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7/18/2019 60 Questions

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Q1--What are the UNCLOS provisions concerning ship’s flag and nationality? Inoservation of UNCLOS !hat the d"ties are of flag States and ho! is it enforced?Ans. The United Nations conference convention on the laws of the sea (UNCLOS) was an

outcome of the third UN conference in 19! and entered into force on 1"th Novem#er 199$.

The UNCLOS %rovides a universal le&al frame wor' for the rational mana&ement of marine resources and their conservation. The treat document consists of $$" articles &rou%edunder 1 %art headin&s and 9 Anne*es.

SHIPS FLAG AND NATIONALITY

• Part VIII : +i&h seas consists of ,rovisions concernin& shi%s fla& state and nationalit

• Article 90: -ver state coastal or land loc'ed has a ri&ht to have its shi% fl its fla&.

• Article 91: State should la down conditions re/uirements for &rantin& its nationalit0

re&istration and the ri&ht to fl its fla&. Shi%s have the nationalit of the state whose fla&

the fl. There must #e a &enuine lin' #etween the state and the shi%. The state must issue

documents to shi%s flin& its fla&.

• Article 92: Shi%s to fl fla& of onl one state and are su#ect to its urisdiction on hi&h

seas. A shi% cannot chan&e its fla& durin& a voa&e or while in a %art of call. Chan&e is

allowed in case of transfer of ownershi% or chan&e of re&istr.

Duties of fla state:

Article 9$ initials duties and res%onsi#ilities of the fla& state salient %arts are23

1. State shall effectivel e*ercise its urisdiction and control in Administrative technical andsoul matters over shi%s flin& its fla&.

!. State should maintain a re&ister of shi%s flin& its fla& i.e. names and %articulars of shi%s.

State should assure urisdiction under its laws over shi%s flin& its fla& its master officers

and crew in res%ect of Administrative technical and social matters concernin& the shi%.

4. State to ta'e such measures for shi%s as necessar to insure safet at sea with re&ards to

• Construction e/ui%ment and seaworthiness of shi%s.

• 5annin& of shi% la#our conditions and trainin& of crew with re&ards to a%%lica#le

international instruments.

• Use of si&nals maintenance of communications and %revention of collision.

$. Such measures shall include these necessar to ensure2

That each shi% #efore re&istration and thereafter is surveed # a /ualified surveor and

has on#oard charts %u#lications and e/ui%ment as are a%%ro%riate for safe navi&ation of

shi%.

-ach shi% is in char&e of master officers crew havin& a%%ro%riate /ualification andnum#ers with re&ards to the t%e due0 machiner and e/ui%ment of the shi%.



6. -ach state should conform to &enerall acce%ted international re&ulations %rocedures and

%ractices and should ta'e ste%s which ma #e necessar to secure their o#servance.

". A state which has clear &rounds to #elieve that %ro%er urisdiction and control w.r.t. a shi%have not #een e*ercised ma re%ort the facts to the fla& state. U%on such re/uest fla& state

must investi&ate the matter and ta'e a%%ro%riate action to remed the situation.

) -ver state must cause an en/uir to #e held in case of a marine casualt involvin& a shi%

flin& its fla& and causin& loss of dama&e to environment to those at an national and state.-ver fla& state must co3o%erate with other fla& states in conduct of en/uirin&.

!NFO"#!$!NT %Y FLAG STAT!

Article !1 ma'es the followin& %rovision.

i) -ver state must ado%t laws re&ulations to ensure com%liance of international laws #

shi%s flin& its fla&.

ii) -ver state should %rohi#it shi%s frame sailin& for man com%liance with international laws

includin& re/uirements relatin& to desi&n construction e/ui%ment and mannin&.

iii) Status should ensure that all certificates as read # international laws are carried on #oard.

States to %eriodicall ins%ect the vessels to ensure conformit of these certificates with

actual conditions on #oard.

iv) 7la& state should %rovide for immediate investi&ation in case vessel commits relation of international rules and standards.

v) 7la& states should coo%erate with other fla& states if assistance is re/uested.

vi) 7la& state must investi&ate an relation committed # vessel flin& its fla& on a re/uest

from an state.

vii) 7la& state should #e %rom%t in addressin& an re/uests for information # an other state.

8t should inform com%etent international or&aniations a#out action ta'en and the outcome.Such information should #e made freel availa#le to all fla& states.

7la& states must im%ose ade/uate %enalt for an vessel relatin& the law to discoura&e further

violation

&ue: Gi'e a (rief )istor* a+, t)e +ecessit* to-ar,s for.atio+ of /N#LOS )at are

its i.orta+t )i)li)ts3 /+,er t)is co+te4t e4lai+ 5i6 Territorial sea 5ii6 co+tiuous

7o+e 5iii6 !!8 5i'6 #o+ti+e+tal s)elf 5'6 )i) seas

Oceans alwas have #een a %rime source of nourishment for life. Climate and weather chan&es de%end on the inter%la #etween oceans and the atmos%here. The also serve as a

convenient medium for trade0 commerce0 e*%loration0 adventure and discover.As the msteries of the oceans &ave wa to their masterin&0 a lot of customs0

traditions and laws arose definin& the ri&hts of the shi% and the mariners who %lied the waters

of the ocean.

Attem%ts were made to re&ulate the use of ocean # conventions acce%ta#le to allnations. The UN has made considera#le %ro&ress in develo%in& and codifin& the laws of the

sea. There UNCLOS (United Nations Convention on the Law of the Seas) have #een

convened.



UNCLOS 8 at :eneva in 196

UNCLOS 88 at :eneva in 19";

International conferences approved conventions which covered the continentalshift, Fishing, High seas, Territorial waters and contiguous zones. During the 1970, itcae to !e accepted that the sea !ed is a coon heritage of an"ind and should

!e adinistered !# an international authorit#.$%&'() III was at *+%+- in 197 which discussed issues on navigation,

pollution and the !readth of territorial waters. It entered into force on 1/th %ov 199.$%&'() provides a universal frae wor" for the anageent of arine resourceand their conservation, govern all aspects of the oceans, such as environentalcontrol, arine scientific research, econoic and coercial activities, transfer oftechnolog# and settleent of disputes relating o ocean atters. $%&'() is a treat#of / articles grouped under17 part heading and 9 annees.

1 #$%%I#O%I&L S$&S' +tends to 12 %autical iles fro the !aseline.Foreign flag vessels have a 34ight of Innocent 5assage6 through it. Thepassage is considered 3innocent6 as long as it is not preudicial to peace, goodorder or securit# of the coastal state.

34ight of innocent passage6 can !e suspended if it is essential for the protectionof the coastal state its securit# or for weapons eercise.

The internal waters the coastal state can eercise urisdiction over all vessels. Interritorial seas, it should not eercise criinal urisdiction ecept.

a If the conse8uences of crie etend to the coastal state

! If crie distur!s the peace of the countr# or good order of the sea

c It aster of a vessel or an agent of the Flag )tate re8uests the coastal state to

eercise urisdictiond If urisdiction is necessar# to suppress traffic of narcotic drugs.

2( CON#I)UOUS *ON$' +tends 12 nautical iles !e#ond the territorial sea liit

&oastal states ust eercise control necessar# to prevent infringeent of itscustos, fiscal, iigration or sanitar# laws and regulations within its territories.essel carr#ing noious or dangerous su!stances or wastes a# !e turned awa# onpu!lic health or environental grounds.

+( $,LUSI$ $CONO.IC *ON$ /$$*(

− It etends to a aiu of 200 nautical iles fro the !ase line, covering

and anaging the natural resources whether living or non living of thewaters adacent and of the sea !ed and its su!soil.

− )tate has urisdiction, with regard to installation arine scientific research

and protection and preservation of the arine environent.

− -ll other states eno# the freedo of navigation, la#ing of su!arine

ca!les and pipelines

IV #ONTIN!NTAL SH!LF:



The outer limit of the continental shelf shall not e*ceed 46; nautical miles from the #ase

line or shall not e*ceed 1;; nautical miles from !6;; meters iso#aths. Coastal states have

e*clusive ri&hts for e*%lorin& and e*%loitin& its natural resources. The state also has thee*clusive ri&ht o authorie and re&ulate drillin& on the shelf or all %ur%oses.

V HIGH S!AS:,art of the sea that is not included in the e*clusive economic one in the territorial sea or

in the internal waters of a state or in the archi%ela&ic waters of an archi%ela&ic state.

+i&h seas are o%en to all states for freedom of navi&ation0 freedom of over fli&ht0freedom to la su#marine ca#les and %i%elines0 freedom to construct artificial islands and

installations0 freedom of fishin& freedom of scientific research.

+i&h seas shall #e reserved for %eaceful %ur%oses. Other hi&h seas %recautions are

%revention of slave trade0 %irac0 seiure of shi%s0 illicit narcotics0 traffic'in& andunauthoried #road castin&

7or enforcement %ur%oses0 there are %rovisions for relevant ri&hts of visit0 seiure0 arrests

and hot %ursuits.

Differe+tiate (et-ee+ "ules "eulatio+s Protocol Act Tacit Acceta+ce a+, #o+'e+tio+

as a,ate, i+ I$O Descri(e t)e rocess (* -)ic) a+ I$O #o+'e+tio+ ets co+'erte, i+to

a Statutor* "ule a,.i+istere, (* a .ariti.e .e.(er cou+tr*

"ule: is a &overnin& authorit.

"eulatio+: is a &enerall acce%ted condition or course of action.

Protocol: 8f a maorit of chan&es are re/uired is a convention which has #eenado%ted #ut not in force0 then those are incor%orated in the convention and it is called

,<OTOCOL.

e.&.2 the 5ar%ol Convention 194 has also #een amended # means of %rotocols. The19 mar%ol %rotocol made maor chan&es to 5ar%ol.

8t also a#sor#ed the %arent convention and ensured that the com#inedConvention ,rotocol instrument (called 5ar%ol 4) would enter into force at an earlier date

then the %resent convention would have done alone (5ar%ol 4 come into force on !nd Oct

194).

Act: 8t is an action # which amendments are made to the convention. -.&. Act of STC= 96

conference0 amendin& the STC=

Tacit acceta+ce Proce,ure: Technolo& and Techni/ues in the shi%%in& industr chan&e ver

ra%idl. As a result0 not onl are new conventions re/uired #ut e*istin& ones to #e'e%t u% to date.

