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intervention has been driven by economical aspectwithout considering sustainability principle. The currentcondition presents that forest area is damage anddegraded. Some efforts are needed to be addressed to re-form the current condition into optimized and sustainedforest which considers dynamic and autonomous socio-economic and environmental aspects through

enhancement, strengthening and acceleration of the activeparticipation of coastal communities.A form of coastal communities participation is strongly

influenced by the background of their lives, includingsocial, economic and environmental characteristics. Thesefactors affect to the development characteristic that will beapplied to the local community. It could be determinedsome factors that influence the participation level ofcoastal communities on forest rehabilitation mangrove inMuara Badak. Participation level is influenced byperception level of coastal communities, the perception ofthe respondents are not influenced by other variables suchas education or occupation. Some efforts that can improve

the participation of coastal communities can be conductedthrough improving coastal community perceptionsregarding with the stages of mangrove forestrehabilitation. The perception improvement can beachieved through providing knowledge on mangroveforest function as well as giving the understanding onrehabilitation role. Some supports which are obtainedfrom relevant partner are needed to be considered toprovide assessment and extension function such astechnical assessment, supervision, controlling, secure andconservation of mangrove forest coastal area.

Perception is also associated with awareness of coastalcommunities behaviour toward uses and utilization ofmangrove forests as well as conservation implementation.Perception description of coastal community on mangroveforest rehabilitation could be one of the considerationaspects for policy maker in order to improve theempowerment framework of coastal community.

High frequency of coastal community perception inMuara Badak sub district is determined by understandingframework on mangrove forest advantage and function.The result shows that workers who adequatelyunderstand about its advantage and function are14.7%,while fishermen and farmers are 18%, Table 1. Themultipurpose that mangrove forest provides support for

livelihoods to workers, fishermen and farmers could befactor that causes this value.

Table 1. Perception towards mangrove forest advantageand function

Occupa-tion

Notunder-stand

Lessunderstand

Adequateunderstand

Under-stand

Total

% % % % %

Workers 1 7 25 16.7 22 14.7 2 1.3 50 33.3

Fishermen 1 7 16 10.7 27 18.0 6 4.0 50 33.3

Pond

farmers

3 2.0 8 5.3 27 18.0 12 8.0 50 33.3

Total 5 3.3 49 32.7 76 50.7 20 13.3 150 100

Coastal community participation on potential naturalresources conservation in mangrove forest can be seen inthis research. The result shows that coastal communityparticipation is not always in line with perception result.Good perception does not guarantee active participation,vice versa. Various factors may occur, especially ifpersonal and groups interest is looking for high profits

which performed under instant manner and not supportconservation and sustainable effort. Those factors caninfluence coastal community participation to do somepositive efforts. In general, the uses and utilizationtowards mangrove forest natural resources of coastalcommunity in Muara Badak sub district, especially coastalvillages, is very low.

Active participation formulation strategy of coastalcommunities will determine the target of mangrove forestrehabilitation. Required strategy formulation is neededmultidimensional analysis which accommodates allaspects involved on the development of the strategic planand its implementation. Some aspects that need to be

considered on determining the strategy includes: 1)implementation aspect of forest and land rehabilitation;2) optimization aspect of coastal communitiesparticipation; 3) socio-economic aspects of coastalcommunities and sustainable environmental conservation;and 4) facilities, infrastructure, mobility and capabilitiesaspects of workers, fishermen and pond farmers. Datainput on these aspects is obtained from the result of directobservation and interviews with the respondents.

Internal factors include the strengths and weaknessescomponent, while external factors include theopportunities and threats component. Those two factorsare translated into a number of elements which relates tocoastal community participation on the rehabilitation ofmangrove forests in an integrated, effective, conserve andsustainable (see Table 2). External factor analysis isidentification on external factors that includesopportunities and threats which organizes targets andobjectives of the strategy to be more precise (Table 3).

