6.3 a – Introduction to 6.3 a – Introduction to BiomoleculesBiomolecules

What is an What is an organic organic compound?compound?

What is so What is so special about special about Carbon?Carbon?

Compounds containing C, H, Compounds containing C, H, O and often N, P, & S.O and often N, P, & S.

Organic compounds make up Organic compounds make up all living things and are all living things and are necessary for life.necessary for life.

It can combine to form long It can combine to form long chains which act as the chains which act as the backbone of large molecules.backbone of large molecules.

MacromoleculesMacromolecules – giant – giant molecules.molecules.

How does How does carbon bond?carbon bond?

Carbon needs to bond 4 Carbon needs to bond 4 times to fill it’s outer shell.times to fill it’s outer shell.

It can form single, double or It can form single, double or triple covalent bonds.triple covalent bonds.

Carbon can form straight Carbon can form straight chains, rings or branched chains, rings or branched chains.chains.

What are What are macromoleculmacromolecules?es?

How are How are macromoleculmacromolecules formed?es formed?

Very large molecules.Very large molecules.

Carbon compounds can vary Carbon compounds can vary greatly in size. Some contain greatly in size. Some contain just one or two C atoms, just one or two C atoms, others can have 10 or even others can have 10 or even 1000 C atoms.1000 C atoms.

Macromolecules form when Macromolecules form when many smaller molecules bond many smaller molecules bond together.together.

What is a What is a polymer?polymer?

What is a What is a monomer?monomer?

A molecule made up of many A molecule made up of many smaller molecules.smaller molecules.

Formed by a reaction called Formed by a reaction called dehydration synthesis – dehydration synthesis – which means water must be which means water must be removed to bond them removed to bond them together.together.

The building block of a The building block of a polymer. Varies depending polymer. Varies depending on the type of molecule being on the type of molecule being builtbuilt

How are polymers How are polymers broken down?broken down?

MonomersMonomers

This is dehydration This is dehydration synthesis synthesis

By a chemical reaction known as By a chemical reaction known as hydrolysis. Water is added back in hydrolysis. Water is added back in and the monomers separate.and the monomers separate.

What is a What is a carbohydrate?carbohydrate?

Organic compound composed Organic compound composed of C, H, & O in a 1:2:1 ratioof C, H, & O in a 1:2:1 ratio

CC66HH1212OO66

3 types – monosaccharides, 3 types – monosaccharides, disaccharides and disaccharides and polysaccharides.polysaccharides.

Function: main source of Function: main source of energy for all living things.energy for all living things.

Some structure (ex plant cell Some structure (ex plant cell walls)walls)

What is a What is a monosaccharide?monosaccharide?

Simple sugar – only one Simple sugar – only one sugar.sugar.

Contains 3 – 7 carbon atoms Contains 3 – 7 carbon atoms in their skeleton.in their skeleton.

Can take ring form or straight Can take ring form or straight chain form.chain form.

** monosaccharides are ** monosaccharides are the building blocks for all the building blocks for all larger carbs **larger carbs **

What is a What is a dissaccharide?dissaccharide?

What is a What is a polysaccharide?polysaccharide?

Two monosaccharides Two monosaccharides combined minus water.combined minus water.

Sucrose = glucose + fructoseSucrose = glucose + fructose

When many monosaccharides When many monosaccharides combine to form a large combine to form a large carbohydrate.carbohydrate.

Have no fixed size, but must be Have no fixed size, but must be broken down into simple sugars broken down into simple sugars to be used by the cell.to be used by the cell.

Ex. Starch and celluloseEx. Starch and cellulose

Summary – 3 Types of CarbohydratesSummary – 3 Types of Carbohydrates

1. 1. monosaccharidesmonosaccharides – single sugar. – single sugar. Ex. Glucose, fructose, galactoseEx. Glucose, fructose, galactose Aka – simple sugarsAka – simple sugars

2. 2. DisaccharideDisaccharide: 2 simple sugars: 2 simple sugars Ex. Sucrose (table sugar) maltose Ex. Sucrose (table sugar) maltose

3. 3. polysaccharidespolysaccharides: 3 or more sugars (complex : 3 or more sugars (complex carbs)carbs) Ex. Cellulose – used in cell wallsEx. Cellulose – used in cell walls Starch stores energy in plantsStarch stores energy in plants Glycogen – stored energy in animalsGlycogen – stored energy in animals

What are What are lipids?lipids?

Organic compounds made up Organic compounds made up of C, H, & O, but not in any of C, H, & O, but not in any fixed ratio.fixed ratio.

The building blocks of The building blocks of lipids are fatty acidslipids are fatty acids..

Usually 3 fatty acids combine Usually 3 fatty acids combine with one glycerol to form a with one glycerol to form a triglyceride.triglyceride.

properties of fats and oils are properties of fats and oils are determined by the fatty acids determined by the fatty acids that make them up.that make them up.