85O had no authorit to ado%t let alone amend conventions. 8ts mandate allowed it

onl to >,rovide for the draftin& of conventions0 a&reements or other instruments andto recommend those to &overnments and to 8nter &overnmental or&aniations and to

convince such conferences as ma #e necessar.> 85O convention s%ecificall stated

that 85O?s functions were to #e >consultative and advisor.> the or&aniation couldarran&e a conference #ut it was u% to the conference to decide whether the convention



under discussion should or should not #e ado%ted and to decide how it should #e

amended. 5ost of 85O conventions could onl #e u%dated # means of >classical>

(%assive) amendment %rocedure. The num#er mem#er states of 85O were risin& allthe time as new countries emer&ed and #e&an to develo% their shi%%in& activities. As

the num#er of %arties rose0 so did the total re/uired to amend the convention. The

%ro#lem was made worse # the fact that &overnments too' for lon&er to acce%tamendments than the did to ratif the %arent convention. The amendments ado%ted

to the 19"; SOLAS convention in 19""0 19"0 19" and 19"9 had failed to enter into

force till 191. 8t was felt that unless the 8nternational maritime communit wassufficientl res%onsive to these char&ed circumstances states will once a&ain revert to

the %ractice of unilaterall decidin& what standards to a%%l to their owners shi%%in&

and to forei&n fla& shi%%in& visitin& their %orts. Studies were made on alternative

amendment %rocedures.

The main reason wh amendments too' so lon& to enter into force was the time ta'en

to &ain acce%tance # !4 of contractin& :overnments. One wa of reducin& this

%eriod would #e # >s%ecifin& a date of entr into force after ado%tion # the

Assem#l0 unless the date of amendment is e*%licitl reected # certain num#er or contractin& :ovts.> The #od which ado%ts the amendments at the same time fi*es a

time %eriod within which contractin& %arties will have the o%%ortunit to notif either

their acce%tance or their reection of the amendment0 or to remain silent on thesu#ect. 8n case of silence the amendment is considered to have #een acce%ted # the

%art. This is 'nown as the >tacit> or >%assive> acce%tance %rocedure.

#o+'e+tio+: is a set of rules which are ado%ted # all countries and comes into

force on a&reed date. An chan&es in a#ove conventions after date of enforcement are donethrou&h various amendments.

. Proce,ure for a,oti+ a co+'e+tio+:

This is the %art of the %rocess with which 85O as an or&aniation is most closelinvolved. 85O has si* main #odies concerned with the ado%tion or im%lementation of conventions. The Assem#l and council are main or&ans0 and the committees

involved are the maritime safet committee0 5arine environment %rotection

committee le&al committee and the facilitation committee. @evelo%ments in shi%%in&and other related industries are discussed # mem#er states in these #odies and the

need for a new convention or amendments to e*istin& conventions can #e raised in

an of them. Normall the su&&estion is first made in one of the committees0 sincethese meet more fre/uentl than the main or&ans. 8f a&reement is reached in the

committee0 the %ro%osal &oes to the council and0 as necessar0 to the Assem#l. 8f the

Assem#l or the council as the case ma #e &ives the authoriation to %roceed with

the wor'0 the committee concerned considers the mater in &reater detail andultimatel draws u% a draft instrument. The draft convention0 which is a&reed u%on is0

re%orted to the council and assem#l with a recommendation that a conference #e

convened to consider the draft for formal ado%tion. 8nvitations to attend such aconference are sent to all mem#er state of 85O. efore the conference o%ens0 the

draft convention is circulated to the invited :ovts. and or&aniations for their

comments. The draft convention0 to&ether with the comments thereon from :ovts andinterested or&aniations is the closel e*amined # the conference and necessar



chan&es are made in order to %roduce a draft acce%ta#le to all or the maorit of the

:ovt. %resent. The convention thus a&reed u%on is then ado%ted # the conference

and de%osited with the secretar3:eneral who rends co%ies to :ovts. The conventionis o%ened for si&nature # states0 usuall for a %eriod of 1! months. Si&natories ma

ratif or acce%t the convention while non3si&natories ma accede. The draftin& and

ado%tion of a convention in 85O can ta'e several ears to com%lete althou&h in somecases0 where a /uic' res%onse is re/uired to deal with an emer&enc situation0 :ovts.

have #een willin& to accelerate this %rocess considera#l.

efore the convention comes into force that is0 #efore it #ecomes #indin& u%on &ovt.0

which have ratified it0 it has to #e acce%ted formall # individual :overnments.

Acce%tin& a convention does not merel involve the de%osit of a formal instrument. A:ovts. acce%tance of a convention necessaril %lace on it the o#li&ation to ta'e the

measures re/uired # the convention. Often national law has to #e enacted or chan&ed

to enforce the %rovisions of the convention. Ade/uate notice must #e &iven to shi%owners0 shi% #uilders and other interested %arties so the ma'e0 ta'e account of the

%rovisions of the Convention in their future acts and %lans. At %resent 85O

conventions enter into force within an avera&e of five ears after ado%tion.

&ue: Gi'e a (rief (acrou+, of ILO its i+cetio+ a+, its fiel, of .a+,ate for .ariti.e

la(our ,e'elo.e+t3 Na.e t)e t)ree co+'e+tio+s;rotocols of ILO co+cer+i+ .ariti.e

la(our -)ic) )as ca.e i+ force i+ 199<

Ans2 ac'&round of 8LO

=orld =ar 8 transformed the worldBs social and economic ma%. The 8nternational La#ourOr&aniation (8LO) emer&ed to&ether with the Lea&ue of Nations from the treat of ersailles

in 1919. 8t &ave e*%ression to the concern for social reform that &rew with the industrial

revolution and the conviction that realistic reform had to #e conducted on an international %lane. The mem#ers of the 8LO were to #e countries of the world mem#er states.Created to develo% international la#our standards and to ensure their a%%lication0 the 8LO

devoted the #ul' of its ener&ies to this maor tas' durin& its firs fort ears. @urin& the twent

ear %eriod from 1919 to 1949. " conventions and "" recommendations were ado%ted.Ori&inall0 standards focused on wor'in& conditions. The first convention in 1919 dealt with

hours of wor'0 the famous ei&ht3hour da and fort ei&ht hour wee'.

8n 19!"0 an im%ortant innovation was introduced when the 8nternational La#our Conferenceset u% a su%ervisor sstem on the a%%lication of standards which still e*ists toda. 8t created a

committee of inde%endent urists res%onsi#le for e*aminin& &overnment re%orts on the

a%%lication of conventions ratified # them and %resentin& its own re%ort each ear of the

conference. 8ts mandate has since #een #roadened to cover re%orts on un&ratified conventionsand recommendations.

The 8nternational La#our office in :eneva is the %ermanent secretariat of the 8nternational

La#our Or&aniation0 its o%erational head/uarters research centre and %u#lishin& house.

Administration and mana&ement are decentralied in re&ional area and #ranch office in morethan $; countries.



Under the leadershi% of a @irector &eneral who is elected for a five ear renewa#le term. The

office em%los some !6;; officials and e*%erts at :eneva head/uarters and in more than $; field

offices around the world.

<e&ional meetin&s of the 8LO mem#er states are %eriodicall held to e*amine the matters of

s%ecial interest to the re&ions concerned.

The wor' of the &overnin& #od and of the 8nternational La#our office is aided # tri%artite

committees coverin& maor industries and # committees of e*%erts on such matters asvocational trainin&0 mana&ement develo%ment0 occu%ational safet and health industrial relations

wor'ers education and s%ecial %ro#lems of certain cate&ories of wor'ers (oun& wor'ers0

women0 the disa#led etc). The 8nternational La#our office maintain a ver com%rehensive

we#site at htt%2www.ilo.or&

Mandate of the ILOThe 8LO formulates 8nternational la#our standards in the form of conventions andrecommendations settin& minimum standards for #asic la#our ri&hts2

− Freedo of association

− 4ight to organize

− &ollective !argaining

− -!olition of forced la!our

− +8ualit# of opportunit# and treatent and other standards regulation conditions

across the entire spectru of wor" related issues.

8t %rovides technical assistance %rimaril in the fields of2

− ocational training and vocational reha!ilitation

− +plo#ent polic#

− 'a!our adinistration− 'a!our law and industrial relations

− or"ing conditions

− :anageent developent

− &o;operatives

− )ocial securit#

− 'a!our statistics and occupational safet# and health.

8t %romotes the develo%ment of inde%endent em%loers and wor'ers or&aniations and %rovides

trainin& and advisor services to those or&aniations

=ithin the UN sstems0 the 8LO has a uni/ue tri%artite structure with wor'ers and em%loers %artici%atin& as e/ual %artners with &overnments in the wor' of its &overnin& or&ans

199< .ariti.e Sessio+ of t)e I+ter+atio+al La(our #o+fere+ce

the $th (5aritime) Session of the 8nternational la#our Conference concluded its wor' in Octo#er

199" with the ado%tion of three conventions three recommendations and a %rotocol concernin&the livin& and wor'in& conditions of seafarers.

The conference revised and ado%ted the followin& international le&al instruments2

http://www.ilo.org/

http://www.ilo.org/



SeafarersB hours of wor' and the 5annin& of shi%s convention

SeafarersB wa&es0 hours of wor' and the mannin& of shi% recommendation 199"

La#our ins%ection (seafarers) convention and recommendation 199"<ecruitment and %lacement of seafarersB convention (revised) and recommendations 199"

199" %rotocol to the 5erchant Shi%%in& (5inimum Standards) Conventions 19"

Seafarers hours of work and the manning of ships conventionThe conference revised the wa&es0 hours of wor' and mannin& (sea) convention and

recommendation 196 (No. 1;9). 8t ado%ted the new seafarers hours of wor' and the mannin& ofshi%s convention 199" which esta#lishes s%ecific dail and wee'l limitations on hours of wor'

or conversel dail or wee'l minimum rest %eriods for seafarers with the aim of %reventin&

fati&ue associated with e*cessive wor'.

8t calls u%on mem#er states which ratif it to ac'nowled&e that normal wor' hours shall #e #asedon an ei&ht hour da with one da of rest %er wor' and then %rovides that ma*imum limits shall

not e*ceed 1$ hours %er da and ! hours in a wee'. Alternativel0 mem#er sates ma define

wor'in& time throu&h a minimum of ten hours of rest %er da or hours in a wee'. Theselimitations are to #e %osted in an easil accessi#le %lace on #oard the shi%.

<ecords of dail wor'in& hours or %eriods of rest are to #e maintained and the com%etent

authorit is to e*amine and endorse these records at a%%ro%riate intervals in order to monitor

com%liance and if the records indicate infrin&ements of the %rovisions &overnin& hours of wor'or rest re/uires measures to #e ta'en to avoid infrin&ements.

The new convention has also #een included in the %rotocol to the 5erchant Shi%%in& (minimum

Standards) conventions 19" (No.1$). This means that0 followin& sufficient ratifications0 this

instrument ma also #e su#ect to %ort state control.

19 A+ I+,ia+ fla 'essel colli,e, -it) a+ot)er 'essel off t)e coast of I+,ia as a result fe-

li'es -ere also lost a+, 'essel ,a.ae, I+ accor,a+ce -it) t)e ro'isio+s u+,er t)e$erc)a+t S)ii+ Act -)at stes s)oul, (e i+itiate, a+, -)o s)oul, i+itiate suc)

stes for t)e safet* of t)e s)is a+, t)e .ari+e e+'iro+.e+t

Ans. =henever a shi%%in& accident ta'es %lace and comes under the %urview of 5.S.Act as a

shi%%in& casualt0 the master0 the %ilot or %ersons in char&e of shi% at the time of casualt is

re/uired to &ive notice of this casualt to officer a%%ointed # the &overnment under thesection 46(!) of the 5.S.Act. The %ro%er officers a%%ointed # the &overnment are notified

in the official &aette.

