63027 ref

28
531 References Abdel-Hadi, O. N., and Mitchell, J. K. 1981. Coupled heat and water flows around buried cables, Journal of Geotechnical Engineering, ASCE, Vol. 107, No. GT 11, pp. 1461–1487. Abdel-Hady, M., and Herrin, M. 1966. Characteristics of soil-asphalt as a rate process, Journal of the Highway Division, ASCE, Vol. 92, No. HW1, pp. 49–69. Aboshi, H. 1973. An experimental investigation on the similitude in the consolidation of a soft clay including secondary creep settle- ment, Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Soil Mechanics and Foundation Engineering, Moscow, Vol. 4, pp. 88. Acar, Y. B., and Alshawabkeh, A. N. 1993. Principles of electroki- netic remediation, Environmental Science and Technology, Vol. 27, No. 13, pp. 2638–2647. Acar, Y. B., Gale, R. J., Hamad, J., and Putnam, G. 1990. Acid/base distributions in electrokinetic soil processing, Transportation Re- search Record, No. 1288, pp. 23–34. Adachi, T., and Oka, F. 1982. Constitutive equations for normally consolidated clay based on elasto-viscoplasticity, Soils and Foun- dations, Vol. 22, No. 4, pp. 57–70. Adachi, T., Oka, F., Hirata, T., Hashimoto, T., Pradhan, T. B. S., Nagaya, J., and Mimura, M. 1991. Triaxial and torsional hollow cylinder tests of sensitive natural clay and an elasto-viscoplastic constitutive model, Proceedings, European Conference on SMFE, Florence, pp. 3–6. Adachi, T., Oka, F., and Mimura, M. 1996. Modeling aspects asso- ciated with time dependent behavior of soils. In: T. C. Sheahan, and V. N. Kaliakin (Eds.), Measuring and Modeling Time Depen- dent Soil Behavior, ASCE Geotechnical Special Publication No. 61, ASCE, New York, pp. 61–95. Afifi, S. S. and Richart, F. E., Jr. 1973. Stress-history effects on shear modulus of soils, Soils and Foundations, Vol. 13, No. 1, pp. 77– 95. Ahmed, N., and Sunada, D. K. 1969. Nonlinear flow in porous media, ASCE Journal of Hydraulics Division, Vol. 95, HY11, pp. 1847– 1857. AhnDan, L. Q., Koseki, J., and Tatsuoka, F. 2001. Viscous defor- mation in triaxial compression of a dense well-graded gravel and its model simulation. In: F. Tatsuoka, S. Shibuya, and R. Kuwano (Eds.), Advanced Laboratory Stress-Strain Testing of Geomateri- als, Swets Zeilinger, Lisse, pp. 187–194. Aitchison, G. D., Russam, K., and Richards, B. G. 1965. Engineering concepts of moisture equilibrium and moisture changes in soils. In: Moisture Equilibrium and Moisture Changes in Soils Beneath Covered Areas, Butterworths, Sydney, Australia, pp. 7–21. Akagi, H. 1994. Physico-chemical approach to the consolidation mechanism of soft clays, Soils and Foundations, Vol. 34, No. 4, pp. 43–50. Akai, K., Adachi, T., and Ando, N. 1975. Existence of a unique stress-strain-time relation of clays, Soils and Foundations, Vol. 15, No. 1, pp. 1–16. Alarcon-Guzman, A., Leonards, G. A., and Chameau J. L. 1988. Undrained monotonic and cyclic strength of sands, Journal of Geo- technical Engineering, ASCE, Vol. 114, No. 10, pp. 1089–1109. Alberro, J., and Santoyo, E. 1973. Long term behavior of Mexico City clay, Proceedings, 8th ICSMFE, Moscow, Vol. 1, pp. 1–9. Aldrich, H. P., Jr. 1956. Frost penetration below highway and airfield pavements, Highway Research Board Bulletin No. 135. Allersma, H. G. B. 1999. ‘‘Optical analysis of stress and strain in photoelastic assemblies.’’ In: M. Oda and K. Iwashita (Eds.), Me- chanics of Granular Materials: An Introduction, Balkema, Rotter- dam, pp. 265–270. Alonso, E. E., Gens, A., and Josa, A. 1990. A constitutive model for partially saturated soils, Ge ´otechnique, Vol. 40, pp. 405–430. Al-Shamrani, M. A., and Sture, S. 1998. Time-dependent bounding surface model for anisotropic cohesive soils, Soils and Founda- tions, Vol. 38, No 1, pp. 61–76. Alshibli, K. A., and Sture, S. 2000. Shear band formation in plane strain experiments of sand, Journal of Geotechnical and Geoen- vironmental Engineering, ASCE, Vol. 126, No. 6, pp. 495–503. Alshibli, K. A., Batiste, S. N., and Sture, S. 2003. Strain localization in sand: Plane strain versus triaxial compression, Journal of Geo- technical and Geoenvironmental Engineering, Vol. 129, No. 6, pp. 483–494. Alshewabkeh, A. N. 2001. Basics and Applications of Electrokinetic Remediation. http: / / www1.coe.neu.edu / aalsha / shortcourse.pdf. Alther, G., Evans, J. C., and Paneoski, S. E. 1988. Organically mod- ified clays for stabilization of organic hazardous wastes, Proceed- ings of the Ninth National Conference, Silver Spring, MD, The Hazardous Materials Control Research Institute, pp. 440–445. American Society for Testing and Materials. 1970. Special Proce- dures for Testing Soil and Rock for Engineering Purposes, Special Technical Publication 479, 5th ed., ASTM, Philadelphia. American Society for Testing and Materials. 1989. Standard Test Method for Classification of Soils for Engineering Purposes (D2487-85), and Standard Practice for Identification of Soils (D2488-84), Annual Book of Standards, Vol. 4.08, pp. 288–307, Philadelphia. American Society for Testing and Materials, 2000. Standard Test Method for Determination of Thermal Conductivity of Soil and Soft Rock by Thermal Needle Probe Procedure (D5334-00), ASTM, Philadelphia. Anandarajah, A., and Chen, J. (1997). Van der Waals attractive force between clay particles in water and contaminant, Soils and Foun- dations, Vol. 37, No. 2, pp. 27–37. Copyrighted Material Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons Retrieved from: www.knovel.com

Upload: vcoi-vit

Post on 20-Jun-2015

270 views

Category:

Documents


0 download

TRANSCRIPT

Page 1: 63027 ref

531

References

Abdel-Hadi, O. N., and Mitchell, J. K. 1981. Coupled heat and waterflows around buried cables, Journal of Geotechnical Engineering,ASCE, Vol. 107, No. GT 11, pp. 1461–1487.

Abdel-Hady, M., and Herrin, M. 1966. Characteristics of soil-asphaltas a rate process, Journal of the Highway Division, ASCE, Vol.92, No. HW1, pp. 49–69.

Aboshi, H. 1973. An experimental investigation on the similitude inthe consolidation of a soft clay including secondary creep settle-ment, Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on SoilMechanics and Foundation Engineering, Moscow, Vol. 4, pp. 88.

Acar, Y. B., and Alshawabkeh, A. N. 1993. Principles of electroki-netic remediation, Environmental Science and Technology, Vol. 27,No. 13, pp. 2638–2647.

Acar, Y. B., Gale, R. J., Hamad, J., and Putnam, G. 1990. Acid /basedistributions in electrokinetic soil processing, Transportation Re-search Record, No. 1288, pp. 23–34.

Adachi, T., and Oka, F. 1982. Constitutive equations for normallyconsolidated clay based on elasto-viscoplasticity, Soils and Foun-dations, Vol. 22, No. 4, pp. 57–70.

Adachi, T., Oka, F., Hirata, T., Hashimoto, T., Pradhan, T. B. S.,Nagaya, J., and Mimura, M. 1991. Triaxial and torsional hollowcylinder tests of sensitive natural clay and an elasto-viscoplasticconstitutive model, Proceedings, European Conference on SMFE,Florence, pp. 3–6.

Adachi, T., Oka, F., and Mimura, M. 1996. Modeling aspects asso-ciated with time dependent behavior of soils. In: T. C. Sheahan,and V. N. Kaliakin (Eds.), Measuring and Modeling Time Depen-dent Soil Behavior, ASCE Geotechnical Special Publication No.61, ASCE, New York, pp. 61–95.

Afifi, S. S. and Richart, F. E., Jr. 1973. Stress-history effects on shearmodulus of soils, Soils and Foundations, Vol. 13, No. 1, pp. 77–95.

Ahmed, N., and Sunada, D. K. 1969. Nonlinear flow in porous media,ASCE Journal of Hydraulics Division, Vol. 95, HY11, pp. 1847–1857.

AhnDan, L. Q., Koseki, J., and Tatsuoka, F. 2001. Viscous defor-mation in triaxial compression of a dense well-graded gravel andits model simulation. In: F. Tatsuoka, S. Shibuya, and R. Kuwano(Eds.), Advanced Laboratory Stress-Strain Testing of Geomateri-als, Swets � Zeilinger, Lisse, pp. 187–194.

Aitchison, G. D., Russam, K., and Richards, B. G. 1965. Engineeringconcepts of moisture equilibrium and moisture changes in soils.In: Moisture Equilibrium and Moisture Changes in Soils BeneathCovered Areas, Butterworths, Sydney, Australia, pp. 7–21.

Akagi, H. 1994. Physico-chemical approach to the consolidationmechanism of soft clays, Soils and Foundations, Vol. 34, No. 4,pp. 43–50.

Akai, K., Adachi, T., and Ando, N. 1975. Existence of a uniquestress-strain-time relation of clays, Soils and Foundations, Vol. 15,No. 1, pp. 1–16.

Alarcon-Guzman, A., Leonards, G. A., and Chameau J. L. 1988.Undrained monotonic and cyclic strength of sands, Journal of Geo-technical Engineering, ASCE, Vol. 114, No. 10, pp. 1089–1109.

Alberro, J., and Santoyo, E. 1973. Long term behavior of MexicoCity clay, Proceedings, 8th ICSMFE, Moscow, Vol. 1, pp. 1–9.

Aldrich, H. P., Jr. 1956. Frost penetration below highway and airfieldpavements, Highway Research Board Bulletin No. 135.

Allersma, H. G. B. 1999. ‘‘Optical analysis of stress and strain inphotoelastic assemblies.’’ In: M. Oda and K. Iwashita (Eds.), Me-chanics of Granular Materials: An Introduction, Balkema, Rotter-dam, pp. 265–270.

Alonso, E. E., Gens, A., and Josa, A. 1990. A constitutive model forpartially saturated soils, Geotechnique, Vol. 40, pp. 405–430.

Al-Shamrani, M. A., and Sture, S. 1998. Time-dependent boundingsurface model for anisotropic cohesive soils, Soils and Founda-tions, Vol. 38, No 1, pp. 61–76.

Alshibli, K. A., and Sture, S. 2000. Shear band formation in planestrain experiments of sand, Journal of Geotechnical and Geoen-vironmental Engineering, ASCE, Vol. 126, No. 6, pp. 495–503.

Alshibli, K. A., Batiste, S. N., and Sture, S. 2003. Strain localizationin sand: Plane strain versus triaxial compression, Journal of Geo-technical and Geoenvironmental Engineering, Vol. 129, No. 6, pp.483–494.

Alshewabkeh, A. N. 2001. Basics and Applications of ElectrokineticRemediation. http: / /www1.coe.neu.edu / �aalsha / shortcourse.pdf.

Alther, G., Evans, J. C., and Paneoski, S. E. 1988. Organically mod-ified clays for stabilization of organic hazardous wastes, Proceed-ings of the Ninth National Conference, Silver Spring, MD, TheHazardous Materials Control Research Institute, pp. 440–445.

American Society for Testing and Materials. 1970. Special Proce-dures for Testing Soil and Rock for Engineering Purposes, SpecialTechnical Publication 479, 5th ed., ASTM, Philadelphia.

American Society for Testing and Materials. 1989. Standard TestMethod for Classification of Soils for Engineering Purposes(D2487-85), and Standard Practice for Identification of Soils(D2488-84), Annual Book of Standards, Vol. 4.08, pp. 288–307,Philadelphia.

American Society for Testing and Materials, 2000. Standard TestMethod for Determination of Thermal Conductivity of Soil andSoft Rock by Thermal Needle Probe Procedure (D5334-00),ASTM, Philadelphia.

Anandarajah, A., and Chen, J. (1997). Van der Waals attractive forcebetween clay particles in water and contaminant, Soils and Foun-dations, Vol. 37, No. 2, pp. 27–37.

Copy

right

ed M

ater

ial

Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons Retrieved from: www.knovel.com

Page 2: 63027 ref

532 REFERENCES

Andersland, O. B., and Akili, W. 1967. Stress effect on creep ratesof frozen clay soil, Geotechnique, Vol. 17, No. 1, pp. 27–39.

Andersland, O. B., and Anderson, D. M. 1978. Geotechnical Engi-neering for Cold Regions, McGraw-Hill, New York.

Andersland, O. B., and Douglas, A. G. 1970. Soil deformation ratesand activation energies, Geotechnique, Vol. 20, No. 1, pp. 1–16.

Andersen, K. H. 2004. Cyclic clay data for foundation design ofstructures subjected to wave loading. In: T. Triantafyllidis (Ed.),International Conference on Cyclic Behaviour of Soils and Liq-uefaction Phenomena, Balkema, Lisse, pp. 371–387.

Andersen, K. H., Kleven, A., and Heien, D. 1988. Cyclic soil datafor design of gravity structures, Journal of Geotechnical Engi-neering, ASCE, Vol. 115, No. GT5, pp. 517–539.

Andersen, K. H., Rawlings, C. G., Lunne, T. A., and By, T. H. 1994.Estimation of hydraulic fracture pressure in clay, Canadian Geo-technical Journal, Vol. 31, pp. 817–828.

Anderson, D. M., and Hoekstra, P. 1965. Crystallization of clay ad-sorbed water, Science, Vol. 149, pp. 318–319.

Anderson, D. G., and Stokoe, K. H. II. 1978. Shear modulus: A timedependent soil property, Dynamic Geotechnical Testing, ASTMSTP 654, ASTM, Philadelphia, pp. 60–90.

Anderson, M. P., and Woessner, W. W. 1992. Applied GroundwaterModeling: Simulation of Flow and Advective Transport, Academic,San Diego.

Arbhabhirama, A., and Dinoy, A. A. 1973. Friction factor and Reyn-olds number in porous media flow, Journal of Hydraulics Division,ASCE, Vol. 99, HY6, pp. 1847–1857.

Archie, G. E. 1942. Electrical resistivity log as an aid in determiningsome reservoir characteristics, Transactions American Institute ofMining Engineers, Vol. 146, pp. 54–61.

Arthur, J., Dunstan, T., Al-Ani, Q., and Assadi, A. 1977. Plasticdeformation and failure in granular media, Geotechnique, Vol. 27,No. 1, pp. 53–74.

Arulanandan, K. 1991. Dielectric method for the prediction of po-rosity of saturated soil, Journal of Geotechnical Engineering,ASCE, Vol. 117, No. 2, pp. 319–330.

Arulanandan, K., Shen, C. K., and Young, R. B. 1971. Undrainedcreep behaviour of a coastal organic silty clay, Geotechnique, Vol.21, No. 4, pp. 359–375.

Arulanandan, K., Smith, S. S., and Spiegler, K. S. 1973. Soil structureevaluation by the use of radio frequency electrical dispersion, Pro-ceedings of the International Symposium on Soil Structure, Goth-enburg, Sweden, pp. 29–49.

Ashford, S. A., Rollins, K. M., and Lane, J. D. 2004. Blast-inducedliquefaction for full-scale foundation testing, Journal of Geotech-nical and Geoenvironmental Engineering, ASCE, Vol. 130, No. 8,pp. 798–806.

Astedt, B., Weiner, L., and Holm, G. 1992. Increase in bearing ca-pacity with time for friction piles in silt and sand, Proceedings,Nordic Geotechnical Meeting, Aalborg, pp. 411–416.

ASTM. 2000. Standard D4647-93 1998. D4647-93(1998)e1 Stan-dard Test Method for Identification and Classification of Disper-sive Clay Soils by the Pinhole Test, ASTM, West Conshohocken,PA.

Atkinson, J. H. 2000. Non-linear soil stiffness in routine design, Geo-technique, Vol. 50, No. 5, pp. 487–508.

Atkinson, J. H., and Richardson, D. (1987). Effect of local drainagein shear zones on the undrained strength of overconsolidated clay,Geotechnique, Vol. 37, No. 3, pp. 393–403.

Atkinson, J. H., Richardson, D., and Stallebrass, S. E. 1990. Effectof recent stress history on the stiffness of overconsolidated soil,Geotechnique, Vol. 40, No. 4, pp. 531–540.

Au, S. K. A., Soga, K., Jafari, M. R., Bolton, M. D., and Komiya,K. 2003. Factors affecting long-term efficiency of compensationgrouting in clays, Journal of Geotechnical and GeoenvironmentalEngineering, ASCE, Vol. 129, No. 3, pp. 254–262.

Axelsson, G. 2000. Long-term set-up driven piles in sands, Ph.D.thesis, Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm.

Aylmore, L. A. G., and Quirk, J. P. 1960. Domain or turbostraticstructure of clays, Nature, Vol. 187, p. 1046.

Aylmore, L. A. G., and Quirk, J. P. 1962. The structural status ofclay systems, Proceedings of the Ninth National Conference onClays and Clay Minerals, West Lafayette, IN, pp. 104–130.

Babcock, K. L. 1963. Theory of the chemical properties of soil col-loidal systems at equilibrium, Hilgardia, Vol. 34, No. 11, pp. 417–542.

Bailey, S. W., Brindley, G. W., Johns, W. D., Martin, R. D., andRoss, M. 1971. Summary of national and international recommen-dations on clay mineral nomenclature and Report of nomenclaturecommittee, Clays and Clay Minerals, Vol. 19, pp. 129–133.

Bain, D. C., McHardy, W. J., and Lachowski, E. E. 1994. X-rayfluorescence spectroscopy and microanalysis, In: M. J. Wilson(Ed.), Clay Mineralogy: Spectroscopic and Chemical Determina-tion Methods, Chapman & Hall, London, pp. 260–299.

Balasubramonian, B., and Morgenstern, N. R. 1972. Discussion, Geo-technique, Vol. 22, pp. 542–544.

Ballou, E. V. 1955. Electro-osmotic flow in homoionic kaolinite,Journal of Colloid Science, Vol. 10, pp. 450–460.

Banerjee, S., and Mitchell, J. K. 1980. In-situ volume change prop-erties by electro-osmosis-theory, Journal of Geotechnical Engi-neering, ASCE, Vol. 106, No. GT 4, pp. 347–365.

Barber, E. S. 1958. Effect of water movement on soil, High-wayResearch Board Special Report, 40, pp. 212–225.

Barbour, S. L., and Fredlund, D. G. 1989. Mechanisms of osmoticflow and volume change in clay soils, Canadian GeotechnicalJournal, Vol. 26, pp. 551–562.

Barden L. 1973. Macro and microstructure of soils, Appendix to theProceedings of the International Symposium on Soil Structure,Gothenburg, Sweden, pp. 21–26.

Barden, L., and Sides, G. 1971. Sample disturbance in the investi-gation of clay structure, Geotechnique, Vol. 21, No. 3, pp. 211–222.

Barden, L., McGown, A., and Collins, K. 1973. Collapse mechanismin partly saturated soils, Engineering Geology, Vol. 7, No. 1, pp.49–60.

Barrett, P. 1980. The shape of rock particles, a critical review, Sed-imentology, Vol. 27, pp. 291–303.

Barton, M. E. 1993. Cohesive sands: The natural transition fromsands to sandstones. In: A. Anagnostopoulos, F. Schlosser, N. Kal-teziotis, and R. Frank (Eds.), Geotechnical Engineering of HardSoils and Weak Rocks, Balkema, Rotterdam, pp. 367–374.

Barton, H. A., Spear, J. R., and Pace, N. R. 2001. Microbial life inthe underworld, Biogenicity in secondary mineral formations,Geomicrobiology Journal, Vol. 18, pp. 359–368.

Bates, T. F., Hildebrand, F. A., and Swineford, A. 1950. Morphologyand structure of endellite and halloysite. American Mineralogist,Vol. 35, p. 463.

Bawa, K. S. 1957. Laterite soils and their engineering characteristics,Journal of the Soil Mechanics and Foundations Division, ASCE,Vol. 83, No. SM 4, pp. 1428-1–1428-15.

Baxter, C. D. P., and Mitchell, J. K. 2004. An experimental study onthe aging of sands, Journal of Geotechnical and GeoenvironmentalEngineering, ASCE, Vol. 130, No. 10, pp. 1051–1062.

Bear, J. 1972. Dynamics of Fluids in Porous Media, Elsevier, NewYork.

Becker, D. E., Crooks, J. H. A., Jeffries, M. J., and McKenzie, K.1984. Yield behavior and consolidation, II: Strength gain, Pro-ceedings ASCE Symposium on Sedimentation Consolidation Mod-els, Prediction and Validation, San Francisco, pp. 382–398.

Been, K.,and Jefferies, M. G. 1985. A state parameter for sands,Geotechnique, Vol. 35, No. 2, pp. 99–112.

Been, K., and Jefferies, M. G. 1986. Reply: A state parameter forsands, Geotechnique, Vol. 36, No. 1, pp. 123–132.

Copy

right

ed M

ater

ial

Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons Retrieved from: www.knovel.com

Page 3: 63027 ref

REFERENCES 533

Been, K., Jefferties, M. G., and Hachey, J. 1991. The critical state ofsands, Geotechnique, Vol. 41, No. 3, pp. 365–381.

Belgeri, J. J., and Siegel, T. C. 1998. Design and performance offoundations in expansive shale, Ohio River Valley Soils SeminarXXIX, Louisville, KY.

Bellotti, R., Ghionna, V. N., and Morabito, P. 1991. Uniformity testsin calibration chamber samples by the thermal probe method,ASTM Geotechnical Testing Journal, Vol. 14, No. 2, pp. 195–205.

Bellotti, R., Jamiolkowski, M., Lo Presti, D. C. F., and O’Neill, D. A.1996. Anisotropy of small strain stiffness in Ticino sand, Geo-technique, Vol. 46, No. 1, pp. 115–131.

Bennett, R. H., and Hurlbut, M. H. 1986. Clay Microstructure, In-ternational Human Resources Development Corporation, Boston /Houston /London.

Bennett, R. H., Bryant, W. R., and Hulbert, M. H. 1991. Microstruc-ture of Fine-Grained Sediments, Springer, New York.

Benson, C. H., and Daniel, D. E. 1990. Influence of clods on hy-draulic conductivity of compacted clay, Journal of GeotechnicalEngineering, ASCE, Vol. 116, No. 8, pp. 1231–1248.

Berggren, W. P. 1943. Prediction of temperature distribution in frozensoils, Transactions of the American Geophysical Union, Part 3, pp.71–77.

Bernal, J. D. 1960. The structure of liquids, Scientific American, Vol.203, pp. 124–134.

Bernal, J. D. 1964. The structure of liquids. The Bakerian Lecture,1962, Proceedings of the Royal Society London, A230, pp. 299–322.

Berry, P. L., and Poskitt, T. J. 1972. Consolidation of peat, Geotech-nique, Vol. 22, No. 1, pp. 27–52.

Bhatia, S., and Soliman, A. 1990. Frequency distribution of void ratioof granular materials determined by an image analyzer, Soils andFoundations, Vol. 30, No. 1, pp. 1–16.

Biot, M. A. 1941. General theory of three-dimensional consolidation,Journal of Applied Physics, Vol. 12, pp. 155–164.

Biot, M. A. 1955. Theory of elasticity and consolidation for a porousanisoptropic solid, Journal of Applied Physics, Vol. 26, pp. 182–185.

Biot, M. A. 1956a. Theory of propagation of elastic waves in fluid-saturated porous solid, I. Low frequency range, Journal of theAcoustic Society of America, Vol. 28, pp. 168–178.

Biot, M. A. 1956b. Theory of propagation of elastic waves in fluid-saturated porous solid, II. High frequency range, Journal of theAcoustic Society of America, Vol. 28, pp. 179–191.

Biot, M. A., and Willis, P. G. 1957. The elastic coefficients of thetheory of consolidation, Journal of Applied Mechanics, Vol. 24,pp. 594–601.

Birkeland, P. W. 1984. Soils and Geomorphology, Oxford UniversityPress, New York.

Bischoff, J. L., Greer, R. E., and Luistro, A. O. 1970. Compositionof interstitial waters of marine sediments: Temperature of squeez-ing effect, Science, Vol. 167, pp. 1245–1246.

Bishop, A. W. 1960. The principle of effective stress, NorwegianGeotechnical Institute Publication No. 32, pp. 1–5.

Bishop, A. W. 1966. The strength of soils as engineering materials,Geotechnique, Vol. 16, No. 2, pp. 89–130.

Bishop, A. W., and Blight, G. E. 1963. Some aspects of effectivestress in saturated and partly saturated soils, Geotechnique, Vol.13, pp. 177–179.

Bishop, A. W., and Eldin, A. K. G. 1950. Undrained triaxial tests onsaturated sands and their significance in the general theory of shearstrength. Geotechnique, Vol. 2, No. 1, pp. 13–32.

Bishop, A. W., and Garga, V. K. 1969. Drained tension tests onLondon clay, Geotechnique, Vol. 19, pp. 309–313.

Bishop, A. W., Webb, D. L., and Lewin, P. I. 1965. Undisturbedsamples of London clay from the Ashford Common shaft:Strength-effective stress relationships, Geotechnique, Vol. 15, pp.1–31.

Bishop. A. W., Green, G. E., Garga, V. K., Andresen, A., and Brown,D. J. 1971. A new ring shear apparatus and its application to themeasurement of residual strength, Geotechnique, Vol. 21, No. 4,pp. 273–328.

Bjerrum, L. 1954. Geotechnical properties of Norwegian marineclays, Geotechnique, Vol. 4, pp. 49–69.

Bjerrum, L. 1967. Engineering geology of Norwegian normally con-solidated clays as related to settlements of buildings, Geotech-nique, Vol. 17, pp. 214–235.

Bjerrum, L. 1973. Problems of soil mechanics and construction onsoft clays and structurally unstable soils, Proceedings of the EighthInternational Conference on Soil Mechanics and Foundation En-gineering, Moscow, Vol. 3, pp. 111–159.

Bjerrum, L., and Rosenqvist, I. Th. 1956. Some experiments withartificially sedimented clays, Geotechnique, Vol. 6, pp. 124–136.

Bjerrum, L., and Simons, N. E. 1960. Comparison of shear strengthcharacteristics of normally consolidated clays, ASCE ResearchConference on the Shear Strength of Cohesive Soils, Boulder, CO,pp. 711–726.

Bjerrum, L., and Wu, T. H. 1960. Fundamental shear strength prop-erties of the Lilla Edit clay, Geotechnique, Vol. X, No. 3, pp. 101–109.

Bjerrum, L., Moum, J., and Eide, O. 1967. Application of electro-osmosis on a foundation problem in Norwegian quick clay, Geo-technique, Vol. 17, pp. 214–235.

Bjerrum, L., Nash, J. K. L., Kennard, R. M., and Gibson, R. E. 1972.Hydraulic fracturing in field permeability testing, Geotechnique,Vol. 22, pp. 319–332.

Black, W., DeJongh, J. G. V., Overbeek, J. Th., and Sparnaay, M. J.1960. Transactions of the Faraday Society, London, Vol. 56, p.1597.

Blackmore, A. V., and Miller, R. D. 1962. Tactoid size and osmoticswelling in calcium montmorillonite, Soil Science Society of Amer-ica Proceedings, Vol. 25, pp. 169–173.

Blaser, H. D., and Arulanandan, K. 1973. Expansion of soils con-taining sodium sulfate, Proceedings of the Third InternationalConference on Expansive Soils, Haifa, Vol. I, pp. 13–16.

Blaser, H. D., and Scherer, O. J. 1969. Expansion of soils containingsodium sulfate caused by drop in ambient temperature, HighwayResearch Board Special Report 103, pp. 150–160.

Blight, G. E. 1997. Destructive mudflows as a consequence of tailingsdyke failures, Journal of ICE Geotechnical Engineering, Vol. 125,No. 1, pp 9–18.

Blight, G. E., Troncoso, J. H., Fourie, A. B., and Wolski, W. 2000.Issues in the geotechnics of mining watest and tailings, Proceed-ings of GeoEng2000, An International conference on Geotechnicaland Geological Engineering, Vol. 1, Technomic, Lancaster, PA, pp.1253–1285.

Bolt, G. H. 1955. Analysis of the validity of the Gouy–Chapmantheory of the electric double layer, Journal of Colloid Science, Vol.10, p. 206.

Bolt, G. H. 1956. Physico-chemical analysis of the compressibilityof pure clays, Geotechnique, Vol. 6, No. 2, pp. 86–93.

Bolt, G. H., and Miller, R. D. 1958. Calculation of total and com-ponent potentials for water in soil, Transactions of the AmericanGeophysical Union, Vol. 39, No. 5, pp. 917–928.

Bolton, M. D. 1986. The strength and dilatancy of sands, Geotech-nique, Vol. 36, No. 1, pp. 65–78.

Bolton, M. D. 2000. The role of micro-mechanics in soil mechanics.In: M. Hyodo, and Y. Nakata (Eds.), Proceedings of the Interna-tional Workshop on Soil Crushability, Yamaguchi University, Ja-pan.

Bolton, M. D., and Wilson, J. M. R. 1989. Experimental and theo-retical comparison between static and dynamic torsional soil tests,Geotechnique, Vol 39, No. 4, pp. 585–599.

Bopp, P. A., and Lade, P. V. 1997. Effects of initial density on soilinstability at high pressure, Journal of Geotechnical and Geoen-vironmental Engineering, ASCE, Vol. 123, No. 7, pp. 671–677.

Copy

right

ed M

ater

ial

Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons Retrieved from: www.knovel.com

Page 4: 63027 ref

534 REFERENCES

Borja, R. 1992. Generalized creep and stress relaxation model forclays, Journal of Geotechnical Engineering, ASCE, Vol. 118, No.11, pp. 1765–1786.

Borja, R., and Kavazanjian, E., Jr. 1985. A constitutive model for thestress-strain-time behavior of ‘‘wet’’ clays, Geotechnique, Vol. 35,No. 3, pp. 283–298.

Borja, R. I., Tamagnini, C., and Amorosi, A. 1997. Coupling plas-ticity and energy-conserving elasticity models for clays, Journalof Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering, ASCE, Vol.123, No. 10, pp. 948–957.

