ISBN : 978-602-14315-2-8

ISBN : 978-602-14315-2-8

Editor :

Prof. Lilik Sutiarso

Hanim Zuhrotul Amanah

Reviewers:

Prof. Dipl,-lng. Dr.nat.techn. Axel Mentler (Institute of Soil Research BOKU – Austria)

Prof. Dr. Ir. Jan Pieters (Universitiet Ghen – Belgium)

Ir. Patrick vanSchijndel (Eindhoven Univerity of Technology [TU/e – Netherlands)

Assoc.Prof. Takashi Okayasu (Kyushu University – JAPAN)

Dr. Ching-Nuo Chen (National Pingtung University of Science and Technology – Taiwan)

Prof. Bambang Purwantana (Universitas Gadjah Mada – Indonesia)

Prof. Lilik Sutiarso (Universitas Gadjah Mada – Indonesia)

Dr. Sri Rahayoe (Universitas Gadjah Mada – Indonesia)

Dr. Joko Nugroho (Universitas Gadjah Mada – Indonesia)

Prof. Putu Sudira (Universitas Gadjah Mada – Indonesia)

Dr. Eng. Sukmawaty (Universitas Mataram - Indonesia)

Dr. Ansar (Universitas Mataram - Indonesia)

Assoc. Prof. Dr. Rosnah Shamsudin (Malaysian Society of Agricultural Engineers/MSAE

Prof. Azmi Dato' Yahya (Universiti Putra Malaysia, Malaysia)

Proceedings

The 2nd

International Symposium on Agricultural and Biosystem Engineering 2016

Theme : Recent Technology on Agricultural and Bio-system Engineering

Published by :

Departemen Teknik Pertanian Fakultas Teknologi Pertanian Universitas Gadjah Mada

Jl. Flora No.1 Bulaksumur, Yogyakarta, Indonesia 55281

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Don’t to quote, reproduce and translate some or allof these books without the permission of

the publisher

Second Edition : 2016

ISBN : 978-602-14315-2-8

i

MESSAGE FROM THE CHAIRPERSON OF THE 2ND

ISABE 2016

It is my honor to welcome you to the International Symposium on Agricultural and

Biosystem Engineering 2016. Thank you all to be here today at the Jayakarta Lombok

Beach Resort for attending this important meeting. The 2nd

ISABE 2016 is held in August

9-11 organized by Department of Agricultural Engineering Faculty of Agricultural

Technology Universitas Gadjah Mada, Department of Agricultural Engineering Faculty of

Food Technology and Agro-Industry Mataram University and the Indonesian Society of

Agricultural Engineer (PERTETA). The theme of the 2nd

ISABE 2016 is “Recent

Technology on Agricultural and Bio-system Engineering. The objectives of the symposium

are to disseminate knowledge, to promote research and development, to obtain the latest

information, as well as to exchange technical information in agricultural and biosystem

engineering innovation. Moreover, the symposium will provide opportunity to strengthen

networking among Indonesia and international academia, government and industries. The

meeting will feature a serie of keynote speech in plenary sessions, presentations in

technical sessions, cultural night, as well as excursion.

I am very pleased to welcome all the guest speakers: a. Prof. Sakae Shibusawa

(TUAT, Japan), Prof. Chang-Hyun Choi (Korean Society of Agricultural Machinery,

Korea), Prof. Ir. Dr. Azmi Dato' Yahya (Universiti Putra Malaysia, Malaysia), Prof.

Mitsutoshi Nakajima (University of Tsukuba, Japan), Prof. Dipl.-Ing.Dr.nat.techn. Axel

Mentler (Institute of Soil Research BOKU, Vienna), as well as Prof. Sigit Supadmo Arif

(Universitas Gadjah Mada, Indonesia). And joining us to deliver a congratulatory speech

Governor of West Nusa Tenggara Province. Thank you very much for all of you for your

contribution in this symposium.