,reliminar en/uir23 =hen an officer a%%ointed under the Act received informationa#out the shi%%in& casualt0 he is re/uired to conduct a %reliminar in/uir a#out the

accident. The %ur%ose of the %reliminar en/uir is to esta#lish the followin&2

(a) A shi%%in& casualt has occurred within the meanin& of Act.(#) The details of the voa&e leadin& to the casualt.

(c) -vents that led to the casualt

(d) -*tent to which loss of life or loss of %ro%ert has occurred due to shi%%in&

casualt(e) The causes that led to the casualt includin& act of incom%etenc0 ne&li&ence or

misconduct of %erson or %ersons is concerned



The %reliminar en/uir0 which is held under section 469 of 5.S.Act is de%artmental

en/uir and the %roceedin&s of such en/uiries are not released to %u#lic. 8n conductin&

the %reliminar en/uir0 the officer has the followin& res%onsi#ilities2(1) To inform the central &overnment and the state &overnment concerned where

necessar of the detail of the shi%%in& casualties occurrin& within their urisdiction

(!) To &o on #oard the shi% and ins%ect the same includin& machiner and e/ui%ment0 #ut not unnecessaril detainin& or delain& her from %roceedin& on an voa&e

(4) To enter and ins%ect an %remises to facilitate the com%letion of the %reliminar

en/uir($) To summon %ersons he thin's to ta'e statement to com%lete the %reliminar en/uir

(6) To demand the %roduction of all lo& #oo's0 documents or %a%ers he considers

necessar for the en/uir

(") To su#mit the re%ort to central &overnment 8f an %erson refuses to attend and answer or to %roduce necessar evidence or to

im%ede the en/uir0 officer should call his attentions to the %ower &iven to him. 8n case

he still refuses0 he can ta'e action under cha%ter D of the 8ndian ,enal Code.

,ersons who ma #e %resent at the e*aminationE where the owner or a&ent of a shi%0a casualt to which is #ein& investi&ated si&nifies his desire to #e %resent #ut onl while

witness #elon&in& to the shi%s at which he is directl interested are #ein& e*amined0 andhe must #e re/uested to remain silent. +e ma ta'e note of evidence0 if he desires #ut

should not interfere e*amination of witnesses. arrin& this0 no %erson is to #e %resent in

room durin& the e*amination of the witness e*ce%tin& the de%onent. The officerconductin& the en/uir and his cler' and if necessar an inter%reter. ,rofessional lawers

are not admitted in to the %roceedin&s of %reliminar en/uir or formal investi&ation.

=henever it a%%ears that the event leadin& to shi% casualt0 demand a formal

investi&ation # court0 the @.:.Shi%%in&0 # virtue of %ower dele&ated to him undersection 4"; of 5.S.Act ma direct the same to #e held. On recei%t of the order of director

&eneral the %ro%er officer shall ma'e an a%%lication to the court of em%owered under

4"1. the o#ective of court em%owered under 4"1 is not to %unish anone who ma have #een at fault0 #ut to throw li&ht on the cause of casualt and to consider ste%s to %revent

such casualties in future. Onl first class ma&istrates are em%owered to conduct these

formal investi&ations. The courts are assisted # assessors havin& the re/uisite technical 'nowled&e and are

inde%endent of all the interest concerned. The assessor are a%%ointed # the court out of

the list which is maintained # the directorate.

=here formal investi&ation involves or a%%ears li'el to involve an /uestionre&ardin& cancellation or sus%ension of certificate of com%etenc of master0 mate or

en&ineer0 the court shall #e assisted # not less than two assessors havin& the re/uisite

e*%erience in merchant marine service. A%art from the officer on whose a%%lication this investi&ation is underta'en0 an

%erson u%on whom a notice of investi&ation has #een served0 an other interested %arties

ma #e %ermitted to a%%ear at investi&ation and #ecome a %art to the %roceedin&s. On the a%%ointment time and %lace for holdin& investi&ation0 the court can %roceed

with investi&atin& witness the %arties u%on whom notice of investi&ation have #een

served are %resent or not.



<e%ort of court0 unless the cancellation or sus%ension of an officers certificate is

not involved0 the court need not tell its decision in o%en court. 8t ma send or deliver to

the %arties a co% of the re%ort as re/uired # 4"9 of 5.S.Act to #e transmitted to thecentral &overnment. The court should su#mit its re%ort to the central &overnment in

du%licate. =here cancellation or sus%ension of officers certificate of com%etenc is

involved0 the court ma deliver its decision in o%en court and also send or deliver to the %arties a co% of the re%ort to #e transmitted to the central &overnment. =here the

certificate is sus%ended and the court has recommended a certificate of lower &rade

should #e issued0 the same shall #e issued # @.:.Shi%%in& throu&h the %rinci%al officerconcerned.

The %ower to cancel certificate of com%etenc F The certificate of com%etenc

ma also #e cancelled # central &overnment under %rovision of 44 of 5.S.Act

A s)i is re=uire, to (e reistere, at a secific ort i+ I+,ia List t)e ,ocu.e+ts t)at -ill (e

re=uire, for suc) reistratio+ ,etaili+ relate, flo- rocess t)ereof )at statutor*

sur'e*s -ill (e re=uire, to (e carrie, out (efore t)e s)i .aes )er first 'o*ae3

. %orall# an Indian ship is registered in an# of the following ports in India i.e.:u!ai, &alcutta and &hennai. -t each port, the principal officer <5.(. of the ::Dis the registrar for that ship. The registrar has a !oo" called The 4egister !oo" whichcarries entries ade regarding the registration of ship.

Following Documents are required for registration of the ship.

a) SurveorBs Certificate

#) The uilderBs Certificate

c) An instrument of sale0 # which the shi% was %reviousl sold.

d) All declarations of ownershi%.

1( S"rveyor’s Certificate'

The owner of the ship which is to !e registered in India a"es the arrangeents for thevessel to !e surve#ed !# a surve#or, who then ascertains the tonnage of the ship. Thesurve#or grants a certificate, specif#ing the ships tonnage and other particulars. Thiscertificate is delivered to the 4egister for purpose of registr#.

0( #he "ilders Certificate'

In case the ship is !uilt in India, a =uilders &ertificate i.e. true account of properdenoination and the tonnage of the ship as estiated and the nae of the person, ifan#, on whose account the ship was !uilt to !e su!itted to the 4egistrar. If the ship is!uilt outside India, the sae evidence should !e produced as in case of a ship !uilt in

India. If the place and tie of her !uilding are not "nown or if the !uilders6 certificatecannot !e produced, then the instruent of sale under which ship was sold earlier isre8uired.

> If the ownership of the ship has !een changed in the past. Those instruent of saleis re8uired at the tie of registr#.

2( 3eclaration of O!nership'



(wner <i.e. a person?copan# should sign a declaration of ownership in the prescri!edforat containing following.

A) Statement containin& citienshi% of 8ndia.

) A statement of the time and %lace where the shi% was #uilt. 8f the shi% was #uilt

outside 8ndia. and time and %lace are not 'nown0 a statement to that effectmust #e &iven. 8n addition0 in case of a shi% %reviousl re&istered outside

8ndia0 a statement of the %reviousl re&istered name and other %articulars.

c) Name of her master

d) The num#er of shares (of the shi%) held # the individual com%an ( as the

case ma #e) and

e) A declaration that the %articulars stated are true to the #est of his her

'nowled&e and #elief.

6) The &ive a minimum of 1$ das notice to the <e&istrar of the name %ro%osed

for the shi%. The <e&istrar #efore re&isterin& the vessel in the name of thea%%licant shall o#tain %rior a%%roval of the name from @. :. shi%%in& who

will also allot an official num#er of the shi%.

(n !eing satisfied that the ship, on the strength of evidence placed !efore hi isentitled to !e Indian ship, 4egistrar arranges for a surve#or for the deterination ofher tonnage in accordance with the erchant shipping <Tonnage easureent4ules 19@7, as aended fro tie to tie, for the purpose of issue of a certificate of surve#.

-fter the foralities enuerated a!ove have !een gone thro6, 4egistrar issues acarving and ar"ing note. This note is to !e returned to the registrar after carving

and ar"ing have !een dul# carried out on the ship in the prescri!ed anner Acertified !# surve#or. It involves carving of nae of the ship conspicuousl# on eachside of her !ows as well as insertion peranentl# on her stern the nae of theintended port of 4egistr#.

-fter entering the re8uired particulars of the ship in the register, the registrarissues a certificate of 4egistr# to the owner.

!4lai+ t)e follo-i+ .ariti.e ter.:

5a6 #)arter Part* 5(6 Frei)t 5c6 %are %oat #)arter 5,6 %ill of La,i+ 5e6 La* Ti.e De.urrae

a+, Off>HireCharter %art2 8n trum%in& the mar'et conditions stron&l influence the frei&ht that has to #e %aid. The contract #etween two %arties is called the charter %art.

Charter %arties are contracts of affrei&htment under which the shi%owner0 in return for a sum of

mone called the frei&ht or charter hire a&&ress to carr &oods in #ul' # sea or %rovide services

of a vessel for the %ur%oses of such carria&e.



There are no international conventions &overnin& charter %arties. 5ost countries have also not

made laws for re&ulatin& charterin& %ractices. The terms and conditions of charter %arties have

#een evolved over a %eriod of ears in %re%arin& with the &rowth of maritime commerce and theshi%%in& industr.

Or&aniation li'e the UG cham#er of shi%%in& and the ALT8C 8NT-<NAT8ONAL

5A<8T85- CON7-<-NC- (85CO) in Co%enha&en have %laed a si&nificant role inevolvin& international acce%ted C+A<T-< ,A<T8-S. esides such standard forms0 there arealso a num#er of %rivate charter %artBs forms evolved # individual commodit %roducers and

merchants. Thus0 charter %arties could var from %lace to %lace and also from one commodit o

another.

The chartered will normall em%lo #ro'ers to hire a shi% for the carria&e of their car&oes. Thema #e carrin& their own &oods or &oods of another %art. The ma#e a mem#er of a

consortium conference on other multi %art a&reement or ma #e outsider.

There are three im%ortant elements concernin& charterin&

The owner he who %uts his vessel or %art of the vessel at the dis%osal of another %art forcarria&e of car&o.

T+- C+A<T-<-<2 +e who hires the vessel and %as for it

The 7<-8:+T2 The amount of mone which the charterer has to %a the owner for hirin& of the

vessel.

Accordin& o the contract #oth charterer and the owner have their own res%onsi#ilities with

res%ect to the hired costs and the varia#le costs in the use of vessel. The charter %art arenormall claused to allow charterers to su#let the vessel in whole are im%art on condition that the

charterer remain res%onsi#le to the shi%3owner for the %erformance of ori&inal charter.