What is a What is a saturated fat?saturated fat?

What is an What is an unsaturated unsaturated fat?fat?

All the carbon atoms are All the carbon atoms are joined by single bonds joined by single bonds (usually solid fats)(usually solid fats)

The carbon chain contains The carbon chain contains double or triple bonds double or triple bonds (usually oils)(usually oils)

What is the What is the function of function of lipids?lipids?

Lipids are often called fats or Lipids are often called fats or oils, but are large oils, but are large macromolecules with 2 macromolecules with 2 primary functions:primary functions:

1. long term energy storage1. long term energy storage

2. building cell membranes.2. building cell membranes.

What are What are proteins?proteins?

Organic compounds that Organic compounds that contain C, H, O & N.contain C, H, O & N.

Every cell contains protein.Every cell contains protein.

Functions of protein:Functions of protein: Used in structural components.Used in structural components. Messengers and receptors on Messengers and receptors on

the cell membranethe cell membrane Defend against diseaseDefend against disease Act as facilitators for chemical Act as facilitators for chemical

reactions (ENZYMES)reactions (ENZYMES)

What are What are amino acids?amino acids?

Amino acids the building Amino acids the building blocks of proteins!!blocks of proteins!!

They consist of a central They consist of a central carbon atom with a H, a –carbon atom with a H, a –COOH, a NHCOOH, a NH22 and a “R” and a “R”

group attached.group attached.

The “R” group is different for The “R” group is different for each of the 20 different amino each of the 20 different amino acids.acids.

What is a What is a peptide bond?peptide bond?

The bond that holds together The bond that holds together amino acids into a large amino acids into a large macromolecule called a macromolecule called a polypeptide.polypeptide.

Longer polypeptides are Longer polypeptides are called proteins and can be called proteins and can be made up of 50 – 300 amino made up of 50 – 300 amino acids.acids.

How does a How does a protein get its protein get its shape?shape?

What is an What is an enzyme?enzyme?

The order of amino acids give The order of amino acids give a protein its shape. The a protein its shape. The shape determines the shape determines the protein’s function.protein’s function.Even one amino acid out of Even one amino acid out of place will prevent a protein place will prevent a protein from doing its job.from doing its job.Proteins that speed up the Proteins that speed up the rate of chemical reactionsrate of chemical reactionsWithout enzymes chemical Without enzymes chemical reactions would occur too reactions would occur too slowly for life to exist.slowly for life to exist.

What are nucleic What are nucleic acids?acids?

Organic molecule made up of Organic molecule made up of C,H,O,N,& PC,H,O,N,& P

Nucleic acids are passed from Nucleic acids are passed from parent to offspring, you get one parent to offspring, you get one copy from each parent for a total of copy from each parent for a total of 2 complete sets.2 complete sets.

Nucleic acids dictate amino acid Nucleic acids dictate amino acid sequence in proteins which in turn sequence in proteins which in turn control all life processes.control all life processes.

DNA forms the genes or units of DNA forms the genes or units of genetic material that determine genetic material that determine your characteristics.your characteristics.

What is a What is a nucleotide?nucleotide?

Nucleotides are the building Nucleotides are the building blocks of Nucleic acidsblocks of Nucleic acids..

Each nucleotide is made up of Each nucleotide is made up of 3 parts:3 parts: A 5 Carbon sugar (deoxyribose A 5 Carbon sugar (deoxyribose

or ribose)or ribose) A phosphate groupA phosphate group A nitrogen base ( a ring A nitrogen base ( a ring

containing C, H, & N)containing C, H, & N)

What are the What are the different types different types of of nucleotides?nucleotides?

Adenine, guanine, cytosine Adenine, guanine, cytosine thymine, and uracil.thymine, and uracil.

Thymine is only in DNA, uracil is Thymine is only in DNA, uracil is only in RNA.only in RNA.

Adenine pairs with thymine (uracil)Adenine pairs with thymine (uracil)

Guanine pairs with cytosine.Guanine pairs with cytosine.

Nucleotides link together between Nucleotides link together between sugars and phosphates, nitrogen sugars and phosphates, nitrogen

bases stick outbases stick out..

What is DNA?What is DNA? Deoxyribonucleic acidDeoxyribonucleic acid

Contains the sugar deoxyribose.Contains the sugar deoxyribose.

The molecule of heredity.The molecule of heredity.

Double stranded, sugar and Double stranded, sugar and phosphates form the back bone, phosphates form the back bone, paired nitrogen bases hold the two paired nitrogen bases hold the two strands together.strands together.

The shape is called a double helix.The shape is called a double helix.

What is RNA?What is RNA? Ribonucleic acidRibonucleic acid

Contains the sugar ribose, Contains the sugar ribose, uracil replaces thymine.uracil replaces thymine.

Single stranded.Single stranded.

3 types each with a different 3 types each with a different functionfunction RibosomalRibosomal TransferTransfer messengermessenger