I am also pleased to greet participants of 61 selected papers, among them are 6 papers from

Korea, 1 from Japan, 1 from Taiwan, 1 from Thailand, 1 from Malaysia,1 from Bangladesh

and the remaining 56 papers are from Indonesia. For delegates who do not present papers,

thank you for your participation. I hope you can enjoy all the agenda.

I would like to express my sincere gratitude to all colleagues, sponsors, organizing

committee, steering committee for their support and cooperation for making this event

succesfully performed.

Finally, thank you again for your participation and welcome to the 2nd

ISABE 2016

meeting.

Chairperson of The 2nd

ISABE 2016

Dr. Ngadisih

ii

LIST OF CONTENT

Foreword ................................................................................................................... i

List of Content ........................................................................................................... ii

SUB THEME: LAND AND WATER RESOURCES ENGINEERING

Irrigation Scheduling on Runoff Harvesting System For Dry Land Farming

Authors: Sophia Dwiratna NP 1 and Nurpilihan Bafdal

A01

Spatial and Temporal Variability of Baseflow in East Java Regions

Authors: Indarto Indarto, Sri Wahyuningsih, Elida Novita, Hamid Ahmad, Muhardjo

Pudjojono

A02

Spatial Variabilities of Soil Properties Based on Its Spectral Reflectance for Developing

Precision Farming System

Authors: Sari Virgawati and Muhjidin Mawardi

A03

Pitcher Fertigation System for Effective Fertilization and Irrigation

Authors: Muhjidin Mawardi and Fuad Asani

A04

Analysis of Rainfall Index for the Identification of Drought-Prone Areas in the Special

Regions of Yogyakarta

Authors: Putu Sudira, Bayu Dwi Apri Nugroho, Muhammad Naufal

A05

Development of Irrigation Automation Device based on Crop Growth Stage

Authors: I Putu Gede Budisanjaya, I Wayan Tika, Sumiyati

A06

Application of Bio-system Principles For the Development of Economic and Environmental

Integration Between Upper and Lower Mountainous Area

Author: Sahid Susanto

A07

Application of Bio-System Engineering Principles for the Development of Bio-Landscape

and Soil-Water Conservation Measures at Mountainous Areas

Author: Sahid Susanto

A08

iii

Stomatal Aperture and Potential of Carbon dioxide Absorbtion by Sansevieria trifasciata P.

as Related to Water Stress

Authors: Badi’atun Nihayah, Ngadisih and Muhjidin Mawardi

A09

SRI and Legowo Applications for Increasing Red Rice Productivity

Authors: I Wayan Tika , I Putu Gede Budisanjaya, Sumiyati

A10

Technology Aspect and Feasibility Analysis of Sugarcane Slash Management on dry land

sugarcane Plantation

Authors: Iqbal, Tineke Mandang, E. Namaken Sembiring, dan M.A. Chozin

A11

Pothole Application for Paddy Field on Discharge Simulation of SWAT Program

(Case of Upper Cimanuk Sub Watershed)

Authors: Asep Sapei , Yuli Suharnoto, Sutoyo and Agung Trinanda

A12

Estimating Flood Potential Using Scoring Model-Geographic Information System in a Small

Watershed

Authors: Sitti Nur Faridah, Mahmud Achmad dan Dewi Sartika

A13

Setting up of Knowledge Management Center to Develop Modernization of Irrigation in

Indonesia (Case Study: Bedegolan Irrigation System)

Authors: Rizki Maftukhah, Intan K. Wardani, Murtiningrum, and Sigit Supadmo Arif

A14

Water Stress and its Impact to Soil Thermal of Cocopeat Planting Media on Lidah Mertua

(Sansevieria Trifasciata P.)