There are dierent t!pes of charter parties

1. oa&e Charter !. Time Charter 4. are #oat Charter

7rei&ht2 The fri&ht is e*%ressed as %er ton loaded car&o. This is usuall e*%resses in dollars %er

5T or lon& ton. 7rei&ht is the remuneration %aa#le # charters to the owners for the %erformance of the contract and ma #e called charter %art frei&ht. This is normall %aa#le in

accordance with the terms of a frei&ht clause which sti%ulate the amount of frei&ht the time for

%ament and the method of %ament.

This is often %aa#le under the charter %art terms %artiall or full in advance e.&.0 on loadin&on

H.41 issue of ill of Ladin&

@ead frei&ht is not &enuine frei&ht #ut owners com%ensation for loss of frei&ht0 %aa#le #

charterers on a /uantit of car&o short shi%%ed i.e.0 a /uantit the a&reed u%on #ut failed to load

4) A<- OAT O< (@-58S- C+A<T-<)

A #are #oat charter ma also #e called a charter # demise or demise charter and is oftendescri#ed as a t%e of shi% financin& arran&ement.



− It will !e generall# on the =-4+ &(% @9 charter part# for

− It is used !# owners such as !an"s?finance organization who a# not !e

prepared to operate or anage ships theselves.

− It is a contract for the lease of a 3vessel for an agreed period6. The legal owner

ship continues to vest in the owner !ut her ph#sical possession, operation

<including anning and coercial eploitation are the responsi!ilit# of and arethe !enefit of the charterer.

− The# often have a purchaser option at the epir# of the charter period and are

fre8uentl# lin"ed to anageent control. -n# !ills of lac"ing for cargo are issued !# or on !ehalf of the charterer and not on

!ehalf of the legal owner.

The chartered usuall# pa# the owner a fied hire per onth in advance as detailedin agreeent.

=I'' (F '-DI%*

The !ill landing is the declaration of the aster of the vessel !# which theac"nowledges that he received the goods on !oard of his ship and assures that hewill carr# the goods to the place of destination for deliver#, in the sae condition ashe received the against handing of the original !ill of landing. The definition of a !illof lading given in the BH-:=$4* 4$'+)C is the following.

B=I'' (F '-DI%*C eans a docuent which evidence a contract of carriage !#sea and the ta"ing over of loading of the goods !# the carrier, and !# which thecarrier underta"es to deliver the goods against surrender of the docuent.

- provision in the docuent that the goods are to !e delivered to the order of anaed person, or to order or o !earer, constitutes such an underta"ing.

The !ill of lading serves as aa - receipt of the goods !# the ship;owner ac"nowledging that the goods of the

stated species, 8uantit# and conditions are shipped to a stated destination in acertain ship or at least received in custod# of the ship owner for the purpose ofshipent.

! - eorandu of the &(%T4-&T (F &-44I-*+ !# which the aster agreesto transport the goods to their destinations all ters of the contract which was in factconcluded prior to signing of the !ill of loading are repeated on the !ac" of thisdocuent

c - docuent of little to the goods ena!ling the consigner to dispose of the goods

!# endorseent and deliver# of the !ill of lading.'- TI:+E The la# tie is the allowed tie for loading and unloading of the vessel.

The la# tie is deterined in the charter part#. If this tie ecelled !# the chartererhe has to pa# the owner copensation called the

D+:$44-*+E (n the other hand if the ship has loaded or discharged 8uic"erthan foreseen then the owner will have o pa# the charter copensation called



dispatch. 'a# tie consists of a specific nu!er of da#s BD-)C eans a period of2 consecutive hours running fro 0000 to 200 hrs.

D+:$4-*+E 4ate of aount pa#a!le per Bweather wor"ing da#C a portion thereof to the ship;owner !# the charter as penalt# for the letters failure to load or dischargecargo within the la# tie specified in the charter part# provided however that the

dela# was not due to circustances within the control of ship;owner or !e#ondcontrol of the chartered.

(FFHI4+E It is the responsi!ilit# of the owner to provide the vessel in a seaworth#condition for the purpose of the contract and the tie of contract a"ing. (wnersusuall# agree to eercise due diligence to a"e the vessel seaworth# for eachvo#age during the charter period.

- ter charter part# usuall# contains an underta"ing !# owners to aintain thevessel in a good condition throughout the charter period and owners a# !ere8uired to "eep the vessel in the condition she was stated to !e in when thecontract was ade. The ter off hire eans that in certain circustances for which

the charterer is not responsi!le, the hire will !e teporaril# suspended. )o the hireof the vessel is suspended when the charterer cannot use the vessel for which hehad hired it.

The circustances in which Boff hireC is allowed are given in the charter part#.<eg;dr# doc"ing, stri"e of officers, crew, !rea"down of achiner#, to aintain efficienc#of the vessel, deficienc# of owner stores etc.

The !oiler and piston cleaning is included to allow owners to carr#out aintenanceof achiner#. This period is norall# @ hours per #ear. The vessel goes off hire ifperiod of aintenance is eceeded.

If deviating for owner6s purpose eg;landing a sic" an, repairs, dr# doc" the

vessels will !e off hire fro the oent of deviation until she is read# to resueservice in a position not less favoura!le to the charterers.

- deduction of hire is calculated on the !asis of fuel used in deviation including F.(and D.( at the port deviated to.

=ut if deviation is for the charterer purposes eg. stress of weather the vessel willreain on hire.

Charter %art2 Charter %arties are contracts of affrei&htment under which the shi%owner0 in return

for a sum of mone called the frei&ht or charter hire a&&ress to carr &oods in #ul' # sea or

%rovide services of a vessel for the %ur%oses of such carria&e.

There are no international conventions &overnin& charter %arties. 5ost countries have also notmade laws for re&ulatin& charterin& %ractices. The terms and conditions of charter %arties have

#een evolved over a %eriod of ears in %re%arin& with the &rowth of maritime commerce and the

shi%%in& industr.



Or&aniation li'e the UG cham#er of shi%%in& and the ALT8C 8NT-<NAT8ONAL

5A<8T85- CON7-<-NC- (85CO) in Co%enha&en have %laed a si&nificant role in

evolvin& international acce%ted C+A<T-< ,A<T8-S. esides such standard forms0 there arealso a num#er of %rivate charter %arties forms evolved # individual commodit %roducers and

merchants. Thus0 charter %arties could var from %lace to %lace and also from one commodit o

another.The chartered will normall em%lo #ro'ers to hire a shi% for the carria&e of their car&oes. Thema #e carrin& their own &oods or &oods of another %art. The ma#e a mem#er of a

consortium conference on other multi %art a&reement or ma #e outsider.

There are three im%ortant elements concernin& charterin&

The owner he who %uts his vessel or %art of the vessel at the dis%osal of another %art forcarria&e of car&o.

T+- C+A<T-<-< 2 +e who hires the vessel and %as for it

The 7<-8:+T 2 The amount of mone which the charterer has to %a the owner for hirin& of the

vessel.Accordin& o the contract #oth charterer and the owner have their own res%onsi#ilities with

res%ect to the fired costs and the varia#le costs in the use of vessel. The charter %art arenormall claused to allow charterers to su#let the vessel in whole are im%art on condition that the

charterer remain res%onsi#le to the shi%owner for the %erformance of ori&inal charter.

There are dierent t!pes of charter parties$. oa&e Charter

6. Time Charter ". are #oat Charter

'- TI:+E The la# tie is the allowed tie for loading and unloading of the vessel.The la# tie is deterined in the charter part#. If this tie ecelled !# the chartererhe has to pa# the owner copensation called the deurrage. (n the other hand ifthe ship has loaded or discharged 8uic"er than foreseen then the owner will have opa# the charter a copensation called dispatch. 'a# tie consists of a specificnu!er of da#s BD-)C eans a period of 2 consecutive hours running fro 0000to 200 hrs.

=I'' (F '-DI%*

The !ill landing is the declaration of the aster of the vessel !# which theac"nowledges that he received the goods on !oard of his ship and assures that hewill carr# the goods to the place of destination for deliver#, in the sae condition ashe received the against handing of the original !ill of landing. The definition of a !illof lading given in the BH-:=$4* 4$'+)C is the following.





The !ill of lading serves as a

a - receipt of the goods !# the shipowner ac"nowledging that the goods of thestated species, 8uantit# and conditions are shipped to a stated destination in acertain ship or at least received in custod# of the ship owner for the purpose ofshipent.


c - docuent of little to the goods ena!ling the consigner to dispose of the goods!# endorseent and deliver# of the !ill of lading. (FFHI4+EIt is the responsi!ilit# ofthe owner to provide the vessel in a seaworth# condition for the purpose of thecontract and the tie of contract a"ing. (wners usuall# agree to eercise duediligence to a"e the vessel seaworth# for each vo#age during the charter period.

- ter charter part# usuall# contains an underta"ing !# owners to aintain thevessel in a good condition throughout the charter period and owners a# !ere8uired to "eep the vessel in the condition she was stated to !e in when thecontract was ade. The ter off hire eans that in certain circustances for whichthe charterer is not responsi!le, the hire will !e teporaril# suspended. )o the hireof the vessel is suspended when the charterer cannot use the vessel for which hehad hired it.

The circustances in which Boff hireC is allowed are given in the charter part#.<eg;dr# doc"ing, stri"e of officers, crew, !rea"down of achiner#, to aintain efficienc#of the vessel, deficienc# of owner stores etc.

The !oiler and piston cleaning is included to allows owners to carr#out

aintenance of achiner#. This period is norall# @ hours per #ear. The vesselgoes off hire if period of aintenance is eceeded.

If deviating for owners purpose eg;landing a sic" an, repairs, dr# doc" thevessels will !e off hire fro the oent of deviation until she is read# to resueservice in a position not less favoura!le to the charterers.

- deduction of hire is calculated on the !asis of fuel used in deviation including F.(and D.( at the port deviated to.

=ut if deviation is for the charterer purposes eg.E stress of weather the vessel willreain on hire.

? What are the asic 4contracts5 "sed in .ariti6e transportation? 3isc"ss theasic ele6ents of the ti6e Charter 7arty and 3e6ise /areoat Charter7arties(? State the conflicts et!een chartering and .ariti6e La!?



-ns.E; &ontract is an agreeent enforcea!le !# law and eists !etween owner andship anager if an#.

(wner, anager and an# ship !ro"er fiing the ships eplo#ent

Owner0 mana&er and an charterer of the vessel.

Owner0 mana&er and a&ent a%%ointed at each %ort.5aster and his em%loer

Le&al carrier and each shi%%er of &oods on vessel.Owner0 mana&er and various %arties en&a&ed durin& a voa&e such as shi% chandlers.

<e%airin& %arties0 tu& owners0 %ilota&e authorities0 %ort authorities0 stevedores.

8ndividual crew mem#ers and their em%loers.

Shi% owners and charterers.Charterers and su#3charterers.

Shi% owners and owners of car&o

)hip owners <or carriers and passengers <contracts of passage

3 &ontracts of carriage !# sea are norall# ade !etween a shipper or

charterer A a ship owner or carrier, !# !ro"ers acting as agents on their!ehalf. <For !ro"ers services a separate contract is ade.