Boulanger, R. W. 2003. High overburden stress effects in liquefactionanalyses, Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engi-neering, ASCE, Vol. 129, No. 12, pp. 1071–1082.

Bowden, F. P., and Tabor, D. 1950. The Friction and Lubrication ofSolids, Part I, Oxford University Press, London.

Bowden, F. P., and Tabor, D. 1964. The Friction and Lubrication ofSolids, Part II, Oxford University Press, London.

Bowman, E. T. 2002. The Ageing and Creep of Dense Granular Ma-terials, Ph.D. Thesis, University of Cambridge, Cambridge.

Bowman, E. T., and Soga, K. 2003. Creep, ageing and microstructuralchange in dense granular materials, Soils and Foundations, Vol.43, No. 4, pp. 107–118.

Bowman, E. T., Soga, K., and Drummond, T. 2001. Particle shapecharacterization using fourier analysis, Geotechnique, Vol. 51, No.6, pp. 545–554.

Brandon, T. L., and Mitchell, J. K. 1989. Factors influencing thethermal resistivity of sands, Journal of Geotechnical Engineering,ASCE, Vol. 115, No. 12, pp. 1683–1698.

Brandon, T. L., Mitchell, J. K., and Cameron, J. T. 1989. Thermalinstability in buried cable backfills, Journal of Geotechnical En-gineering, ASCE, Vol. 115, No. 1, pp. 38–55.

Brekke, T. L., and Selmer-Olsen, R. 1965. Stability problems in un-derground construction caused by montmorillonite-carrying jointsand faults, Engineering Geology, Vol. 1, No. 1, pp. 3–19.

Bresler, E. 1973. Anion exclusion and coupling effects in nonsteadytransport through unsaturated soils: I. Theory, Soil Science Societyof America Proceedings, Vol. 37, pp. 663–669.

Brewer, R. 1964. Fabric and Mineral Analysis of Soils, Wiley, NewYork.

Brinch-Hansen, J., and Gibson, R. E. 1949. Undrained shear strengthsof anisotropically consolidated clays, Geotechnique, Vol. I, No. 3,pp. 189–204.

Brindley, G. W., and Brown, G. (Eds.). 1980. Crystal Structures ofClay Minerals and Their X-ray Identification, Mineralogical So-ciety Monograph No. 5, Mineralogical Society, London.

Brindley, G. W., and MacEwan, D. M. C. 1953. Structural aspectsof mineralogy of clays and related silicates, In: A. T. Green andG. H. Steward (Eds.), Symposium on Ceramics, Stoke-on-Trent,British Ceramic Society, pp. 15–19.

British Standard 1377. 1990. British Standard Methods of Test forSoils for Civil Engineering Purposes, British Standard Institution,London.

Broderick, G. P., and Daniel, D. E. 1990. Stabilizing compacted clayagainst chemical attack, Journal of Geotechnical Engineering,ASCE, Vol. 116, No. 10, pp. 1549–1567.

Bromwell, L. G. 1965. Adsorption and friction behavior of mineralsin vacuum, Phase Report 2, Research in Earth Physics, ContractReport 3-101, Department of Civil Engineering, MIT, Cambridge,MA.

Bromwell, L. G. 1966. The friction of quartz in high vacuum, PhaseReport 7, Research in Earth Physics, Contract Report 3-101, De-partment of Civil Engineering, M.I.T., Cambridge, MA.

Brooks, R. H., and Corey, A. T. 1966. Properties of porous mediaaffecting fluid flow, Journal of Irrigation and Drainage Division,ASCE, Vol. 92, No. IR2, pp. 61–88.

Brown, W. G. 1964. Difficulties associated with predicting depth offreeze or thaw, Canadian Geotechnical Journal, Vol. 1, No. 4, pp.215–226.

Brown, G. O., Garbrecht, J. D., and Hager, W. H. 2003. Henry P. G.Darcy and Other Pioneers in Hydraulics: Contributions in Cele-bration of the 200th Birthday of Henry Philibert Gaspard Darcy,ASCE, Reston, VA.

Bruggenwert, M. G. M., and Kamphorst, A. 1979. Survey of exper-imental information on cation exchange in soil systems. In: G. H.Bolt (Ed.), Soil Chemistry, Part B: Physico-Chemical Models, El-sevier, New York, pp. 141–203.

Bryant, L., Mauldon, M., and Mitchell, J. K. 2003. Impact of pyriteon properties and behavior of soil and rock. In: P. J. Culligan,H. H. Einstein, and A. J. Whittle (Eds.), Proceedings Soil and RockAmerica 2003, Gluckauf, Essen, Vol. 1, pp. 759–766.

Buckman, J. O., Todd, A. C., and Hill, P. I. 2000. Observations onreservoir rock wettability using an environmental scanning electronmicroscope, Microscopy and Analysis, March, pp. 35–37.

Burkart, B., Goss, G. C., and Kern, J. P. 1999. The role of gypsumin production of sulfate-induced deformation of lime-stabilizingsoils, Environmental & Engineering Geoscience, Vol. 2, pp. 173–187.

Burland, J. B. 1989. Ninth Laurits Bjerrums memorial lecture:‘‘Small is beautiful’’—the stiffness of soils at small strains, Ca-nadian Geotechnical Journal, Vol. 26, No. 4, pp. 499–516.

Burland, J. B. 1990. On the compressibility and shear strength ofnatural clays, Geotechnique, Vol. 40, No. 3, pp. 329–378.

Burst, J. F. 1969. Diagenesis of gulf coast clayey sediments and itspossible relation to petroleum migration, American Association ofPetroleum Geologists Bulletin, Vol. 53, No. 1, pp. 73–93.

Cady, J. G., Wilding, L. P., and Dries, L. R. 1986. Petrographic mi-croscope techniques. In: Methods of Soil Analysis, 2nd ed., Amer-ican Society of Agronomy, Madison, WI, Agronomy No. 9, Part1, Chapter 8.

Cameron, J. T. 1986. A numerical model for coupled heat and mois-ture flow through porous media, Ph.D. Dissertation, University ofCalifornia, Berkeley.

Campanella, R. G., and Mitchell, J. K. 1968. Influence of temperaturevariations on soil behavior, Journal of the Soil Mechanics andFoundations Division, ASCE, Vol. 94, No. SM 3, pp. 709–734.

Campanella, R. G., and Vaid, Y. 1972. Creep rupture of a naturalsaturated clay, Proceedings of the Sixth International Conferenceon Rheology, Soil Mechanics Series No. 16, University of BritishColumbia, Vancouver, Canada.

Campanella, R. G., and Vaid, Y. 1974. Triaxial and plane strain creeprupture of an undisturbed clay, Canadian Geotechnical Journal,Vol. 11, No. 1, pp. 1–10.

Campbell, W. E. 1969. Solid lubricants, In: F. F. Ling, E. E. Klaus,and R. S. Fein (Eds.), Boundary Lubrication: An Appraisal ofWorld Literature, ASME, pp. 197–227.

Carlslaw, H. S., and Jaeger, J. C. 1957. Conductivity of Heat in Sol-ids, Clarendon Press, Oxford.

Carman, P. C. 1956. Flow of Gases through Porous Media, Aca-demic, New York.

Carnie, S. L., and Torrie, G. M. 1984. The statistical mechanics ofthe electrical double layer, Advances in Chemical Physics, Vol. 56,pp. 141–253.

Carraro, J. A. H., Bandini, P., and Salgado, R. 2003. Liquefactionresistance of clean and nonplastic silty sands based on cone pen-etration resistance, Journal of Geotechnical and GeoenvironmentalEngineering, ASCE, Vol. 129, No. 11, pp. 965–976.

Carrier III, W. D. 2003. Goodbye, Hazen; Hello, Kozeny-Carman,Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering,ASCE, Vol. 129, No. 11, pp. 1054–1056.

Carrier, W. D. III, Olhoeft, G. R., and Mendell, W. 1991. Physicalproperties of the lunar surface. In: G. H. Heiken, D. T. Vaniman,and B. M. French (Eds.), The Lunar Sourcebook, Cambridge Uni-versity Press, Cambridge, England, pp. 475–594.

Carroll, D. 1970. Clay Minerals: A Guide to Their X-Ray Identifi-cation, Geological Society of America, Boulder, CO, Special Paper126.

Copy

right

ed M

ater

ial

Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons Retrieved from: www.knovel.com

Page 5: 63027 ref

REFERENCES 535

Carroll, M. M., and Katsube, N. 1983. The role of Terzaghi effectivestress in linearly elastic deformation, ASME Journal Energy Re-source Technology, Vol. 105, pp. 509–511.

Carter, D. L., Mortland, M. M., and Kemper, W. D. 1982. Specificsurface. In: Methods of Soil Analysis, 2nd ed., American Societyof Agronomy, Madison, WI, Agronomy No. 9, Part 1, pp. 413–423.

Cary, J. W., Kohl, R. A., and Taylor, S. A. 1964. Water adsorptionby dry soil and its thermodynamic functions, Soil Science Societyof America Proceedings, Vol. 28, pp. 309–314.

Casagrande, A. 1932a. The structure of clay and its importance infoundation engineering, Contributions to Soil Mechanics, 1925–1940, Boston Society of Civil Engineers, Boston, pp. 72–112.

Casagrande, A., 1932b. Research on the Atterberg limits of soils,Public Roads, Vol. 13, No. 8, pp. 121–136.

Casagrande, A. 1948. Classification and identification of soils, Trans-actions, ASCE, Vol. 113, pp. 901–991.

Casagrande, L. 1952. Electro-osmotic stabilization of soils, Journalof the Boston Society of Civil Engineers, Vol. XXXIX, No. 1;reprinted in Contributions to Soil Mechanics, 1941–1953.

Casagrande, L. 1959. A review of past and current work on electro-osmotic stabilization of soils, Harvard Soil Mechanics Series No.45, Harvard University, Boston.

Casagrande, A., and Wilson, S. D. 1951. Effect of rate of loading onstrength of clays and shales at constant water content, Geotech-nique, Vol. 2, No. 3, pp. 251–263.

Casagrande, L., Loughney, R. W., and Matich, M. A. J. 1961.Electro-osmotic stabilization of a high slope in loose saturated silt,Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Soil Me-chanics and Foundation Engineering, Paris, Vol. II, pp. 555–558.

Casimir, H. B. C., and Polder, D. 1948. The influence of retardationof the London–van der Waals forces, Physical Review, Vol. 73, p.360.

Castro, G. 1975. Liquefaction and cyclic mobility of saturated sands.Journal of Geotechnical Engineering Division, ASCE, Vol. 101,No. GT6, pp. 551–569.

Castro, G., and Poulos, S. J. 1977. Factors affecting liquefaction andcyclic mobility, Journal of Geotechnical Engineering Division,ASCE Vol. 103, No. GT6, pp. 501–516.

Chambon, R., Desrues, J., and Vardoulakis, I. 1994. Localisation andBifurcation Theory for Soils and Rocks, Belkema, Rotterdam.

Chan, H. R., and Kenney, T. C. 1973. Laboratory investigation of thepermeability ratio of New Liskeard varved soil, Canadian Geo-technical Journal, Vol. 10, pp. 453–472.

Chandler, R. J. 2000. Clay sediments in depositional basins: TheGeotechnical cycle (3rd Glossop Lecture), Quarterly Journal ofEngineering, Geology, and Hydrololgy, Vol. 30, pp. 5–39.

Chandler, R. J., de Freitas, M. H., and Marinos, P. 2004. Geotechnicalcharacterisation of soils and rocks: A geological perspective, In:R. J. Jardine, D. M. Potts, and K. G. Higgins (Eds.), Advances inGeotechnical Engineering, The Skempton Conference, ThomasTelford, London, Vol. 1, pp. 67–102.

Chang, C. S., Misra, A., and Sundaram, S. 1991. Properties of gran-ular packings under low amplitude cyclic loading, Soil Dynamicsand Earthquake Engineering, Vol. 10, No. 4, pp. 201–211.

Chapelle, F. H. 2001. Ground-water Microbiology and Geochemistry,2nd ed., Wiley, New York.

Chapman, D. L. 1913. A contribution to the theory of electrocapil-larity, Philosophical Magazine, Vol. 25, No. 6, pp. 475–481.

Chapuis, R. P., and Aubertin, M. 2003. On the use of the Kozeny-Carman equation to predict the hydraulic conductivity of soils,Canadian Geotechnical Journal, Vol. 40, pp. 616–628.

Charlie, W. A, Rwebyogo, M. F. J., and Doehring, D. O. 1992. Time-dependent cone penetration resistance due to blasting, Journal ofGeotechnical Engineering, ASCE, Vol. 118, No. 8, pp. 1200–1215.

Chattopadhyay, P. K. 1972. Residual shear strength of some pure clayminerals, Ph.D. Thesis, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada.

Chen, F. H. 1975. Foundations on Expansive Soils, Developments inGeotechnical Engineering 12, Elsevier Scientific, New York.

Cheng, Y. P., Nakata, Y., and Bolton, M. D. 2003. Discrete elementsimulation for crushable soils, Geotechnique, Vol. 53, No. 7, pp.631–641.

Chenu, C., and Stotzky, G. 2002. Interactions between microorgan-isms and soil particles: An overview. In: P. M. Huang, J. M. Bol-lag, and N. Senesi (Eds.), Interactions Between Soil Particles andMicroorganisms, Wiley, Hoboken, NJ, pp. 3–40

Chilingar, G. V., and Rieke, H. H. 1967. Discussion, Journal of SoilMechanics and Foundations Division, ASCE, Vol. 93, No. SM 6,p. 391.

Chow, F. C., Jardine, R. J., Brucy, F., and Nauroy, J. F. 1998. Effectsof time on capacity of pipe piles in dense marine sand, Journal ofGeotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering, ASCE, Vol.124, No. 3, pp. 254–264.

Christensen, R. W., and Wu, T. H. 1964. Analysis of clay deformationas a rate process, Journal of the Soil Mechanics and FoundationsDivision, ASCE, Vol. 90, No. 6, pp. 125–157.

Christenson, H. K., Israelachvili, J. N., and Pashley, R. M. 1987.Properties of capillary fluids at the microscopic level, SPE Res-ervoir Engineering, May, pp. 155–165.

Clarke, F. W. 1920. Data of Geochemistry, U. S. Geological SurveyBulletin 695, Washington, DC.

Clayton, C. R. I., Hight, D. W., and Hopper, R. J. 1992. Progressivedestructuring of Bothkennar clay: Implications for sampling andreconsolidation procedures, Geotechnique, Vol. 42, No. 2, pp. 219–239.

Clement, T. P., 1997. RT3D—A Modular Computer Code for Sim-ulating Reactive Multi-Species Transport in 3-DimensionalGroundwater Aquifers. Pacific Northwest National Laboratory,Richland, WA, PNNL-11720.

Clevenger, W. A. 1958. Experiences with loess as a foundation ma-terial, Transactions, ASCE, Vol. 123, pp. 151–180.

Clough, G. W., Sitar, N., Bachus, R. C., and Shaffi Rad, N. 1981.Cemented sands under static loading, Journal of the GeotechnicalEngineering Division, ASCE, Vol. 107, No. GT 6, pp. 799–817.

Coleman, J. D. 1962. Stress strain relations for partly saturated soil,Geotechnique, Vol. 12, pp. 348–350.

Collins, K., and McGown, A. 1974. The form and function of mi-crofabric features in a variety of natural soils, Geotechnique, Vol.24, No. 2, pp. 223–254.

Collis-George, N., and Bozeman, J. M., 1970. A double layer theoryfor mixed ion systems as applied to the moisture content of claysunder restraint, Australian Journal of Soil Research, Vol. 8, No. 3,pp. 239–258.

Colotta, T., Cantoni, R., Pavesi, U., Ruberl, E., and Moretti, P. C.1989. Correlation between residual friction angle, gradation andthe index properties of cohesive soils, Geotechnique, Vol. 34, No.2, pp. 343–346.

Coop, M. R. 1990. The mechanics of uncemented carbonate sands,Geotechnique, Vol. 40, No. 4, pp. 607–626.

Coop, M. R., and Airey, D. W. 2003. Carbonate sands. In: T. S. Tan,K. K. Phoon, D. W. Hight, and S. Leroueil (Eds.), Characterisationand Engineering Properties of Natural Sands, Balkema, Lisse, pp.1049–1086.

Coop, M. R., and Lee, I. K. 1993. The behaviour of granular soilsat elevated stress, Predictive Soil Mechanics, Proc. Wroth Memo-rial Symposium, Thomas Telford, London, pp. 101–112.

Coop, M. R., Sorensen, K. K., Bodas Freitas, T., and Georgoutsos,G. 2004. Particle breakage during shearing of a carbonate sand,Geotechnique, Vol. 54, No. 3, pp. 157–163.

Corey, A. T. 1994. Mechanics of immiscible fluids in porous media,Water Resources Publications, Highlands Ranch, CO.

Cornell University. 1950. Final Report, Soil Solidification Research,Cornell University, Ithaca, NY.

Copy

right

ed M

ater

ial

Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons Retrieved from: www.knovel.com

Page 6: 63027 ref

536 REFERENCES

Cornforth, D. H. 1964. Some experiments on the influence of strainconditions on the strength of sand, Geotechnique, Vol. 14, pp. 143–167.

Cotecchia, F., and Chandler, R. J. 2000. A general framework for themechanical behavior of clays, Geotechnique, Vol. 48, pp. 257–270.

Coussy, O. 1995. Mechanics of Porous Continua, Wiley, New York.Coussy, O. 2004 Poromechanics, John Wiley, Hoboken, NJ.Coutinho, R. Q., and Lacerda, W. A. 1987. Characterization and con-

solidation of Juturnaiba organic clays, Proceedings of the Inter-national Symposium on Geotechnical Engineering of Soft Soils,Mexico City, Vol. 1, pp. 17–24.

Craft, C. D., and Acciardi, R. G. 1984. Failure of pore-water analysesfor dispersion, Journal of Geotechnical Engineering, ASCE, Vol.110, No. 4, pp. 459–472.

Crawford, C. B. 1959. The influence of rate of strain on effectivestresses in sensitive clays, ASTM Special Publication, STP254,ASTM, Philadelphia, pp. 36–48.

Crawford, C. B. 1964. Interpretation of the consolidation test, Jour-nal of the Soil Mechanics and Foundations Division, ASCE, Vol.90, No. SM 5, pp. 87–102.

Cripps, J. C., Hawkins, A. B., and Reld, J. M. 1993. Engineeringproblems with pyritic mudrocks. In: Geoscientist, Geological So-ciety, London, Vol. 3, pp. 16–19.

Croney, D., Coleman, J. D., and Bridge, P. M. 1952. The suction ofmoisture held in soils and other porous materials, Technical Paper,Road Research Board, No. 24, H.M.S.O., London.

Crooks, J. H. A., Becker, D. E., Jeffries, M. G., and McKenzie, K.1984. The significance of effective stress paths and yield behavioron the field consolidation of soft clays, Proceedings of the ASCESymposium on Prediction and Case Histories of ConsolidationPerformance, San Francisco, CA, pp. 356–381.

Crooks. J. H. A., and Graham, J. 1976. Geotechnical properties ofthe Belfast estuarine deposits, Geotechnique, Vol. 26, No. 2, pp.293–315.

Cuccovillo, T., and Coop, M. R. 1997. Yielding and pre-failure de-formation of structured sands, Geotechnique, Vol. 47, No. 3, pp.491–508.

Cuccovillo, T., and Coop, M. R. 1999. On the mechanics of struc-tured sands, Geotechnique, Vol. 49, No. 6, pp. 741–760.

Cui, Y. J., Sultan, N., and Delage, P. 2000. A thermomechanicalmodel for clays. Canadian Geotechnical Journal, Vol. 37, No. 3,pp. 607–620.

Cundall, P. A. 2001. A discontinuous future for numerical modellingin geomechanics, Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers-Geotechnical Engineering, London, Vol. 149, pp. 41–47.

Cundall, P. A., and Strack, O. D. L. 1979. A discrete numerical modelfor granular assemblies, Geotechnique, Vol. 29, pp. 47–65.

Dafalias, Y. F., and Herrmann, L. R. 1982. In: G. N. Pande, and O. C.Zienkiewicz (Eds.), Bounding Surface Formulation of Soil Plastic-ity, Soil Mechanics—Transient and Cyclic Loads, Wiley, NewYork, pp. 253–282.

Daniel, D. E. 1994. State-of-the-art: Laboratory hydraulic conductiv-ity tests for saturated soils. In: D. S. Daniel, and S. J. Trautwein(Eds.), Hydraulic Conductivity and Waste Contaminant Transportin Soil, American Society for Testing and Materials, STP1142,ASTM, Philadelphia, pp. 30–78.

Daramola, O. 1980. Effect of consolidation age on stiffness of sand,Geotechnique, Vol. 30, No. 2, pp. 213–216.

Darcy, A. 1856. Les Fontaines Publiques de la Ville de Dijon, Dal-mont, Paris.

Davidtz, J. C., and Low, P. F. 1970. Relation between crystal latticeconfiguration and swelling of montmorillonites, Clays and ClayMinerals, Vol. 18, No. 6, p. 325.

Day, P. R. 1955. Effect of shear on water tension in saturated clay,Annual Reports I and II, Western Regional Research ProjectW-30, 1954–1955, University of California, Berkeley.

Day, S. R. 1984. Field permeability test for compacted clay liners,M.S. Thesis, University of Texas at Austin.

Day, R. W. 1995. Engineering properties of diatomaceous fill, Jour-nal of Geotechnical Engineering, ASCE, Vol. 121, No. 12, pp.908–910.

De Alba, P., Seed, H. B., and Chan, C. K. 1976. Sand liquefactionin large-scale simple shear tests, Journal of the Geotechnical En-gineering Division, ASCE, Vol. 102, No. GT 9, pp. 909–927.

Dean, J. A. (Ed.) 1973. Lange’s Handbook of Chemistry, 11th ed.,McGraw-Hill, New York.

de Boer, R. 2000. Theory of Porous Media: Highlights in HistoricalDevelopment and Current State, Springer, Berlin.

Deere, D. U., and Patton, F. D. 1971. Slope stability in residual soils,Proceedings of the Fourth Pan American Conference on Soil Me-chanics and Foundation Engineering, San Juan, Puerto Rico, Vol.1, pp. 87–170.

Degens, E. T. 1965. Geochemistry of Sediments, Prentice-Hall, En-glewood Cliffs, NJ.

DeGroot, D. J., and Lutenegger, A. J. 2003. Geology and engineeringproperties of Connecticut Valley Varved clay. In: T. S. Tan, K. K.Phoon, D. W. Hight, and S. Leroueil (Eds.), Characterisation andEngineering Properties of Natural Sands, Balkema, Lisse, Vol. 1,pp. 695–724.

DeGroot, S. R., and Mazur, P. 1962. Non-equilibrium Thermodynam-ics, North Holland, Amsterdam.

Delage, P., and Lefebvre, G. 1984. Study of the structure of a sen-sitive Champlain clay and of its evolution during consolidation,Canadian Geotechnical Journal, Vol. 21, No. 1, pp. 21–35.

Delage, P., Tessier, D., and Marcel-Audiguier, M. 1982. Use of theCryoscan apparatus for observation of freeze-fractured planes of asensitive Quebec clay in scanning electron microscopy, CanadianGeotechnical Journal, Vol. 19, No. 1, pp. 111–114.

Delville, A. 2002. The influence of electrostatic forces on the stabilityand the mechanical properties of clay suspensions. In: C. DiMaio,T. Hueckel, and B. Loret (Eds.), Chemo-Mechaniccal Coupling inClays; From Nano-Sale to Engineering Applications, Swets &Zeitlinger, Lisse, pp. 73–92.

Denisov, N. Y., and Reltov, B. F. 1961. The influence of certainprocesses on the strength of soils, Proc. 5th ICSMFE, Paris, Vol.1, pp. 75–78.

Dennis, M. L., and Turner, J. P. 1998. Hydraulic conductivity ofcompacted soil treated with biofilm, Journal of Geotechnical andGeoenvironmental Engineering, ASCE, Vol. 124, No. 2, pp. 120–127.

Derjaguin, B. V., and Krylov, N. A. 1944. Anomalies observed in theflow of liquids through hard fine porous filters, Proceedings of theConference of Viscosity of Liquids and Colloid Solutions, Vol. 2,USSR Academy of Science Press, Moscow, pp. 52–53.

Derjaguin, B. V., and Landau, L. 1941. Theory of the stability ofstrongly charged lyophobic sols and the adhesion of stronglycharged particles in solutions of electrolyte, Acta Physicochimica(URSS), Vol. 14, pp. 633–662.

Dermatis, D., and Mitchell, J. K. 1992. Clay soil heave caused bylime-sulfate reactions. In: D. D. Walker, Jr., T. B. Hardy, D. C.Hoffman, and D. D. Stanley (Eds.), Innovations and Uses of Lime,ASTM STP 1135, ASTM, Philadelphia, pp. 41–64.

Desrues, J., Chambon, R., Mokni, M., and Mazerolle, F. 1996. Voidratio evolution inside shear bands in triaxial sand specimens stud-ied by computed tomography, Geotechnique, Vol. 46, No. 3, pp.529–546.

Dhowian, A. W., and Edil, T. B. 1980. Consolidation behavior ofpeats, Geotechnical Testing Journal, GTJODJ, Vol. 3, No. 3, Sept.,pp. 105–114.

Diamond, S. 1970. Pore size distributions in clays, Clays and ClayMinerals, Vol. 18, pp. 7–23.

Diamond, S., and Kinter, E. B. 1956. Surface area of clay mineralsas derived from measurements on glycerol retention, Clays andClay Minerals, NAS-NRC Publ. 556, pp. 334–347.

Copy

right

ed M

ater

ial

Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons Retrieved from: www.knovel.com

Page 7: 63027 ref

REFERENCES 537

Diaz-Rodriguez, J. A., Lozano-Santa Cruz, R., Davila-Alcocer, V. M.,Vallejo, E., and Giron, P. 1998. Physical, chemical, and minera-logical properties of Mexico City Sediments: A geotechnical per-spective, Canadian Geotechnical Journal, Vol. 35, pp. 600–610.

Di Benedetto, H., Tatsuoka, F., and Ishihara, M. 2002. Time-dependent shear deformation characteristics of sand and their con-stitutive modelling, Soils and Foundations, Vol. 42, No. 2, pp. 1–22.

Dickey, J. W. 1966. Frictional characteristics of quartz, S.B. Thesis,Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA.

Didwania, A. K. 2002. Micromechnical basis of concept of effectivestress, ASCE Journal of Engineering Mechanics, Vol. 128, No. 8,pp. 864–868.

Di Maio, C. 1996. Exposure of bentonite to salt solution: Osmoticand chemical effects, Geotechnique, Vol. 46, No. 4, pp. 695–707.

Djoenaidi, W. J. 1985. A compendium of soil properties and corre-lations, M. Eng. Sc. Thesis, University of Sydney.

Dobry, R., and Vucetic, M. 1987. State-of-the-art report: Dynamicproperties and response of soft clay deposits, Proceedings of theInternational Symposium on Geotechnical Engineering of SoftSoils, Mexico City, Vol. 2, pp. 51–87.

Dobry, R., Ng, T.-T., and Petrakis, E. 1989. Deformation character-istics of granular soil in the light of particulate mechanics, Pro-ceedings of the Conferenza di Geotecnica di Torino, XIV Ciclo,Comportamento dei Terreni e delle Fondazioni in Campo Dinam-ico, Turin, 14.03.

Dobry, R., Stokoe, K. H., Ladd, R. S., and Youd, T. L. 1981. Liq-uefaction susceptibility from S-wave velocity, Preprint 81-544,ASCE National Convention, St. Louis, MO.

Dominico, P. A., and Schwartz, F. W. 1997. Physical and ChemicalHydrogeology, 2nd ed., Wiley, New York.

Donnan, F. G. 1924. The theory of membrane equilibrium, ChemicalReviews, Vol. 1, pp. 73–90.

d’Onofrio, A., Silvestri, F., and Vinale, F. 1999. Strain rate dependentbehavior of a natural stiff clay, Soils and Foundations, Vol. 39,No. 2, pp. 69–82.

Donohoe, J. F., Maishman, D., and Schmall, P. C. 1998. The freezingof soil masses as an aid to engineering construction, Soil Improve-ment for Big Digs, ASCE Special Geotechnical Publication No.81, ASCE, Reston, VA, pp. 149–160.

Dowding, C. H., and Hryciw, R. D. 1986. A laboratory study of blastdensification of saturated sand, Journal of Geotechnical Engineer-ing, ASCE, Vol. 112, No. 2, pp. 187–199.

Duncan, J. M. 1993. Limitations of conventional analysis of consol-idation settlement, Journal of Geotechnical Engineering, ASCE,Vol. 119, No. 9, pp. 1333–1359.

Duncan, J. M., and Seed, H. B. 1966. Anisotropy and stress reorien-tation in clay, Journal of the Soil Mechanics and Foundations Di-vision, ASCE, Vol. 92, No. SM 5, pp. 21–52.

Dusseault, M. B., and Morgenstern, N. 1979. Locked sand. QuarterlyJournal of Engineering Geology, Vol. 12, pp. 117–131.

Dzyaloshinskii, I. E., Lifshitz, E. M., and Pitaevskii, L. P. 1961. Gen-eral theory of van der Waals forces, Soviet Physics, Uspekhi, Vol.73, Nos. 3–4, pp. 381–422.

Eberl, D. D. 1984. Clay mineral formation and transformation inrocks and soils, Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Societyof London, A311, pp. 241–257.

Eden, W. J., and Crawford, C. B. 1957. Geotechnical properties ofLeda clay in the Ottawa area, Proceedings of the Fourth Interna-tional Conference on Soil Mechanics and Foundation Engineering,London, Vol. 1, pp. 22–27.

Edil, T. B., and Mochtar, N. E. 1984. Prediction of peat settlement,Proceedings of the Symposium on Sedimentation ConsolidationModels, ASCE, October 1984, San Francisco, pp. 411–424.

Ehrlich, H. L. 1999. Microbes as geological agents: Their role inmineral formation, Geomicrobiology Journal, Vol. 16, pp. 135–153.

Ehrlich, H. L. 1998. Geomicrobiology: Its significance for geology,Earth-Science Reviews, Vol. 45, pp. 45–60.

Ehrichs, E. E., Jaeger, H. M., Karczmar, G. S., Knight, J. B., Ku-perman, V. Y. and Nagel, S. R. 1995. Granular convection observedby magnetic resonance imaging, Science, Vol. 267, p. 1632.