Authors: Rahmawati and Ngadisih

A15

Developing knowledge map of irrigation (a case study: Bedegolan Irrigation System)

Authors: Intan K. Wardani, Rizki Maftukhah, Sigit S. Arif, and Murtiningrum

A16

Utilization of Unmanned Aerial Vehicles in Evaluating River Morphology

Authors: Samkele S. Tfwala, Ching-Nuo Chen and Yu-Min Wang

A17

Development of Information System for Planting Pattern Determination in Modernization of

Irrigation System in Indonesia

Authors: Murtiningrum, Edi Subiantoro, and Sigit Supadmo Arif

A18

iv

Implementation of Decision Support System for Monitoring and Evaluation of Performance

in District Cross-Boundary Irrigation System

Authors: Murtiningrum, Sudjarwadi, Rachmad Jayadi, and Putu Sudira

A19

Relationships between rice production and precipitable water from 1980 onwards in Maluku,

Indonesia

Author: Bayu Dwi Apri Nugroho

A20

Mulching and Shaping of Soil Surface Profile To Maintain Suitable Soil Moisture for Direct

Seeding of Rice

Authors: I Wayan Astika, Agatha Devi Phina, Gatot Pramuhadi

A21

System of Rice Intesification (SRI) in Individual Pot Scale and its Impact on Nitrate

Distribution

Authors: Ngadisih, Andra Tersiana Wati, Muhjidin Mawardi

A22

SUB THEME: ENERGY AND AGRICULTURE MACHINERY

Effect of Hand Tractor Speed Rate and Tilt Angle of Stubble Blade on Sugarcane Stubble

Cutting Quality

Authors: Syafriandi*,1

, Susi Chairani2, Hendri Syah

B01

Design and Performance of Vacuum Type Seed Metering Device for Precision Soybean

Planter

Authors: Wawan Hermawan, Tineke Mandang, Agus Sutejo and Lenny Saulia

B02

Design of Control System at Drying Process based on Microcontroller

Authors: Guyup Mahardhian Dwi Putra, Diah Ajeng Setiawati

B03

Design Parameters Affecting Air/Liquid Ratio of Air Induction Nozzles

Authors: Sothea Ra, Foad Vashahi, Yong Choi and Jeekeun Lee

B04

Design of Flat-Fan Type Nozzle Tip and Its Spray Characteristics

Authors: Sothea Ra, Foad Vashahi, Yong Choi and Jeekeun Lee

B05

v

Selective Mechanization in Wet Season Rice Cultivation

Authors: AKM Saiful Islam, Youngjung Kim, Md Tariqul Islam, Md Shakilur Rahman, Md

Abdur Rahman

B06

Alternative Meat Slicing Knife Design to Reduce Operator Cutting Force

Authors: Makbul Hajad and Suchada Rianmora

B07

Design and Performance Test of Small Scale Semiautomatic Pineapple Peeling Machine

Authors: M. Muhaemin, T. Herwanto, A. Yusuf, M. Saukat, T. Sagala, N.F. Rahadian, RP

Dewaner

B08

Tribology Characteristic of SCM 440 Bearing Steel in Tractor Under Paraffin Oil and

Nitrogen Lubrication

Authors: Okka Adiyanto,Pandu Sandi Pratama, S.W.Chung,

S.H.Kwon,S.G.Kwon,J.M.Park,J.S.Kim, and Won-Sik Choi

B09

Separation Performance of Oil Palm Mesocarp and Kernel using Different Blade Orientation

Authors: C.J. Vincent1, R. Shamsudin, A.S. Baharuddin, and R. Yunus

B10

Developing Family-Size Biogas-Fueled Electric Generator

Authors: Agus Haryanto, Sugeng Triyono, and Udin Hasanudin

B11

SUB THEME: POSTHARVEST AND FOOD ENGINEERING

Determination of Oil Palm Fruit Rupture Point and Biological Yield Point at Various

Ripening Levels and Before Process Time Delay

Author: Andreas Wahyu Krisdiarto

C01

Freshness Maintainance of Rambutan (Naphelium lappaceum L.) by Combination of

Packaging Techniques with Aloe vera L. Based Coating

Authors: Emmy Darmawati, Sutrisno, Rusnaldi, Muhamad Wahyu A, Nelida

C02

vi

Evaluation for Sterilization of Rendang Packaged by Flexible Retort Pouch using Finite