-n agent norall# has the legal capacit# to !ind his principal to an# contract adeon the principal6s !ehalf, although he ust alwa#s act within his authorit#.

- aster norall# has no capacit# to a"e or alter a contract of carriage ade !#his eplo#er ecept in ecept in eceptional circustances. <+.g. when a"ing asalvage contract in tie of peril, or in circustances where he !ecoes an agent ofnecessit# when una!le to counicate with its principal.

Tie &harterE ; is a contract for the services of the vessel for a specified period oftie which could var# fro one trip <trip tie charter to as uch as a few #ears.

The owners retain possession of the vessel A provide the aster A crew, provisions,insurance dec" and engine stores A have the responsi!ilit# of aintaining the vesselin an efficient state in hull, achiner# A e8uipent. The charterers provide and pa#for fuel, port and canal charges, pilotage, tugs, agenc# fees A coissions. Thetie charter fors in coon use are %5+, =-'TI:+, -)=-TI:+, )H+''TI:+,I%T+4T-%TI:+ A )$55'TI:+. The charterer;hire is generall# on a dail# rate Ais usuall# pa#a!le in advance ever# fortnight?ever# onth.

are#oat Charter or @emise Charter2 3 8s rather more in the nature of a shi% financin&

a&reement for the services of the shi%. 8n this arran&ement the le&al ownershi% continues to vest

in the owner #ut her %hsical %ossession0 o%erations (includin& mannin&) I commercial

e*%loitation are the res%onsi#ilit of I are for the #enefit of the charterer. are#oat charters

often have a %urchase o%tion at the e*%ir of the charter3%eriod I are fre/uentl lin'ed to amana&ement contract. The owners are often #an's or investment com%anies who do not have the

e*%ertise to o%erate or mana&e shi%s. An ills of Ladin& for car&o loaded are issued # or on #ehalf of the charterer I not on #ehalf of the le&al owner. The most3often used form for this t%e

of a&reement is Jarecon39K %u#lished # 85CO. The charter hire is &enerall %aa#le in

advance on the #asis of %er annum. &ue: State t)e reso+si(ilities a+, lia(ilities u+,er t)e

)aue>'is(e* rules of a6s)ier (6s)io-+er



-*%lain the difference #etween +a&ue rules and +a&ue vis#e rules.

Ans2 The duties of the shi%3ownercarriers are covered under Article (iii) of +a&ue is# rules.

8) The carrier is o#li&ed to e*ercise due dili&ence #efore and at the #e&innin& of the voa&e in

res%ect of the followin&2

(a) to ma'e the shi% seaworth(#) to %ro%erl man0 e/ui% and su%%l her

(c) to ma'e the holds and other %laces where &oods are to #e carried fit and safe for their

rece%tion carria&e and %reservation.

88) The carriers dut to e*ercise due dili&ence in the a#ove res%ects is a %aramount dut and anoverridin& o#li&ation. 8f su#se/uentl it is esta#lished that loss of or dama&e to car&o resulted

from failure of the carrier to e*ercise due dili&ence0 the carrier will not #e %ermitted to avail of

the #enefit of the %rotection0 otherwise availa#le to him under the rules.

888) The carrier is o#li&ed to %ro%erl and carefull load handle0 stow0 carr and dischar&e thecar&o. The carrier must have a %ro%er sstem for ta'in& care of car&o durin& the time he is in

custod thereof. This %rovision includes as%ects such as securit0 ventilation0 maintenance ofre/uired tem%erature and avoidance of contamination

(8) The carrier must demand of the shi%%er0 a #ill of ladin& showin& (a) Leadin& mar'snecessar for identification of &oods. (#) Num#er of %ac'a&es or the /uantit or wei&ht in

writin& # the shi%%er (c) The a%%arent order and condition of &oods.

() A #ill of ladin& issue as a#ove must #e a shi%%edB ill of ladin&0 %rovided that the shi%%er

has surrendered an 5ateBs <ecei%t or J<eceived for shi%mentK ill of ladin& (issued %rior tothe issue of the #ill of ladin&)

Such a ill of Ladin& is also a %rima3facia evidence of recei%t of &oods as descri#ed therein #ut

%roof to the contrar is not admissi#le where the L has #een endorsedtransferred to a third

%art actin& in &ood faith.

C&%%I$%’S LI&ILI#I$S

(8) Unless the value of &oods has #een declared # the shi%%er #efore shi%ment and has #een

inserted in the ill of ladin& the carrierBs lia#ilit for loss of or dama&e to &oods is limited as

%rovided in the rules

(ii) Under the +a&ue <ules0 the carriers lia#ilit was restricted to :.. %ounds 1;; (&olde/uivalent) %er %ac'a&e3unless of course a hi&her limit had #een mutuall a&reed.

(iii) +a&ue is# amendments in 19"0 the a#ove limit was raised to 1;0;;; francs %er

%ac'a&e or 4; francs %er 'ilo&ram (whichever is hi&her). A frame meant "6.6 m&s of &old of

9;;1;;; fineness (9;M %ure &old)

(iv) amendments in 1990 the a#ove limits were further raised to """." S@<Bs %er %ac'a&eor !S@<Bs %er '&.

(v) The 19" amendment %rovided that where a container%allet or Jsimilar article of trans%ortK

is used to consolidate &oods0 the num#er of %ac'a&es mentioned in the L as %ac'ed in such

article of trans%ort shall #e deemed to #e the num#er of %ac'a&es as far as these units areconcerned.



%$S7ONSIILI#I$S O8 S9I77$%

(i) The shi%%er is the %erson who has a le&all #indin& contract with the carrier. 8t is the shi%%erBs

res%onsi#ilit to %rovide accurate information a#out the car&o.

(ii) 7ollowin& information must #e included in the L

(a) Shi%%erBs identit (#) essel name

(c) ,ort of loadin& (d) ,ort of dischar&e

(e) Huantit of car&o.

As far as %ossi#le the master should insert words vi.0 shi%%er fi&uresB or shore fi&uresB or

wei&ht and /uantit un'nownB to %rotect the carrier from claim short loadin& date of loadin& (&)

condition of &oods (h) frei&ht (i) condition of carria&e

(iii) The shi%%er has to clearl declare0 the nature of &oods #ein& shi%%ed when &oods are #ein&shi%%ed without the 'nowled&e of consent of carrier0 the carrier is free to ettison land or destro

the &oods without an lia#ilit.

(iv) The shi%%er is res%onsi#le for all dama&es and e*%enses resultin& from the shi%ment of

dan&erous &oods0 even when such &oods are shi%%ed with carrierBs 'nowled&e. The carrier candeal with the &oods when the #ecome dan&erous to the shi% without an lia#ilit e*ce%t &eneral

avera&e. ut in such a case0 the shi%%er is not lia#le for an conse/uential loss.

LI&ILI#I$S O8 S9I77$%

1. 8f the value of &oods has not #een declared in the L the shi%%er will &et onl

"""." S@<Bs %er %ac'a&e or ! S@<Bs %er '&

!. 8n case of loss or dama&e0 written notice must #e served on the carrier within areear of deliver of &oods.

3I88$%$NC$ $#W$$N 9&)U$ %UL$S &N3 9&)U$ IS: %UL$S

1) Under +a&ue rules (framed in 19!;Bs) carriers lia#ilit was restricted to : %ounds 1;; (&olde/uivalent) %er %ac'a&e.

Under +a&ue3is# rules0 this limit was raised to 1;0;;; francs (&old e/uivalent) %er %ac'a&e or4; francs %er '&

!) As %er +a&ue is# rules0 the carrier loses his ri&ht to limit lia#ilit0 if the dama&e to car&o

resulted from an act or omission of the carrier0 done with the intent to cause such dama&e. As %er

+a&ue rules0 no such %rovision were %rovided. Thus the carrier could limit his lia#ilit to 1;;: %ounds even if the dama&e caused to car&o was done intentionall with the intent to cause

dama&e.

+2;$laorate the infl"ences of a Charterer on operation of prop"lsion and

other shipoard 6achineries d"ring a voyage; & ship on a ti6e- charter if6et !ith several "nforeseen 6achinery rea<do!ns d"e to !hich thesched"led date cannot e 6et !ith= stale the different options and actionsa Chief $ngineer on-oard sho"ld "nderta<e;

-ns. The different t#pes of charter parties are E; <1 o#age &harter <2 Tie &harter <> =are!oat &harter. In case of a vo#age charter and tie charter, it is the responsi!ilit# of owner to

ta"e care of ships propulsion achiner# and other achineries on !oard.



In case of an# !rea"down E<a In case of vo#age charter in !rea"down if la#can is not et i.e. at agreed

tie if the vessel is not presented at agreed port or place, the charterersare entitled to reect the vessel and cancel the charter.

<! In case of tie charter, loss of tie governed !# the so called off hire

clause. This clause provides that tie charter shall not !e re8uired to pa#hire for such tie as is caused !# !rea"down of achiner# or repairs.<c In case of !are!oat charter all responsi!ilities regarding navigation,

propulsion and aintenance of ship!oard achiner# reains withcharterer itself.

5rior ta"ing a ship on charter following things <!ut not liited to are ta"en in toconsideration !# the chartererE

<1 Description of the vessel nae, flag, ownership, class, grossand net tonnage, cargo capacit# and horsepower etc.

<2 )peed and fuel consuption in function of deterinedweather conditions <in good weather A sooth water

Tie charter has a aor concern in speed of the ship and fuel consuption asit deterines the tie period !etween ports and also the epenses to !e incurred onfuel in the vo#age. :iniu speed agreed in charter part# has to !e achieved andan# deviation in case of speed or fuel consuption if an#, then the owner has to pa#copensation to the charterer.

o#age charter has stipulated la#can so in order to eet that a iniuagreed speed has to !e achieved?aintained during the vo#age otherwise chartereris entitled to reect the vessel and cancel the charter.

<> -part fro propulsion achiner# the charterer can also as" forfollowing reportsE

a -u. eng. fuel consuption per da#

! &onditions of hatches?tan"s c =oiler fuel consuption d D( cons. in I** <gas ships e &argo achiner# f :ooring A windlass g %avigation h *eneral condition of vessel i etting inspection defect list &-5 surve# reports of hull and achiner# For delivering the cargo at agreed ters and conditions in charter part#, other

achiner# also pla# vital role. Time Charter E; This eans a vessel is to !e operated for a period of tie under

charter without underta"ing either the financial coitents of ownership orresponsi!ilities of navigation and anageent of vessel.

If too uch unforeseen achiner# !rea"down have occurred and ship cannoteet with the scheduled date, a chief engineer on !oard should underta"e followingoptions and actionsE

In case of tie charter a period of @ hrs is allowed for the shipowner per #earto carr# out aintenance o!s on !oiler and ain engine.