Einav, I., and Puzrin, A. M. 2004. Pressure-dependent elasticity andenergy conservation in elastoplastic models for soils, Journal ofGeotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering, ASCE, Vol.130, No. 1, pp. 81–92.

Eisenberg, D., and Kauzman, W. 1969. The Structure and Propertiesof Water, Oxford University Press, New York.

Elrick, D. E., Smiles, D. E., Baumgartner, N., and Groenvelt, P. H.1976. Coupling phenomena in saturated homo-ionic montmoril-lonite: I. Experimental, Soil Science Society of America Proceed-ings, Vol. 40, pp. 490–491.

Esrig, M. I. 1968. Pore pressures, consolidation, and electrokinetics,Journal of the Soil Mechanics and Foundations Division, ASCE,Vol. 94, No. SM 4, pp. 899–921.

Esrig, M. I. 1971. Electrokinetics in soil mechanics and foundationengineering, Transactions of the New York Academy of Sciences,Series II, Vol. 33, No. 2, pp. 234–245.

Esrig, M. I., and Gemeinhardt, J. P., Jr. 1967. Electrokinetic stabili-zation of an illitic clay, Journal of the Soil Mechanics and Foun-dations Division, ASCE, Vol. 93, No. SM 3, pp. 109–128.

Esrig, M. I., and Henkel, D. J. 1968. The use of electrokinetics inthe raising of submerged partially buried metallic objects, Soil En-gineering Research Report, No. 7, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY.

Eyring, H. 1936. Viscosity, plasticity, and diffusion as examples ofabsolute reaction rates, Journal of Chemical Physics, Vol. 4, No.4, pp. 283–291.

Fanning, F. A., and Pilson, M. E. Q. 1971. Interstitial silica and pHin marine sediments: Some effects of sampling procedures, Sci-ence, Vol. 173, pp. 1228–1231.

Farouki, O. T. 1981. Measurement of thermal properties of soils,CRREL Monograph 81-1, U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Hano-ver, NH.

Farouki, O. T. 1982. Evaluation of methods for calculating soil ther-mal conductivity, CCREL Report 82-8, U.S. Army Corps of En-gineers, Hanover, NH.

Farrar, D. M., and Coleman, J. D. 1967. The correlation of surfacearea with other properties of nineteen British clay soils, Journalof Soil Science, Vol. 18, No. 1, pp. 118–124.

Fasiska, E. J., Wagenblast, H., and Dougherty, M. T. 1974. The ox-idation mechanism of sulfide minerals, Bulletin of Association ofEngineering Geologists, Vol. XI, No. 1, p. 75.

Feda, J. 1989. Interpretation of creep of soils by rate process theory,Geotechnique, Vol. 39, No. 4, pp. 667–677.

Feda, J. 1992. Creep of Soils and Related Phenomena, Elsevier Sci-ence, Amsterdam.

Fernandez, F., and Quigley, R. M. 1988. Viscosity and dielectric con-stant controls on the hydraulic conductivity of clayey soils per-meated with simple liquid hydrocarbons, Canadian GeotechnicalJournal, Vol. 25, pp. 582–589.

Fetzer, C. A. 1967. Electro-osmotic stabilization of West BranchDam, Journal of the Soil Mechanics and Foundations Division,ASCE, Vol. 93, No. SM 4, pp. 85–106.

Fierer, N., Schimel, J. P., Holden, P. A. 2003. Variations in microbialcommunity composition through two soil depth profiles, Soil Bi-ology and Biochemistry, Vol. 35, pp. 167–176.

Fineberg, J. 1997. From Cinderella’s dilemma to rock slides, Nature,Vol. 386, p. 323.

Fink, D. H., Nakayama, F. S., and McNeal, B. L. 1971. Demixingof exchangeable cations in free swelling bentonite clay, Soil Sci-ence Society of America Proceedings, Vol. 35, pp. 552–555.

Finn, W. D. L. 1981. Liquefaction potential: Developments since1976, Proceedings of the International Conference on Recent Ad-

Copy

right

ed M

ater

ial

Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons Retrieved from: www.knovel.com

Page 8: 63027 ref

538 REFERENCES

vances in Geotechnical Earthquake Engineering and Soil Dynam-ics, University of Missouri, Rolla, MO.

Finnie, I., and Heller, W. 1959. Creep of Engineering Materials,McGraw-Hill, New York.

Finno, R. J., Harris, W. W., Mooney, M. A., and Viggiani, G. 1997.Shear bands in plane strain compression of loose sand, Geotech-nique, Vol. 47, No. 1, pp. 149–165.

Fisher, N., Lewis, T., and Embleton, J. 1987. Statistical Analysis ofSpherical Data, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, England.

Fitts, D. D. 1962. Non-Equilibrium Thermodynamics, McGraw-Hill,New York.

Fookes, P. G. 1997. Tropical Residual Soils, A Geological SocietyEngineering Group Working Party Revised Report, The GeologicalSociety, London.

Fookes, P. G., Baynes, F. J., and Hutchinson, J. N. 2000. Total ge-ological history: A model approach to the anticipation, observationand understanding of site conditions, Proceedings of the Interna-tional Conference on Geotechnical and Geological Engineering(GeoEng 2000), Melbourne, Technomic, Lancaster, PA, Vol. 1, pp.370–460.

Fookes, P. G., Gourley, C. S., and Ohikere, C. 1988. Rock weatheringin engineering time, Quarterly Journal of Engineering Geology,Vol. 21, No. 1, pp. 33–57.

Foster, M. D. 1953. Geochemical studies of clay minerals: II. Rela-tion between ionic substitution and swelling in montmorillonite,American Mineralogist, Vol. 38, pp. 994–1006.

Foster, M. D. 1955. The relation between composition and swellingin clays, Clays and Clay Minerals, Vol. 3, pp. 205–220.

Fourie, A. B., Blight, G. E., and Papageorgio, G. 2001. Static liq-uefaction as a possible explanation for the Merriespruit tailingsdam failure, Canadian Geotechnical Journal, Vol. 38, No. 4, pp.707–719.

Frank, H. S., and Wen, W. Y. 1957. Structure aspects of ion-solventinteraction in aqueous solutions: A suggested picture of waterstructure, Faraday Society Discussions, No. 24, pp. 133–140.

Franklin, J. A., and Chandra, R. 1972. The slake durability test, In-ternational Journal of Rock Mechanics and Mining Sciences, Vol.9, pp. 325–341.

Franklin, A. F., Orozco, L. F., and Semrau, R. 1973. Compaction ofslightly organic soils, Journal of Soil Mechanics and FoundationsDivision, ASCE, Vol. 99, No. SM 7, pp. 541–557.

Fredlund, D. G. 1985. Soil mechanics principles that embrace un-saturated soils, Proceedings of the Eleventh International Confer-ence on Soil Mechanics and Foundation Engineering, SanFrancisco, Vol. 2, pp. 465–472.

Fredlund, D. G., and Morgenstern, N. R. 1977. Stress state variablesfor unsaturated soils, Journal of Geotechnical Engineering, ASCE,Vol. 103, No. GT 5, pp. 447–466.

Fredlund, D. G., and Rahardjo, H. 1993. Soil Mechanics for Unsat-urated Soils, Wiley, New York.

Fredlund, D. G., and Xing, A. 1994. Equations for the soil-watercharacteristic curve, Canadian Geotechnical Journal, Vol. 31, pp.521–532.

Fredlund, D. G., Morgenstern, N. R., and Widger, R. A. 1978. Shearstrength of unsaturated soils, Canadian Geotechnical Journal, Vol.15, pp. 313–321.

Fredlund, D. G., Xing, A., and Huang, S. 1994. Predicting the per-meability function for unsaturated soils using the soil-water char-acteristic curve, Canadian Geotechnical Journal, Vol. 31, pp. 533–546.

Fredlund, D. G., Xing, A., Fredlund, M. D., and Barbour, S. L. 1995.The relationship of the unsaturated soil shear strength to the soil-water characteristic curve, Canadian Geotechnical Journal, Vol.32, pp. 440–448.

Freeze, R. A., and Cherry, J. A. 1979. Groundwater, Prentice-Hall,Englewood Cliffs, NJ.

Fricke, H. 1953, The Maxwell-Wagner dispersion in a suspension ofellipsoids, Journal of Physical Chemistry, Vol. 57, pp. 934–937.

Fripiat, J. J., Letellier, M., and Levitz, P. 1984. Interaction of waterwith clay surfaces, Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Societyof London, A311, pp. 287–299.

Fritz, S. J. 1986. Ideality of clay membranes in osmotic processes:A review, Clays and Clay Minerals, Vol. 34, No. 2, pp. 214–223.

Frost, J. D., and Jang, D. J. 2000. Evolution of sand microstructureduring shear, Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental En-gineering, Vol. 126, No. 2, pp. 116–130.

Frost, J. D., and McNeil, S. 1998. Imaging technologies; techniquesand applications in civil engineering, Proceedings of the 2nd In-ternational Conference, ASCE, Reston, VA.

Frost, J. D., and Wright, J. R. 1993. Digital image processing; tech-niques and applications in civil engineering, Proceedings, ASCE,New York.

Fukumoto, T. 1992. Particle breakage characteristics of granularsoils. Soils and Foundations, Vol. 32, No. 1, pp. 26–40.

Gallipoli, D., Gens, A., Sharma, R. S., and Vaunat, J. 2003. Anelasto-plastic model for unsaturated soil incorporating the effectsof suction and degree of saturation on mechanical behaviour, Geo-technique, Vol. 53, pp. 123–135.

Garrels, R. M. 1951. A Textbook of Geology, Harper, New York.Geng, J., Howell, D., Longhi, E., Berhinger, R. P., Reydellet, G.,

Vanel, L., Clement, E., and Luding, S. 2001. Footprints in sand:The response of a granular material to local perturbations, PhysicalReview Letters, Vol. 87, No. 3, pp. 035506.

Geng, J., Reydellet, G., Clement, E., and Berhinger, R. P. 2003.Green’s function measurements of force transmission in 2D gran-ular materials, Physica D, Vol. 182, pp. 275–303.

Gens, A. 1996. Constitutive modelling: Application to compactedsoils, Proc. 1st Int. Conf. on Unsaturated Soils, Paris, Balkema,Rotterdam, Vol. 3, pp. 1179–1200.

George, G. H., and Hansen, D. 1992. Conversion between quadraticand power law for non-darcy flow, Journal of Hydraulic Engi-neering, ASCE, Vol. 118, No. 5, pp. 792–797.

Georgiannou, V. N., Burland, J. B., and Hight, D. W. 1991. Theundrained behaviour of clayey sands in triaxial compression andextension, Geotechnique, Vol. 40, No. 3, pp. 431–449.

Gibbs, H. J., and Bara, J. P. 1967. Stability problems of collapsingsoils, Journal of the Soil Mechanics and Foundations Division,ASCE, Vol. 93, No. SM 4, pp. 577–594.

Gibson, R. E. 1953. Experiment determination of the true cohesionand the true angle of internal friction in clays, Proceedings of theThird International Conference on Soil Mechanics and FoundationEngineering, Zurich, Vol. I, pp. 126–130.

Gibson, R. E., Schiffman, R. L., and Cargill, F. W. 1981. The theoryof one-dimensional consolidation of saturated clays, II. Finite non-linear consolidation of thick homogeneous layers, Canadian Geo-technical Journal, Vol. 18, pp. 280–293.

Gidigasu, M. D. 1972. Mode of formation and geotechnical charac-teristics of laterite materials of Ghana in relation to soil formingfactors, Engineering Geology (Amsterdam), Vol. 6, No. 2, pp. 79–150.

Gidigasu, M. D. 1974. Degree of weathering in the identification oflaterite materials for engineering purposes—A review, EngineeringGeology (Amsterdam), Vol. 8, No. 3, pp. 213–266.

Gillott, J. E. 1968. Clay in Engineering Geology, Elsevier Science,New York.

Gillott, J. E. 1970. Fabric of Leda clay investigated by optical, elec-tron-optical, and X-ray diffraction methods, Engineering Geology,Vol. 4, No. 2, pp. 133–153.

Gillott, J. E. 1976. Importance of specimen preparation in micros-copy, Soil Preparation for Laboratory Testing, Special TechnicalPublication 599, ASTM, Philadelphia, pp. 289–307.

Glaeser, R., and Mering, J. 1954. Isothermes d’hydration des mont-morillonites bi-ioniques (Na-Ca), Clay Minerals Bulletin, Vol. 2,pp. 188–193.

Copy

right

ed M

ater

ial

Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons Retrieved from: www.knovel.com

Page 9: 63027 ref

REFERENCES 539

Glasstone, S., Laidler, K., and Eyring, H. 1941. The Theory of RateProcesses, McGraw-Hill, New York.

Goldschmidt, V. M. 1926. Undersokelser ved Lersedimenter, Nordiskfordbrugsforskning, Kongress 3, Kobenhavn, pp. 434–445.

Goldstein, M., and Ter-Stepanian, G. 1957. The long-term strengthof clays and depth creep of slopes, Proceedings of the Fourth In-ternational Conference on Soil Mechanics and Foundation Engi-neering, London, Vol. 2, pp. 311–314.

Goodman, R. E. 1999. Karl Terzaghi—The Engineer as Artist, ASCEPress, Reston, VA.

Goto, S., Tatsuoka, F., Shibuya, S., Kim, Y-S, and Sato, T. 1991. Asimple gauge for local small strain measurements in the laboratory,Soils and Foundations, Vol. 31, No. 1, pp. 169–180.

Gourvenec, S. M., Mair, R. J., Bolton, M. D., and Soga, K. 2005.Ground conditions around an old tunnel in London, Journal ofGeotechnical Engineering, I.C.E., Vol. 1, pp. 25–33.

Gouy, G. 1910. Sur la constitution de la charge electrique a la surfaced’un electrolyte, Anniue Physique (Paris), Serie 4, Vol. 9, pp. 457–468.

Graham, J., and Au, V. C. S. 1985. Influence of freeze-thaw andsoftening effects on stress-strain behaviour of natural plastic clayat low stresses, Canadian Geotechnical Journal, Vol. 22, pp. 69–78.

Graham, J., and Houlsby, G. T. 1983. Anisotropic elasticity of anatural clay, Geotechnique, Vol. 33, No. 2, pp. 165–180.

Graham, J., Walker, G. F., and West, G. W. 1964. Nuclear magneticresonance study of interlayer water in hydrated layer silicates,Journal of Chemical Physics, Vol. 40, No. 2, pp. 540–550.

Graham, J., Crooks, J. H. A., and Bell, A. L. 1983a. Time effects onthe stress-strain behaviour of natural soft clays, Geotechnique, Vol.33, No. 3, pp. 327–340.

Graham, J., Noonan, M. L., and Lew, K. V. 1983b. Yield states andstress-strain relationships in a natural plastic clay, Canadian Geo-technical Journal, Vol. 20, pp. 502–516.

Graham, J., Tanaka, N., Crilly, T., and Alfaro, M. C. 2001. Modifiedcam clay modeling of temperature effects in clays, Canadian Geo-technical Journal, Vol. 38, No. 3, pp. 608–621.

Grant, K. 1974. Laterites, ferricretes, bauxites and silcretes, Proceed-ings of the Second International Congress of the International As-sociation of Engineering Geology, Sao Paulo, Brazil, Vol. 1.

Gray, D. H. 1966. Coupled flow phenomena in clay-water systems,Ph.D. Thesis, University of California, Berkeley.

Gray, D. H. 1969. Prevention of moisture rise in capillary systemsby electrical short circuiting, Nature, Vol. 223, No. 5204, pp. 371–374.

Gray, D. H. 1970. Electrochemical hardening of clay soils, Geotech-nique, Vol. 20, No. 1, pp. 81–93.

Gray, D. H., and Mitchell, J. K. 1967. Fundamental aspects ofelectro-osmosis in soils, Journal of the Soil Mechanics and Foun-dations Division, ASCE, Vol. 93, No. SM 6, pp. 209–236; ClosureDiscussion: Vol. 95, No. SM 3, pp. 875–879, 1969.

Gray, D. H., and Schlocker, J. G. 1969. Electrochemical alteration ofclay soils, Clays and Clay Minerals, Vol. 17, pp. 309–322.

Green, R. E., and Corey, J. C. 1971. Calculation of hydraulic con-ductivity; A further evaluation of some predictive methods, SoilScience Society of America Proceedings, Vol. 35, pp. 3–8.

Greenberg, J. A. 1971. Diffusional flow of salt and water in soils,Ph.D. Thesis, University of California, Berkeley.

Greenberg, J. A., Mitchell, J. K., and Witherspoon, P. A. 1973. Cou-pled salt and water flows in a groundwater basin, Journal of Ge-ophysical Research, Vol. 78, No. 27, pp. 6341–6353.

Griffin, J. J., Windom, H., and Goldberg, E. D. 1968. The distributionof clay minerals in the world ocean, Deep Sea Research, Vol. 15,pp. 433–459.

Grim, R. E. 1962. Applied Clay Mineralogy, McGraw-Hill, NewYork.

Grim, R. E. 1968. Clay Mineralogy, 2nd ed., McGraw-Hill, NewYork.

Grismer, M. E., McWhorter, D. B., and Klute, A. 1986. Monitoringof water and salt movement in soils at low solution contents, SoilScience, Vol. 141, No. 2, pp. 163–171.

Gupta, R. P., and Swartzendruber, D. 1962. Flow-associated reductionin the hydraulic conductivity of quartz sand, Soil Science Societyof America Proceedings, Vol. 26, pp. 6–10.

Guven, N. 1992. Molecular aspects of clay-water interactions, In: N.Guven and R. M. Pollastro (Eds.), Clay-Water Interface and ItsRheological Implications, CMS workshop lectures, Vol. 4, ClayMinerals Society, Boulder, CO, pp. 2–79.

Hafiz, M. S. 1950. Strength characteristics of sands and gravels indirect shear, Ph.D. Thesis, University of London, London.

Hagerty, M. M., Hite, D. R., Ullrich, C. R., and Hagerty, D. J. 1993.One-dimensional high-pressure compression of granular media,Journal of Geotechnical Engineering, ASCE,Vol. 119, No. 1, pp.1–18.

Hamed, J., Acar, Y. B., and Gale, R. J. 1991. Pb(II) removal fromkaolinite by electokinetics, Journal of Geotechnical Engineering,ASCE, Vol. 117, No. 2, pp. 241–271.

Hansbo, S. 1960. Consolidation of clay with special reference to theinfluence of vertical sand drains, Proceedings, 18, Swedish Geo-technical Institute, Stockholm.

Hansbo, S. 1973. Influence of mobile particles in soft clay on per-meability, Proceedings of the International Symposium of SoilStructure, Gothenburg, Sweden, pp. 132–135.

Hansen, D., Garga, V. K., and Townsend, D. R. 1995. Selection andapplication of one-dimensional non-Darcy flow equation for twodimensional flow through rockfill embankments, Canadian Geo-technical Journal, Vol. 32, No. 2, pp. 223–232.

Harbaugh, A. W., Banta, E. R., Hill, M. C., and McDonald, M. G.,2000. MODFLOW-2000, The U.S. Geological Survey modularground-water model. User guide to modularization concepts andthe ground-water flow process, U.S. Geological Survey Open-FileReport 00-92.

Hardcastle, J. H., and Mitchell, J. K. 1974. Electrolyte concentra-tion—permeability relationships in sodium-illitesilt mixtures. In:Clay and Clay Minerals, Vol. 22, Pergamon Press, pp. 143–154.

Hardin, B. O. 1965. The nature of damping in sands. Journal of theSoil Mechanics and Foundation Engineering Division, ASCE, Vol.91, No. SM1, pp. 63–97.

Hardin, B. O. 1985. Crushing of soil particles, Journal of Geotech-nical Engineering, Vol. 111, No. 10, pp. 1177–1191.

Hardin, B. O., and Black, W. L. 1966. Sand stiffness under varioustriaxial stresses, Journal of the Soil Mechanics and FoundationsDivision, ASCE, Vol. 94, No. SM2, pp. 353–369.

Hardin, B. O., and Black, W. L. 1968. Vibration modulus of normallyconsolidated clay, Journal of the Soil Mechanics and FoundationsDivision, ASCE, Vol. 92, No. SM2, pp. 353–369.

Hardin, B. O., and Blandford, G. E. 1989. Elasticity of particulatematerials, Journal of Geotechnical Engineering, ASCE, Vol. 115,No. 6, pp. 788–805.

Hardin, B. O., and Drnevich, V. P. 1972. Shear modulus and dampingin soils: Measurement and parameter effects, Journal of the SoilMechanics and Foundations Division, ASCE, Vol. 98, No. SM6,pp. 603–624.

Hardin, B. O., and Richart, Jr., F. E. 1963. Elastic wave velocities ingranular soils, Journal of the Soil Mechanics and Foundations Di-vision, ASCE, Vol. 89, No. SM1, pp. 33–65.

Hardy, W. B. 1936. Collected Scientific Papers, University Press,Cambridge, England.

Harison, J. A., Hardin, B. O., and Mahboub, K. 1994. Fracture tough-ness of compacted cohesive soils using ring test, Journal of Geo-technical Engineering, ASCE, Vol. 120, No. 5, pp. 872–891.

Hashiguchi, K., and Okayasu, T. 2000. Time-dependent elastoplasticconstitutive equation based on the subloading surface model and

Copy

right

ed M

ater

ial

Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons Retrieved from: www.knovel.com

Page 10: 63027 ref

540 REFERENCES

its application to soils, Soils and Foundations, Vol. 40, No 4, pp.19–36.

Hattori, T. 1973. Microbial Life in the Soil, Dekker, New York.Hawkins, A. E. 1993. The Shape of Powder-Particle Outlines, Wiley,

New York.Hawkins, A. B., and Pinches, G. M. 1997. Understanding sulfate

generated heave resulting from pyrite degradation. In: GroundChemistry Implications for Construction: Proceedings of the In-ternational Conference on the Implications of Ground Chemistryand Microbiology for Construction, Balkema, Rotterdam, pp. 51–75.

Helmholtz, H. 1879. Studien uber elektrische Grenzschiehten, Wie-demanns Annalen d. Physik, Vol. 7, p. 137.

Henkel, D. J., and Sowa, V. A. 1963. Discussion, Laboratory ShearTesting of Soils, ASTM Special Technical Publication No. 361,ASTM, Philadelphia.

Hertz, H. 1882. Uber die Beruhrung fester elastischer Korper, J.Reine Angewandte Matematik, Vol. 92, pp. 156–171.

Heselton, L. R. 1969. The Continental Shelf, Center for Naval Anal-ysis, Research Contribution 106, Arlington, VA (AD 686 703).

Hight, D. W., Georgiannou, V. N., Martin, P. L., and Mundegar, A. K.1998. Flow slides in micaceous sands. In: E. Yanagisawa, N. Mo-roto, and T. Mitachi (Eds.), Proc. Int. Symposium on ProblematicSoils, Balkema, Rotterdam, Vol. 2, pp. 945–958.

Hight, D. W., and Leroueil, S. 2003. Characterisation of soils forengineering purposes. In: T. S. Tan, K. K. Phoon, D. W. Hight,and S. Leroueil (Eds.), Characterisation and Engineering Prop-erties of Natural Soils, Balkema, Lisse, Vol. 1, pp. 255–360.

Hight, D. W., McMillan, F., Powell, J. J. M., Jardine, R. J., andAllenou, C. P. 2003. Some characteristics of London clay, In: T. S.Tan, K. K. Phoon, D. W. Hight, and S. Leroueil (Eds.), Charac-terisation and Engineering Properties of Natural Sands, Balkema,Lisse, Vol. 2, pp. 851–907.

Hill, T. L. 1950. Statistical mechanics of adsorption, IX: Adsorptionthermodynamics and solution thermodynamics, Journal of Chem-ical Physics, Vol. 18, pp. 246–256.

Holtz, W. G. 1983. The influence of vegetation on the swelling andshrinking of clays in the United States of America, Geotechnique,Vol. 23, pp. 159–163.

Holtz, W. G., and Gibbs, H. J. 1956. Engineering properties of ex-pansive clays, Transactions, ASCE, Vol. 121, pp. 641–677.

Holzer, T. L., Hoeg, K., and Arulanandan, K. 1973. Excess porepressures during undrained creep, Canadian Geotechnical Journal,Vol. 10, No. 1, pp. 12–24.

Hoque, E., and Tatsuoka, F. 1998. Anisotropy in elastic deformationof granular materials, Soils and Foundations, Vol. 38, No. 1, pp.163–179.

Horn, H. M., and Deere, D. U. 1962. Frictional characteristics ofminerals, Geotechnique, Vol. 12, No. 4, pp. 319–335.

Horn, J. M., and Meike, A. 1995. Microbial activity at Yucca Moun-tain, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Report UCRL-ID-122256.

Horne, M. R. 1965. The behavior of an assembly of rotund, rigid,cohesionless particles, Proceedings of the Royal Society, London,Part I, Vol. 286, pp. 62–78; Part II, Vol. 286, pp. 79–97; Part III,Vol. 310, pp. 21–34.

Horz, F., Carrier, W. D. III, Young, J. W., Duke, C. M., Nagle, J. S.,and Fryxell, R. 1973. Apollo 16 special samples, Part B of Sec. 7of Apollo 16 Preliminary Science Report, NASA SP-315.

Hosono, Y., and Yoshimine, M. 2004. Liquefaction of sand in simpleshear condition, In: T. Triantafyllidis (Ed.), International Confer-ence on Cyclic Behaviour of Soils and Liquefaction Phenomena,Balkema, Lisse, pp. 129–136.

Houlsby, G. T. 1982. Theoretical analysis of the fall cone test. Geo-technique, Vol. 32, No. 2, pp. 111–118.

Houlsby, G. T. 1985. Use of variable shear modulus in elastic-plasticmodels for clays, Computers and Geotechnics, Vol. 1, No. 1, pp.3–13.

Houlsby, G. T. 1997. The work input to an unsaturated granular ma-terial, Geotechnique, Vol. 47, No. 1, pp. 193–196.

House, W. A. 1998. Interactions of non-volatile micro-organic pol-lutants and clay minerals in surficial environments. In: A. Parkerand J. E. Rae (Eds.), Environmental Interactions of Clays,Springer, Berlin, pp. 55–91.

Houston, W. N. 1967. Formation mechanisms and property interre-lationships in sensitive clays, Ph.D. Thesis in Civil Engineering,University of California, Berkeley.

Houston, W. N., and Mitchell, J. K. 1969. Property interrelationshipsin sensitive clays, Journal of the Soil Mechanics and FoundationsDivision, ASCE, Vol. 95, No. SM 4, pp. 1037–1062.

Howell, D. W., Behringer, R. P., and Veje, C. T. 1999. Fluctuationsin granular media, Chaos, Vol. 9, No. 3, pp. 559–572.

Howie, J. A., Shozen, T., and Vaid, Y. P. 2002. Effect of ageing onstiffness of very loose sand, Canadian Geotechnical Journal, Vol.39, pp. 149–157.

Huber, K. A. 1997. Design of Shale Embankments, Report to theVirginia Department of Transportation and the Virginia Transpor-tation Research Council, Department of Civil and EnvironmentalEngineering, Virginia Tech, October 20, Blacksburg, VA.

Hueckel, T. 1992. On effective stress concepts and deformation inclays subjected to environmental loads, a discussion, CanadianGeotechnical Journal, Vol. 29, pp. 1120–1125.

Hueckel, T., and Baldi, G. 1990. Thermoplastic behavior of saturatedclays: An experimental constitutive study, Journal of GeotechnicalEngineering, ASCE, Vol. 116, No. 12, pp. 1778–1796.

Hueckel, T. Tutumluer, E., and Pellegrini R. 1992. A note on non-linear elasticity of isotropic overconsolidated clays, InternationalJournal for Numerical and Analytical Methods in Geomechanics,Vol. 16, pp. 603–661.

Human, C. 1992. Time dependent property changes of freshly de-posited or densified sands, Ph.D. Thesis, University of Californiaat Berkeley.

Hurlbut, C. S. 1957. Dana’s Manual of Mineralogy, 16th ed., Wiley,New York.

Hvorslev, M. J. 1937. Uber die festigheit eigenschaffen gestorter bil-dinger boden, Ingerniorvidenshabeliege Skriften, No. 45, Dan-marks Naturvidenshabelige Samfund, Kobenhavn.

Hvorslev, M. J. 1960. Physical components of the shear strength ofsaturated clays, Proceedings ASCE Research Conference on theShear Strength of Cohesive Soils, Boulder, CO, pp. 169–273.

Hyodo, M., Yamamoto, Y., and Sugiyama, M. 1994. Undrained cyclicshear behaviour of normally consolidated clay subjected to initialstatic shear stress, Soils and Foundations, Vol. 34, No. 4, pp. 1–11.

Hyodo, M., Hyde, A. F. L., Aramaki, N., and Nakata, Y. 2002. Un-drained monotonic and cyclic shear behaviour of sand under lowand high confining stresses, Soils and Foundations, Vol. 42, No.3, pp. 63–76.

Imai, G., and Tang, Y. 1992. A constitutive equation of one-dimensional consolidation derived from inter-connected tests, Soilsand Foundations, Vol. 32, No. 2, pp. 83–96.

Ingles, O. G. 1962. Bonding forces in soils, Part 3: A theory of tensilestrength for stabilised and naturally coherent soils, Proceedings ofthe First Conference of the Australian Road Research Board, Vol.I, pp. 1025–1047.

Ingles, O. G. 1968. Soil chemistry relevant to the engineering be-havior of soils. In: I. K. Lee (Ed.), Soil Mechanics, Selected Topics,Elsevier, New York, Chapter I.

Ingles, O. G. 1972. Discussion, Proceedings of the Specialty Con-ference on Performance of Earth Supported Structures, ASCE, Vol.III, pp. 111–125.

Isenhower, W. M., and Stokoe, K. H. 1981. Strain-rate dependentshear modulus of San Francisco Bay mud, Proc. InternationalConference on Recent Advances in Geotechnical Earthquake En-gineering and Soil Dynamics, St. Louis, pp. 597–602.

Copy

right

ed M

ater

ial

Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons Retrieved from: www.knovel.com

Page 11: 63027 ref

REFERENCES 541

Ishihara, K. 1993. Liquefaction and flow failure during earthquakes,Geotechnique, Vol. 43, No. 3, pp. 351–415.

Ishihara, K. 1996. Soil Behaviour in Earthquake Geotechnics, OxfordUniversity Press, Oxford.