Difference Method

Authors: Anggita Sari Praharasti, Joko Nugroho, Budi Rahardjo, Asep Nurhikmat

C03

Transportation Packaging Design for Papaya (Carica papaya L.) IPB 9

Authors: Mohammad Iqwal Tawakal , Emmy Darmawati

and Sutrisno

C04

Engineeriing of Particle Expansion for Modifying the Particle Density of Cocoa Powders

Authors: S. Achadiyah, and B. Rahardjo

C05

Effects of Particle Density to Floating Distribution and Settlement Rate of Cacao Powder in

Liquid

Authors: S. Achadiyah, B. Rahardjo and G. Supriyanto

C06

Effects of Cold Storage on Quality and Sulfur of Minimally Processed Shallots (Allium

ascolanicum L.) Slices

Authors: Anni Nuraisyah and Yohanes Aris Purwanto, Emmy Darmawati

C07

Effect of Inlet Air Temperature and Velocity on The Agglomeration Process of Maltodextrin

Powder with Fluidized Bed Agglomerator

Authors: Hafiz Fajrin Aditama, Joko Nugroho W.K., and Nursigit Bintoro

C08

Potato Inventory Cost Optimization Based On Shelf Life (Case Study At CV. Bimandiri

Lembang As A Supplier Of Retail Stores)

Authors: Totok Pujianto, Sarifah Nurjanah, Nurrusly Syarip

C09

A Preliminary Study on the Technical Feasibility of the Industrial Production of Resistant

Starch From Cassava Starch in Indonesia

Authors: Andri Harbi Salim and Asaf Kleopas Sugih

C10

Effects of 1-Methylcyclopropene and Ethylene Treatment on Ripening Characteristics of the

‘Silver Bell’ Pears

Authors: Bayu Nugraha, Nursigit Bintoro, Joko Nugroho, Akihiro Itai, Hideki Murayama

C11

vii

Heat Transfer Analysis of Heat Exchanger for Additional Heating of the Rack Type Hybrid

Solar Dryer

Authors: Dyah Wulandani and Candra Viki Arnanda

C12

Effect of Discharge and Air Temperature to Physical Properties of Maltodekstrin-Mixed

Stevia Leave Extraction on Drying Process Using Spray Dryer

Authors: Qisthi Sharah and Joko Nugroho

C13

Moisture Sorption Characteristics of Okara Powders in Various Storage Conditions

Authors: Iwan Taruna and Edy Irmanto

C14

Odor mitigation approach for composting of leftover food using clinoptilolite

Authors: Bintang Madrini, Sakae Shibusawa , Yoichiro Kojima

and Shun Hosaka

C15

Characteristics of Cassava (Manihot utilissima) Rice and its Rapid Detection of Aroma Using

E- Nose

Authors: Rudiati Evi Masithoh, Kuwat Triyana and Sabilla Avinda

C16

A Preliminary Study on the Synthesis of Resistant Starch Type III (RS – 3) from Banana

Flour

Authors: Asaf Kleopas Sugih*, Yohanes Irvan Prasethio, and Henky Muljana

C17

A Preliminary Study on the Synthesis of Phosphorylated Sweet Potato (Ipomoea batatas L.)

Starch

Authors: Asaf Kleopas Sugih, Amelia Dewi, Devina Yukano, and Henky Muljana

C18

Defect detection on Pontianak citrus using fluorescence spectroscopy

Authors: Usman Ahmad, Tika Hafzara Siregar, Y. Aris Purwanto, Sutrisno, and Akhiruddin

Maddu

C19

The Viability of Papaya Seeds (Carica papaya, L) Dried Using Hybrid Dryer

Authors: Lestari S. Simanjuntak, Lilik Sutiarso, Devi Yuni Susanti, Sri Rahayoe

C20

viii

Identification of Volatile Odor Compounds and Consumer Acceptance of Mixing Apple,