Table 2. Evaluation Matrix on Internal Factor

No Internal factors Weight RatingWeightx Rating

Strengths:

1. High dependency of coastalcommunities on coastal

resources i.e. biodiversity andmangrove forest ecosystem

0.23 4 0.92

2. The existing of law, policy andcommitment of thegovernment on the mangroveforest management

0.18 4 0.72

3. High availability of labor andproductive resourcesparticularly on fisheries sector

0.12 4 0.48

4. Availability of access, transportand improvement of economicchanges

0.09 3 0.27

5. Availability of farm businessand shrimp cold storagefacilities owned by exporters

0.07 2 0.14

Total Strengths: 2.53

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Table 3. Evaluation Matrix of External Facto

No External factors Weight Rating

Opportunities:

1. Availability of forest and land

rehabilitation programs and

activities through Community

Owned Nursery and Rural

Owned Nursery

0.22 4

2. Implementation of improved

perception and active

participation by strengthening

the development of alternative

economic enterprises

0.15 4

3. The presence of mangrove

forests area, critical land,

technical design and long-

term strategic plan

0.10 3

Total Opportunities:

Threats:

1. Pollution to coastal area,

coastline erosion and balance

environmental capacity

changes

0.17 -2

2. Resource usage and utilization

of mangrove forest

ecosystems which not comply

with the principle of

environmental sustainability

0.21 -3

3. Social conflicts between

coastal communities with oil

and gas company

0.15 -2

Total Threats

Total Opportunities and Threats 1.00

Summary value among internal factors

internal factors accumulation based on ur

weight factors reaches +1.42. The value

strength and weaknesses component i.e. +2.5It means that strength component is mor

rather than weakness factors. On the other sid

value among external value shows that exte

accumulation based on urgency and wei

reaches +0.51. The value consists of oppo

threats component i.e. +2.78 and -1.27. It

opportunity component is more dominant

threats factors. The position value is in the fir

with ordinate 1.42:0.51 which indicates stron

and have high opportunity (SO strategy). Strate

is expected could improve active participatio

community (Figure 1).

The figure shows that effort to imprparticipation of coastal community could be op

to high opportunity and strength despites of

and weaknesses. Local government throug

agencies and local communities should be mor

and innovative by optimizing the active part

coastal communities to the program and reha

mangrove forests (Rangkuti, 2006).

In order to actualize the plans, programs a

which is developed in the strategy t

participation of coastal communities, Analytica

Process is applied to generate priorities alte

the target and objectives. This analysis was c

order to avoid conflicts which may occur betw

and government sector including workers, fish

mad et al.

2252-5211, 15thMarch 2013, All rights reserved

s

Weight x

Rating

0.88

0.60

0.30

1.78

-0.34

-0.63

-0.30

-1.27

-0.51

hows that

gency and

consists of

and -1.11.dominant

e, summary

nal factors

ht factors

tunity and

eans that

ather than

t quadrant

g condition

gic position

of coastal

ove activeimized due

its threats

h relevant

aggressive

icipation of

ilitation of

d activities

improve

l Hierarchy

natives on

nducted in

een private

ermen, and

pond farmers as an important p

communities. Partial management

quality and carrying capacity of coast

estuary, Muara Badak sub district. O

people activities which does not

program is also considered could red

carrying capacity of coastal area.

priority hierarchy of alternative aspec

Figure 1. Strategy Position to I

Community

Based on the above descriptio

related agencies, experts, researcher

academician formulate four main sec

and policies to improve active part

community on mangrove rehabilit

estuary, Muara Badak sub distric

development and rehabilitation of m

habitat for natural resources, in or

integrity of the coastal ecosystem whthe development of mangrove seed

participation (A1); 2) generates positi

strengthening coastal communities a

and functions of mangrove forests

cooperation between relevant p

environment awareness in more ef

participation (B1); and 3) acceleratio

re-vegetation and restoration of coa

which suffer from disruption and da

on degraded and deforested forest and

Utilization and economic function

ecosystem on different habitat or lo

value which depend on socioeconomi

factors. Therefore, mangrove fores

requires thoroughly assessment both

be measured and valued directly or th

directly measured and valued such

The summary of alternative priority

is listed in Table 4.

Coastal community also utilize co

Mahakam estuary as part of mangro

for fishes farming especially shrimp p

requires mangrove forest ecosy

management in participative patte

collective coastal community.

37

art of the coastal

could reduce the

al area in Mahakam

ther aspect such as

upport sustainable

uce the quality and

igure 2 shows the

s and sub aspects.

mprove Coastal

, stakeholders on

from university or

ors on the strategy

icipation of coastal

ation in Mahakam

, i.e.: 1) program

ngrove forests as a

er to maintain the

ich is supported bygained from rural

e perception on the

bout the advantage

through intensive

rties to improve

icient and effective

n and control upon

tal areas resources

mage; rehabilitation

land (A2).

of mangrove forest

cation has different

and bio geophysics

t ecosystem value

in factors which can

e one that cannot be

s ecology function.

trategy and policies

stal zone around in

e forest ecosystem

onds. This situation

tem rehabilitation

rn which involves

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Figure 2. Alternative Priority Diagram on