Ishihara, K., Tatsuoka, F., and Yasua, S. 1975. Undrained deformationand liquefaction of sand under cyclic stresses, Soils and Founda-tions, Vol. 15, No. 1, pp. 29–44.

Ishihara, K., Cubrinovski, M., and Nonaka, T. 1998. Characterizationof undrained behaviour of soils in the reclaimed area of Kobe,Soils and Foundations, Vol. 37, No. 3, pp. 33–46.

Israelachvili, J. N. 1992. Intermolecular and Surface Forces, Aca-demic, San Diego.

Iwasaki, T., Tatsuoka, F., and Takagi, Y. 1978. Shear moduli of sandsunder cyclic torsional shear loading, Soils and Foundations, Vol.18, No. 1, pp. 39–56.

Iwashita, K., and Oda, M. 1988. Rolling resistance at contacts insimulation of shear band development by DEM. Journal of Engi-neering Mechanics, ASCE, Vol. 124, No. 3, pp. 285–292.

Iwashita, K., and Oda, M. 2000. Micro-deformation mechanism ofshear banding process based on modified distinct element method,Powder Technology, Vol. 109, pp. 192–205.

Jackson, T. A. 1998. The biogeochemical and ecological significanceof interactions between colloidal minerals and trace elements. In:A. Parker and J. E. Rae (Eds.), Environmental Interactions ofClays, Springer, Berlin, pp. 93–205.

Jackson, M. L., and Sherman, G. D. 1953. Chemical weathering ofminerals in soils, Advances in Agronomy, Vol. 5, p. 219.

Jackson, M. L., Lim, C. H., and Zelazory, L. W. 1986. Oxides, hy-droxides, and aluminosilicates. In: Methods of Soil Analysis, Chap.6, Agronomy No. 9, Part 1, 2nd ed., American Society of Agron-omy, Madison, WI, pp. 101–150.

Jamiolkowski, M. 1994. Personal communication.Jamiolkowski, M. 1996. Personal communication.Jamiolkowski, M., and Manassero, M. 1995. The role of in-situ test-

ing in geotechnical engineering—thoughts about the future, Pro-ceedings of the International Conference in Advances in SiteInvestigation Practice, Thomas Telford, London, pp. 929–951.

Jamiolkowski, M., Ladd, C. C., Germaine, J. T., and Lancellotta, R.1985. New developments in field and laboratory testing of soils,Proceedings of the Eleventh International Conference on Soil Me-chanics and Foundation Engineering, San Francisco, Vol. 1, pp.57–153.

Jamiolkowski, M., Lancellotta, R., and Lo Presti, D. C. F. 1995.Remarks on the stiffness at small strains of six Italian clays. In:S. Shibuya, T. Mitachi, and S. Miura (Eds.), Pre-failure Defor-mation of Geomaterials, Balkema, Rotterdam, Vol. 2, pp. 817–836.

Jang, D.-J., and Frost, J. D. 1998. Sand structure differences resultingfrom specimen preparation procedures, Geotechnical EarthquakeEngineering and Soil Dynamics III, Geotechnical Special Publi-cation, ASCE, Reston, VA, Vol. 1, pp. 234–245.

Jang, D. J., Frost, J. D., and Park, J. Y. 1999. Preparation of epoxyimpregnated sand coupons for image analysis, ASTM GeotechnicalTesting Journal, Vol. 22, No. 2, pp. 147–158.

Jardine, R. J. 1992. Some observations on the kinematic nature ofsoil stiffness, Soils and Foundations, Vol. 32, No. 2, pp. 11–124.

Jardine, R. J., and Standing, J. R. 1999. Pile load testing preformedfor HSE cyclic loading study at Dunkirk, Technical Report, Healthand Safety Executive, London.

Jardine, R. J., Symes, M. J. and Burland, J. B. 1984. The measure-ment of soil stiffness in the triaxial apparatus, Geotechnique, Vol.34, No. 3, pp. 323–340.

Jardine, R. J., Kuwano, R., Zdravkovic, L., and Thornton, C. 2001.Some fundamental aspects of the pre-failure behaviour of granularsoils. In: M. Jamiolkowski, R. Lancellotta, and D. Lo Presti (Eds.),Pre-failure Deformation Characteristics of Geomaterials, Bal-kema, Lisse, Vol. 2, pp. 1077–1112.

Jardine, R. J., Gens, A., Hight, D. W., and Coop, M. R. 2004. De-velopments in understanding soil behaviour, Advances in Geo-technical Engineering, The Skempton Conference, ThomasTelford, London, Vol. 1, pp. 101–206.

Jaworski, G. W., Duncan, J. M., and Seed, H. B. 1981. Laboratorystudy of hydraulic fracturing, Journal of ASCE Geotechnical En-gineering Division, Vol. 107, No. GT6, pp. 713–732.

Jennings, J. E. B., and Burland, J. B. 1962. Limitations to the use ofeffective stresses in partly saturated soils, Geotechnique, Vol. 12,pp. 125–144.

Jewell, R. J., Andrews, D. C., and Khorshid, M. S., (Eds.) 1988.Engineering for calcareous sediments, Proceedings of the Inter-national Conference on Calcareous Sediments, Balkema, Rotter-dam, Vols. 1 and 2.

Johnson, K. L. 1985. Contact Mechanics, Cambridge UniversityPress, Cambridge, England.

Jones, R. H., and Holden, J. T. (Eds.) 1988. Ground Freezing 88,Proceedings of the Fifth International Symposium on GroundFreezing, Balkema, Rotterdam.

Joshi, R. C., Achari, G., Kaniraj, S. R., and Wijewwera, H. 1995.Effect of aging on the penetration resistance of sands, CanadianGeotechnical Journal, Vol. 32, pp. 767–782.

Jovicic, V., and Coop, M. R. 1997. Stiffness of coarse-grained soilsat small strains. Geotechnique, Vol. 47, No. 3, 545–562.

Jovicic, V., and Coop, M. R. 1998. The measurement of stiffnessanisotropy in clays with bender element tests in the triaxial ap-paratus, Geotechnical Testing Journal, ASTM, Vol. 21, No. 1, pp.3–10.

Kaliakin, V. N., and Dafalias, Y. F. 1990. Theoretical aspects of theelastoplastic-viscoplastic bounding surface model for cohesivesoils, Soils and Foundations, Vol. 30, No. 3, pp. 11–24.

Kallstenius, T., and Bergau, W. 1961. Research on texture of granularmasses, Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on SoilMechanics and Foundation Engineering, Paris, Vol. 1, pp. 165–170.

Kanatani, K. 1984. Distribution of directional data and fabric tensors,International Journal of Engineering Science, Vol. 22, No. 2, pp.107–117.

Kaplar, C. W. 1970. Phenomenon and mechanism of frost heaving,Highway Research Record, Vol. 304, pp. 1–13.

Karlsson, R. 1961. Suggested improvements in the liquid limit testwith reference to flow properties of remolded clays, Proceedingsof the Fifth International Conference on Soil Mechanics and Foun-dation Engineering, Vol. 1, pp. 171–184.

Karlsson, R. 1963. On cohesive soils and their flow properties, Swed-ish Geotechnical Institute Report No. 5, Stockholm.

Katchalsky, A., and Curran, P. R. 1967. Nonequilibrium Thermody-namics in Biophysics, Harvard University Press, Cambridge, MA.

Katona, M. G. 1984. Evaluation of viscoplastic cap model, Journalof Geotechnical Engineering, ASCE, Vol. 110, No. 8, pp. 1106–1125.

Kavazanjian, E., Jr., and Mitchell, J. K. 1980. Time-dependent de-formation behavior of clays, Journal of the Geotechnical Engi-neering Division, ASCE, Vol. 106, No. 6, pp. 611–630.

Kavazanjian, E., Jr., and Mitchell, J. K. 1984. Time dependence oflateral earth pressure, Journal of Geotechnical Engineering, ASCE,Vol. 110, No. 4, pp. 530–533.

Kazi, A., and Moum, J. 1973. Effect of leaching on the fabric ofnormally consolidated marine clays, Proceedings of the Interna-tional Symposium on Soil Structure, Gothenburg, Sweden, pp.137–152.

Keedwell, M. J. 1984. Rheology and Soil Mechanics, Elsevier, Lon-don.

Keller, W. D. 1957. The Principles of Chemical Weathering, rev. ed.,Lucas, Columbia, MO.

Keller, W. D. 1964a. Processes of origin and alteration of clay min-erals. In: C. I. Rich and G. W. Kunze (Eds.), Soil Clay Mineralogy,University of North Carolina Press, Chapel Hill, pp. 3–76.

Copy

right

ed M

ater

ial

Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons Retrieved from: www.knovel.com

Page 12: 63027 ref

542 REFERENCES

Keller, W. D. 1964b. The origin of high alumina clay minerals—areview, Clay and Clay Minerals, Proceedings of the Twelfth Na-tional Conference, Monograph No. 19, Earth Science Series, Per-gamon Press, New York, pp. 129–151.

Kemper, W. D., and Quirk, J. P. 1972. Ionic mobilities and electriccharges of external clay surfaces inferred from potential differ-ences and osmotic flow, Soil Science Society of America Proceed-ings, Ann Arbor, MI. Vol. 36, pp. 426–433.

Kemper, W. D., and Rollins, J. B. 1966. Osmotic efficiency coeffi-cients across compacted clays, Soil Science Society of AmericaProceedings, Ann Arbor, MI. Vol. 30, No. 5, pp. 529–534.

Kenney, T. C. 1959. Discussion, Journal of the Soil Mechanics andFoundations Division, ASCE, Vol. 85, No. SM 3, pp. 67–79.

Kenney, T. C. 1967. The influence of mineralogical composition onthe residual strength of natural soils, Proceedings of the Geotech-nical Conference on Shear Strength Properties of Natural Soilsand Rocks, Oslo, Vol. I, pp. 123–129.

Kenney, T. C., and Chan, H. T. 1972. Use of radiographs in a geo-logical and geotechnical investigation of varved soil, CanadianGeotechnical Journal, Vol. 9, pp. 195–205.

Kenney, T. C., Moum, J., and Berre, T. 1967. An experimental studyof bonds in natural clay, Proceedings of the Geotechnical Confer-ence, on Shear Strength of Natural Soils and Rocks, Oslo, Vol. 1,pp. 65–69.

Kersten, M. S. 1949. Final report, laboratory research for the deter-mination of the thermal properties of soil, Engineering ExperimentStation, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis.

Khalifa, M.-O. A., Wahyudi, I., and Thomas, P. 2002. New extensionof Darcy’s law to unsteady flows, Soils and Foundations, Vol. 42,No. 6, pp. 53–63.

Khalili, N., and Khabbaz, M. H. 1988. A unique relationship forshear strength determination of unsaturated soils, Geotechnique,Vol. 48, No. 5, pp. 681–688.

Khire, M. V., Benson, C. H., and Bosscher, P. J. 2000. Capillarybarriers: Design variables and water balance, Journal of Geotech-nical and Geoenvironmental Engineering, Vol. 126, No. 8, pp.695–708.

Kidder, G., and Reed, L. W. 1972. Swelling characteristics ofhydroxy-aluminum interlayered clays, Clays and Clay Minerals,Vol. 20, pp. 13–20.

Kie, T. T. 1983. Swelling Rocks and the Stability of Tunnels. FifthCongress of the International Society for Rock Mechanics, Mel-bourne, Australia, Balkema, Rotterdam.

Kim, T. C., and Novak, M. 1981. Dynamic properties of some co-hesive soils of Ontario, Canadian Geotechnical Journal, Vol. 18,pp. 371–389.

King, F. H. 1898. Principles and conditions of the movement ofgroundwater, 19th Annual Report, U.S. Geological Survey, Part 2,pp. 59–294.

Kirkgard, M. M., and Lade, P. V. 1993. Anisotropic three-dimensional behavior of a normally consolidated clay, CanadianGeotechnical Journal, Vol. 30, No. 4, pp. 848–858.

Kirkpatrick, W. M., and Rennie, I. A. 1973. Clay structure in labo-ratory prepared samples, Proceedings of the International Sym-posium on Soil Structure, Gothenburg, Sweden, pp. 103–111.

Klein, K., and Santamarina, J. C. 1997. Methods for broad-band di-electric permittivity measurements (soil-water mixtures, 5 Hz to1.3 GHz), ASTM Geotechnical Testing Journal, Vol. 20, pp. 168–178.

Klug, H. P., and Alexander, L. E. 1974. X-Ray Diffraction Proce-dures, Wiley, New York.

Klute, A. (Ed.) 1986. Methods of Soil Analysis, Agronomy, No. 9,Part 1, Physical and Mineralogical Methods, 2nd ed., AmericanSociety of Agronomy, Madison, WI.

Knudsen, D., Peterson, G. A., and Pratt, P. F. 1986. Lithium, sodiumand potassium, Methods of Soil Analysis, Chapter 12, Agronomy

No. 9, Part 2, 2nd ed., American Society of Agronomy, Madison,WI, pp. 225–246.

Koerner, R. M., Lord, A. E., and McCabe, W. M. 1977. Acousticemission behavior of cohesive soils, Journal of the GeotechnicalEngineering Division, ASCE, Vol. 103, No. GT 8, pp. 837–850.

Kokusho, T. 1980. Cyclic triaxial test of dynamic soil properties forwide strain range, Soils and Foundations, Vol. 20, No. 2, pp. 45–60.

Kokusho, T. 1987. In-situ dynamic soil properties and their evalua-tions, Proc. of the 8th Asian Regional Conference on SMFE, Kyoto,Vol. 2, pp. 215–235.

Kokusho, T. 2000. Correlation of pore pressure B-value with P-wavevelocity and Poisson’s ratio for imperfectly saturated sand orgravel, Soils and Foundations, Vol. 40, No. 4, pp. 95–102.

Kokusho, R., Yoshida, Y., and Esashi, Y. 1982. Dynamic propertiesof soft clay for wide strain range, Soils and Foundations, Vol. 22,No. 4, pp. 1–18.

Kokusho, T., Hara, T., and Hiraoka, R. 2004. Undrained shearstrength of granular soils with different particle gradations, Journalof Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering, Vol. 130, No.6, pp. 621–629.

Kolaian, J. H., and Low, P. F. 1960. Thermodynamic properties ofwater in suspensions of montmorillonite, Clays and Clay Minerals,Vol. 9, pp. 71–84.

Kolb, C. R., and Shockley, W. G. 1957. Mississippi valley geology—its engineering significance, Journal of the Soil Mechanics andFoundations Division, ASCE, Vol. 83, No. SM 3, pp. 1–14.

Komine, H., and Ogata, N. 2004. Predicting swelling characteristicsof bentonites, Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental En-gineering, Vol. 130, No. 8, pp. 818–829.

Kondner, R. L., and Vendrell, J. R., Jr. 1964. Consolidation coeffi-cients: Cohesive soil mixtures, Journal of Soil Mechanics andFoundations Division, ASCE, Vol. 90, No. SM 5, pp. 31–42.

Konhauser, K. O., and Urrutia, M. M. 1999. Bacterial clay authige-nesis, a common biogeochemical process, Chemical Geology, Vol.161, pp. 399–413.

Konishi, J., Oda, M., and Nemat-Nasser, S. 1982. Inherent anisotropyand shear strength of assembly of oval cross-sectional rods. In:P. A. Vermeer, and H. J. L. Luger (Eds.), IUTAM Conference onDeformation and Failure of Granular Materials, Balkema, Rotter-dam, pp. 403–412.

Konrad, J. M. 1990. Minimum undrained strength of two sands, Jour-nal of Geotechnical Engineering, ASCE, Vol. 116, No. 6, pp. 932–947.

Konrad, J-M. 2001. Cold region engineering. In: R. K. Rowe (Ed.),Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering Handbook, Klu-wer Academic, Boston, pp. 593–613.

Konrad, J.-M., and Ayad, R. 1997. Desiccation of a sensitive clay:Field experimental observations, Canadian Geotechnical Journal,Vol. 34, pp. 929–942.

Konrad, J.-M., and Morgenstern, N. R. 1983. Frost susceptibility ofsoils in terms of their segregation potential, Proceedings of theFourth International Conference on Permafrost, Fairbanks, AK,pp. 660–665.

Koorevaar, P., Menelik, G., and Dirksen, C. 1983. Elements of SoilPhysics, Elsevier, Amsterdam.

Koumoto, T., and Houlsby, G. T. 2001. Theory and practice of thefall cone test, Geotechnique, Vol. 51, No. 8, pp. 701–712.

Kozeny, J. 1927. Ueber kapillare Leitung des Wassers im Boden,Wien, Akad. Wiss., Vol. 136, Part 2a, p. 271.

Kramer, S. L. 1996. Geotechnical Earthquake Engineering, Prentice-Hall, Englewood Cliffs, NJ.

Krinitzky, E. L., and Turnbull, W. J. 1967. Loess deposits of Missis-sippi, Geological Society of America Special Paper No. 94, NewYork.

Krinsley, D. H., and Smalley, I. J. 1973. Shape and nature of smallsedimentary quartz particles, Science, Vol. 180, pp. 1277–1279,June 22.

Copy

right

ed M

ater

ial

Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons Retrieved from: www.knovel.com

Page 13: 63027 ref

REFERENCES 543

Krumbein, W. C. 1941. Measurement and geological significance ofshape and roundness of sedimentary particles, Journal of Sedi-mentary Petrology, Vol. 11, No. 2, pp. 64–72.

Krumbein, W. C., and Sloss, L. L. 1963. Stratigraphy and Sedimen-tation, 2nd ed., W.H. Freeman, San Francisco.

Kuenen, Ph. H. 1959. Sand—its origin, transportation, abrasion andaccumulation. Alex L. du Troit Memorial Lectures No. 6, The Ge-ological Society of South Africa, Annexure to Vol. LXII, 33.

Kuerbis, R. H., Negussey, D., and Vaid, Y. P. 1988. Effect of gra-dation and fines content on the undrained response of sand, Hy-draulic Fill Structures, ASCE Geotechnical Special Publication,No. 21, pp. 330–345.

Kuhn, M. R. 1987. Micromechanical aspects of soil creep, Ph.D.Dissertation, Department of Civil Engineering, University of Cal-ifornia, Berkeley.

Kuhn, M. R. 1999. Structured deformation in granular materials, Me-chanics of Materials, Vol. 31, pp. 407–429.

Kuhn, M. R., and Mitchell, J. K. 1993. New perspectives on soilcreep, Journal of Geotechnical Engineering, ASCE, Vol. 119, No.3, pp. 507–524.

Kulhawy, F. H., and Mayne, P. W. 1990. Manual on Estimating SoilProperties for Foundation Design, Final Report, Project 1493-6,EL-6800, Electric Power Research Institute, Palo Alto, CA.

Kumai, M. 1979. Electron microscope investigations of frozen andunfrozen bentonite, Cold Regions Research and Engineering Lab-oratory, CRREL Report 79–28, Hanover, NH.

Kuntiwattanakul, P., Towhata, I., Ohishi, K., and Seko, I. 1995. Tem-perature effects on undrained shear characteristics of clay, Soilsand Foundations, Vol. 35, No. 1, pp. 147–162.

Kuo, C.-Y., Frost, J. D., and Chameau, J.-L. A. 1998. Image analysisdetermination of stereology based fabric tensors, Geotechnique,Vol. 48, No. 4, pp. 515–525.

Kunze, G. W., and Dixon, J. B. 1986. Pretreatment for mineralogicalanalysis. In: Methods of Soil Analysis, Agronomy No. 9, Part 2,2nd ed., American Society of Agronomy, Madison, WI, pp. 167–179.

Kurukulasuriya, L. C., Oda, M., and Kazama, H. 1999. Anisotropyof undrained shear strength of an overconsolidated soil by triaxialand plane strain tests, Soils and Foundations, Vol. 39, No. 1, pp.21–29.

Kutter, B. L., and Sathialingam, N. 1992. Elastic-viscoplastic mod-elling of the rate-dependent behaviour of clay, Geotechnique, Vol.42, No. 3, pp. 427–441.

Kuwano, R. 1999. The stiffness and yielding anisotropy of sand,Ph.D. Thesis, Imperial College of Science, Technology and Med-icine, London.

Lacerda, W. 1976. Stress-relaxation and creep effects on soil defor-mation, Ph.D. Dissertation, Department of Civil Engineering, Uni-versity of California, Berkeley.

Lacerda, W. A., and Houston, W. N. 1973. Stress relaxation in soils,Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Soil Me-chanics and Foundations Engineering, Moscow, Vol. 1 /34, pp.221–227.

Ladd, C. C. 1961. Physico-chemical analysis of the shear strength ofsaturated clays, ScD Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technol-ogy, Cambridge, MA.

Ladd, C. C. 1991. Stability evaluation during staged construction,Journal of Geotechnical Engineering, ASCE, Vol. 117, No. 4, pp.540–615.

Ladd, C. C., and Foott, R. 1974. New design procedure for stabilityof soft clays, Journal of Geotechnical Engineering Division,ASCE, Vol. 100, No GT 7, pp. 763–786.

Ladd, C. C., and Martin, R. T. 1967. The effects of pore fluid on theundrained strength of kaolinite, Massachusetts Institute of Tech-nology Civil Engineering Research Report R67–15, MIT, Cam-bridge, MA.

Ladd, C. C., and Varallyay, J. 1965. The influence of stress systemon the behvaior of saturated clays during undrained shear, ReportR65-11, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA.

Ladd, C. C., and Wissa, A. E. Z. 1970. Geology and engineeringproperties of Connecticut valley varved clays with special refer-ence to embankment construction, Department of Civil Engineer-ing, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Research ReportR70-56, Soils Publ. 264.

Ladd, C. C., Foott, R., Ishihara, K., Schlosser, F., and Poulos, H. G.1977. Stress-deformation and strength characteristics, Proceedingsof the Ninth International Conference on Soil Mechanics andFoundation Engineering, Tokyo, Vol. 2, pp. 421–494.

Lade, P. V. 1992. Static instability and liquefaction of loose finesandy slopes, Journal of Geotechnical Engineering, ASCE, Vol.118, No. 1, pp. 51–71.

Lade, P. V., and de Boer, R. 1997. The concept of effective stress forsoil, concrete and rock, Geotechnique, Vol. 47, No. 1, pp. 61–78.

Lade, P. V., and Duncan J. M. 1975. Elastoplastic stress-strain theoryfor cohesionless soil, Journal of Geotechnical Engineering Divi-sion, ASCE, Vol. 101, No. GT10, pp. 1037–1053.

Lade, P. V., and Liu, C.-T. 1998. Experimental study of drained creepbehavior of sand, Journal of Engineering Mechanics, ASCE, Vol.124, No. 8, pp. 912–920.

Lade, P. V., and Yamamuro, J. A. 1997. Effects of non-plastic fineson static liquefaction of sands, Canadian Geotechnical Journal,Vol. 34, No. 6, pp. 918–928.

Lade, P. V., Yamamuro, J. A., and Bopp, P. A. 1996. Significance ofparticle crushing on granular materials, Journal of GeotechnicalEngineering, ASCE, Vol. 122, No. 4, pp. 309–316.

Lade, P. V., Yamamuro, J. A., and Bopp, P. A. 1997. Influence oftime effects on instability of granular materials, Computers andGeotechnics, Vol. 20, No. 3 /4, pp. 179–193.

Lafeber, D. 1965. The graphical representation of planar pore patternsin soils, Australian Journal of Soil Research, Vol. 3, pp. 143–164.

Lafeber, D. 1966. Soil structural concepts, Engineering Geology, Vol.1, No. 4, pp. 261–290.

Lafeber, D. 1968. Discussion of Morgenstern and Tchalenko (1967b),Geotechnique, Vol. 18, No. 3, pp. 379–382.

Lafeber, D., and Willoughby, D. R. 1971. Fabric symmetry and me-chanical anisotropy in natural soils, Proceedings of the Australia–New Zealand Conference on Geomechanics, Melbourne, Vol. 1,pp. 165–174.

Lagaly, G. 1984. Clay-organic interactions, Philosophical Transac-tions of the Royal Society of London, Vol. A 311, pp. 315–332.

Lahay, N., and Bresler, E. 1973. Exchangeable cation-structural pa-rameter relationships in montmorillonite, Clays and Clay Minerals,Vol. 21, pp. 249–255.

Laird, J. P., and Stokoe, K. H., II. 1993. Dynamic properties of re-molded and undisturbed soil samples test at high confining pres-sure, GR93-6, Electric Power Research Institute, Palo Alto, CA.

Lambe, T. W. 1949. How dry is a dry soil? Proceedings of the High-way Research Board, Vol. 29, pp. 491–496.

Lambe, T. W. 1952. Differential thermal analysis, Proceedings of theHighway Research Board, Vol. 21, pp. 620–641.

Lambe, T. W. 1953. The structure of inorganic soil, ASCE, Vol. 79,Separate No. 315, October, pp. 1–49.

Lambe, T. W. 1960. A mechanistic picture of the shear strength ofclay, Proceedings of the ASCE Research Conference on the ShearStrength of Cohesive Soils, Boulder, CO, p. 437.

Lambe, T. W., and Martin, R. T. 1954. Composition and engineeringproperties of soils: II, Proceedings of the Highway ResearchBoard, Washington, D.C.

Lambe, T. W., and Martin R. T. 1955. Composition and engineeringproperties of soil: III, Proceedings of the Highway ResearchBoard, Washington, D.C.

Lambe, T. W., and Whitman, R. V. 1969. Soil Mechanics, Wiley,New York.

Copy

right

ed M

ater

ial

Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons Retrieved from: www.knovel.com

Page 14: 63027 ref

544 REFERENCES

Langmuir, I. 1938. The role of attractive and repulsive forces in theformation of tactoids, thixotropic gels, protein crystals, and coac-ervates, J. Chem. Physics, Vol. 6, pp. 873–896.

Laudelout, H. 1987. Cation exchange equilibrium in clays. In: A. C.D. Newman (Ed.), Chemistry of Clays and Clay Minerals, Min-eralogical Society Monograph No. 6, London, pp. 225–236.

Lee, I. K. 1966. Stress-dilatancy performance of feldspar, Journal ofthe Soil Mechanics and Foundations Division, ASCE, Vol. 92, No.SM 2, pp. 79–103.

Lee, M. D. 1992. The angles of friction of granular fills, Ph.D. dis-sertation, University of Cambridge.

Lee, K. L., and Farhoomand, I. 1967. Compressibility and crushingof granular soil in anisotropic compression, Canadian Geotechni-cal Journal, Vol. IV, No. 1, pp. 68–86.

Leeder, M. R. 1982. Sedimentology, Processes and Products, GeorgeAllen & Unwin, London.

Lefebvre, G., and LeBouef, D. 1987. Rate effects and cyclic loadingof sensitive clays, Journal of Geotechnical Engineering, ASCE,Vol. 113, No. 5, pp. 467–489.

Lefebvre, G., Philibert, A., Bozozuk, M., and Pare, J. J. 1981. Fis-suring from hydraulic fracture of clay soil, Proceedings of XthInternational Conference on Soil Mechanics and Foundation En-gineering, Stockholm, Vol. 2, pp. 513–518.

Lefebvre, G., Bozozuk, M., Philibert, A., and Hornych, P. 1991. Eval-uating K0 in Champlain clays with hydraulic fracture tests, Ca-nadian Geotechnical Journal, Vol. 28, pp. 365–377.

Legget, R. F. 1988. Geology and Engineering, 3rd ed., McGraw-Hill,New York.

Legget, R. F., and Hatheway, A. W. 1988. Geology and Engineering,McGraw-Hill, New York.

Leonards, G. A., and Altschaeffl, A. G. 1964. Compressibility of clay,Journal of the Soil Mechanics and Foundations Division, ASCE,Vol. 90, No. SM 5, pp. 133–155.

Leonards, G. A., and Ramiah, B. K. 1960. Time effects in the con-solidation of clays, ASTM Special Tech. Publ. 254, pp. 116–130.

Leroueil, S. 1988. Recent developments in consolidation of naturalclays, Tenth Canadian Geotechnical Colloquim, Canadian Geo-technical Journal, Vol. 25, No. 1, pp. 85–107.

Leroueil, S. 1995, Could it be that clays have no unique way ofbehaving during consolidation? Proceedings of International Sym-posium on Compression and Consolidation of Clayey Soils, Bal-kema, Rotterdam, Vol. 2, pp. 1039–1048.

Leroueil, S., and Hight, D. W. 2002. Behaviour and properties ofnatural soils and soft rocks. In: T. S. Tan, K. K. Phoon, D. W.Hight, and S. Leroueil (Eds.), Characterisation and EngineeringProperties of Natural Soils, Balkema, Lisse, pp. 29–254.

Leroueil, S., and Marques, M. E. S. 1996. Importance of strain rateand temperature effects in geotechnical engineering, In: T. C. Shea-han, and V. N. Kaliakin (Eds.), Measuring and Modeling TimeDependent Soil Behavior, Geotechnical Special Publication No. 61,ASCE, New York, pp. 1–60.

Leroueil, S., and Vaughan, P. R. 1990. The general and congruenteffects of structure in natural soils and weak rocks, Geotechnique,Vol. 40, No. 3, pp. 467–488.

Leroueil, S., Tavenas, F., and Le Bihan, J. P. 1983. Proprietes car-acteristiques des argiles de l’est du Canada, Canadian Geotech-nical Journal, Vol. 20, No. 4, pp. 681–705.

Leroueil, S., Kabbaj, M. Tavenas, F., and Bouchard, R. 1985. Stress-strain-strain rate relation for the compressibility of sensitive naturalclays, Geotechnique, Vol. 35, No. 2, pp. 159–180.

Leroueil, S., Kabbaj, M., and Tavenas, F., 1988. Study of the validityof a model in in situ conditions, Soils and Founda-�� � � � �v v

tions, Vol. 28, No. 3, pp. 13–25.Leroueil, S., Magnan, J-P., and Tavenas, F. 1990. Embankments on

Soft Clays, D. M. Wood (trans.), Ellis Horwood Series in CivilEngineering, Ellis Horwood, Chichester, England.

Leroueil, S., Perret, D., and Locat, J. 1996. Strain rate and structuringeffects on the compressibility of a young clay. In: T. C. Sheanhan,and V. N. Kaliakin (Eds.), Measuring and Modeling Time Depen-dent Soil Behavior, Geotechnical Special Publication No. 61,American Society of Civil Engineers, New York, pp. 137–150.

Lesniewska, D., and Mroz, Z. 2000. Limit equilibrium approach tostudy the evolution of shear band systems in soils, Geotechnique,Vol. 50, No. 5, pp. 521–536.