Pear and Omija Juice

Authors: Mi-Ja Kim, Pandu Sandi Pratama, Destiani Supeno, S.W.Chung,

S.H.Kwon,S.G.Kwon,J.M.Park,J.S.Kim, and Won-Sik Choi

C21

SUB THEME: AGRICULTURAL STRUCTURES AND ENVIRONMENTAL

ENGINEERING

Development of Kansei-based Temperature Control Model for Workstation of Agro-industry

Authors: Mirwan Ushada, Nafis Khuriyati, Tsuyoshi Okayama, Atris Suyantohadi

D01

Magnetic Water Treatment for Improving Eggplants (Solanum molongena-L) Crop Quality

Authors: Hye-Sil Kim, Destiani Supeno, Pandu Sandi Pratama, S.W.Chung, S.H.Kwon,

S.G.Kwon, J.M.Park, J.S.Kim, and Won-Sik Choi

D02

SUB THEME: OTHER TOPIC RELATED TO AGRICULTURE ENGINEERING

Quantification of 2D Lateral Leaf Motion on Mature Plants Foliage using Optical Flow to

Study the Circadian Rhythms

Authors: Andri Prima Nugroho, Takashi Okayasu, Rin-ichiro Taniguchi, Eiji Inoue,

Yasumaru Hirai, Muneshi Mitsuoka, and Lilik Sutiarso

E01

The Effect of Colchicine on Morphology and Number of Chromosome of Binahong Plant

(Anredera cordifolia Tenn. Steenis.)

Authors: Eva Sartini Bayu, Diana Sofia Hanafiah, Olivia Avriyanti Hanafiah, Rosida

Mahyuni

E02

Addition of silver nitrate solution at Pottery Filter to reduce the Content of Escherichia Coli

Bacteria

Authors: Reza Abel, Sophia Dwiratna, Dwi Rustam Kendarto, Chay Asdak

E03

Total Ergonomic Approach to Minimize Environmental Conditions and Work Load in the

Company Workshop

Author: I Nyoman Sucipta

E04

ix

Reducing Heavy Metal Cadmium (Cd) Concentration with Water Hyacinth Plant (Eichornia

Crassipes Solms) at a Continuous Flow

Author: Rusnam

E05

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C15 - 1

Odor mitigation approach for composting of leftover food usingclinoptilolite

Bintang Madrini*,1 , Sakae Shibusawa2 , Yoichiro Kojima3 and Shun Hosaka4

1 Faculty of Agricultural Technology, Udayana University, Bukit Jimbaran, Badung-Bali, Indonesia2Institute of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture Technology

3National Agricultural Research Organization, Institute of Livestock and Grassland Science4Graduate School of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture Technology

Email: bintang_madrini@yahoo.com *

AbstractThis paper presented the odor mitigation approach which is used to reduce ammonia gas. The mitigation methodincluded the use of a leftover food waste as a feedstock, rice hull as a bulking agent amendment mixed within thefeedstock, an adsorbent such as natural zeolite and in enclosures and contained composting. Amounts of 21.8%,31.5% and 47.2% of clinoptilolite were added to the feedstock mixture on a dry mass basis, respectively, and 0% ofclinoptilolite as a control. The addition of 31.5~ 47.2% clinoptilolite to leftover food composting was the optimumdose for the reduction of ammonia emission in leftover food composting. It was demonstrated that clinoptiloliteacted as an adsorbent in the composting of leftover food in granular form.

Keywords: ammonia; clinoptilolite; composting; leftover food; thermophilic.

1. INTRODUCTIONOrganic natural resources are used for

recycling through biochemical processes intocompost, which can be used as a soil improveror organic fertilizer. However, waste processingcan contribute to odor pollution, especially inurban areas. If not managed and utilizedproperly, odor problems cause the closure ofsome composting. Therefore, odor managementis required to minimize the impact and makecomposting more environmentally acceptable.Chemicals that commonly translate to odors incomposting processes include ammonia gas(NH3) and some volatile organic acids (VOA).Zeolite is one material that may reduce ammoniaemission. Earlier studies have shown thatclinoptilolite, and certain other natural zeolitesare effective in removing ammonia fromwastewater (Emadi et al., 2001; Zorpas et al.,1999). However, there are few studies on theeffects of natural zeolites on ammonia reductionduring the thermophilic stage of food wastecomposting. Moreover, this study used foodwaste such as leftover food from school lunches

that was widely available and easy to collect inurban areas. This study was conduct toinvestigate the reduction of ammonia gasemissions that mainly causes odor pollution byclinoptilolite.