)o in case the !rea"down is on :+ or !oiler, the &?+ ust ensure thataintenance is carried out within the stipulated tie !# charter part#. To epedite thewor", the option of a"ing two teas to wor" on :+ can !e considered in that whenone group is wor"ing the other can ta"e rest and wor" goes on continuousl# till the

o! is over, to ultiatel# avoid the possi!ilit# of off;hire vessel.

In case of breakdown:- 1 &opan# ust !e infored regarding the !rea"down achiner# andproposed aintenance action ust !e reported also

2 -n# special assistance re8uired li"e soe spare parts?stores ortechnicians ust !e discussed with copan#

> -nticipated tie for carr#ing out the aintenance ust !e reported tocopan#

:a"e separate teas to wor" on the achiner# so that wor" is in progressall the tie till aintenance is over and achine is read# to start

G :otivate the crew and engineers and !e a part of tea. This will !e anencouraging factor to all and wor" can !e done efficientl# and effectivel#

/ -ppreciate and encourage the crew and engineers If the !rea"down is not over within tie stipulated !# charterpart#, afterdiscussion with copan# the following action a# !e ta"en

<a )peed of ship a# !e increased within safe liits. This should !e done inconsultation with the copan# !ecause increase in speed increases fuelconsuption which a# deviate fro that entioned in charterpart#.

<! The load on diesel generator should !e reduced if possi!le to copensatefor increase in fuel consuption.

<c -fter discussion with aster the course of ship a# !e altered "eeping inind the safet# of ship

<d - ore vigilant watch ust !e "ept on the achiner# to avoid further

!rea"downs and engineroo to !e anned at all ties.Com%an to #e well informed a#out the condition of machiner.

&1;<0> Defi+e t)e salie+t co+si,eratio+ tae+ ,uri+ sur'e* of s)i u+,er i6 %are(oat

c)arter ii6 Vo*ae c)arter iii6 Ti.e c)arter As a #;! o+ (oar, e4lai+ -it)

reaso+s -)ic) of t)e t)ree sur'e*s is .ost ,e.a+,i+ a+, e4)austi+ a+, -)*3

#)arter : is the contract #etween the shi% owner and the charterer for the use of a shi% or her

services for a %articular voa&e or for series of voa&es0 or for a sti%ulated %eriod of

time.

Contracts for hire of s%ecified vessels0 includes

o time charterso are #oat charters (also 'now as >demise charters).

o oa&e charter

%are(oat c)arter:

8s a contract for the hire of a vessel for an a&reed %eriod durin& which the charterers

ac/uire most of the ri&hts of the owners.



(8s most usuall on the A<-CON 9 charter %art form

8s used # owners such as #an's I finance houses who are not %re%ared to o%erate or

mana&e shi%s themselves.

5a #e hin&ed to a %urchase o%tion after e*%ir of the charter or durin& the hire

%eriod.)8n essence the vessel owners %ut the vessel at the com%lete dis%osal of the charters

and %a the ca%ital costs0 #ut no other costs. The charters have commercial and

technical res%onsi#ilit for the vessel0 and %a all costs e*ce%t ca%ital costs.

The >A<-CON A> from under which the owners #ear res%onsi#ilit for insurance %remiums0 was desi&ned # 85CO for short %eriod charterin&.

The >A<-CON > form was desi&ned as a lon&3%eriod0 financial t%e of contracts0

mainl for new #uildin&s althou&h it can #e modified for second 3hand tonna&e. The

charters are res%onsi#le for insurance %remiums.

A<-CON 9 is an amal&amation of the A<-CON >A> and >> forms0 desi&ned

to reflect the &rowin& use of are#oat charter re&istration. There will #ean a&reement0 that there will #e an on hire surve. 8n the case of new shi% #uildin& the

surve %rocedures can #e done in the ard itself accordin& to the a&reement. 8n other cases there is a thorou&h e*amination considerin& the followin& %oints.

3 un'ers on #oard

3 Stores I s%ares on #oard.

3 :eneral condition of the vessel.

3 Certificates validit

3 Tan's condition

3 Sea worthiness.

As a Chief en&ineer0 ou are res%onsi#le for maintainin& the e/ui%ment in &oodcondition. un'er on #oard to #e %ro%erl calculated and 'e%t read for the surveors

to chec'. Cleanliness and %ro%er ,.5.S. sstem has to #e maintained in view of

seaworthiness. 8t is a more strin&ent surve since the charter ta'es the res%onsi#ilitof the vessel in full res%ect e*ce%t ca%ital cost. All crew mem#ers to #e aware of the

safet %rocedure and safe wor'in& %ractices accordin& to the com%an?s /ualit

mana&ement sstem. 8n this re&ard %ro%er trainin& and #riefin& to #e &iven #efore

surves.

Vo*ae #)arter: is a contract for the carria&e # a named vessel of a s%ecified/uantit of car&o #etween named %osts or %laces.

The shi% owner #asicall a&rees that he will %resent the named vessel for loadin& at

the a&reed %lace within an a&reed %eriod of time a followin& loadin&0 will carr thecar&o to the a&reed %lace0 where he will deliver the car&o.

The charter a&rees to %rovide for loadin&0 within the a&reed %eriod of time0 the a&reed

/uantit of the a&reed commodit0 to %a the a&reed amount of frei&ht0 and to ta'e

deliver of the car&o at the destination %lace.



8n effect the charterers hire the car&o ca%acit of the vessel and not the entire vessel.

The owner must %rovide the master and crew0 act as carrier and %a all runnin& and

voa&e costs0 unless the charter %art s%ecificall %rovides otherwise.

The surve under voa&e charter is not ver strict as com%ared to other charter %art 2

The charter mainl interested in sea worthiness and condition of the car&o s%ace. Thesurveor chec's for whether the vessel can carr the car&o of %articular /uantit and

to #e a#le to dischar&e within an a&reed %eriod of time.

As a Chief -n&ineer one should ta'e care of car&o hold tan'0 car&o &ear condition.

8t an re%airs are necessar to 'ee% the same in &ood condition0 that has to #e carried3out. +e has to %rove that the shi% is a#le to carr the car&o safel and vessel a#le to

reach in %ro%er time which is a&reed.

Ti.e c)arter : is a contract for the hire of a named vessel for a s%ecified %eriod of

time.

(The charters a&ree to hire from the shi% owner a named vessel0 of s%ecific technical

characteristics0 for an a&reed %eriod of time0 for the chatterers %ur%oses su#ect toa&reed restrictions. The hire %eriod of time0 for the charters %ur%oses su#ect to a&reed

restrictions. The hire %eriod ma #e the duration of one voa&e (a >tri% charter>) or anthin& u% to several ears (>%eriod charters>))

The shi% owner is res%onsi#le for vessels runnin& e*%enses i.e.0 mannin& re%airs and

maintenance0 stores0 masters and crewBs wa&es0 hull and machiner insurance0 etc. +e

o%erates the vessel technicall0 #ut not commerciall. The owner #ears no car&ohandlin& e*%enses and do not normall a%%oint stevedores.

The charters are res%onsi#le for the commercial em%loment of the vessel0 #un'er

fuel %urchase and insurance0 %ort and canal dues (includin& %ilota&e0 towa&e0

linesmen etc.)0 and all loadin& stowin& trimmin& dischar&in& arran&ements andcosts.

A directions and lo&s clause re/uires the charters to %rovide the master with all

instruction and sailin& directions and the master and Chief -n&ineer to 'ee% full and

correct lo&s accessi#le to the chatterers or their a&ents so that the can monitor thevessels efficientl. Stevedorin& dama&e notification forms and lo& a#stracts will

usuall #e re/uired to #e rent to the chatterers.

O+>)ire sur'e* a+, ,eli'er* certificate: There will #e usuall a&reements that there

will #e an on3hire surve or deliver surve to esta#lish. 3 un'ersremainin& on #oard (<.O..) in order to determine the /uantit the chatterers will

have to %a the owners for.3The &eneral condition of the vessel.

3Tan's or holds are fit for the carria&e of the contem%lated car&oes.

3+olds of a dr car&o vessel must #e dr and swe%t clean0 etc. and tan's for oil or chemicals must %ass surve and #e certified fit.



The on3hire surve is usuall carried out # ointl a%%roved surveors0 %aid for

6;6; # the owners and the chatterer. Time s%ent on the surve is normall at the

owner?s ris'0 i.e.0 the vessel is not on 3hire until %assin& of the surve.

A deliver certificate should #e issued # the surveor to confine the date and time of

hand3over0 #un'ers <.O.. and the condition of holds or tan's. The certificate should

#e attached to the surve re%ort and is a vital document for the assessment of hire %aments due and the commencement of various chatterer lia#ilities.

The on hire surve should not #e confused with the condition surve that ma #e

re/uired # a %ros%ective chatterer0 %articularl where this is an oil com%an or in the

case of older tonna&e.

As a Chief -n&ineer0 one should calculate the #un'er on #oard correctl and to 'ee%all machiner in &ood condition. +e has to %rove that shi% is a#le to satisf charter

%art re/uirement re&ardin& fuel consum%tion and s%eed. An maintenance re/uired

for car&o holds or tan's to #e carried3out %rior surve to 'ee% them in &ood condition.

OFF HI"! S/"V!Y AND "!D!LIV!"Y #!"TIFI#AT!:>

The chatterers must normall re3deliver the vessel in the >same &ood order as whendelivered to the chatterer0 fair wear I tear e*ce%ted.> 8n the event of redeliver not

#ein& in the same &ood order and condition0 the charters would #e lia#le for the costs

of re%airs. 8f the charterers are &iven the o%tion of redeliverin& the vessel >dirt> asum in com%ensation to the owners will #e %rovided for.

The off hire surve will normall #e carried out # an inde%endent surveor to

ascertain the e*tent of dama&e done durin& the charter0 #un'ers <.O.. etc. The

redeliver clause ma %rovide that re%airs necessar to ma'e a vessel sea worthmust #e done immediatel on redeliver0 and an other re%airs at a more convenient

time0 e.&. at the ne*t dr3doc'in&.

The off3hire surve is similar in sco%e to the on3hire surve un'ers r.o.#. are

measured so that the can #e >#rou&ht #ac' # the owners. The condition of thevessel and her car&o s%aces is e*amined for dama&e attri#uta#le to charterers

o%erations. A redeliver certificate should #e issued to the master.

As a Chief -n&ineer0 he should chec' the #un'ers r.o.#. and condition of the car&o

s%aces. 8f an re%airs to #e done has to #e notified to the surveor.

@ $>plain the follo!ing5a6 orl, scale 5(6 "eso+si(ilities of a s)i(roer

A+s: (a) =O<L@ SCAL-2 This is used for tan'erBs car&oes where# frei&ht rates are /uotedwith reference to an international scale called the new =orldwide Tan'er Nominal 7rei&ht

Scale or J=orld ScaleK in short. This is used as a reference # the %arties in the tan'er

mar'et to easil com%are and evaluate frei&ht rate for all the different voa&es and mar'et

levels.