Lessard, G. 1978. Traitement chimique des argiles sensiblesd’Outardes-2, Memorie de M. Sc. A., Ecole Polytechnique de Mon-treal, Montreal, Canada.

Lessard, G. 1981. Biogeochemical phenomena in quick clays andtheir effects on engineering properties, Ph.D. Dissertation, De-partment of Civil Engineering, University of California, Berkeley.

Lessard, G., and Mitchell, J. K. 1985. The causes and effects of agingin quick clays, Canadian Geotechnical Journal, Vol. 22, pp. 335–346.

Letey, J., Kemper, W. D., and Noonan, L. 1969. The effect of osmoticpressure gradient on water movement in unsaturated soil, Soil Sci-ence Society of America Proceedings, Vol. 33, pp. 15–18.

Leung, C. F., Lee, F. H., and Yet, N. S. 1996. The role of particlebreakage in pile creep in sand, Canadian Geotechnical Journal,Vol. 33, pp. 888–898.

Lewis, R. W., and Schrefler, B. A. 1998 The Finite Element Methodin the Static and Dynamic Deformation and Consolidation of Po-rous Media, Wiley, New York.

Li, X. S. 2003. Effective stress in unsaturated soil: A microstructuralanalysis, Geotechnique, Vol. 53, pp. 273–277.

Li, X. S., and Dafalias, Y. F. 2002. Constitutive modeling of inher-ently anisotropic sand behavior, Journal of Geotechnical andGeoenvironmental Engineering, Vol. 128, No.10, pp. 868–880.

Li, Y-H., and Gregory, S. 1974. Diffusion of ions in sea water andin deep-sea sediments, Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, Vol.38, No. 5, pp. 703–714.

Li, B., Garga, V. K., and Davies, M. H. 1998. Relationships for Non-Darcy Flow in Rockfill, ASCE, Journal of Hydraulic Engineering,Vol. 124, No. 2, pp. 206–212.

Li, X. S., Dafalias, Y. F., and Wang, Z. L. 1999. State dependentdilatancy in critical state constitutive modeling of sand, CanadianGeotechnical Journal, Vol. 36, No. 4, pp. 599–611.

Lian, G., Thornton, C., and Adams, M. J., 1993. A theoretical studyof the liquid bridge forces between two rigid spherical bodies.Journal of Colloid Interface Science, Vol. 161, pp. 138–148.

Lifshitz, E. M. 1955. Zhur. Eksptl. i Teoret. (J.E.T.P.), Vol. 29, p. 94.Lin, X., and Ng, T.-T. 1997. A three-dimensional discrete element

model using arrays of ellipsoids, Geotechnique, Vol. 47, No. 2, pp.319–329.

Linell, K. A., et al. 1963. Corps of engineers design in areas ofseasonal frost, Highway Research Record, No. 33, pp. 76–128.

Little, A. L. 1969. The engineering classification of residual tropicalsoils, Proceedings of the Specialty Session on the EngineeringProperties of Lateritic Soils, Vol. 1, Seventh International Confer-ence on Soil Mechanics and Foundation Engineering, Mexico City,pp. 1–10.

Lo, K. Y. 1969a. The pore pressure-strain relationships of normallyconsolidated undisturbed clays. Part I. Theoretical considerations,Canadian Geotechnical Journal, Vol. 7, pp. 383–394.

Lo, K. Y. 1969b. The pore pressure-strain relationship of normallyconsolidated clays. Part II. Experimental investigation and practi-cal applications, Canadian Geotechnical Journal, Vol. 7, pp. 395–412.

Lo, K. Y., and Kaniaru, K. 1990. Hydraulic fracture in earth androck-fill dams, Canadian Geotechnical Journal, Vol. 27, pp. 496–506.

Locat J., and Tanaka, H. 2001. Fossiliferous soils: A new class ofsoils, Proceedings of the 15th International Society of Soil Me-

Copy

right

ed M

ater

ial

Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons Retrieved from: www.knovel.com

Page 15: 63027 ref

REFERENCES 545

chanics and Geotechnical Engineering, Balkema, Lisse, pp. 2295–2300.

Locat, J., Tanaka, H., Tan, T. S., Dasari, G. R., and Lee, H. 2003.Natural soils: Geotechnical behavior and geological knowledge. In:Tan et al. (Eds.), Characterization and Engineering Properties ofNatural Soils, Balkema, Lisse, Vol. 1, pp. 3–28.

London, F. 1937. The general theory of molecular forces, Transac-tions of the Faraday Society, Vol. 33, pp. 8–26.

Long, E., and George, W. 1967. Turnagain slide stabilization, An-chorage, Alaska, Journal of the Soil Mechanics and FoundationsDivision, ASCE, Vol. 93, No. SM 4, pp. 611–627.

Lo Presti, D. C. F., and O’Neill, D. A. 1991. Laboratory investigationof small strain modulus of anisotropy in sand. In: A.-B. Huang(Ed.), Calibration Chamber Testing, Elsevier Science, New York,pp. 213–224.

Lo Presti, D. C. F., Pallara, O., Lancellotta, R., Armandi, M., andManiscalco, R. 1993. Monotonic and cyclic loading behavior oftwo sands at small strains, Geotechnical Testing Journal, ASTM,Vol. 16, No. 4, pp. 409–424.

Lo Presti, D. C. F., Jamiolkowski, M., Pallara, O., and Cavallaro, A.1996. Rate and creep effect on the stiffness of soils. In: T. C.Sheahan, and V. N. Kaliakin (Eds.), Measuring and Modeling TimeDependent Soil Behavior, ASCE Geotechnical Special PublicationNo. 61, ASCE, New York, pp. 166–180.

Lo Presti, D. C. F., Shibuya, S., and Rix, G. J. 2001. Innovation insoil testing. In: M. Jamiolkowski, R. Lancellotta, and D. Lo Presti(Eds.), Pre-failure Deformation Characteristics of Geomaterials,Balkema, Lisse, Vol. 2, pp. 1027–1976.

Losert, W., Geminard, J. C., Nasuno, S., and Gollub, J. P. 2000.Mechanisms for slow strengthening in granular materials, PhysicalReview E, Vol. 61, No. 4, pp. 4060–4068.

Loudon, A. G. 1952. The computation of permeability from simplesoil tests, Geotechnique, Vol. 3, pp. 165–183.

Low, P. F. 1961. Physical chemistry of clay-water interaction, Ad-vances in Agronomy, Vol. 13, pp. 269–327, Academic, New York.

Low, P. F. 1979. Nature and properties of water in montmorillonite-water systems, Soil Science Society of America Journal, Vol. 43,No. 5, pp. 651–658.

Low, P. F. 1980. The swelling of clay: II. Montmorillonites, Journalof the Soil Science Society of America, Vol. 44, pp. 667–676.

Low, P. F. 1987. Structural component of the swelling pressure ofclay, Langmuir, Vol. 3, pp. 18–25.

Low, P. F. 1992. Interparticle forces in clay suspensions: Flocculation,viscous flow and swelling, In: N. Guven and R. M. Pollastro(Eds.), Clay-Water Interface and its Rheological Implications,CMS workshop lectures, Vol. 4, The Clay Minerals Society, Boul-der, CO, pp. 157–190.

Low, P. F. 1994. The clay /water interface and its role in the envi-ronment, Progress in Colloid and Polymer Science, Vol. 95, pp.98–107.

Low, P. F., and White, J. L. 1970. Hydrogen bonding and polywaterin clay-water systems, Clays and Clay Minerals, Vol. 18, No. 1,pp. 63–66.

Lupini, J. F., Skinner, A. E., and Vaughan, P. R. 1981. The drainedresidual strength of cohesive soils, Geotechnique, Vol. 31, No. 2,pp. 181–213.

Lutz, J. F., and Kemper, W. D. 1959. Intrinsic permeability of clayas affected by clay-water interaction, Soil Science, Vol. 88, pp. 83–90.

Luzzani, L., and Coop, M. R. 2002. On the relationship betweenparticle breakage and the critical state of sands. Soils and Foun-dations, Vol. 42, No.2, pp. 71–82.

MacEwan, D. M. C., and Wilson, M. J. 1980. Interlayer and inter-calation complexes of clay minerals. In: G. W. Brindley and G.Brown (Eds.), Crystal Structures of Clay Minerals and Their X-Ray Identification, Mineralogical Society, London, Chapter 3.

MacFarlane, I. C. 1969. Muskeg Engineering Handbook, NationalResearch Council of Canada, University of Toronto Press, Toronto,Canada.

Madsen, F. T., and Muller-Vonmoos, M. 1985. Swelling pressure cal-culated from mineralogical properties of a Jurassic opalinum shale,Switzerland, Clays and Clay Minerals, Vol. 33, No. 6, pp. 501–509.

Madsen, F. T., and Muller-Vonmoos, M. 1989. The swelling behav-iour of clays, Applied Clay Science, Vol. 4, No. 2, pp. 143–156.

Maeda, T., Takenaka, H., and Warkentin, B. P. 1977. Physical prop-erties of allophane soils. In: N. C. Brady (Ed.) Advances in Agron-omy, Vol. 29, pp. 229–264, Academic Press, New York.

Mahmood, A. 1973. Fabric-mechanical property relationships in finegranular soils, Ph.D. Dissertation, Department of Civil Engineer-ing, University of California, Berkeley.

Mahmood, A., and Mitchell, J. K. 1974. Fabric-property relationshipsin fine granular materials, Clays and Clay Minerals, Vol. 22, Nos.5 /6, pp. 397–408.

Mair, R. J. 1993. Developments in geotechnical engineering research:Applications to tunnels and deep excavations, Unwin MemorialLecture 1992, Proc. Instn Civ. Engrs Cil. Engng, Vol. 3, pp. 27–41.

Mair, R. J., and Wood, D. M. 1987. Pressuremeter Testing: Methodsand Interpretation, Butterworths, CIRIA Ground Engineering Re-port, London.

Makse, H. A., Havlin, S., King, P. R., and Stanley, H. E. 1997. Spon-taneous stratification in granular mixtures, Nature, Vol. 386, pp.379–381.

Malusis, M. A., and Shackelford, C. D. 2002a. Theory for reactivesolute transport through clay membrane barriers, Journal of Con-taminant Hydrology, Vol. 59, pp. 201–316.

Malusis, M. A., and Shackelford, C. D. 2002b. Coupling effects dur-ing steady-state solute diffusion through a semipermeable claymembrane, Environmental Science & Technology, Vol. 36, No. 6,pp. 1312–1319.

Malusis, M. A., and Shackelford, C. D. 2002c. Chemico-osmoticefficiency of a geosynthetic clay liner, Journal of the Geotechnicaland Geoenvironmental Division, ASCE, Vol. 128, No. 2, pp. 97–106.

Manassero, M., and Dominijanni, A. 2003. Modelling the osmosiseffect on solute migration through porous media, Geotechnique,Vol. 53, No. 5, pp. 481–492.

Marcuson, III, W. F., and Wahls, H. E. 1972. Time effects on dynamicshear modulus of clays, Journal of the Soil Mechanics and Foun-dations Division, ASCE, Vol. 98, No. SM12, pp. 1359–1373.

Marques, M. E. S., Leroueil, S., and Almeida, M. S. S. 2004. Viscousbehaviour of St-Roch-de-l’Achigan clay, Quebec, Canadian Geo-technical Journal, Vol. 41, pp. 25–38.

Marsal, R. H. 1973. Mechanical properties of rockfill. In: Embank-ment Dam Engineering, Casagrande Volume, Wiley, New York,pp. 109–208.

Marshall, C. E. 1964. The Physical Chemistry and Mineralogy ofSoils, Vol. 1: Soil Materials, Wiley, New York.

Marshall, T. J. 1958. A relation between permeability and size dis-tribution of pores, Journal of Soil Science, Vol. 9, p. 1.

Martin, R. T. 1955. Ethylene glycol retention by clays, Proceedingsof the Soil Science Society of America, Vol. 19, pp. 160–164.

Martin, R. T. 1959. Rhythmic ice banding in soil, Highway ResearchBoard Bulletin 218, pp. 11–23.

Martin, R. T. 1960. Adsorbed water on clay: A review. Clays andClay Minerals, Vol. 9, pp. 28–70.

Martin, R. T. 1966. Quantitative fabric of wet kaolinite, Proceedingsof the Fourteenth National Clay Conference, pp. 271–287.

Martin, R. T., and Wissa, A. E. Z. 1972. Mechanism of frost action,Department of Civil Engineering, M.I.T., Cambridge, MA.

Martin, G. R., Finn, W. D. L., and Seed, H. B. 1975. Fundamentalsof liquefaction under cyclic loading, Journal of the GeotechnicalEngineering Division, ASCE, Vol. 104, No. GT 5, pp. 423–438.

Copy

right

ed M

ater

ial

Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons Retrieved from: www.knovel.com

Page 16: 63027 ref

546 REFERENCES

Masad, E., and Muhunthan, B. 2000. Three-dimensional characteri-zation and simulation of anisotropic soil fabric, Journal of Geo-technical and Geoenvironmental Engineering, Vol. 126, No. 3, pp.199–207.

Matalucci, R. V., Shelton, J. W., and Abdel-Hady, M. 1969. Grainorientation in Vicksburg loess, Journal of Sedimentary Petrology,Vol. 39, No. 3, pp. 969–979.

Matalucci, R. V., Abdel-Hady, M., and Shelton, J. W. 1970. Influenceof grain orientation on direct shear strength of a loessial soil, En-gineering Geology, Vol. 4, pp. 341–351.

Matesic, L., and Vucetic, M. 2003. Strain-rate effect on soil secantshear modulus at small cyclic strains, Journal of Geotechnical andGeoenvironmental Engineering, ASCE, Vol. 129, No. 6, pp. 536–549.

Matsui, T., and Abe, N. 1985. Elasto viscoplastic constitutive equa-tion of normally consolidated clays based on flow surface theory,Proceedings of Fifth International Conference on Numerical Meth-ods in Geomechanics, Nagoya, Japan, pp. 407–413.

Matsui, T., and Abe, N. 1986. Flow surface model of viscoplasticityfor normally consolidated clay, Proceedings of the Second Inter-national Symposium on Numerical Models in Geomechanics,Ghent, Belgium, pp. 157–164.

Matsui, T., and Abe, N. 1988. Verification of elasto-viscoplasticmodel of normally consolidated clays in undrained creep. In: Nu-merical Methods in Geomechanics, Balkema, Rotterdam, pp. 453–459.

Matsui, T., and Ito, T. 1977. Flow mechanism of clay-water systemand microscopic meaning on shear parameters of soils, Proceed-ings of Specialty Session 9, Constitutive Equations of Soils, NinthInternational Conference on Soil Mechanics and Foundation En-gineering, Tokyo, pp. 143–152.

Matsui, T., Ito, T., and Abe, N. 1977. On the existence of solid-to-solid contact between clay particles, Proceedings of SpecialtySession 9, Constitutive Equations of Soils, Ninth InternationalConference on Soil Mechanics and Foundation Engineering, To-kyo, pp. 298–300.

Matsui, T., Ito, T., Mitchell, J. K., and Abe, N. 1980. Microscopicstudy of shear mechanisms in soils, Journal of the GeotechnicalEngineering Division, ASCE, Vol. 106, No. GT 2, pp. 137–152.

Matsui, T., Abe, N., and Hayashi, K. 1989. Viscoplastic modeling oftime-dependent behaviour of clays, Proceedings of the Third In-ternational Symposium on Numerical Models in Geomechanics,Niagara Falls, Canada, pp. 100–107.

Matsuo, S., and Kamon, M. 1977. Microscopic study on deformationand strength of clays, Proceedings of the 9th ICSMFE, Tokyo, Vol.1, pp. 201–204.

Matsuoka, H. 1974. A microscopic study on shear mechanism ofgranular materials, Soils and Foundations, Vol. 14, No. 1, pp. 29–43.

Matsuoka, H., and Nakai, T. 1985. Relationship between Tresca,Mises, Mohr-Coulomb and Matsuoka-Nakai failure criteria, Soilsand Foundations, Vol. 25, No. 4, pp. 123–128.

Matsushima, T., Ishii, T., and Konagai, K. 2002. Observation of grainmotion in the interior of a PSC test specimen by laser-aided to-mography, Soils and Foundations, Vol. 42, No. 5, pp. 27–36.

Matsushita, M., Tatsuoka, F., Koseki, J., Cazacliu, B., Di Bennedetto,H., and Yasin, S. J. M. 1999. Time effects on the pre-peak defor-mation properties of sands. In: M. Jamiolkowski, R. Lancellotta,and D. Lo Presti (Eds.), Pre-Failure Deformation Characteristicsof Geomaterials, Balkema, Lisse, Vol. 1, pp. 681–689.

Matthews, M. C., Clayton, C. R. I., and Own, Y. 2000. The use offield geophysical techniques to determine geotechnical stiffnessparameters, ICE, Journal of Geotechnical Engineering, Vol. 143,Vol. 1, pp. 31–42.

Mavko, G. M., Mukerji, T., and Dvorkin, J. 1998. The Rock PhysicsHandbook, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, England.

Maxwell, J. C. 1881. A Treatise on Electricity and Magnetism, 2nded., Clarendon, Oxford, England.

McBride, M. B. 1997. A critique of diffuse double layer modelsapplied to colloid and surface chemistry, Clays and Clay Minerals,Vol. 45, pp. 598–608.

McBride, M. B. 1989. Surface chemistry of soil minerals. In: J. B.Dixon and S. B. Weed (Eds.), Minerals in Soil Environments, 2nded., Soil Science Society of America Book Series No. 1, Madison,WI, pp. 35–88.

McBride, M. B., and Baveye, P. 2002a. Diffuse double-layer models,long range forces, and ordering in clay colloids, Soil Science So-ciety of America Journal, Vol. 66, pp. 1207–1217.

McBride, M. B., and Baveye, P. 2002b. Response to Comments ondiffuse double-layer models, long range forces, and ordering ofclay colloids, Soil Science Society of America Journal, Vol. 67,pp. 1961–1963.

McCarty, P. L. 2004. Personal communication.McCormick, G. 1971. Estimation of design freezing indices, Trans-

portation Engineering Journal, ASCE, Vol. 97, No. TE 3, pp. 401–409.

McCrone, W. C., and Delly, J. G. 1973. The Particle Atlas, 2nd ed.,Ann Arbor Science, Ann Arbor, MI.

McDowell, G. R. 2001. Statistics of soil particle strength. Geotech-nique, Vol. 51, No. 10, pp. 897–900.

McDowell, G. R. 2003. Micro mechanics of creep of granular ma-terials. Geotechnique, Vol. 53, No. 10, pp. 915–916.

McDowell, G. R., and Amon, A. 2000. The application of Weibullstatistics to the fracture of soil particles, Soils and Foundations,Vol. 40, No. 3, pp. 131–141.

McDowell G. R., and Bolton, M. D. 1998. On the micro-mechanicsof crushable aggregates, Geotechnique, Vol. 48, No. 5, pp. 667–679.

McGown, A. 1973. The nature of the matrix in glacial ablation tills,Proceedings of the International Conference on Soil Structure,Gothenburg, Sweden, pp. 87–96.

McHardy, W. J., and Birnie, A. C. 1987. Scanning electron micros-copy. In: M. J. Wilson (Ed.), A Handbook of Determinative Meth-ods in Clay Mineralogy, Chapman and Hall, New York, pp. 174–208.

McKyes, E., and Yong, R. N. 1971. Three techniques for fabric view-ing as applied to shear distortion of a clay, Clays and Clay Min-erals, Vol. 19, pp. 289–293.

McLean, E. O. 1982. Soil pH and lime requirement. In: Methods ofSoil Analysis, Agronomy No. 9, Part 2, 2nd ed., American Societyof Agronomy, Madison, WI, pp. 199–224.

McMillan, J. C. 1985. A study of heat and moisture flow around hotburied pipes, Ph.D. Dissertation, University of California, Berke-ley.

McNeal, B. L. 1970. Prediction of interlayer swelling of clays inmixed-salt solutions, Soil Science Society of America Proceedings,Vol. 34, pp. 201–206.

McNeal, B. L., Norwell, W. A., and Coleman, N. T. 1966. Effect ofsolution composition on the swelling of extracted soil clays, SoilScience Society of America Proceedings, Vol. 30, pp. 313–317.

Meade, R. H. 1964. Removal of water and rearrangement of particlesduring the compaction of clayey sediments—Review, U.S. Geo-logical Survey Professional Paper 497-B, U.S. GPO, Washington,DC.

Mehta, P. K., and Hu, F. 1978. Further evidence for expansion ofettingite by water adsorption, Journal of the American CeramicSociety, Discussion and Notes, Mar.–Apr., pp. 179–180.

Mejia, C. A., Vaid, Y. P., and Negussey, D. 1988. Time dependentbehaviour of sand. In: M. J. Keedwell (Ed.) International Confer-ence on Rheology and Soil Mechanics, Elsevier Applied Science,London, pp. 312–326.

Meloy, T. P. 1977. Fast Fourier transform applied to shape analysisof particle silhouettes to obtain morphological data, Powder Tech-nology, Vol. 17, pp. 27–35.

Copy

right

ed M

ater

ial

Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons Retrieved from: www.knovel.com

Page 17: 63027 ref

REFERENCES 547

Meng, J., and Rix, G. J. 2004. Measurement of strain rate effects ondynamic soil properties. In: The Skempton Conference, R. J. Jar-dine, D. M. Potts, and K. G. Higgins (Eds.), Advances in Geo-technical Engineering, Thomas Telford, Londonm, Vol. 1, pp.545–555.

Mesri, G. 1973. Coefficient of secondary compression, Journal of theSoil Mechanics and Foundations Division, ASCE, Vol. 99, No. SM1, pp. 123–137.

Mesri, G. 2003. Primary compression and secondary compression.In: J. T. Germaine, T. S. Sheahan, and R. V. Whitman (Eds.), SoilBehaviour and Soft Ground Construction, ASCE Special Geo-technical Publication ASCE, Reston, VA, No. 119, pp. 122–166.

Mesri, G., and Castro, A. 1987. C� /Cc concept and K0 during sec-ondary compression, Journal of Geotechnical Engineering, ASCE,Vol. 113, No. 3, pp. 230–247.

Mesri, G., and Cepeda-Diaz, A. F. 1986. Residual shear strength ofclays and shales, Geotechnique, Vol. 36, No. 2, pp. 269–274.

Mesri, G., and Choi, Y. K. 1985. Settlement analysis of embankmentson soft clay, Journal of Geotechnical Engineering, ASCE, Vol.111, No. GT 4, pp. 441–464.

Mesri, G., and Godlewski, P. M. 1977. Time- and stress-compressibility interrelationship, Journal of the Geotechnical En-gineering Division, ASCE, Vol. 103, No. GT 5, pp. 417–430.

Mesri, G., and Olson, R. E. 1970. Shear strength of montmorillonite,Geotechnique, Vol. 20, No. 3, pp. 261–270.

Mesri, G., and Shahien, M. 2003. Residual shear strength mobilizedin first-time slope failures, Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvi-ronmental Engineering, ASCE, Vol. 129, No. 1, pp. 12–31.

Mesri, G., Febres-Cordero, E., Shields, D. R., and Castro, A. 1981.Shear stress-strain-time behaviour of clays, Geotechnique, Vol. 31,No. 4, pp. 537–552.

Mesri, G., Feng, T. W., and Benak, J. M. 1990. Postdensificationpenetration resistance of clean sands, Journal of Geotechnical En-gineering, ASCE, Vol. 116, No. 7, pp. 1095–1115.

Mesri. G., Feng, T. W., and Shahien, M. 1995. Compressibility pa-rameters during primary consolidation, International Symposiumon Compression and Consolidation of Clayey Soils, Hiroshima,Japan, Lectures and Reports Volume, Balkema, Rotterdam, pp.201–217.

Michaels, A. S., and Lin, C. S. 1954. The permeability of kaolinite,Industrial Engineering Chemistry, Vol. 46, pp. 1239–1246.

Micic, S., Shang, J. Q., and Lo, K. Y. 2003. Improvement of theload-carrying capacity of offshore skirted foundations by electro-kinetics, Canadian Geotechnical Journal, Vol. 40, No. 5, pp. 949–963.

Millar, C. E., Turk, F. M., and Foth, H. D. 1965. Fundamentals ofSoil Science, 4th ed., Wiley, New York.

Miller, D. G. 1960. Thermodynamics of irreversible processes—theexperimental verification of the Onsager reciprocal relations,Chemical Review, Vol. 60, No. 1, pp. 15–37.

Miller, R. H., and Low, P. F. 1963. Threshold gradient for water flowin clay systems, Soil Science Society of America, Proceedings, Vol.27, No. 6, pp. 605–609.

Miller, R. H., Overman, A. R., and Peverly, J. H. 1969. The absenceof threshold gradients in clay-water systems, Soil Science Societyof America Proceedings, Vol. 33, No. 2, pp. 183–187.

Milligan, G. W. E. 1974. The behaviour of rigid and flexible retainingwalls, Ph.D. dissertation, University of Cambridge, Cambridge,England.

Milligan, V. 1994. First application of electro-osmosis to improvefriction capacity—three decades later. Proceedings of the 13th In-ternational Conference on Soil Mechanics and Foundation Engi-neering, New Delhi. Vol. 5, pp. 1–5.

Mitchell, J. K. 1956. The fabric of natural clays and its relation toengineering properties, Proceedings of the Highway ResearchBoard, Vol. 35, pp. 693–713.

Mitchell, J. K. 1960. Fundamental aspects of thixotropy in soils,Journal of the Soil Mechanics and Foundations Division, ASCE,Vol. 86, No. SM 3, pp. 19–52.

Mitchell, J. K. 1962. Components of pore water pressure and theirengineering significance, Proceedings of the Ninth National ClayConference, Clays and Clay Minerals, Pergamon Press, West La-fayette, IN, pp. 162–184.

Mitchell, J. K. 1964. Shearing resistance of soils as a rate process,Journal of the Soil Mechanics and Foundations Division, ASCE,Vol. 90, No. SM 1, pp. 29–61.

Mitchell, J. K. 1986. Practical problems from surprising soil behav-ior, The Twentieth Karl Terzaghi Lecture, Journal of GeotechnicalEngineering, ASCE, Vol. 112, No. 3, pp. 259–289.

Mitchell, J. K. 1993, Fundamentals of Soil Behavior, 2nd ed., Wiley,New York.

Mitchell, J. K., and Coutinho, R. Q. 1991. Occurrence, geotechnicalproperties, and special problems of some soils of America, Pro-ceedings of the Ninth Panamerican Conference on Soil Mechanicsand Foundation Engineering, Vina Del Mar, Chile, Vol. 4, pp.1651–1741.

Mitchell, J. K., and Jaber, M. 1990. Factors controlling the long-termproperties of clay liners, Waste Containment Systems, GeotechnicalSpecial Publication No. 26, ASCE, pp. 84–105.

Mitchell, J. K., and Kao, T. C. 1978. Measurement of soil thermalresistivity, Journal of Geotechnical Engineering, ASCE, Vol. 104,No. 5, pp. 1307–1320.

Mitchell, J. K., and Madsen, F. T. 1987. Chemical effects on clayhydraulic conductivity, Geotechnical Practice for Waste Disposal‘87, Geotechnical Special Pub. No. 13, ASCE, New York, pp. 87–116.

Mitchell, J. K., and McConnell, J. R. 1965. Some characteristics ofthe elastic and plastic deformation of clay on initial loading, Pro-cedures of the Sixth International Conference on Soil Mechanicsand Foundation Engineering, Montreal Vol. 1, pp. 313–317.

Mitchell, J. K., and Santamarina, J. C. 2005. Biological considera-tions in geotechnical engineering, Journal of Geotechnical andGeoenvironmental Engineering, ASCE, Vol. 130, No. 5, (in press.)

Mitchell, J. K., and Sitar, N. 1982. Engineering properties of tropicalresidual soils, Proceedings of the Conference on Engineering andConstruction in Tropical Residual Soils, ASCE, Honolulu, HI, pp.30–57.

Mitchell, J. K., and Solymar, Z. V. 1984. Time-dependent strengthgain in freshly deposited or densified sand, Journal of the Geo-technical Engineering Division, ASCE, Vol. 110, No. GT 11, pp.1559–1576.

Mitchell, J. K., and Wan, T. Y. 1977. Electro-osmotic consolidation—its effects on soft soils, Proceedings of the Ninth InternationalConference on Soil Mechanics and Foundation Engineering, To-kyo, Vol. 1, p. 219.

Mitchell, J. K., and Yeung, A. T. 1990. Electro-kinetic flow barriersin compacted clay, Transportation Research Record, No. 1288, pp.1–9.

Mitchell, J. K., and Younger, J. S. 1967. Abnormalities in hydraulicflow through fine-grained soils, ASTM Special Technical Publi-cation 417, ASTM, Philadelphia, pp. 106–141.

Mitchell, J. K., Campanella, R. G., and Singh, A. 1968. Soil creepas a rate process, Journal of the Soil Mechanics and FoundationsDivision, ASCE, Vol. 94, No. SM 1, pp. 231–253.

Mitchell, J. K., Chatoian, J. M., and Carpenter, G. C. 1976. Theinfluences of sand fabric on liquefaction behavior, Report No. TE76–1, Department of Civil Engineering, University of California,Berkeley; U.S. Waterways Experiment Station, Vicksburg, MS.Contract Report S-76-5, TA7.W34c.

Mitchell, J. K., Singh, A., and Campanella, R. G. 1969. Bonding,effective stresses, and strength of soils, Journal of the Soil Me-chanics and Foundations Division, ASCE, Vol. 95, No. SM 5, pp.1219–1246.

Copy

right

ed M

ater

ial

Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons Retrieved from: www.knovel.com

Page 18: 63027 ref

548 REFERENCES

Mitchell, J. K., Greenberg, J. A., and Witherspoon, P. A. 1973.Chemico-osmotic effects in fine-grained soils, Journal of the SoilMechanics and Foundations Division, ASCE, Vol. 99, No. SM 4,pp. 307–322.

Miura, N., Murata, H., and Yasufuku, N. 1984. Stress-strain charac-teristics of sand in a particle-crushing region, Soils and Founda-tions, Vol. 24, No. 1, pp. 77–89.

Miyazaki, T. 1988. Water flow in unsaturated soil layered slopes,Journal of Hydrology, Vol. 102, pp. 201–214.

Moffatt, W. G., Pearsall, G. W., and Wulff, J. 1965. The Structureand Properties of Materials, Vol. I, Structure, Wiley, New York.

