutory glitch

• 1409(b) by its terms applies when trustee sues on matter “arising in or related to” bankruptcy case

• A preference action under § 547 technically is a proceeding “arising under” title 11

• A minority of courts thus hold that the protective rule of 1409(b) is n/a to preference actions

• Congressional intent, though plainly was directed at preferences– Legislative history – see 1997 Commission Report

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Mechanics of filing

• Debtor (or Debtor and spouse in joint case) file a petition– §§ 301, 302

• Pay filing fee– Specified in 28 USC 1930(a)

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That’s it!

• The filing of the petition, accompanied by the fee, “commences” the case

• And in voluntary case (e.g., DR files), the “commencement” of the case = “order for relief”– Exactly same force and effect as if the Bankruptcy Judge formally entered an order

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What if Debtor too poor?

• Can this guy file bankruptcy?

• Maybe NO– Supreme Court held in US v Kras(1973) that no Due Process right to access to bankruptcy court –can be too poor to file bankruptcy!

– 2005 – limited in forma pauperis statute passed

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Paperwork

• DR has huge burden of paperwork to file, either with petition or shortly thereafter

• If doesn’t, case may be dismissed

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Effects of Filing

• Automatic stay § 362• Stops all collection efforts• Protect Dr, property

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Effects of filing

• Property of estate § 541(a)

• DR  Estate

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Effects of Filing

• Utility services can’t be cut off, § 366