The #asis of world scale is that the %articulars of a standard tan'er of 6;;; tons @=T

have #een chosen for ma'in& round voa&e calculation for %racticall all 'nown tan'er

trades with the com%arativel few. 8n these calculations s%ecified fi&ures have #een used



for all items involved0 e.&. a distance of 16;;; nautical miles0 %ort cost0 %ort

time(hourdas) #un'er cost0 etc. and the additional fictional cost element of 1!;;;

dollarsda. 8n this wa the frei&ht5T re/uired # the standard shi% in each trade has #eencalculated and these frei&hted fi&ures are %rinted in =orld Scale as a certain dollarston.

These values are called world scale 1;; or world scale in short. 8n %ractise0 reference is

made to these world scales in other frei&ht ne&otiation and mar'et re%orts. The %revailin&mar'et levels0 the actual shi% sie0 the t%e and /ualit of %roduct to #e su%%lied and also

the loadin& %lace0 then determine how for a#ove or #elow the reference level of =S 1;;0

the fi*ture will #e calculated. 8n other words what %ercenta&e of the ta#ulated frei&ht fi&urewill #e used for calculatin& the frei&ht to #e %aid0 e.&. in a fi*ture coverin& 1;;;; tons

@=T from :ulf to =estern -uro%e made at =S ; means that the owner will #e %aid a

frei&ht e/ual to ;M of the frei&ht %er ton ta#ulated in the world scale ta#le for the trade in

/uestion. The frei&ht rates are normall ne&otiated on a fi*ture0 usin& world scale for the #asis of ne&otiations. 8t is called the world scale frei&ht rate.

Advanta&es2

!) Sim%lified ne&otiations for tan'er charterers.

4) A sim%le reference covers all %ossi#le voa&es within the a&reed tradin& areas.

$) 7acilitate read and /uic' com%arison of fi*ture.

@isadvanta&es2

1) =orld Scale is not a su#stitute for voa&e estimatin&

!) 8t does not allow for income or frei&ht ta* etc.

4) =orld Scale is onl a method of com%arison and tool for ne&otiation0 not asu#stitute for ris' mana&ement andor #usiness forecastin&.

"eso+si(ilities of a s)i (roer: Shi%s are normall fi*ed on charters0 #etween shi%

owners and charterers # shi%#ro'ers actin& as ne&otiator for the two %arties. 5an

shi% #ro'ers are self em%loed0 while others wor' in lar&e firms active in several ofa#ove disci%lines. Shi%#ro'ers are remunerated # commissions called #ro'era&e0

%aa#le # the shi% owner to each #ro'er involved in arran&in& a contract. 8n a voa&e

or time charter0 the #ro'era&e %aa#le is sti%ulated in #ro'era&e clause and is normall1.!6M of the shi% ownerBs &ross recei%ts from hire0 frei&ht0 dead frei&ht and demurra&e0

%aa#le to each #ro'er involved. The %rofessional #od for shi% #ro'ers

worldwide is the London #ased 8nstitute of Chartered Shi%#ro'ers. The institute setsand monitors %rofessional standards for shi%#ro'ers throu&h annual e*aminations. 8ts

tutorshi% corres%ondence courses ena#le shi%#ro'in& students (includin& mariners) to

stud for the instituteBs annual e*ams (from which /ualified mariners are &ranted somee*em%tions).

London is still the hu# of international shi% #ro'in& communit and man individual

#ro'ers and #ro'in& firms are mem#ers of altic -*chan&e0 which is essentiall a shi%

#ro'in& mar'et %lace. 5ost shi%#ro'in& toda is conducted via the internationaltelecommunication networ'.

Such s%ecialists ma #e en&a&ed # a shi%owner are customaril referred to as

charterin& a&ents or charterin& #ro'ers and are %aid a commission for their services



(usuall %aid # shi%owner unless otherwise sti%ulated) which customaril is 1.!6M of

the &ross revenue and an demurra&e. =hen two or more #ro'ers are involved0

du%licate (dou#le) #ro'era&e is normall %aid. Shi%#ro'ers include23

) OwnerBs #ro'ers0 who find and arran&e em%loment for their %rinci%al shi%0

) Charterers #ro'ers0 who fi* shi% to carr out their %rinci%al re/uirements. The %rinci%al functions %erformed # the shi%#ro'ers are23

1) To determine the form of charter and s%ecial %rovisions that must closel meet

the needs of %articular transactions.

!) To facilitate the ne&otiations of the terms and #ro'er the charter on #ehalf of the

%rinci%als

4) To chart the vessels %osition and availa#ilit for loadin& and to coordinate

deliver of car&o to shi%side.

$) To ensure that the re/uired notices for readiness are &iven0 that the election of

loadin& or dischar&in& %arties or #ro'ers are declared0 and a%%ro%riate insurancecovera&e is o#tained.

6) To su%ervise the %re%arations of dis%atch0 demurra&e and loadin& statement0

%ament of dues and customs at various %orts and settlement in so far as %ossi#le

of dis%utes arisin& in this connection.

") To o#tain certification of frei&ht invoices0 arran&e for surrender0 #ill of ladin&Efacilitate collection of frei&ht0 etc.

) To arran&e for a%%ointment of %ort a&ents and to issue a%%ro%riate instructions.

Q"e' 3ifferentiate et!een third party liaility and contract"al liaility ? When

6ay the shipo!ner see< to li6it his liaility?

Q"e'What is general average act? Na6e the essential feat"res of )& act?

)$N$%&L &$%&)$ &C#':eneral avera&e is an ancient form of s%readin& the ris' of sea trans%ort and e*isted lon& #efore marine

insurance. :eneral avera&e means J&eneral lossK0 as o%%osed to a %articular loss under marine insurance. A &eneral

avera&e act is defined in <ule A of the or' Antwer% <ules 199$ and 5arine 8nsurance Act as follows2

JThere is a &eneral avera&e act when0 and onl when0 an e*traordinar sacrifice or e*%enditure isintentionall and reasona#l made or incurred for the common safet for the %ur%ose of %reservin& from %eril the

%ro%ert involved in a common maritime adventure.K

The five com%onent %arts of a &eneral avera&e loss are therefore2

a) an e*traordinar sacrifice or e*%enditure0 #) which is intentionall

c) and reasona#l made

d) a&ainst a %eril0

1. it) refere+ce to .ari+e i+sura+ce -rite s)ort +otes o+ t)e follo-i+:

5a6 Port of refue 5(6 Particular a'erae a+, Ge+eral a'erae 5c6 Total loss a+, #o+structi'e

loss



(a) ,ort of refu&e 2 8t is a %ort on %lace that a vessel diverts to when her master considers itis unsafe to continue the voa&e due to a %eril that threatens its safet.

=here such a deviation is for the %reservation from %eril of the %ro%ert involved is a

common maritime adventure0 it will &enerall constitute a &eneral avera&e act.

=here the shi%3owner or carrier is a %art to a contract of carria&e0 discontinuation of thevoa&e is deviation from the contract.

A deviation to a %ort of refu&e will #e re&arded as a ustifia#le deviation if the reasons for

the deviation can #e shown to #e a valid one within the terms of the contract. 8n such a case allcontractual ri&hts will #e unaffected.

alid reasons for deviatin& to a %ort of refu&e usuall include2

(i) =eather0 collision or &roundin& dama&e affectin& the seaworthiness of the shi%

(ii) A serious 7ire

(iii) @an&erous shift of car&o(iv) Serious machiner #rea'down

(v) An other accident causin& a serious threat to the vessel on her car&o

(vi) Shorta&e of #un'er

,ara&ra%h (a) of <ule D F -*%enses at %ent of refu&e etc F of the or'3 Antwer% <ules 199$

%rovides that when a shi% shall have entered a %ort of refu&e fro an of the a#ove mentionedreasons0 the e*%enses incurred shall #e admitted as :eneral Av&.B

A %ort or %lace where a vessel see's tem%orar shelter is not a %ort of refu&e (-&. @ue to

adverse weather) since runnin& for shelter is ordinar %ractice and not e*traordinarB in conte*t

of <ule A of the or' Antwer% <ules.

,articular Avera&e and &eneral Avera&eA marine loss ma #e either23

1. A total loss or !. A %artial loss (termed avera&e)

7artial Loss

A %artial loss ma #e either2

1. ,articular avera&e (,A) i.e.0 accidental %artial loss

or !.:eneral avera&e (:A) i.e.0 intentional %artial loss

1. ,articular Avera&e2

8t is a %artial loss0 %ro*imatel caused # a %eril insured a&ainst and which is not a:eneral avera&e loss. Thus0 structural dama&e %ro*imatel caused # collision0 &roundin&0 heav

weather etc. (%erils of the seas) would normall #e caused as a ,AB loss.!. :eneral Avera&e2

:eneral avera&e is an ancient form of s%readin& the ris' of sea trans%ort and e*isted lon&

#efore marine insurance. :eneral avera&e means &eneral lossB0 as o%%osed to a %articular lossunder marine insurance.



8t is a sstem0 in which all interests involved in the adventure0 vi.0 +ull and 5achiner0

car&o and 7rei&ht at ris' must contri#ute to the losses voluntaril incurred to save all interests on

#oard.The %rinci%le is That which has #een sacrificed for the #enefit of all0 shall #e made &ood

# the contri#ution of all0 that &ot the #enefit from the :eneral Avera&e ActB The o#ect of :AB

is to ensure0 that the owner of the shi% or car&o0 who has incurred an e*%enditure or suffered asacrifice of his %ro%ert0 in order to e*tricate the shi% (and the car&o) from a %erilous %osition0

receives a contri#ution to his loss0 from all those who have #enefited from this action A :AB loss

is a %artial loss0 incurred throu&h a deli#erate act %erformed with the intention of %rotectin& theinterests of all involved0 in a voa&e from a dan&er0 which threatens them all. :AB losses are

shared e/uall # all %arties to the common adventureB each contri#utin& in %ro%ortion to his

%ercenta&e of Net arrived values.

The five maor com%onent of a &eneral avera&e loss are therefore

a an etraordinar# sacrifice or ependiture! which action ta"en was intentional or voluntar# and not inevita!le

c and reasona!l# aded against a perile in order to !enefit the coon venture

e.&.0 @ama&e done when over wor'in& a shi%s en&ine while afloat to %revent &roundin& in

ordinarB0 whereas dama&e done to en&ines0 when alread a&round0 in attem%tin& to re3float the

vessel is a :AB0 since this is an e*traordinar Act.

Total loss and constructive lossA total loss ma #e either2

1 -n -ctual Total 'oss <-T' or 2 - constructive Total 'oss <&T'

Actual Total Loss2

There is an Actual Total Loss0 where the su#ect matter of insurance is com%letel destroed orso dama&ed as to cease to #e a thin& of the 'ind insured0 on where the insured is irretrieva#l

de%rived of it or where %ro%erl is %osted missin&B

e.&. when a shi% is missin&0 vi.0 has not re%ented for several wee's

Constructive Total Loss2

As %er the 5arine 8nsurance Act0 a Constructive total Loss occurs0 when an assured is de%rived

of %ossession of his shi% on &oods # a %eril insured a&ainst and where the su#ect matter ofinsurance is reasona#l a#andoned # the 8nsured0 on account of its actual loss a%%earin&

unavoida#le0 #ecause it could not #e %revented from Actual Total Loss without e*%enditure thatwould e*ceed its value after e*%enses have #een incurred.