Mokni, M., and Desrues, J. 1999. Strain localization measurementsin undrained plane-strain biaxial tests on Hostun RF sand, Me-chanics of Cohesive-Frictional Materials, Vol. 4, pp. 419–441.

Molenkamp, F., and Nazemi, A. H. 2003. Micromechanical consid-erations of unsaturated pyramidal packing, Geotechnique, Vol. 53,No. 2, pp. 195–206.

Moore, C. A. 1971. Effect of mica on K0 compressibility of two soils,Journal of the Soil Mechanics and Foundations Division, ASCE,Vol. 97, No. SM 9, pp. 1275–1291.

Moore, C. A., and Mitchell, J. K. 1974. Electromagnetic forces andsoil strength, Geotechnique, Vol. 24, No. 4, pp. 627–640.

Moore, D. M., and Reynolds, R. C., Jr. 1997. X-Ray Diffraction andthe Identification and Analysis of Clay Minerals, 2nd ed., OxfordUniversity Press, New York.

Moreau. J. J. 1994. Some numerical methods in multibody dynamics:application to granular materials. European Journal of Mechanics.A. Solids. Vol. 13, No. 4, pp. 93–114.

Morgenstern, N. R., and Eigenbrod, K. D. 1974. Classification ofargillaceous soils and rocks, Journal of the Geotechnical Engi-neering Division, ASCE, Vol. 11, No. GT 10, pp. 1137–1156.

Morgenstern, N. R., and Tchalenko, J. S. 1967a. The optical deter-mination of preferred orientation in clays and its application to thestudy of microstructure in consolidated kaolin, Proceedings of theRoyal Society of London, A300, I: pp. 218–234, II: pp. 235–250.

Morgenstern, N. R., and Tchalenko, J. S. 1967b. Microscopic struc-tures in kaolin subjected to direct shear, Geotechnique, Vol. 17,No. 4, pp. 309–328.

Morgenstern, N. R., and Tchalenko, J. S. 1967c. Microstructural ob-servations on shear zones from slips in natural clays, Proceedingsof the Geotechnical Conference, Oslo, Vol. 1, pp. 147–153.

Mori, A., and Tamura, M. 1987. Hydrofracturing pressure of cohesivesoils, Soils and Foundations, Vol. 27, No. 1, pp. 14–22.

Morin, W. J., and Todor, P. C. 1975. Laterite and lateritic soils andother problem soils of the tropics, An Engineering Evaluation andHighway Design Study for the U.S. Agency for International De-velopment, AID/csd 3682, Lyon Associates, Baltimore, MD.

Moriwaki, Y., and Mitchell, J. K. 1977. The role of dispersion in theslaking of intact clay. In: J. L. Sherard and R. S. Decker (Eds.),Dispersive Clays, Related Piping, and Erosion in GeotechnicalProjects, A.S.T.M. Special Technical Publication 623, ASTM,Philadelphia, pp. 287–302.

Moroto, N., and Ishii, T. 1990. Shear strength of uni-sized gravelsunder triaxial compression, Soils and Foundations, Vol. 30, No. 2,pp. 23–32.

Morris, C. E., and Stormont, J. C. 1997. Capillary barriers and sub-title D covers: Estimating equivalency, Journal of EnvironmentalEngineering, ASCE, Vol. 123, No. 1, pp. 3–10.

Morris, P. H., Graham, J., and Williams, D. J. 1992. Cracking indrying soils, Canadian Geotechnical Journal, Vol. 29, pp. 263–277.

Moum, J., and Rosenqvist, I. Th. 1957. On the weathering of youngmarine clay, Proceedings of the International Conference on SoilMechanics and Foundation Engineering, London, Vol. 1, pp. 77–79.

Moum, J., Loken, T., and Torrance, J. K. 1971. A geotechnical in-vestigation of the sensitivity of a normally consolidated clay fromDrammen, Norway, Geotechnique, Vol. 21, No. 4, pp. 329–340.

Mroz, Z. 1967. On the description of anisotropic work hardening,Journal of Mechanics and Physics of Solids, Vol. 15, pp. 163–175.

Mualem, Y. 1976. A new model for predicting the hydraulic con-ductivity on unsaturated porous media. Water Resources Research,Vol. 12, pp. 593–622.

Mualem, Y. 1986. Hydraulic conductivity of unsaturated soils: Pre-diction and formulas. In: A. Klute (Ed.), Methods of Soil Analysis.Part 1. Physical and Mineralogical Methods. Agronomy Mono-graph 9 (2nd ed.), American Society of Agronomy, Madison, WI,p. 799–823.

Muhunthan, B., Chameau, J. L., and Masad, E. 1996. Fabric effectson the yield behavior of soils, Soils and Foundations, Vol. 36, No.3, pp. 85–97.

Mulilis, J. P., Seed, H. B., Chan, C. K., Mitchell, J. K., and Arulan-andan, K. 1977. Effects of sample preparation on sand liquefaction,Journal of the Geotechnical Engineering Division, ASCE, Vol.103, No. GT 2, pp. 91–108.

Mulla, D. J., and Low, P. F. 1983. The molar absorptivity of inter-particle water in clay-water systems, Journal of Colloid InterfaceScience, Vol. 95, pp. 51–60.

Mura, T. 1987. Micromechanics of Defects in Solids, Martinus Ni-jhoff, Dordrecht.

Murayama, S. 1969. Effect of temperature on elasticity of clays,Highway Research Board Special Report 103, pp. 194–202.

Murayama, S. 1983. Formulation of stress strain time behaviour ofsoils under deviatoric stress condition, Soils and Foundations, Vol.23, No. 2, pp. 41–57.

Murayama, S., and Shibata, T. 1958. On the rheological character-istics of clays, Part I, Bulletin No. 26, Disaster Prevention ResearchInstitute, Kyoto, Japan.

Murayama, S., and Shibata, T. 1961. Rheological properties of clays,Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Soil Me-chanics and Foundation Engineering, Vol. 1, pp. 269–273.

Murayama, S., and Shibata, T. 1964. Flow and stress relaxation ofclays (theoretical studies on the rheological properties of clay—part I), Rheology and Soil Mechanics Symposium of the Interna-tional Union of Theoretical and Applied Mechanics, Grenoble.

Murayama, S., Michihiro, K., and Sakagami, T. 1984. Creep char-acteristics of sands, Soils and Foundations, Vol. 24, No. 2, pp. 1–15.

Murdoch, L. C., and Slack, W. W. 2002. Forms of hydraulic fracturesin shallow fine-grained formations, Journal of Geotechnical andGeoenvironmental Engineering, ASCE, Vol. 128, No. 6, pp. 479–487.

Murff, J. D. 1987. Pile capacity in calcareous sands: State of the art,Journal of Geotechnical Engineering, ASCE, Vol. 113, No. 5, pp.490–507.

Nadeau, P. H., and Tait, J. M. 1987. Transmission electron micros-copy. In: M. J. Wilson, (Ed.), A Handbook of Determinative Meth-ods in Clay Mineralogy, Chapman and Hall, New York, pp. 209–247.

Nagaraj, T. S., Vatsala, A., and Srinivasa Murthy, B. R. 1990. Dis-cussion on ‘‘Change in pore size distribution due to consolidationof clays,’’ by F. J. Griffith and R. C. Joshi, Geotechnique, Vol. 40,No. 2, pp. 303–305.

Nagaraj, T. S., Pandian, N. S., and Narasimha Raju, P. S. R. 1991.An approach for prediction of compressibility and permeabilitybehaviour of sand-bentonite mixes, Indian Geotechnical Journal,Vol. 21, No. 3, pp. 271–282.

Nakagawa, K., Soga, K., Mitchell, J. K., and Sadek, S. 1995. Soilstructure changes during and after consolidation as indicated byshear wave velocity and electrical conductivity measurements, Pro-ceedings, Compression and Consolidation of Clayey Soils, IS-Hiroshima, Balkema, Rotterdam, Vol. 2, pp. 1069–1074.

Nakagawa, K., Soga, K., and Mitchell, J. K. 1997. Observation ofthe Biot compression wave of the second kind in granular soils,Geotechnique, Vol. 47, No. 1, pp. 133–147.

Copy

right

ed M

ater

ial

Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons Retrieved from: www.knovel.com

Page 19: 63027 ref

REFERENCES 549

Nakase, A., and Kamei, T. 1983. Undrained shear strength anisotropyof normally consolidated cohesive soils, Soils and Foundations,Vol. 23, No. 1, pp. 91–101.

Nakase, A., and Kamei, T. 1986. Influence of strain rate on undrainedshear strength characteristics of K0-consolidated cohesive soils,Soils and Foundations, Vol. 26, No. 1, pp. 85–95.

Nakata, Y., Hyde, A. F. L., Hyodo, M., and Murata, H. 1999. Aprobabilistic approach to sand particle crushing in the triaxial test,Geotechnique, Vol. 49, No. 5, pp. 567–583.

Nakata, Y., Kato, Y., Hyodo, M., Hyde, A. F. L., and Murata, H.2001. One-dimensional compression behaviour of uniformlygraded sand related to single particle crushing strength, Soils andFoundations, Vol. 41, No. 2, pp. 39–51.

National Research Council. 2000. Seeing into the Earth—Noninvasive Characterization of the Shallow Subsurface for En-vironmental and Engineering Applications, National AcademyPress, Washington, DC.

NAVFAC. 1982. Soil Mechanics, DM 7.1, Naval Facilities Engineer-ing Command, Alexandria, VA.

Nelson, R. E. 1982. Carbonate and gypsum, Methods of Soil Anal-ysis, Agronomy No. 9, Part 2, 2nd ed., American Society ofAgronomy, Madison, WI, pp. 181–197.

Nelson, D. W., and Sommers, L. E. 1982. Total carbon, organic car-bon, and organic matter, Methods of Soil Analysis, Agronomy No.9, Part 2, 2nd ed., American Society of Agronomy, Madison, WI,pp. 539–579.

Nemat-Nasser, S., and Hori, M. 1999. Micromechanics: OverallProperties of Heterogeneous Materials, 2nd ed., North-Holland,Amsterdam.

Nemat-Nasser, S., and Mehrabadi, M. M. 1984. Micro-mechanicallybased rate constitutive descriptions for granular materials. In: Me-chanics of Engineering Materials, Wiley, New York, pp. 451–463.

Newland, P. L., and Allely, B. H. 1957. Volume changes in drainedtriaxial tests on granular materials, Geotechnique, Vol. 7, No. 1,pp. 17–34.

Ng, T-T., and Wang, C. 2001. Comparison of a 3-D DEM simulationwith MRI data, International Journal for Numerical and AnalyticalMethods in Geomechanics, Vol. 25, No. 5, pp. 497–507.

Ng, N., Berner, P., and Covil, C. 1998. The ageing effects of sands,Ground Engineering, Supplement (10), p. 21.

Nixon, J. F. 1991. Discrete ice lens theory for frost heave in soils,Canadian Geotechnical Journal, Vol. 28, No. 6, pp. 843–859.

Nixon, J. F., and Ladanyi, B. 1978. Thaw consolidation. In: O. B.Andersland and D. M. Anderson (Eds.), Geotechnical Engineeringfor Cold Regions, McGraw-Hill, New York, pp. 164–215.

Noble, D. F. 1977. Accelerated Weathering of Tough Shales, VirginiaHighway and Transportation Research Council Report VHTRC 78-R20, Charlottesville, VA, October.

Noble, D. F. 1983. Use of Deo’s Classification System on Rock, Vir-ginia Highway and Transportation Research Council ReportVHTRC 83-R22, Charlottesville, VA, January.

Noble, C. A., and Demirel, T. 1969. Effect of temperature on thestrength behavior of cohesive soil, Highway Research Board Spe-cial Report 103, pp. 204–219.

Noorany, I. 1985. Side friction of piles in calcareous sand, Proceed-ings of the Eleventh International Conference on Soil Mechanicsand Foundation Engineering, Vol. 4, pp. 1611–1614.

Noorany, I. 1989. Classification of marine sediments, Journal of Geo-technical Engineering, ASCE, Vol. 115, No. 1, pp. 23–37.

Noorany, I., and Gizienski, S. F. 1970. Engineering properties ofsubmarine soils: State-of-the-art review, Journal of the Soil Me-chanics and Foundations Division, ASCE, Vol. 96, No. SM 5, pp.1735–1762.

Norris, G. 1975. The effect of particle size and the natural variationin particle shape and surface roughness on the stress-strain andstrength behavior of uniform quartz sands, Ph.D. Thesis, Depart-ment of Civil Engineering, University of California, Berkeley.

Norrish, K. 1954. The swelling of montmorillonite, Faraday Society,London, Discussions, No. 18, pp. 353–359.

Nouguier-Lehon, C., Cambou, B., and Vincens, E. 2003. Influenceof particle shape and angularity on the behaviour of granular ma-terials: a numerical analysis, International Journal Numerical andAnalytical Methods in Geomechanics, Vol. 27, pp. 1207–1226.

Novich, B. E., and Ring, T. A. 1984. Colloid stability of clays usingphoton correlation spectroscopy, Clays and Clay Minerals, Vol. 32,No. 5, pp. 400–406.

NRC. 1985. Liquefaction of Soils During Earthquakes, National Re-search Council, National Academy Press, Washington, DC.

Nur, A., and Byerlee, J. D. 1971. An exact effective stress law forelastic deformation of rock with fluids, Journal of GeophysicalResearch, Vol. 76, pp. 6414–6419.

Oades, J. M. 1989. An introduction to organic matter in mineral soils.In: J. B. Dixon and S. B. Weed (Eds.), Minerals in Soil Environ-ments, 2nd ed., Soil Science Society of America Book Series: 1,Madison, WI, pp. 89–159.

Oakes, D. T. 1960. Solids concentration effects in bentonite drillingfluids, Clays and Clay Minerals, Vol. 8, pp. 252–273.

Oda, M. 1972a. Initial fabrics and their relations to mechanical prop-erties of granular material, Soils and Foundations, Vol. 12, No. 1,pp. 17–37.

Oda, M. 1972b. The mechanism of fabric changes during compres-sional deformation of sand, Soils and Foundations, Vol. 12, No. 2,pp. 1–18.

Oda, M. 1972c. Deformation mechanism of sand in triaxial com-pression tests, Soils and Foundations, Vol. 12, No. 4, pp. 45–63.

Oda, M. 1978. Significance of fabric in granular mechanics, Pro-ceedings of the U.S.-Japan Seminar on Continuum-Mechanicaland Statistical Approaches in the Mechanics of Granular Materi-als, Gakujutsu Bunken Fukyukai, Tokyo, Japan, pp. 7–26.

Oda, M. 1993, Inherent and induced anistropy in plastic theory ofgranular soils, Mechanics of Materials, Vol. 16, No. 1–2, pp. 35–45.

Oda, M., and Iwashita, K. 1999. Mechanics of Granular Materials:An Introduction, Balkema, Rotterdam.

Oda, M., and Kazama, H. 1998. Microstructure of shear bands andits relation to the mechanisms of dilatancy and failure of densegranular soils, Geotechnique, Vol. 48, No. 4, pp. 465–581.

Oda, M., Konishi, J., and Nemat-Nasser, S. 1982a. Experimental mi-cromechanical evaluation of strength of granular materials: effectof particle rolling, Mechanics of Materials, Vol. 1, pp. 267–283.

Oda, M., Nemat-Nasser, S., and Mehrabadi, M. M. 1982b. Statisticalstudy of fabric in a random assembly of spherical granules, Inter-national Journal of Numerical and Analytical Methods in Geo-mechanics, Vol. 6, No. 1, pp. 77–94.

Oda, M., Nemat-Nasser, S., and Konishi, J. 1985. Stress-induced an-isotropy in granular masses, Soils and Foundations, Vol. 25, No.3, pp. 85–97.

Odell, R. T., Thornburn, T. H., and McKenzie, L. 1960. Relationshipsof Atterberg limits to some other properties of Illinois soils, Pro-ceedings of the Soil Science Society of America, Vol. 24, No. 5,pp. 297–300.

Ogata, A. 1970. Theory of dispersion in a granular medium, U.S.Geological Survey Professional Paper No. 411-I, U.S. GeologicalSurvey, Reston, VA.

Ogata, A., and Banks, R. B. 1961. A solution of the differentialequation of longitudinal dispersion in porous media, U.S. Geolog-ical Survey Professional Paper 411-A, U.S. Geological Survey,Reston, VA.

Ohshima, H. 1995. Effective surface potential and double-layer in-teraction of colloidal particles, Journal of Colloid and InterfaceScience, Vol. 174, pp. 45–52.

Ohtaki, H., and Radnai, T. 1993. Structure and dynamics of hydratedions, Chemical Reviews, Vol. 93, pp. 1157–1204.

Copy

right

ed M

ater

ial

Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons Retrieved from: www.knovel.com

Page 20: 63027 ref

550 REFERENCES

Ohtsubo, M., Egashira, K., and Kashima, K. 1995. Depositional andpost-depositional geochemistry, and its correlation with the geo-technical properties of marine clays in Ariake Bay, Japan, Geo-technique, Vol. 45, pp. 509–523.

Oka, F. 1996. Validity and limits of the effective stress concept ingeomechanics, Mechanics of Cohesive-Frictional Materials, Vol.1, pp. 219–234.

Olsen, H. W. 1961. Hydraulic flow through saturated clays, ScD The-sis, M.I.T., Cambridge, MA.

Olsen, H. W. 1962. Hydraulic flow through saturated clay, Proceed-ings of the Ninth National Conference on Clays and Clay Miner-als, Pergamon Press, West Lafayette, IN, pp. 131–161.

Olsen, H. W. 1965. Deviations from Darcy’s law in saturated clay,Soil Science Society of America, Proceedings, Vol. 29, pp. 135–140.

Olsen, H. W. 1969. Simultaneous fluxes of liquid and charge in sat-urated kaolinite, Soil Science Society of America, Proceedings, Vol.33, No. 3, pp. 338–344.

Olsen, H. W. 1972. Liquid movement through kaolinite under hy-draulic, electric and osmotic gradients, American Association ofPetroleum Geologists Bulletin, Vol. 56, No. 10, pp. 2022–2028.

Olson, R. E. 1963. Shear strength properties of a sodium illite, Jour-nal of the Soil Mechanics and Foundations Division, Proc. ofASCE, Vol. 89, No. SM1, pp. 183–208.

Olson, R. E. 1974. Shearing strength of kaolinite, illite, and mont-morillonite, Journal of Soil Mechanics and Foundations Division,ASCE, Vol. 100, No. GT 11, pp. 1215–1229.

Olson, W. O. 1981. Soils and the Environment, Chapman and Hall,New York.

Olson, R. E., and Mesri, G. 1970. Mechanisms controlling the com-pressibility of clay, Journal of the Soil Mechanics and FoundationsDivision, ASCE, Vol. 96, No. SM 6, pp. 1863–1878.

Olson, R. E., and Mitronovas, F. 1962. Shear strength and consoli-dation characteristics of calcium and magnesium illite, Clays andClay Minerals, Vol. 11, pp. 185–209.

Olson, S. C., and Stark, T. D. 2003. Use of laboratory data to confirmyield and liquefied strength ratio concepts, Canadian GeotechnicalJournal, Vol. 40, pp. 1164–1184.

Onsager, L. 1931a. Reciprocal relations in irreversible processes. I.Physical Review, 2nd Series, Vol. 37, No. 4, pp. 404–426.

Onsager, L. 1931b. Reciprocal relations in irreversible processes. II.Physical Review, 2nd Series, Vol. 38, No. 12, pp. 2265–2279.

Osipov, V. I., and Sokolov, V. N. 1978. Microstructure of recent claysediments examined by scanning electron microscopy. In: W. B.Whalley (Ed.), Scanning Electron Microscopy in the Study of Sed-iments, Geo Abstracts, Norwich, England, pp. 29–40.

Oster, J. D., and Low, P. F. 1964. Heat capacities of clay and watermixtures, Soil Science Society of America, Proceedings, Vol. 28,pp. 605–609.

Otani, J., and Obara, Y. 2004. X-ray CT for Geomaterials: Soils,Concrete, Rocks, Balkema, Lisse.

Otani, J., Mukunoki, T, and Obara, Y. 2000. Application of X-rayCT method for characterization of failure in soils. Soils and Foun-dations, Vol. 40. No. 2, pp. 113–120

Otani, J., Mukunoki, T., Obara, Y. 2002. Characterisation of failureon sand under triaxial compression using industrial X-ray CT scan-ner, International Journal of Physical Modeling in Geotechnics,Vol. 2, No. 1, pp. 15–22.

Oyama, T., Chigira, M., Ohmura, N., and Watanabe, Y. 1998. Heaveof house foundation by the chemical weathering of mudstone, OyoChisitsu, J. Japanese Soc. Eng. Geol., Vol. 39, pp. 261–272.

Panah, A. K., and Yanagisawa, E. 1989. Laboratory studies on hy-draulic fracturing criteria in soil, Soils and Foundations, Vol. 129,No. 4, pp. 14–22.

Park, C. S., and Tatsuoka, F. 1994. Anisotropic strength and defor-mation of sands in plane strain compression, Proc. 13th ICSMFE,New Dehli, Vol. 1, pp. 1–6.

Paul, M. A., Peacock, J. D., and Wood, B. F. 1992. The engineeringgeology of the Carse clay of the national soft clay research site,Bothkennar, Geotechnique, Vol. 42, No. 2, pp. 183–198.

Pauling, L. 1960. The Nature of the Chemical Bond, Cornell Uni-versity Press, Ithaca, NY.

Penner, E. 1963a. The nature of frost heaving in soils, Proceedingsof the International Conference on Permafrost, NAS-NRC Publi-cation 1287.

Penner, E. 1963b. Anisotropic thermal conductivity in clay sedi-ments, Proceedings of the International Clay Conference, Vol. 1,pp. 365–376.

Penner, E. 1963c. Sensitivity in Leda clay, Nature, Vol. 197, No.4865, pp. 347–348.

Penner, E. 1964. Studies of sensitivity and electro-kinetic potentialin Leda clay, Nature, Vol. 204, No. 4960, pp. 808–809.

Penner, E. 1965. A study of sensitivity in Leda clay, Canadian Jour-nal of Earth Sciences, Vol. 2, No. 5, pp. 425–441.

Pennington, D. S., Nash, D. F. T., and Lings, M. L. 1997. Anisotropyof Go shear stiffness in Gault clay, Geotechnique, Vol. 47, No. 3,pp. 391–398.

Pestana, J. M., and Whittle, A. J. 1995. Compression model for co-hessionless soils, Geotechnique, Vol. 45, No. 4, pp. 611–631.

Philip, J. R., and De Vries, D. A. 1957. Moisture movement in porousmaterials under temperature gradients, Transactions of AmericanGeophysical Union, Vol. 38, pp. 222–237.

Philipson, H. B., and Brand, E. W. 1985. Sampling and testing ofresidual soils in Hong Kong, Sampling and Testing of ResidualSoils—A Review of Int. Practice, Int. Soc. of Soil Mech. Found.Eng. Hong Kong, pp. 75–82.

Pickett, A. G., and Lemcoe, M. M. 1959. An investigation of shearstrength of the clay-water system by radio-frequency spectroscopy,Journal of Geophysical Research, Vol. 64, pp. 1579–1586.

Plona, T. J. 1980. Observation of a second bulk compressional wavein a porous medium at ultrasonic frequencies, Applied Physics Let-ters, Vol. 36, pp. 259–261.

Plum, R. L., and Esrig, M. I. 1969. Some temperature effects on soilcompressibility and pore water pressure, Highway Research BoardSpecial Report 103, pp. 231–242.

Polito, C. P., and Martin II, J. R. 2001. Effects of nonplastic fines onthe liquefaction resistance of sands, Journal of Geotechnical andGeoenvironmental Engineering, ASCE, Vol. 127, No. 5, pp. 408–415.

Polivka, M., and Best, C. 1960. Investigation of the problem of creepin concrete by Dorn’s method, University of California, Depart-ment of Civil Engineering, Berkeley, CA.

Pople, J. A. 1951. Molecular association in liquids. II. A theory ofthe structure of water, Proceedings of the Royal Society of London,Vol. A205, pp. 163–178.

Poulos, S. J. 1981. The steady state of deformation, Journal of Geo-technical Engineering Division, ASCE, Vol. 107, No. GT5, pp.553–562.

Poulos, S. J., Castro, G., and France, J. W. 1985. Liquefaction eval-uation procedure, Journal of Geotechnical Engineering, ASCE,Vol. 111, No. 6, pp. 772–791.

Powell, D. H., Tongkhao, K., Kennery, S. J., and Slade, P. G. 1997.A neutron diffraction study of interlayer water in sodium Wyomingmontmorillonite using a novel difference method, Clays and ClayMinerals, Vol. 45, p. 290.

Powers, M. C. 1953. A new roundness scale for the sedimentaryparticles, Journal of Sedimentary Petrology, Vol. 23, pp. 117–119.

Pradhan, T. B. S., and Tatsuoka, F. 1989. On stress-dilatancy equa-tions for sand subjected to cyclic loading, Soils and Foundations,Vol. 29, No. 1, pp. 65–81.

Press, F., and Siever, R. 1994. Understanding Earth, W.H. Freeman,New York.

Prevost, J. H. 1977. Mathematical modeling of monotonic and cyclicundrained clay behavior, International Journal for Numerical andAnalytical Methods in Geomechanics, Vol. 1, No. 2, pp. 195–216.

Copy

right

ed M

ater

ial

Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons Retrieved from: www.knovel.com

Page 21: 63027 ref

REFERENCES 551

Procter, D. C., and Barton, R. R. 1974. Measurements of the angleof interparticle friction, Geotechnique, Vol. 24, No. 4, pp. 581–604.

Purves, W. K., Orians, G. H., Heller, H. C., and Sadava, D. 1997.Life—the science of biology, 5th ed., Sinauer Associates, Sunder-land, MA.

Pusch, R. 1973a. Influence of salinity and organic matter on the for-mation of clay microstructure, Proceedings of the InternationalSymposium on Soil Structure, Gothenburg, Sweden, pp. 161–173.

Pusch, R. 1973b. Physico-chemical processes which affect soil struc-ture and vice versa, Appendix to the Proceedings of the Interna-tional Symposium on Soil Structure, Gothenburg, Sweden, pp. 27–35.

Puzrin, A. M., and Houlsby, G. T. 2003. Rate dependent hyperplas-ticity with internal functions, Journal of Engineering Mechanics,ASCE, Vol. 129, No. 3, pp. 252–263.

Quigley, R. M. 1980. Geology, mineralogy, and geochemistry of softsoils and their relationship to geotechnical problems, CanadianGeotechnical Journal, Vol. 17, No. 2, pp. 261–285.

Quigley, R. M. 1989. Pollution migration, waste dumps & ground-water: Part I. Soil / leachate interactions to be considered in thegeotechnical design of clay liner systems for waste disposal, Geo-technical Research Center, University of Western Ontario, London,Ontario, Canada.

Quigley, R. M., and Fernandez, F. 1989. Clay /organic interactionsand their effect on the hydraulic conductivity of barrier clays, Pro-ceedings of the International Symposium on Contaminant Trans-port in Groundwater, Stuttgart, Germany, Balkema, Rotterdam, pp.259–266.

Quigley, R. M., and Thompson, C. D. 1966. The fabric of anisotrop-ically consolidated sensitive marine clay, Canadian GeotechnicalJournal, Vol. 3, No. 2, pp. 61–73.

Quigley, R. M., Yanful, E. K., and Fernandez, F. 1987. Ion transferby diffusion through clay barriers, Geotechnical Practice for WasteDisposal, ASCE Geotechnical Special Publication 13, ASCE, NewYork, pp. 137–158.

Quirk, J. P., and Aylmore, L. A. G. 1971. Domains and quasi-crystalline regions in clay systems, Journal of the Soil ScienceSociety of America, Vol. 35, pp. 652–654.

Radjai, F. 1999. Multicontact dynamics of granular systems, Com-puter Physics Communications, Vol. 121–122, pp. 294–298.

Radjai, F., and Roux, S. 1995. Friction-induced self-organization ofa one-dimensional array of particles, Physical Review E, Vol. 51,No. 6, pp. 6177–6187.

Radjai, F., Jean, M., Moreau, J., and Roux, S. 1996. Force distribu-tions in dense two-dimensional granular systems, Physical ReviewLetters, Vol. 77, No. 2, pp. 274–277.

Raussell-Colom, J. A., and Serratosa, J. M. 1987. Reactions of clayswith organic substances. In: A. C. D. Newman (Ed.), Chemistry ofClays and Clay Minerals, Mineralogical Society Monograph No.6, London, pp. 371–422.

Ravina, I., and Low, P. F. 1972. Relation between swelling, waterproperties, and b-dimension in montmorillonite-water systems,Clays and Clay Minerals, Vol. 20, pp. 109–123.

Ree, R., and Eyring, K. 1958. The relaxation theory of transportphenomena. In: F. R. Eirich (Ed.), Rheology, Vol. II, Chap. 3, Ac-ademic, New York.

Reiche, P. 1945. A survey of weathering processes and products,University of New Mexico, Publications in Geology, No. 1, Albu-querque, NM.

Reinheimer, G. 1971. Mikrobiologic der Gerqasser, VEB Gustav Fi-scher, Jena.

Rhoades, J. D. 1982. Soluble salts. In: Methods of Soil Analysis,Agronomy No. 9, Part 2, 2nd ed., American Society of Agronomy,Madison, WI, pp. 167–179.

Rich, C. I. 1968. Hydroxy interlayers in expansible layer silicates,Clays and Clay Minerals, Vol. 16, pp. 15–30.

Richards, L. A. 1931. Capillary conduction of liquids in porous me-diums, Physics, Vol. 1, p. 318.

Richards, B. G., and Peter, P. 1987. Measurement of negative porepressure or soil water suction. In: Geotechnical Field Instrumen-tation, Institution of Engineers, Melbourne, Australia.

Richards, N. P., and Barton, M. E. 1999. The Folkestone Bed sands:microfabric and strength. Quarterly Journal of Engineering Ge-ology, Vol. 32, pp. 21–44.

Richardson, A. M., and Whitman, R. V. 1963. Effect of strain rateupon undrained shear resistance of a saturated remolded tat clay,Geotechnique, Vol. 13, No. 4, pp. 310–324.

Richardson, M. D., Briggs, K. B., and Young, D. K. 1985. Effectsof biological activity by abyssal benthic macroinvertebrates on asedimentary structure in the Venezuela Basin, Marine Geology,Vol. 68, pp. 243–267.