Sub Aspect

Coordination in the rehabilitation frame

be carried out optimally either with relevan

universities and private sector and others rela

Close coordination among parties is needed to

Table 4. The Summary of Alternative Priority

No. Strategies and Policies Strategy

1. Program development and rehabilitation o

natural resources, in order to maintain the

which is supported by the development

nursery

2. Acceleration and control upon re-vegetati

resources which suffer from disruption an

and deforested forest and land

3. Improve the participation and develop varie

coastal communities through the use and ut

on sustainability management

4. Generates positive perception on the strengtadvantage and functions of mangrove fo

between relevant parties to improve environ

effective participation

5. Generates strong commitment and consisten

coastal community social economic efforts b

resource and mangrove forest ecosystem

6. Improve coastal community empowerment

on sustainable mangrove forest sustainabili

business opportunity and build network

7. Accelerate the establishment of Guidance U

of Mangrove Forest on Sub district level

8. Focus and align the commitment of local g

and assisting activity for alternative b

community i.e. workers, fishermen and po

management principle

9. Synergize the autonomous rural business

between non-governmental organization a

institution through institution development,

provision for coastal community whic

Responsibility

10. Acceleration and improvement the qual

infrastructure, training, skills and approp

support coastal communities business progr

11. Optimization of local government policies w

monitoring, conserving and securing ma

preventive approach

12. Affirmation action by law enforcement to oforest encroachment and illegal logging

potential coastal resources and coastal mang

mad et al.

2252-5211, 15thMarch 2013, All rights reserved

spect and

ork should

t agencies,

ted parties.

be taken in

this present time. Efforts to improve

skill can be carried out through far

non-biological natural resources

principle perspective. Improving entr

can increase the welfare of rural coa

developing creative economic enterp

knowledge are also needed to be addr

Participatory pattern consists ofwhich include monitoring, dissemi

transparency, formal institutions, par

monitoring, controlling, conserving an

technical coaching and assistance m

also sanctions to obey the law. Coa

assistance programs are conducte

activities such as training and ed

communities to get involved or partici

program. Since the education and

mangrove forests are still relatively l

perception on the role of mangrove f

important to be preserved.

on Mangrove Forest Rehabilitation Strategy and Policies

Quadrant Wei

f mangrove forests as a habitat for

integrity of coastal zone ecosystem

f rural participatory for mangroveIII - S0 0.3

n and restoration of coastal areas

damage; rehabilitation on degraded III - S0 0.1

ty of creative economic enterprise of

ilization of potential resources based III - S0 0.0

ening coastal communities about theests through intensive cooperation

ment awareness in more efficient andIV - ST 0.1

cy of local government to support

sed on preservation potential coastal IV - ST 0.0

o get involved in active participation

ty in order to provide available jobs, IV - ST 0.0

it Team and Technical Guidance UnitI - WO 0.0

vernment with the plan on program

siness through interfering coastal

nd farmers under sustainable forest I - WO0.0

managements program and activity

nd rural community empowerment

partnership cooperation and soft loan

supported by Corporate Social

I-WO 0.0

ity of people resources, facilities,

riate technology implementation to

am

II - WT 0.0

ith coastal community on controlling,

grove forest using persuasive and II - WT0.0

ercome the expansion of new ponds,hich endangers the preservation of

ove forest ecosystems

II-WT 0.0

38

coastal community

ing biological and

nder conservation

preneurial skill that

stal community and

rise based on local

ssed.

several componentsation and policies

ies which involve in

d securing as well as

chanisms unit, and

ching and technical

d through several

ucation for coastal

pate in conservation

awareness towards

w, it causes limited

rests which is very

ht Priority Code

1 1 A1

4 3 A2

0 5 A3

5 2 B1

9 6 B2

4 8 B3

1 4 C1

29 C2

2 12 C3

9 7 D1

810 D2

6 11 D3

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IV.CONCLUSIONS

Several conclusion points that can be generated basedon the analysis result are as follows: Participationdifference level is categorized on two criterions: very lowand low. Very low criterion reaches up to 81.3% with 122respondents, while low criterion up to 15.3% with 23

respondents. Factor which affects the active participationof coastal community on mangrove forest rehabilitation islow level. Effective reformation on program and activitydevelopment for mangrove forest rehabilitation as naturalresources is needed to be applied in order to improveactive participation of coastal community. New modelformulation which is presented by rural participatory formangrove nursery is expected to support the integrity ofcoastal zone ecosystem.

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