2. MATERIAL AND METHODSLeftover food waste was collected from

sixteen primary schools of Fuchu city in Tokyo,and the lunch was managed by the school lunchcenter of Fuchu city. Japanese rice hulls wereadded to achieve a bulk density of less than 496g L-1 as recommended by Oshins, 2006 andhave the nitrogen content of 0.34. Hydrated lime(Ca(OH)2) was used to prepare the acidity of thecomposting. In this experiment, in order toobserve the property of clinoptilolite clearly,only 0.25% of Ca(OH)2 was added as it wasalkaline. About 60 L (60.25 kg) of leftover foodfrom the lunch center was mixed with 120 L(12.5 kg) of rice hulls (volume ratio 1: 2) andadded with 0.25% (0.18 kg) of hydrated lime. Anatural zeolite (clinoptilolite) that has thecommercial name “Itaya Zeolite-13,” was used

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C15 - 2

in this experiment, which was registered by theJapan Fertilizer and Feed Inspection Association.The clinoptilolite was in granular form. It waspassed through a sieve to achieve uniformity ofless than 4 mm. The composting processes wereconducted in the laboratory in closed fermentersof 10-L cylindrical reactors 250 mm in diameterand 270 mm deep. After being well mixed by apower mixer (WPM-70A; Minato ElectricIndustry Co., Ltd, Japan) for 5 minutes, about4.5 kg of the total amount of feedstock mixtureplus clinoptilolite was added to each fermenterwhile the amount of application was limited bythe fermenter size. The feedstock mixture wasdivided into twelve portions. The twelveportions consisted of three repetitions;repetitions 1, 2 and 3 (Run1=CL 0 %),repetitions 1, 2 and 3 (Run2=CL 21.8 %),repetitions 1, 2 and 3 (Run3=CL 31.5 %), andrepetitions 1, 2 and 3 (Run4=CL 47.2 %) withclinoptilolite on a dry mass basis, respectively.

�

Figure 1 Leftover foods for reactorcomposting.

Tabel 1. Initial characteristics of feedstock mixture.�

3. RESULT AND DISCUSSIONThe experiment of each repetitions 1, 2 and

3(Run1=CL 0%), repetitions 1, 2 and3(Run2=CL 21.8%), repetitions 1, 2 and3(Run3=CL 31.5%), and repetitions 1, 2 and3(Run4=CL 47.2%) clinoptilolite indicated thetemperature of each validation data set wereobserved lower (< 65 ºC). Increasing the amountof clinoptilolite in the clinoptiloliteconcentration groups (Run2, Run3 and Run4)also did not affect the decreasing temperature.The averages of maximum temperatures were

57.8, 58.7, 55.1, and 61.6 ºC for 0%, 21.8%,31.5% and 47.2% of clinoptilolite content,respectively. The ammonia emission of each setfor repetitions 1, 2 and 3(Run1=CL 0%),repetitions 1, 2 and 3(Run2=CL 21.8%),repetitions 1, 2 and 3(Run3=CL 31.5%), andrepetitions 1, 2 and 3(Run4=CL 47.2%)clinoptilolite shown in Figure 2~ 5. Maximumof ammonia emission 317, 719, 238, 217 ppm(for Run1, Run2, Run3, and Run4 respectively)and average of ammonia emission 141, 186, 117,103 ppm (for Run1, Run2, Run3, and Run4respectively) were observed. The ammonia gasemission was observed approaching 80, 67, 99,33 ppm for Run1, Run2, Run3, and Run4respectively from the maximum temperature.

Figure 2 Evolution of ammonia emissions for

Run1=CL 0%.