Richart, Jr., F. E., Hall, Jr., J. R., and Woods, R. D. 1970. Vibrationsof Soils and Foundations, Prentice-Hall, Englewood Cliffs, NJ.

Ridley, A. M., Dineen, K., Burland, J. B., and Vaughan, P. R. 2003.Soil matrix suction: Some examples of its measurement and ap-plication in geotechnical engineering, Geotechnique, Vol. 53, No.2, pp. 241–254.

Ripple, C. D., and Day, P. R. 1966. Suction responses due to shearof dilute montmorillonite-water pastes, Clays and Clay Minerals,Vol. 14, pp. 307–316.

Robert, M., and Chenu, C. 1992. Interactions between microorgan-isms and soil minerals. In: G. Stotzky and J. M. Bollag (Eds.),Soil Biochemistry, Vol. 7, Marcel Dekker, New York, p. 307.

Robertson, E. B., Chenu, C., and Firestone, M. K. 1993. Microstruc-tural changes in bacterial exopolysaccharides during desiccation,Soil Biol. Biochem., Vol. 25, p. 1299.

Robinson, R. A., and Stokes, R. H. 1959. Electrolyte Solutions, 2nded., Butterworths Scientific, London.

Rocchi, G., Fontana, M., and Da Prat, M. 2003. Modelling of naturalsoft clay destruction processes using viscoplasticity theory, Geo-technique, Vol. 53, No. 8, pp. 729–745.

Roesler, S. K. 1979. Anisotropy shear modulus due to stress aniso-tropy, Journal of the Geotechnical Engineering Division, ASCE,Vol. 105, No. GT7, pp. 871–880.

Roger, V., Desrues, J., and Viggiani, G. 1998. Experiments on strainlocalization in dense sand under isochoric conditions. In: T. Ada-chi, F. Oka, and A. Yashima (Eds.), Localization and BifurcationTheory for Soils and Rocks, Balkema, Rotterdam, pp. 239–248.

Roscoe, K. H., and Schofield, A. N. 1963. Mechanical behaviour ofan idealised ‘‘wet’’ clay. Proc. 2nd European Conf. on Soil Me-chanics and Foundation Engineering, Wiesbaden, Germany, Vol.1, pp. 47–54.

Roscoe, K. H., Schofield, A. N., and Wroth, C. P. 1958. On theyielding of soils, Geotechnique, Vol. 8, No. 1, pp. 22–52.

Rosenqvist, I. Th. 1946. Om leirers kvikkaktighet, Meddelelsen fraVegdirektoren, No. 3, pp. 29–36.

Rosenqvist, I. Th. 1953. Considerations on the sensitivity of Nor-wegian quick clays, Geotechnique, Vol. 3, No. 5, pp. 195–200.

Ross, B. 1990. The diversion capacity of capillary barriers, WaterResources Research, Vol. 26, No. 10, pp. 2625–2629.

Ross, C. S., and Hendricks, S. B. 1945. Minerals of the montmoril-lonite group, U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 205 B,U.S. Geological Survey, Reston, VA.

Rothenburg, L. 1992. Effects of particle shape and creep in contactson micromechanical behavior of simulated sintered granular me-dia, Mechanics of Granular Materials and Powder Systems, Vol.37, pp. 133–142.

Rowe, P. W. 1962. The stress-dilatancy relation for static equilibriumof an assembly of particles in contact, Proceedings of the RoyalSociety, Vol. A269, pp. 500–527.

Rowe, P. W. 1973. Stress-strain relationships for particulate materialsat equilibrium, Proceedings of the ASCE Specialty Conference on

Copy

right

ed M

ater

ial

Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons Retrieved from: www.knovel.com

Page 22: 63027 ref

552 REFERENCES

Performance of Earth and Earth-Supported Structures, Vol. 3, pp.327–357.

Rowe, R. K. (2001). Barrier systems. In: R. K. Rowe (Ed.), Geo-technical and Geoenvironmental Handbook, Kluwer Academic,New York, pp. 739–788.

Rowe, R. K., and Booker, J. R. 1997. POLLUTE v.6.3—1D PollutantMigration Through a Non-Homogeneous Soil. Distributed byGAEA Environmental Engineering Ltd, Ontario.

Russell, E. R., and Mickle, J. L. 1970. Liquid limit values of soilmoisture tension, Journal of Soil Mechanics and Foundations Di-vision, ASCE, Vol. 96, pp. 967–987.

Saada, A. S., Liang, L., Figueroa, J. L., and Cope, C. T. 1999. Bi-furcation and shear band propagation in sands, Geotechnique, Vol.49, No. 3, pp. 367–385.

Sallfors, G. 1975. Preconsolidation pressure of soft high-plastic clays,Ph.D. Thesis, Chalmers University of Technology, Goteborg, Swe-den.

Samuels, S. G. 1950. The effect of base exchange on the engineeringproperties of soils, Building Research Station, Note C176, GreatBritain.

Sanger, F. J. 1968. Ground freezing in construction, Journal of SoilMechanics and Foundations Division, ASCE, Vol. 94, No. SM 1,pp. 131–158.

Sanger, F. J., and Sayles, F. H. 1979. Thermal and rheological com-putations for artificially frozen ground construction, EngineeringGeology, Vol. 13, pp. 311–337.

Sangrey, D. A. 1970. Discussion of Houston and Mitchell (1969),Journal of Soil Mechanics and Foundations Division, ASCE, Vol.96, No. SM 3, pp. 1067–1080.

Sangrey, D. A. 1972. Naturally cemented sensitive soils, Geotech-nique, No. 1, pp. 139–152.

Santamarina, J. C. 2003. Soil behavior at the microscale: particleforces. In: J. T. Germaine, T. C. Sheahan, and R. V. Whitman(Eds.), Soil Behavior and Soft Ground Construction, ASCE Geo-technical Special Publication No. 119, ASCE, Reston, VA. pp. 25–56.

Santamarina, J. C., and Cascante, G. 1996. Stress anisotropy andwave propagation—a micromechanical view, Canadian Geotech-nical Journal, Vol. 33, pp. 770–782.

Santamarina, J. C., and Cho, G. C. 2003. The omnipresence of lo-calizations in particulate materials. In: H. Di Benedetto, T. Doanh,H. Geoffroy, and C. Sauzeat (Eds.), Deformation Characteristicsof Geomaterials, Balkema, Lisse, pp. 465–473.

Santamarina, J. C., and Cho, G. C. 2004. Soil behaviour: The roleof particle shape, Advances in Geotechnical Engineering: TheSkempton conference, Thomas Telford, London, Vol. 1, pp. 604–617.

Santamarina, J. C., Klein, K. A., and Fam, M. A. 2001. Soils andWaves—Particulate Materials Behavior, Wiley, New York.

Satake, M. 1978. Constitution of mechanics of granular materialsthrough graph representation, Theoretical and Applied Mechanics,Vol. 26, pp. 257–266.

Saxen, U. 1892. Electrokinetic potentials. In: S. Glasstone (Ed.), Text-book of Physical Chemistry, Van Nostrand, New York, ChapterXIV, p. 1225.

Scarpelli, G., and Wood, D. M. 1982. Experimental observations ofshear band patterns in direct shear tests. In: P. A. Vermeer andH. J. L. Luger (Eds.), Proceedings of the IUTAM Conference onDeformation and Failure of Granular Materials, Balkema, Rotter-dam, pp. 473–484.

Schiffman, R. L. 1959. The use of visco-elastic stress-strain laws insoil testing, ASTM Special Technical Publication No. 254, pp.131–155.

Schmertmann, J. H. 1955. The undisturbed consolidation of clay,Transactions, American Society of Civil Engineers, Vol. 120, p.1201.

Schmertmann, J. H. 1969. Swelling sensitivity, Geotechnique, Vol.19, No. 4, pp. 530–533.

Schmertmann, J. H. 1976. The shear behavior of soil at constantstructure, Bjerrum Memorial Volume, Norwegian Geotechnical In-stitute, Oslo, pp. 65–98.

Schmertmann, J. H. 1978. Guidelines for cone penetration test per-formance and design, Report FHWA-TS-78-209, U.S. Departmentof Transportation, Washington, DC.

Schmertmann, J. H. 1983. A simple question about consolidation,Journal of Geotechnical Engineering, Vol. 109, No. 1, pp. 119–122.

Schmertmann, J. H. 1991. The mechanical aging of soils, Journal ofGeotechnical Engineering, ASCE, Vol. 117, No. 9, pp. 1288–1330.

Schmertmann, J. H., and Osterberg, J. O. 1960. An experimentalstudy of the development of cohesion and friction with axial strainin saturated cohesive soils, Proceedings of the ASCE ResearchConference on the Shear Strength of Cohesive Soils, Boulder, CO,pp. 643–694.

Schmid, G. 1950, 1951. Zur Elecktrochemie Feinporiger Kapillar-systems, Zhurnal fur Elektrochemie, Vol. 54, p. 425, Vol. 55, p.684.

Schnitzer, M. 1982. Organic matter characterization. In: Methods ofSoil Analysis, Agronomy No. 9, Part 2, 2nd ed., American Societyof Agronomy, Madison, WI, pp. 581–594.

Schofield, A. N. 1980. Cambridge Geotechnical Centrifuge Opera-tions, Geotechnique, Vol. 30, No. 3, pp. 227–268.

Schofield, A., and Wroth, C. P. 1968. Critical State Soil Mechanics.McGraw-Hill, London.

Scholey, G. K., Frost, J. D., Lo Presti D. C. F., and Jamiolkowski,M. 1995. A review of instrumentation for measuring small strainsduring triaxial testing of soil specimens, Geotechnical TestingJournal, ASTM, Vol. 18, No. 2, pp. 137–156.

Schrefler, B. A., Sanavia, L., and Majorana, C. E. 1996. A multiphasemedium model for localization and postlocalization simulation ingeomaterials, Mechanics of Cohesive-Frictional Materials, Vol. 1,pp. 95–114.

Scott, R. F. 1989. Consolidation of sensitive clay as a phase changeprocess, Journal of Geotechnical Engineering, ASCE, Vol. 115,No. 10, pp. 1439–1458.

Seed, H. B. 1979. Considerations in the earthquake-resistant designof earth and rockfill dams, Geotechnique, Vol. 29, No. 3, pp. 215–263.

Seed, H. B. 1987. Design problems in soil liquefaction, Journal ofGeotechnical Engineering, ASCE, Vol. 113, No. 8, pp. 827–845.

Seed, H. B., and Chan, C. K. 1957. Thixotropic characterization ofcompacted clays, Journal of the Soil Mechanics and FoundationsDivision, ASCE, Vol. 83, No. SM 4, 1427-1–1427-35.

Seed, H. B., and Chan, C. K. 1959. Structure and strength charac-teristics of compacted clays, Journal of the Soil Mechanics andFoundations Division, ASCE, Vol. 85, No. SM 5, pp. 87–128.

Seed, R. B., and Harder, L. F. 1990. SPT-based analysis of cyclicpore pressure generation and undrained residual strength, Proceed-ings H. Bolton Seed Memorial Symposium, Bi-Tech, Richmond,BC, Vol. 2, pp. 351–376.

Seed, H. B., and Idriss, I. M. 1982. Ground Motions and Soil Liq-uefaction During Earthquakes, Monograph Series, Earthquake En-gineering Research Institute, Oakland, CA.

Seed, H. B., Mitchell, J. K., and Chan, C. K. 1962a. Swell and swellpressure characteristics of compacted clays, Highway ResearchBoard Bulletin 313, pp. 12–39.

Seed, H. B., Woodward, R. J., and Lundgren, R. 1962b. Predictionof swelling potential for compacted clays, Journal of Soil Me-chanics and Foundations Division, ASCE, Vol. 88, No. SM 3, pp.53–87.

Seed, H. B., Woodward, R. J., and Lundgren, R. 1964. Clay miner-alogical aspects of the Atterberg limits, Journal of Soil Mechanics

Copy

right

ed M

ater

ial

Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons Retrieved from: www.knovel.com

Page 23: 63027 ref

REFERENCES 553

and Foundations Division, ASCE, Vol. 90, No. SM 4, pp. 107–131.

Seed, H. B., Martin, P. P., and Lysmer, J. 1976. Pore pressure changesduring soil liquefaction, Journal of the Geotechnical EngineeringDivision, ASCE, Vol. 102, No. GT 4, pp. 323–346.

Seed, H. B., Wong, R. T., Idriss, I. M., and Tokimatsu, K. 1984.Moduli and damping factors for dynamic analyses of cohesionlesssoils, Earthquake Engineering Research Center Report No. UCB/EERC-84 /14, University of California, Berkeley.

Seedsman, R. 1986. The behaviour of clay shales in water, CanadianGeotechnical Journal, Vol. 23, pp. 18–22.

Sekiguchi, H. 1977. Rheological characteristics of clays, Proc. of 9thInternational Conference on Soil Mechanics and Foundation En-gineering, Tokyo, Vol. 1, pp. 289–292.

Sekiguchi, H. 1984. Theory of undrained creep rupture of normallyconsolidated clay based on elasto-viscoplasticity, Soils and Foun-dations, Vol. 24, No. 1, pp. 129–147.

Sekiguchi, H., and Ohta, H. 1977. Induced anisotropy and time de-pendency in clays, Constitutive Equations of Soils, Proc. SpecialtySession 9, 9th ICSMFE, Tokyo, pp. 229–238.

Selkar, J. S. 1997. Design of interface shape for protective capillarybarriers, Water Resources Research, Vol. 33, pp. 259–260.

Selmer-Olsen, R. 1964. Almendelig geologi og ingeniorgeologi, TA-PIR, Trondheim.

Semple, R. M. 1973. The effect of time-dependent properties of al-tered rock on tunnel support requirements, Ph.D. Thesis, Univer-sity of Illinois, Champagne.

Semple, R. M. 1988. The mechanical properties of carbonate soils.In: Proceedings of the International Conference on CalcareousSediments, Vol. 2, Balkema, Rotterdam.

Sergeyev, Y. M., Grabowska-Olszewska, B., Osipov, V. I., Sokolov,V. N., and Kolomeaski, Y. N. 1980. The classification of micro-structures of clay soils, Journal of Microscopy, Vol. 120, Part 3,pp. 237–260.

Shackelford, C. D. 1988. Diffusion as a transport process in fine-grained barrier materials, Geotechnical News, BiTech, Vancouver,pp. 24–27.

Shackelford, C. D., and Daniel, D. E. 1991a. Diffusion in saturatedsoil. I: Background, Journal of Geotechnical Engineering, Vol.117, No. 3, pp. 467–484.

Shackelford, C. D., and Daniel, D. E. 1991b. Diffusion in saturatedsoil. II: Results for compacted clay, Journal of Geotechnical En-gineering, Vol. 117, No. 3, pp. 485–506.

Shackelford, C. D., Malusis, M. A., and Olsen, H. W. 2001. Claymembrane barriers for waste containment, Geotechnical News, Vol.19, No. 2, pp. 39–43.

Sharma, B., and Bora, P. K. 2003. Plastic limit, liquid limit andundrained shear strength of soil-reappraisal, Journal of Geotech-nical and Geoenvironmental Engineering, ASCE, Vol. 129, Issue8, pp. 774–777.

Shamburger, J. H., Patrick, D. M., and Lutton, R. J. 1975. Designand Construction of Compacted Shale Embankments, FederalHighway Administration, Washington, DC., FHWARD-75-61.

Sheahan, T. C., Ladd, C. C., and Germaine, J. T. 1996. Rate depen-dent undrained behavior of saturated clay, Journal of GeotechnicalEngineering, ASCE, Vol. 122, No. 2, pp. 99–108.

Shearman, D. J. 1979. A field test for identification of gypsum insoils and sediments, Quarterly Journal of Engineering Geology,Vol. 12, p. 51.

Shen, C. K., Vrymoed, J. L., and Uyeno, C. K. 1977. The effect offines on liquefaction of sands, Proc. IX Int. Conf. on Soil Me-chanics and Foundation Engineering, Tokyo, pp. 381–385.

Sherard, J. L., and Decker, R. S. 1977. Summary-evaluation of sym-posium on dispersive clays, Dispersive Clays, Related Piping, andErosion in Geotechnical Projects, ASTM Special Technical Pub-lication 623, ASTM, Philadelphia, pp. 467–479.

Sherard, J. L., Decker, R. S., and Ryker, N. L. 1972. Piping in earthdams of dispersive clay, Proceedings of the ASCE Specialty Con-ference on the Performance of Earth and Earth Supported Struc-tures, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, pp. 589–626.

Sherard, J. L., Dunnigan, L. P., Decker, R. S., and Steele, E. F. 1976.Identification and nature of dispersive soils, Journal of the Geo-technical Division, ASCE, Vol. 102, No. GT 4, pp. 187–301.

Sherif, M. A., and Burrous, C. M. 1969. Temperature effects on theunconfined shear strength of saturated, cohesive soil, Highway Re-search Board Special Report 103, pp. 267–272.

Shibuya, S., and Tanaka, H. 1996. Estimate of elastic shear modulusof Holocene soil deposits, Soils and Foundations, Vol. 36, No. 4,pp. 45–55.

Shibuya, S., Park, C.-S., Tatsuoka, F., Abe, F., Teachavorasinskun,S., Kohatam Y., and Sato, T. 1992. The significance of local lateral-strain measurement of soil specimen for a wide range of strain,Soils and Foundations, Vol. 34, No. 2, pp. 95–105.

Shibuya, S., Mitachi, T., Hosomi, A., and Hwang, S. C. 1996. Strainrate effects on stress-strain behaviour of clay as observed in mon-otonic and cyclic triaxial tests. In: T. C. Sheahan, and V. N. Ka-liakin (Eds.), Measuring and Modeling Time Dependent SoilBehavior, ASCE Geotechnical Special Publication No. 61, ASCE,New York, pp. 214–227.

Shibuya, S., Mitachi, T., Fukuda, F., and Degoshi, T. 1995. Strain-rate effects on shear modulus and damping of normally consoli-dated clay, Geotechnical Testing Journal, ASTM, Vol. 18, No. 3,pp. 365–375.

Shibuya, S., Hwang, S. C., and Mitachi, T. 1997. Elastic shear mod-ulus of soft clays from shear wave velocity measurement, Geo-technique, Vol. 47, No. 3, pp. 593–601.

Shih, B., Murakami, Y., and Wu, Z. 1998. Orientation of aggregatesof fine-grained soil: Quantification and application, EngineeringGeology, Vol. 50, pp. 59–70.

Shincariol, R. A., and Rowe, R. K. 2001. Contaminant hydrogeology.In: R. K. rowe (Ed.), Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Hand-book, Kluwer Academic, New York, pp. 711–738.

Shuster, J. A. 1972. Controlled freezing for temporary ground sup-port. Proceedings of the 1st North American Rapid Excavation andTunneling Conference, Chicago, Vol. 2, pp. 863–894.

Sills, G. C. 1995. Time dependent processes in soil consolidation,Proceedings of the International Symposium on Compression andConsolidation of Clayey Soils, Balkema, Rotterdam, Vol. 2, pp.875–890.

Silvestri, V., Yong, R. N., Soulie, M., and Gabriel, F. 1986.Controlled-strain, controlled-gradient, and standard consolidationtesting of sensitive clays. In: R. N. Yong and F. C. Townsend(Eds.), Consolidation of Soils: Testing and Evaluation, ASTM STP892, ASTM, Philadelphia, pp. 433–450.

Singh, A., and Mitchell, J. K. 1968. General stress-strain-time func-tion for soils, Journal of the Soil Mechanics and Foundations Di-vision, ASCE, Vol. 94, No. SM 1, pp. 21–46.

Singh, A., and Mitchell, J. K. 1969. Creep potential and creep ruptureof soils, Proceedings of the Seventh International Conference onSoil Mechanics and Foundation Engineering, Mexico City, Vol. 1,pp. 379–384.

Sitar, N. 1991. Volcanic soils, Report presented at the Ninth Pan-American Conference on Soil Mechanics and Foundation Engi-neering, Vina Del Mar, Chile.

Skempton, A. W. 1953. The colloidal activity of clay, Proceedingsof the Third International Conference on Soil Mechanics andFoundation Engineering, Zurich, Vol. I, pp. 57–61.

Skempton, A. W. 1960a. Significance of Terzaghi’s concept of effec-tive stress. In: L. Bjerrum, A. Casagrande, R. B. Peck, and A. W.Skempton (Eds.), From Theory to Practice in Soil Mechanics, Wi-ley, New York, pp. 43–53.

Skempton, A. W. 1960b. Effective stress in soil, concrete and rocks,Proceedings of the Conference on Pore Pressure and Suction inSoils, Butterworths, London, pp. 4–16.

Copy

right

ed M

ater

ial

Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons Retrieved from: www.knovel.com

Page 24: 63027 ref

554 REFERENCES

Skempton, A. W. 1961. Horizontal stresses in an over-consolidatedEocene clay, Proc. 5th ISCMFE, Paris, Vol. 1, pp. 351–357.

Skempton, A. W. 1970. The consolidation of clays by gravitationalcompaction, Quaterly Journal of the Geological Society of London,Vol. 125, pp. 373–412.

Skempton, A. W. 1977. Slope stability of cuttings in brown Londonclay, Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on SoilMechanics and Foundation Engineering, Tokyo, Vol. 3, pp. 261–270.

Skempton, A. W. 1985. Residual strength of clays in land-slides,folded strata and the laboratory, Geotechnique, Vol. 35, No. 1, pp.3–18.

Skempton, A. W., and Bishop, A. W. 1954. Soils. In: M. Reniner(Ed.), Building Materials, Their Elasticity and Inelasticity, NorthHolland, Amsterdam, pp. 417–482.

Skempton, A. W., and Henkel, D. J. 1953. The post-glacial clays ofthe Thames estuary at Tilburg and Shellhaven, Proceedings of theThird International Conference on Soil Mechanics and FoundationEngineering, Zurich, Vol. 1, p. 302.

Skempton, A. W., and Northey, R. D., 1952. The sensitivity of clays,Geotechnique, Vol. 3, No. 1, pp. 30–53.

Skinner, A. 1969. A note on the influence of interparticle friction onthe shearing strength of a random assembly of spherical particles,Geotechnique, Vol. 19, No. 1, pp. 150–157.

Skipper, N. T. 2002. Influence of pore-liquid composition on claybehavior: Molecular dynamics simulations of nano-structure. In:DiMaio, C., Hueckel, T., and Loret, B. (Eds.), Chemo-MechanicalCoupling in Clays; From Nano-Sale to Engineering Applications,Swets & Zeitlinger, Lisse, pp. 65–73.

Sladen, J. A., D’Hollander, R. D., and Krahn, J. 1985. The liquefac-tion of sands, a collapse surface approach, Canadian GeotechnicalJournal, Vol. 22, pp. 564–578.

Sloane, R. C., and Kell, R. R. 1966. The fabric of mechanicallycompacted kaolin, Clays and Clay Minerals, Proceedings of theFourteenth National Clay Conference, pp. 289–296.

Smalley, M. V. 1990. Electrostatic interaction in macro-ionic solu-tions and gels, Molecular Physics, Vol. 71, pp. 1251–1267.

Smalley, I. J., Cabrera, J. G., and Hammond, G. 1973. Particle naturein sensitive soils and its relation to soil structure and geotechnicalproperties, Proceedings of the International Symposium on SoilStructure, Gothenburg, Sweden, pp. 184–193.

Smart, P., and Tovey, N. K. 1981. Electron Microscopy of Soils andSediments: Examples, Oxford University Press, Oxford.

Smart, P., and Tovey, N. K. 1982. Electron Microstructure of Soilsand Sediments: Techniques. Oxford University Press, Oxford, Eng-land.

Smersrud, J. K., and Selker, J. S. 2001. Effect of soil-particle sizecontrast on capillary barrier performance, Journal of Geotechnicaland Geoenvironmental Engineering, Vol. 127, No. 10, pp. 885–888.

Smith, S. S., and Arulanandan, K. 1981. Relationship of electricaldispersion to soil properties, Journal of Geotechnical Engineering,ASCE, Vol. 107, No. GT 5, pp. 591–604.

Smith, P. R., Jardine, R. J., and Hight, D. W. 1992. On yielding ofBothkennar clay, Geotechnique, Vol. 42, No. 2, pp. 257–274.

Smoluchowski, M. 1914. In: L. Graetz (Ed.), Handbuch der Elektri-zitat und Magnetismus, Vol. 2, J. A. Barth, Leipzig.

Soderblom, R. 1966. Chemical aspects of quick clay formation, En-gineering Geology, Vol. 1, pp. 415–431.

Soderblom, R. 1969. Salt in Swedish clays and its importance forquick clay formation, Swedish Geotechnical Proceedings, No. 22,Swedish Geotechnical Institute, Linkoping, Sweden.

Soderman, L. G., and Milligan, L. 1961. Capacity of friction piles invarved clay increased by electro-osmosis, Proceedings of the 5thInternational Conference on Soil Mechanics and Foundation En-gineering, Paris, France. Vol. 2, pp. 143–147.

Soga, K., and Mitchell, J. K. 1996. Rate-dependent deformation ofstructured natural clays. In: T. G. Sheahan and V. N. Kaliakin(Eds.), Measuring and Modeling Time Dependent Soil Behavior,Geotechnical Special Publication No. 61, ASCE, New York, pp.243–257.

Soga, K., Au, S. K. A., Jafari, M. R., and Bolton, M. D. 2004.Laboratory investigation of multiple injection into clay, Geotech-nique, Vol. 54, No. 2, pp. 81–90.

Soga, K., Nakagawa, K., and Mitchell, J. K. 1995. Measurement ofstiffness degradation characteristics of clays using a torsional sheardevice. In: K. Ishihara (Ed.), Proceedings of the First InternationalConference on Earthquake Geotechnical Engineering, Tokyo, Bal-kema, Rotterdam, pp. 107–112.

Sogami, I., and Ise, N. 1984. On the electrostatic interaction in ma-croionic solutions, Journal of Chemical Physics, Vol. 81, pp.6320–6332.

Soil Survey Staff 1975. Soil Taxonomy: A Basic System of Soil Clas-sification for Making and Interpreting Soil Surveys, USDA Agri-cultural Handbook 436, U.S. GPO, Washington, DC.

Soveri, U. 1950. Differential thermal analysis of some quarternaryclays of Fennoscandia, Suomalaisen Tideakaternian ToimituksiaAnnaks Academiae Scientiarium Fennicae. Se. A, III Geologica-Geographica 23.

Spiegler, K. S. 1958. Transport processes in ionic membranes, Trans-actions of the Faraday Society, Vol. 54, pp. 1408–1428.

Sposito, G. 1984. The Surface Chemistry of Soils, Oxford UniversityPress, New York.

Sposito, G. 1989. The Chemistry of Soils, Oxford University Press,New York.

Sposito, G. 1992. The diffuse ion swarm near smectite particles sus-pended in 1�1 electrolyte solutions: Modified Gouy-Chapman The-ory and quasicrystal formation. In: N. Guven and R. M. Pollastro(Eds.), Clay-Water Interface and Its Rheological Implications, cmsworkshop lectures, Vol. 4, Clay Minerals Society, Boulder, CO,pp. 128–155.

Sridharan, A. 2002. Engineering behavior of clays: Influence of min-eralogy. In: Di Maio, C., Hueckel, T., and Loret B. (Eds.), Chemo-Mechanical Coupling in Clays; From Nano-Scale to EngineeringApplications, Swets & Zeitlinger, Lisse, pp. 3–28.

Statton, C. T., and Mitchell, J. K. 1977. Influence of eroding solutioncomposition on dispersive behavior of a compacted clay shale. In:J. L. Sherard and R. S. Decker (Eds.), Dispersive Clays, RelatingPiping and Erosion in Geotechnical Projects, ASTM Special Tech-nical Publication 623, ASTM, Philadelphia, pp. 398–407.

Stark, T. D., and Eid, H. T. 1994. Drained residual strength of co-hesive soils. Journal of Geotechnical Engineering, ASCE, Vol.120, No. 5, pp. 856–871.

Steenhuis, T. S., Parlange, J. Y., and Kung, K. J. S. 1991. Commenton ‘‘The diversion capacity of capillary barriers’’ by B. Ross, Wa-ter Resources Research, Vol. 27, No. 8, pp. 2155–2156.

Stephens, D. B. 1996. Vadose Zone Hydrology, CRC Press, BocaRaton, FL.

Stern, O. 1924. Zur Theorie der Elektrolytischen Doppelschriht, Zeit-schrift Electrochem, Vol. 30, pp. 508–516.

Stillinger, F. H. 1980. Water revisited, Science, Vol. 209, p. 451.Stockmeyer, M. R. 1991. Adsorption of organic compounds on or-

ganophilic bentonites, Applied Clay Science, Vol. 6, Issue 1, pp.39–57.

Stokoe, K. H., II, Lee, S. H.-H., and Knox, D. P. 1985. Shear modulimeasurements under true triaxial stresses. In: V. Koshla (Ed.), Ad-vances in the Art of Testing Soil under Cyclic Condition, ASCE,New York, pp. 166–185.

Stokoe, K. H., II, Lee, J. N.-K., and Lee, S. H.-H. 1991. Character-ization of soil in calibration chambers with seismic waves. In:A.-B. Huang (Ed.), Calibration Chamber Testing, Elsevier, NewYork, pp. 363–376.

Copy

right

ed M

ater

ial

Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons Retrieved from: www.knovel.com

Page 25: 63027 ref

REFERENCES 555

Stokoe II, K. H., Hwang, S. K., Lee, J. N.-K., and Andrus, R. D.1995. Effects of various parameters on the stiffness and dampingof soils at small to medium strains. In: S. Shibuya, T. Mitachi, andS. Miura (Eds.), Pre-failure Deformation of Geomaterials, Bal-kema, Rotterdam, Vol. 2, pp. 785–816.

Stokoe, K. H.,II, Darendeli, M. B, Andrus, R. D., and Brown, L. T.1999. Dynamic soil properties: Laboratory, field and correlationstudies, Proceedings of the Second International Conference onEarthquake Geotechnical Engineering, Lisbon, Balkemia, Rotter-dam, Vol. 3, pp. 811–845.

Stoll, R. D. 1989. Sediment Acoustics, Springer, New York.Stoopes, G. 2003. Guidelines for Analysis and Description of Soil

and Regolith Thin Sections, Soil Science Society of America, Mad-ison, WI.

Straub, A. L., and Wegmann, F. J. 1965. The determination of freez-ing index values, Highway Record, No. 68, pp. 17–30.

Sudo, T., Shimoda, S., Yotsumoto, H., and Aita, S. 1981. ElectronMicrographs of Clay Minerals, Developments of Sedimentology,Vol. 31, Elsevier Scientific.

Suklje, L. 1957. The analysis of the consolidation process by theisotaches method, Proceedings of 4th ICSMFE, London, Vol. 1,pp. 200–206.

Suklje, L. 1969. Rheological Aspects of Soil Mechanics, Wiley In-terscience, New York.

Sukumaran, K., and Ashmawy, A. K. 2001. Quantitative character-isation of the geometry of discrete particles, Geotechnique, Vol.51, No. 7, pp. 619–627.

Sun, Y., Lin, H., and Low, P. F. 1986. The nonspecific interaction ofwater with the surfaces of clay minerals, Journal of Colloid andInterface Science, Vol. 112, No. 2, pp. 556–564.

Swan, C., and Greene, C. 1998. Freeze-thaw effects on Boston blueclay, Soil Improvement for Big Digs, ASCE Special GeotechnicalPublication No. 81, ASCE, Reston, VA. pp. 161–176.

Swedish State Railways. 1992, Geotechnical Commission 1914–1922, Final Report, Stockholm, Stat. Jarnvagar Medd., No. 2.

Takei, M., Kusakabe, O., and Hayashi, T. 2001. Time-dependent be-havior of crushable materials in one-dimensional compressiontests, Soils and Foundations, Vol. 41, No. 1, pp. 97–12.

Tan, K. H., Hajek, B. F., and Barshad, I. 1986. Thermal analysistechniques. In: Methods of Soil Analysis, Agronomy No. 9, Part 1,2nd ed., American Society of Agronomy, Madison, WI, Chapter7.

Tanaka, H., and Locat, J. 1999. A microstructural investigation ofOsaka Bay clay: Impact of microfossils on its mechanical behavior,Canadian Geotechnical Journal, Vol. 36, pp. 493–508.

Tarantino, A., Mongiovi, L., and Bosco, G. 2000. An experimentalinvestigation on the isotropic stress variables for unsaturated soils,Geotechnique, Vol. 50, pp. 275–282.

Tatsuoka, F., and Kohata, Y. 1995. Stiffness of hard soils and softrocks in engineering applications. In: S. Shibuya, T. Mitachi, andS. Miura (Eds.), Pre-failure Deformation of Geomaterials, Bal-kema, Rotterdam, Vol. 2, pp. 947–1063.

Tatsuoka, F., Jardine, R. J., Lo Presti, D. C. F., Di Benedetto, H., andKodaka, T. 1997. Characterizing the pre-failure deformation prop-erties of geomaterials, Proceedings of the 14th ICSMGE, Balkema,Rotterdam, Vol. 4, pp. 2129–2164.

Tavenas, F., and Leroueil, S. 1977. Effects of stress and time onyielding of clays, Proceedings of 9th ICSMFE, Tokyo, Vol. 1, pp.319–332.

Taylor, D. W. 1942. Research on Consolidation of Clays, ReportSerial No. 82, Department of Civil Engineering, MassachusettsInstitute of Technology, Cambridge, MA.

Taylor, D. W. 1948. Fundamentals of Soil Mechanics, Wiley, NewYork.

Taylor, R. K. 1988. Coal measures mudrocks, Quarterly Journal ofEngineering Geology, Vol. 21, pp. 85–99.

Taylor, S. A., and Cary, J. W. 1964. Linear equations for the simul-taneous flow of matter and energy in a continuous soil system, SoilScience Society of America Proceedings, Vol. 28, No. 2, pp. 167–172.

Tchalenko, J. S. 1968. The evolution of kink-bands and the devel-opment of compression textures in sheared clays, Tectonophysics,Vol. 6, pp. 159–174.

Ter-Stepanian, G. 1992. Mechanics of soil creep during shear. In:R. N. Chowdhury (Ed.), Geomechanics and Water Engineering inEnvironmental Management, Balkema, Rotterdam, pp. 529–557.

Terzaghi, Ch. 1920. New facts about surface friction, Physical Re-view, Vol. XVI, No. 1, pp. 54–61; reprinted in From Theory toPractice in Soil Mechanics, Wiley, New York, 1961, pp. 165–172.

Terzaghi, K. 1925a. Simplified soil tests for subgrades and their phys-ical significance, Public Roads, October.

Terzaghi, K. 1925b. Erdbaumechanik auf Bodenphysikalischer Grun-dlage, Deuticke, Vienna.

Terzaghi, K. 1931. The influence of elasticity and permeability onthe swelling of two-phase systems. In: J. Alexander (Ed.), ColloidChemistry, Vol. III, Chemical Catalog Co., New York, pp. 65–88.

Terzaghi, K. 1936. The shearing resistance of saturated soils, Pro-ceedings of the First International Conference on Soil Mechanics,Cambridge, MA, Vol. 1, pp. 54–56.

Terzaghi, K. 1941. Undisturbed clay samples and undisturbed clays,Journal of the Boston Society of Civil Engineers, Vol. 28, No. 3,pp. 211–231. Also in Contributions to Soil Mechanics 1941–1953,Boston Society of Civil Engineers, Boston, 1953, pp. 45–65.

Terzaghi, K. 1944. Ends and means in soil mechanics, EngineeringJournal of Canada, Vol. 27, p. 608.

Terzaghi, K., Peck, R. B., and Mesri, G. 1996. Soil Mechanics inEngineering Practice, 3rd ed., Wiley, New York.

Thevanayagam, S., and Martin, G. R. 2002. Liquefaction in siltysoils—screening and remediation issues, Soil Dynamics andEarthquake Engineering, Vol. 22, pp. 1035–1042.

Thevanayagam, S., and Mohan, S. 2000. Intergranular state variablesand stress-strain behaviour of silty sands, Geotechnique, Vol. 50,No. 1, pp. 1–23.

Thomann, T. G., and Hryciw, R. D. 1992. Stiffness and strengthchanges in cohesionless soils due to disturbance, Canadian Geo-technical Journal, Vol. 29, pp. 853–861.

Thomas, G. W. 1982. Exchangeable cations, Methods of Soil Anal-ysis, Agronomy No. 9, Part 2, 2nd ed., American Society ofAgronomy, Madison, WI, pp. 159–165.

Thornton, C. 2000. Numerical simulations of deviatoric shear defor-mation of granular media, Geotechnique, Vol. 50, No. 1, pp. 43–53.

Thornton, C., and Antony, S. J. 1998. Quasi-static deformation ofparticulate media, Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Societyof London A, Vol. 356, pp. 2763–2782.

Thornton, C., and Barnes, D. J. 1986. Computer simulated defor-mation of compact granular assemblies, Acta. Mechanica, Vol. 64,pp. 45–61.

Titkov, N. I., Petrov, V. P., and Neretina, A. Y. 1965. Mineral For-mation and Structure in the Electrochemical Induration of WeakRocks (Transl.), Consultants Bureau, New York.

Tobita, T. 1989. Fabric tensors in constitutive equations for granularmaterials, Soils and Foundations, Vol. 29, No. 4, pp. 91–104.

Toll, D. G. 1990. A framework for unsaturated soil behavior, Geo-technique, Vol. 40, No. 1, pp. 31–44.

Torrance, J. K. 1974. A laboratory investigation of the effect of leach-ing on the compressibility and shear strength of Norwegian marineclays, Geotechnique, Vol. 24, No. 2, pp. 155–173.

Torrance, J. K. 1983. Towards a general model of quick clay devel-opment, Sedimentology, Vol. 30, pp. 547–555.

Tovey, N. K. 1971. A selection of scanning electron micrographs ofclays, CUED/C-SOILS/TR5a, University of Cambridge, Depart-ment of Engineering, Cambridge, England.

Copy

right

ed M

ater

ial

Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons Retrieved from: www.knovel.com

Page 26: 63027 ref

556 REFERENCES

Tovey, N. K., and Hounslow, M. W. 1995. Quantitative micro-porosity and orientation analysis in soils and sediments, Journalof the Geological Society of London, Vol. 152, pp. 119–129.

Tovey, N. K., and Wong, K. Y. 1973. The preparation of soils andother geological materials for the S.E.M., Proceedings of the In-ternational Symposium on Soil Structure, Gothenburg, Sweden, pp.59–67.

Townsend, R. P. 1984. Thermodynamics of ion exchange in clays,Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London, Vol.A 311, pp. 301–314.

Townsend, F. C., Manke, P. G., and Parcher, J. V. 1971. The influenceof sesguioxides on lateritic soil properties, Highway Research Rec-ord, No. 374, Highway Research Board, Washington, DC, pp. 80–92.

Trollope, D. H. 1960. The fabric of clays in relation to shear strength,Proceedings of the Third Australia–New Zealand Conference onSoil Mechanics and Foundation Engineering, Wellington, pp. 197–202.

Troncoso, J. H., and Garces, E. 2000. Ageing effects in the shearmodulus of soils, Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering, Vol.19, pp. 595–601.

Tschebotarioff, G. P., and Welch, J. D. 1948. Lateral earth pressuresand friction between soil minerals, Proceedings of the Second In-ternational Conference on Soil Mechanics and Foundation Engi-neering, Rotterdam, Vol. 7, p. 135.

Tse, E. C. 1985. Influence of structure change on pore pressure anddeformation behavior of soft clays under surface loadings, Ph.D.Dissertation, Department of Civil Engineering, University of Cal-ifornia, Berkeley.

Tsuchida, T., Kobayashi, M., and Mizukami, J. 1991. Effect of agingof marine clay and its duplication by high temperature consoli-dation, Soils and Foundations, Vol. 31, No. 4, pp. 133–147.

Tsukamoto, Y., Ishihara, K., Nakazawa, H., Kamada, K., and Huang,Y. 2002. Resistance of partly saturated sand to liquefaction withreference to longitudinal and shear wave velocities, Soils andFoundations, Vol. 42, No. 6, pp. 93–104.

Tuller, M., and Or, D. 2003. Hydraulic functions for swelling soils:Pore scale considerations, Journal of Hydrology, Vol. 272, pp. 50–71.

Tuncer, R. E., and Lohnes, R. A. 1977. An engineering classificationof certain basalt-derived lateritic soils, Engineering Geology, Vol.11, No. 4, pp. 319–339.

Underwood, L. B. 1967. Classification and identification of shales,Journal of the Soil Mechanics and Foundations Division, ASCE,Vol. 93, No. SM6, pp. 97–116.

Urrutia, M. M., and Beveridge, T. J. 1995. Formation of short-rangeordered alumino-silicates in the presence of a bacterial surface andorganic ligands, Geoderma, Vol. 65, pp. 149–165.

U.S. National Committee for Rock Mechanics. 1987. Coupled proc-esses, Annual Review of U.S. Progress in Rock Mechanics, Na-tional Academy Press, Washington, DC.

Vaid, Y. P. 1994. Liquefaction of silty soils. In: S. Prakash and P.Dakoulas (Eds.), Ground Failures under Seismic Conditions,ASCE Geotechnical Special Publication No. 44, ASCE, New York,pp. 1–16.

Vaid, Y. P., and Campanella, R. G. 1977. Time-dependent behaviorof undisturbed clay, Journal of Geotechnical Engineering, ASCE,Vol. 13, No. GT7, pp. 693–709.

Vaid, Y. P., and Chern, J. C. 1985. Cyclic and monotonic undrainedresponse of saturated sands. In: V. Koshla (Ed.), Advances in theArt of Testing Soil under Cyclic Condition, ASCE, New York, pp.120–147.

Vaid, Y. P., and Sivathayalan, S. 2000. Fundamental factors affectingliquefaction susceptibility of sands, Canadian Geotechnical Jour-nal, Vol. 37, pp. 592–606.

Vaid, Y. P., Robertson P. K., and Campanella, R. G. 1979. Strain ratebehavior of Saint-Jean-Vianney clay, Canadian Geotechnical Jour-nal, Vol. 16, pp. 34–42.

Vaid, Y. P., Stedman, J. D., and Sivathayalan, S. 2001. Confiningstress and static shear effects in cyclic liquefaction, Canadian Geo-technical Journal, Vol. 38, No. 3, pp. 567–579.

Vallejo, L. E. 1995. Fractal analysis of granular materials, Geotech-nique, Vol. 45, No. 1, pp. 159–163.

van Genuchten, M. Th. 1980. A closed form equation for predictingthe hydraulic conductivity of unsaturated soils, Soil Science Soci-ety of America Journal, Vol. 44, pp. 892–898.

van Genuchten, M. T., Leij, F. J., and Yates, S. R. 1991. The RETCCode for Quantifying the Hydraulic Function of Unsaturated Soil,EPA/600 /2-91 /065, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency,Washington, DC.

van Olphen, H. 1977. An Introduction to Clay Colloid Chemistry,2nd ed., Wiley Interscience, New York.

Vardoulakis, I., and Sulem, J. 1995. Bifurcation Analysis in Geo-mechanics, Blackie Academic and Professional, London.

Vaughan, P. R. 1988. Characterising the mechanical properties on in-situ residual soil, Proceedings 2nd Int. Conf. Geomechanics inTropical Soils, Singapore, Balkema, Rotterdam. Vol. 2, pp. 469–487.

Veder, C. 1981. Landslides and Their Stabilization, with contribu-tions by R. Hilbert, Springer, New York.

Velde, B. 1995. Origin and Mineralogy of Clays—Clays and theEnvironment, Springer, New York.

Verdugo, R., and Ishihara, K. 1996. The steady state of sandy soils,Soils and Foundations, Vol. 36, No. 2, pp. 81–92.

Vermeer, P. A. 1990. The orientation of shear bands in biaxial tests,Geotechnique, Vol. 40, No. 2, pp. 223–236.

Verwey, E. J. W., and Overbeek, J. Th. G. 1948. Theory of the Sta-bility of Lyophobic Colloids, Elsevier, Amsterdam.

Vialov, S., and Skibitsky, A. 1957. Rheological processes in frozensoils and dense clays, Proceedings of the Fourth InternationalConference on Soil Mechanics and Foundation Engineering, Lon-don, Vol. 1, pp. 120–124.

Viggiani, G., and Atkinson, J. H. 1995. Stiffness of fine-grained soilat very small strains, Geotechnique, Vol. 45, No. 2, pp. 249–265.

Vitousek, P. M., Mooney, H. A., Lubchenco, J., and Melillo, J. M.1997. Human domination of Earth’s ecosystems, Science, Vol. 277,Issue 5325, pp. 494–499.

von Engelhardt, W., and Tunn, W. L. M. 1955. The flow of fluidsthrough sandstones (Translated by P. A. Witherspoon from Hei-delberger Beitrage Zur Mineralogie und Petrographie), Vol. 2, pp.12–25 (Illinois State Geologic Survey Circular 194).

Vucetic, M. 1994. Cyclic threshold shear strains in soils, Journal ofGeotechnical Engineering, ASCE, Vol. 120, No. 12, pp. 2208–2228.

Vucetic, M., and Dobry, R. 1991. Effect of soil plasticity on cyclicresponse, Journal of Geotechnical Engineering, ASCE, Vol. 117,No. 1, pp. 89–107.

Wadell, H. 1932. Volume, shape and roundness of rock particles,Journal of Geology, Vol. 40, pp. 443–451.

Walker, L. K. 1969. Secondary compression in the shear of clays,Journal of the Soil Mechanics and Foundations Division, ASCE,Vol. 95, No. SM 1, pp. 167–188.

Walker, W. R., Sabey, J. D., and Hampton, D. R. 1981. Studies ofheat transfer and water migration in soils, Final Report, U.S. DOEContract No. DE-AC02-79CS30139.

Wan, R. G., and Guo, P. J. 2001. Effect of microstructure on un-drained behaviour of sands, Canadian Geotechnical Journal, Vol.38, pp. 16–28.

Wan, D. T-Y, and Mitchell, J. K. 1976. Electro-osmotic consolidationof soils, Journal of the Geotechnical Engineering Division, ASCE,Vol. 102, No. GT5, pp. 473–491.

Wang, Z. L., Dafalias, Y. F., Li, X. S., and Makdisi, F. I. 2002. Statepressure index for modelling sand behavior, Journal of Geotech-nical and Geoenvironmental Engineering, ASCE, Vol. 128, No. 6,pp. 511–519.

Copy

right

ed M

ater

ial

Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons Retrieved from: www.knovel.com

Page 27: 63027 ref

REFERENCES 557

Warkentin, B. P. 1961. Interpretation of the upper plastic limit ofclays, Nature, Vol. 190, pp. 287–288.

Warkentin, B. P., and Bozozuk, M. 1961. Shrinking and swellingproperties of two Canadian clays, Proceedings of the Fifth Inter-national Conference on Soil Mechanics and Foundation Engineer-ing, Paris, Vol. 1, pp. 851–855.

Warkentin, B. P., Bolt, G. H., and Miller, R. D. 1957. Swelling pres-sure of montmorillonite, Soil Science Society of America Proceed-ings, Vol. 21, No. 5, pp. 495–497.

Warrick, A. W., Wierenga, P. J., and Pan, L. 1997. Downward waterflow through sloping layers in the vadose zone: Analytical solu-tions for diversions, Journal of Hydrology, Vol. 192, pp. 321–337.

Warshaw, C. M., and Roy, R. 1961. Classification and a scheme forthe identification of the layer silicates, Geological Society of Amer-ica, Bulletin, Vol. 72, pp. 1455–1492.

Waxman, M. H., and Smits, L. J. 1968. Electrical conductivities inoil-bearing shaly sands, Society of Petroleum Engineers Journal,Vol. 8, pp. 107–127.

Weaver, C. E., and Pollard, L. D. 1973. The Chemistry of Clay Min-erals, Developments in Sedimentology, Vol. 15, Elsevier, Amster-dam.

Webb, S. W. 1997. Generalization of ‘‘Ross’’ tilted capillary barrierdiversion formula for different two phase characteristic curves, Wa-ter Resource Research, Vol. 33, No. 8, pp. 1855–1859.

Wesley, L. D. 1977. Shear strength properties of halloysite and al-lophone clays in Java, Indonesia, Geotechnique, Vol. 27, No. 2,pp. 125–136.

Wesley, L. D. 1988. Engineering classification of residual soils, Pro-ceedings of 2nd International Conference on Geomechanics inTropical Soils, Singapore, Balkema, Rotterdam. Vol. 1, pp. 77–84.

Wesley, L. D. 1992. Some residual strength measurements on NewZealand soils, Proceedings of the Sixth Australia–New ZealandConference on Geomechanics, Christ church, pp. 381–385.

Wesley, L. D. 2003. Residual strength of clays and correlations usingAtterberg limits, Geotechnique, Vol. 53, No.7, pp. 669–672.

Wesley, L. D., and Irfan, T. Y. 1997. Classification of residual soils.In: G. E. Blight (Ed.), Mechanics of Residual Soils, Balkema, Rot-terdam, pp. 17–29.

West, T. R. 1995. Geology Applied to Engineering, Prentice Hall,Englewood Cliffs, NJ.

Whalley, W. R., Watts, C. W., Hihorst, M. A., Bird, N. R. A., Bal-endonck, J., and Longstaff, D. J. 2001, The design of porous ma-terial sensors to measure the matric potential of water in soil,European Journal of Soil Science, Vol. 52, No. 3, pp. 511–519.

Wheeler, S. J., and Karube, D. 1996. State of the art report—constitutive modelling, Proceedings of 1st International Confer-ence on Unsaturated Soils, Paris, Balkema, Rotterdam, Vol. 3, pp.1323–1356.

Wheeler, S. J., and Sivakumar, V. 1995. An elasto-plastic critical stateframework for unsaturated soils, Geotechnique, Vol. 45, pp. 35–53.

Wheeler, S. J., Sharma, R. S., and Buisson, M. S. R. 2003. Couplingof hydraulic hysteresis and stress-strain behaviour of unsaturatedsoils, Geotechnique, Vol. 53, No. 1, pp. 41–54.

White, W. A. 1955. Water sorption properties of homoionic clay min-erals, Ph.D. Thesis, University of Illinois, Urbana.

Whittig, L. D., and Allardice, W. R. 1986. X-ray diffraction tech-niques. In: Methods of Soil Analysis, Agronomy No. 9, Part 1, 2nded., American Society of Agronomy, Madison, WI, pp. 331–362.

Whyte, I. L. 1982. Soil plasticity and strength—a new approach us-ing extrusion, Ground Engineering, Vol. 15, No. 1, pp. 16–24.

Williams, J. W., and Rege, N. 1997. The development of circulationcell structures in granular materials undergoing compression, Pow-der Technology, Vol. 90, pp. 187–194.

Wilson, S. D. 1973. Deformation of earth and rockfill dams, Em-bankment Dam Engineering, Casagrande Volume, Wiley, NewYork, pp. 365–427.

Winterkorn, H. F., and Tschebotarioff, G. P. 1947. Sensitivity of clayto remolding and its possible causes, Proceedings of the HighwayResearch Board, Vol. 27, Washington, DC.

Wood, D. M. 1990. Soil Behaviour and Critical State Soil Mechanics,Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.

Wood, D. M. 1991. Soil Behaviour and Critical State Soil Mechanics,Cambridge University Press.

Wroth, C. P., and Houlsby, G. T. 1985. Soil mechanics—propertycharacterization and analysis procedures, Proceedings of the Elev-enth International Conference on Soil Mechanics and FoundationEngineering, San Francisco, Vol. 1, pp. 1–55.

Wroth, C. P., and Wood, D. W. 1978. The correlation of index prop-erties with some basic engineering properties of soils, CanadianGeotechnical Journal, Vol. 15, No. 2, pp. 137–145.

Wu, T. H. 1960. Geotechnical properties of glacial lake clays, Trans-actions, ASCE, Vol. 125, p. 994.

Wu, T. H. 1964. A nuclear magnetic resonance study of water inclay, Journal of Geophysical Research, Vol. 69, pp. 1083–1091.

Wu, T. H., Resindez, D., and Neukirchner, R. J. 1966. Analysis ofconsolidation by rate process theory, Journal of the Soil Mechanicsand Foundations Division, ASCE, Vol. 92, No. SM 6, pp. 229–248.

Yamamoto, Y. 1998. Behavior of clay and sand under earthquakeloading and their evaluations, Ph.D. Thesis, Yamaguchi Univer-sity, Ube.

Yamamuro, J. A., and Lade, P. V. 1993. Effects of strain rate oninstability of granular soils, Geotechnical Testing Journal, Vol. 16,No. 3, pp. 304–313.

Yamamuro, J. A., and Lade, P. V. 1996. Drained sand sehavior inaxisymmetric tests at high pressures, Journal of Geotechnical En-gineering, ASCE, Vol. 122, No. 2, pp. 109–119.

Yamanaka, T., Miyasaka, H., Aso, I., Tanigawa, M., and Shoji, K.2002. Involvement of sulfur- and iron-transforming bacteria inheaving of house foundations, J. Geomicrobiology, Vol. 19. pp.519–528.

Yamashita, S., Jamiolkowski, M., and Lo Presti, D. C. F. 2000. Stiff-ness nonlinearity of three sands, Journal of Geotechnical andGeoenvironmental Engineering, ASCE, Vol. 126, No. 10, pp. 929–938.

Yanagisawa, E., and Panah, A. K. 1994. Two dimensional study ofhydraulic fracturing criteria in cohesive soils, Soils and Founda-tions, Vol. 34, No. 1, pp. 1–9.

Yapa, K. A. S., Mitchell, J. K., and Sitar, N. 1995. Decomposedgranite as an embankment fill material—Mechanical propertiesand the influence of particle breakage, Geotechnical EngineeringReport No. UCB/GT/93-06 to the California Department ofTransportation, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineer-ing, University of California, Berkeley.

Yariv, S. 2002. Introduction to organo-clay complexes and interac-tions, Chapter 2 In: S. Yariv and H. Cross (Eds.), Organo-ClayComplexes and Interactions, Marcel Dekker, New York, pp. 39–111.

Yasufuku, M., Murata, H., and Hyodo, M. 1991. Yield characteristicsof anisotropically consolidated sand under low and high stresses,Soils and Foundations, Vol. 31, No. 1, pp. 95–109.

Yeh, T. C., Gelhar, L. W., and Gurjahr, A. L. 1985. Stochastic anal-ysis of unsaturated flow in heterogeneous soils. 2. Observationsand applications, Water Resources Research, Vol. 21, pp. 465–471.

Yeung, A. T-C. 1990. Electro-kinetic barrier to contaminant transportthrough compacted clay, Ph.D. Dissertation, University of Califor-nia, Berkeley.

Yeung, A. T-C., and Mitchell, J. K. 1993. Coupled fluid, chemical,and electrical flows in soil, Geotechnique, Vol. 43, No. 1, pp. 121–134.

Yimsiri, S. 2001. Pre-failure deformation characteristics of soils: an-isotropy and soil fabric, Ph.D. Dissertation, University of Cam-bridge, Cambridge, England.

Copy

right

ed M

ater

ial

Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons Retrieved from: www.knovel.com

Page 28: 63027 ref

558 REFERENCES

Yimsiri, S., and Soga, K. 2000. Micromechanics-based stress-strainbehaviour of soils at small strains, Geotechnique, Vol. 50, No. 5,pp. 559–571.

Yimsiri, S., and Soga, K. 2002. A review of local strain measurementsystems for triaxial testing of soils, Geotechnical Engineering,Southeast Asian Geotechnical Society, Vol. 33, No. 1, pp. 41–52.

Yin, J. H., and Graham, J. 1999. Elastic viscoplastic modelling ofthe time-dependent stress-strain behaviour of soils, Canadian Geo-technical Journal, Vol. 36, No. 4, pp. 736–745.

Yohta, H. 1999. Biochemical weathering of the Neogene mudstoneand damages to foundations, Dobuku Kogaku Ronbushu (Bulletinof Civil Engineers), No. 617, pp. 213–224.

Yohta, H. 2000. A study on heaving due to biochemical weatheringof the Neogene sedimentary soft rock, Dissertation, College ofScience and Technology, Nihon University, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo,Japan.

Yong, R. N., and Sheeran, D. E. 1973. Fabric unit interaction andsoil behavior, Proceedings of the International Symposium on SoilStructure, Gothenburg, Sweden, pp. 176–183.

Yong, R. N., and Warkentin, B. P. 1966. Introduction to Soil Behav-ior, Macmillan, New York.

Yoshida, T., and Tatsuoka, F. 1997. Deformation property of shearband in sand subjected to plane strain compression and its relationto particle characteristics, Proceedings of the 14th ICSMFE, Ham-burg, Balkema, Rotterdam, Vol. 1, pp. 237–240.

York, D. L., Brusey, W. G., Clemente, F. M., and Law, S. K. 1994.Setup and relaxation in glacial sand, Journal of Geotechnical En-gineering, ASCE, Vol. 120, No. 9, pp. 1498–1513.

Yoshimine, M., Ishihara, K., and Vargas, W. 1998. Effects of prin-cipal stress direction and intermediate principal stress on undrainedshear behavior of sand, Soils and Foundations, Vol. 38, No. 3, pp.179–188.

Yoshimine, M., and Ishihara, K. 1998. Flow potential of sand duringliquefaction, Soils and Foundations, Vol. 38, No. 3, pp. 189–198.

Yoshimine, M., Robertson, P. K., and Wride, C. E. 1999. Undrainedshear strength of clean sands to trigger flow liquefaction, CanadianGeotechnical Journal, Vol. 36, No. 5, pp. 891–906.

Yoshinaka, R., and Kazama, H. 1973. Microstructure of compactedkaolin clay, Soils and Foundations, Vol. 13, No. 2, pp. 19–34.

Youd, T. L. 1972. Compaction of sands by repeated straining, Journalof the Soil Mechanics and Foundations Division, ASCE, Vol. 98,No. SM 7, pp. 709–725.

Youd, T. L. 1973. Factors controlling the maximum and minimumdensities of sands, In: Selig, E. T. and Ladd, R. S. (Eds.), Evalu-ation of Relative Density and Its Role in Geotechnical ProjectsInvolving Cohesionless Soils, ASTM Special Technical Publication523, ASTM, Philadelphia, pp. 98–112.

Youd, T. L., and Perkins, M. 1978. Mapping liquefaction-inducedground failure potential, Journal of the Geotechnical EngineeringDivision, ASCE, Vol. 104, No. GT 4, pp. 433–446.

Youd, T. L., Idriss, I. M., Andrus, R. D., Arango, I., Castro, G.,Christian, J. T., Dobry, R., Finn, W. D. L., Harder Jr., L. F., Hynes,M. E., Ishihara, K., Koester, J. P., Liao, S. S. C., Marcuson III,W. F., Martin, G. R., Mitchell, J. K., Moriwaki, Y., Power, M. S.,Robertson, P. K., Seed, R. B., and Stokoe II, K. H. 2001. Lique-faction resistance of soils: Summary report from the 1996 NCEERand 1998 NCEER/NSF workshops on evaluation of liquefactionresistance of soils, Journal of Geotechnical and GeoenvironmentalEngineering, ASCE, Vol. 127, No. 10, pp. 817–833.

Yu, S., and Richart, Jr., F. E. 1984. Stress ratio effects on shearmodulus of dry soils, Journal of Geotechnical Engineering, ASCE,Vol. 110, No. 3, pp. 331–345.

Zaslavsky, D., and Sinai, G. 1981. Surface hydrology: III—Causesof lateral flow, Journal of Hydraulics Division, ASCE, Vol. 107,No. 1, pp. 37–52.

Zhang, H., and Garga, V. K. 1997. Quasi-steady state: A real behav-ior? Canadian Geotechnical Journal, Vol. 34, pp. 749–761.

Zheng, C., and Bennett, G. D. 2002. Applied Contaminant TransportModeling, 2nd ed., Wiley, New York.

Zheng, C., and Wang, P. P. 1999. MT3DMS, A modular three-dimensional multi-species transport model for simulation of ad-vection, dispersion and chemical reactions of contaminants ingroundwater systems; documentation and user’s guide, U.S. ArmyEngineer Research and Development Center Contract ReportSERDP-99-1, Vicksburg, MS.

Zlatovic, S., and Ishihara, K. 1995. On the influence of nonplasticfines on residual strength. In: First International Conference onEarthquake Geotechnical Engineering, Tokyo, Balkema, Rotter-dam, Vol. 1, pp. 239–244.

Zytynski, M., Randolph, M. F., Nova, R., and Wroth, C. P. 1978.Short communications on modelling the unloading-reloading be-haviour of soils, International Journal for Numerical and Analyt-ical Methods in Geomechanics, Vol. 2, pp. 87–94.

Copy

right

ed M

ater

ial

Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons Retrieved from: www.knovel.com