�

Figure 3 Evolution of ammonia emissions for

Run2=CL 21.8%.

�Madrini, et al./ISABE Proceedings, 9 – 11 August 2016

C15 - 3

�

Figure 4 Evolution of ammonia emissions for

Run3=CL 31.5%.

�

Figure 5 Evolution of ammonia emissions for

Run4=CL 47.2%.

Figure 6 illustrated the effect oftemperature on the ammonia gas (NH3)concentration and clinoptilolite mixing ratio.The experiment was observed average of 9.82,25.18, 7.59, and 9.63 g/ kgVS for Run1, Run2,Run3, and Run4, respectively. The ammoniaemission rate decreased with the clinoptilolitedose. From the experiment was shown that, the21.8% clinoptilolite treatment observed a higherlevel of ammonia emission rate in the highclinoptilolite addition groups, and also showedless stability of volatile solid degradation. In thecase of Run (31.5%) and (47.2%), ammoniaemission rates were less than 20% of Run (0%)that had no clinoptilolite application in the firstexperiment, however more than 50% wasobserved.

The initial pH 5.2 of thefeedstockmixturestill remained at lower levels of acidityof the test materials even when Ca(OH)2 wasadded, in order to reach a pH value of 5.5~8.5suggested as the optimum by Bertoldi et al.(1983). The material temperature in all

treatments successfully reached the conditionlevel at which the fermentation process wasactivated. There was a tendency for the increaseof clinoptilolite to accelerate/smooth ammoniaemission without disturbing the decompositionprocess. Stentiford (1996) suggested that atemperature between 35~40ºC maximized themicrobial diversity in the composting process.Frequently, zeolite as clinoptilolite was used as asoil conditioner. Although it depends on the soilcharacteristics, the application rate of zeolitewas several tons per 0.1 ha. In contrast, compostwas applied to farms at the same levels as zeolite.In this study, almost the same amount ofclinoptilolite as the feedstock mixture wasmixed in Run 4, which observed the leastammonia emission.

Figure 6 Effect of clinoptilolite mixing ratio onammonia emission rate.

CONCLUSSIONS

Significant differences in the temperatureprofiles were confirmed among the conditions ofthe thermophilic stages of each treatment.However, the temperature in each treatment didnot tend to decrease especially for the highclinoptilolite addition groups (21.8%, 31.5% and47.2%) due to a weak fermented state by a lowermoisture content. Gradual decreases of ammoniawere observed in CL 31.5% clinoptilolite forRun 3 and CL 47.2% clinoptilolite for Run 4.

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

We express our utmost appreciation tocolleagues, members of the National Agricultureand Food Research Organization (NARO), andthe NARO Institute of Livestock and GrasslandScience (NILGS) that have contributed to thiswork with valuable information. We also expressour thanks to Dr. Koichi Amaha and Dr.Yoshiyuki Abe.

REFERENCES

Bertoldi, M., Vallini, G., Pera, A., 1983.Thebiology of composting waste manage. Res. 1,157-176.

Emadi, H., Nezhad, J.E., and Pourbagher, H.,2001: In vitro Comparison of Zeolite(Clinoptilolite) and Activated Carbon asAmmonia Absorbants in Fish Culture. Naga,The ICLARM Quarterly, 24, 1-2.

Oshins, C., 2006: Composting Process. In OnFarm Composting Handbook, 2nd Edition,Northern Regional Agricultural EngineeringService, Ithaca, NY.

Stentiford, E.T., 1996. Composting Control:Principles and Practice. In: DeBertoldi, M.,Sequi, P., Lemmes, B., Papi, T. (Eds.), TheScience of Composting. Chapman & Hall, pp.49–59.

Zorpas, A.A., Vlyssides, A.G., and Loizidou,M., 1999: Dewatered Anaerobically-stabilized Primary Sewage SludgeComposting: Metal Leachability and Uptakeby Natural Clinoptilolite. Communicationsin Soil Science and Plant Analysis, 30, 1603-1613.