After validB a#andonment0 the 8nsurer is entitled to ta'e over the interests of the Assured inwhatever remains of the insured %ro%ert includin& %ro%rietar ri&hts vi.

The ri&ht to an frei&ht0 that was in the course of #ein& earned when the casualt occurred

The ri&ht to ta'e over the shi% or its &oods



The ri&ht to dis%ose of the shi% or its &oods as the thin' fit and to retain all the %roceedin&s

(even if this is more than the claim actuall %aid)

Why does a ship re@"ire .arine Ins"rance cover? $>plain 9"ll Clai6s and Cargo

Clai6s related !ith .arine Ins"rance; State the related doc"6ents andinfor6ation re@"ired fro6 the ship in this regard highlighting their validity;

Ans. :arine Insurance is a ethod where !# one part# called assuror orunderwriter, agrees for a stated consideration "nown as a preiu, to indenif#another part#, called the insured or assured, against loss, daage or epense inconnection with the coodities at ris" if caused !# perils enuerated in thecontract "nown as a polic# of insurance. The polic# pledge to copensate theinsured !# does not guarantee the continued eistence or the replaceent of thegood itself.

Insurance provides individuals and organisations with financial protection againstthe outcoe of events which involve onetar# loss or lia!ilities which could not !epredicted or anticipated and over which the# have no effective control. In the case of ship;owner or ship anager insurance is usuall# confined to financial conse8uencesof daage to its own ship, daage to the people6s propert# or death or inur# topeople all ship;owner and shipping erchants should insure this propert# againstthe loss or daage. The# are not legall# !ound to insure ecept for lia!ilit# of oilpollution clai. However the odern ethods of financing trade and shipping a"esit essential that the# do so. The capital eposed to loss in odern ship is so hugethat no copan# can afford to !ear the lia!ilit# incurred. =esides ost of thetonnage is ortgaged to !an"s and other financial institutions and the# re8uireinsurance as collateral securit#.

9"ll Ins"rance clai6s'

Following an# cases of Hull daage e.g. collision, grounding etc. shipowner?anagers insurance dept. will norall# iediatel# infor H A : leadunderwriter via !ro"er. -s per clause 9 of IH& 1.11.02, lead underwriter will instructa surve#or to ascertain the nature, cost and etent of the daage, necessar# repairsand fair and reasona!le cost there of and an# other atter which leading underwriter or surve#or considers relevant. The lead underwriter will a"e decision in respect ofan# clai within 2@ da#s of receipt !# the of the appointed average adusters finaladustent or, if no aduster is appointed, a full docuent clai presentationsufficient to ena!le the underwriter to deterine their lia!ilit# in relation coverageand 8uantu. The underwriter all discharged fro the lia!ilities of the clai if it is notnotified within 1@0 da#s of the assured !ecoing aware of accident or occurrence.Docuents and inforation re8uired fro the ship.

In addition to copies of the relevant insurance policies <which will !e supplied !#the owner, docuents and inforation listed !elow a# !e re8uired to accopan#a clai lodged !# owners against underwriters

@ec' and -< lo&#oo's coverin& the casualt and the re%air %eriod.



5asterBs and or chief en&ineers detailed re%ort (as a%%ro%riate)

<elevant letters of %rotest.

,rotest and e*tended %rotests.

UnderwriterBs surveorBs re%ort

class surveorBs re%ort

OwnerBs su%erintendentBs re%ort.

<ecei%t and account for re%airs.

Accounts coverin& and dr3doc'in& I &eneral e*%enses.

@etails of -< stores and s%ares consumed.

Cargo Clai6s'

1) =hen car&o loss or dama&e is discovered a deliver note or consi&nment note will #eclaused with a note of the loss or dama&e.

!) The car&o owners will immediatel inform his insured if it is outside UG0 this is done

throB the local LlodsB a&ent in case of LlodsB %olic.

4) 8f loss or dama&e is e*tensive underwriters will normall as' for a surve re%ort. This isarran&ed # LlodBs a&ent0 who can a%%oint surveor and %a small claims locall.

$) After the claim is /uantified and documented the underwriter settles the claim thro

LlodBs a&ents06) Underwriter then decides (under the doctrine of su#ro&ation) whether or not claim is

worth %ursuin& a&ainst carrier.

") 8f he decides to %ursue the claim #e immediatel ma'es a written claim on the carrier0

failure to claim ma %reudice his ri&ht of recover.) The claim (includin& surveorBs fee) is settled # the carrier in the currenc stated in the

%olic or on the certificate of insurance.

) The carrier if a ,8 mem#er then claims on his clu# %olic.

3oc"6ents "s"ally re@"ired are'

=ill of landing ? -irwa# !ill, coercial invoice, insurance certificate, cop# of%otice of clai reported against carrier, Docuentation related to outturn ? receipt ofgoods, local carrier6s wa# !ill where applica!le, cop# of teperature records, whereavaila!le cop# of instructions to carrier regarding carriage teperature, whereapplica!le invoices to confir salvage ? sale price.

Q"e' What are the principles of 6odern salvage la!? What is generalaverage? With conte>t to );&; e>plain /i( $ntitle6ent /ii( &rtificial /iii(&dA"st6ent /iv( contestation

-nsE )alvage can !e descri!ed as a service rendered to save aritie propert# indanger. )alvage can !e characterized !# the followingE



1. Salva&e service must #e voluntar

!. Salva&e %ro%ert must #e reco&nied maritime %ro%ert

4. Su#ect must #e in dan&er $. Salva&e must #e successful.

Let us loo' at a#ove in detail3

1 essel crew pilot cannot clai salvage as the# are !ounded !# contract to protectthe vessel and its cargo fro danger. Tugs arranged previousl# for to wage cannotclai salvage. However tugs called in an eergenc# can clai salvage.

2 )u!ect can !e vessel cargo special e8uipent on !oard ship !oundaries as an#other aritie propert# out ris" of !eing lost if salvage is not rendered. 5rovisionscrews effect etc are not 8ualif# for salvage

> Dangers ust !e identified at coenceent of salvage. However it ight not !eiediatel# present or iinent e.g., a vessel which has lost its propeller is not ifan# iediate danger, if it is at sea however, if a# ta"e lead to grounding.

)alvage clai is paid out of the value of the propert# saved hence salvage ust !esuccessful <at least partl#. Hence the ter 3%o cure %o pa#6 viz if salvage operation

is unsuccessful there can !e no value to effect pa#ent.eneficiaries of salva&e are lia#le to %a salva&e

These includes

1. Owner of vessel

!. Owner of an s%ecial e/ui%ment fitted on #oard4. Charters of vessel

$. Owners of salvedB car&o

6. Owners of #an'ers on #oard

)$N$%&L &$%&)$ &C#'

:eneral avera&e is an ancient form of s%readin& the ris' of sea trans%ort and e*isted lon& #efore marineinsurance. :eneral avera&e means J&eneral lossK0 as o%%osed to a %articular loss under marine insurance. A &eneralavera&e act is defined in <ule A of the or' Antwer% <ules 199$ and 5arine 8nsurance Act as follows2

JThere is a &eneral avera&e act when0 and onl when0 an e*traordinar sacrifice or e*%enditure is

intentionall and reasona#l made or incurred for the common safet for the %ur%ose of %reservin& from %eril the

%ro%ert involved in a common maritime adventure.KThe five com%onent %arts of a &eneral avera&e loss are therefore2

a) an e*traordinar sacrifice or e*%enditure0

#) which is intentionall

c) and reasona#l maded) a&ainst a %eril0

JA common maritime adventureK is a voa&e in which several %arties have some financial

interest. The %olicies to a common maritime adventure would include the shi% owner.

<i +ntitleent to *.-.E - claiant is entitled to o!tain contri!ution fro other parties tothe coon venture <cargo as the ship. =ut a carrier is not entitled to o!taincontri!ution in *- fro cargo if the peril arises as a result of his actiona!le faults asnegligence in law as that of his eplo#ees

<ii -rtificial *.-E is the granting of a clai for *.-. when even when one of the fine!asic principle found in 4ule - of the or" -ntwerp 4ules is not present



− clais for *.-. were originall# for .. of cargo cutting awa# of anchor ca!les etc.

carried out for the coon safet# in order to avoid iinent ship wrec" caused!# a peril of sea

− The creation of artificial *.- was part of slow evolution favouring ship owners

− If peril was an essential ingredient of *.- if was reduced in iportance !# B)afe

prosecutionC rule and peril did not have to !e iediate provided that it was realand not iaginar#.

− )oe nu!ered rules and do not retain interpretation rule of 4ule paraount.

Thus it is not dear weather the principles in act 19> have precedence over therules in out 19 or vice versa. -rticles 20>allows particles to opt out of changes10 !# agreeing to a different set of rules.

− =ecause there was no specific peril read. In rule <! and 1<! clais a# !e

ade for there is no peril. This is *?a !# agreeent as artificial *.-.<iii *eneral -verage -dustent

− -ssessent of each part#6s contri!ution is caused on average adustent

− *overned !# or" -ntwerp 4ules 197

− The rules ensure that all the average adustents. To as international standard

− The adustent is ade !# an average aduster

− The average aduster is appointed !# the ship owner to collect all the facts

surroundings the incident to collect various paraeters fro various policies!efore the cargo is discharged and to ensure pa#ent of contri!ution

− The aduster have all the facts and figures at his disposal

− In addition to calculating contri!utions due fro each part# he will !e fre8uentl#

re8uested to adust an# t#pes of clai.

− The declaration of *;- is norall# ade !# ship;owner, !ut in criteria countries

an# one of the interest parties a# initiate an adustent

− - declaration ust !e ade !efore cargo is discharged and to ensure pa#ent

of contri!ution

− )hip owners will usuall# allow the discharge of cargo when owner interested

parties to the ventures provided suita!le securit#.

<iv &ontestation to *-E *- has !een in su!ect to dissatisfaction for the followingain / reasons

1. -*oneration of carriers for the faults of master and crew under the +a&ue rules0 carrier is

e*am%led from lia#ilit for the ne&li&ence of its em%loee

!. inter%retation of rules2 Num#ered <ules are %referred over lettered rules4. emer&enc of marine insurance has made :A reluctant

$. -*%enses and dela in adustments

6. ,ro#lems in collision of : A contri#ution

". Small : A



Q"e' Write short notes on the follo!ing;

/i( Lloyd’s open for6 /ii()eneral average and partic"lar average /iii( ill of lading/iv(#reaty convention and protocol

Ans2 LOF 2000

LlodBs 7orm of Salva&e A&reement or JLO7K0 as it is more commonl 'nown0 has #een revised

ten times since it was first introduced in 19!. The latest revision of the form is re&arded as one

of the more radical revisions which have so far occurred.

Those familiar with the %revious versions of LlodBs 7orm will 'now that it consisted of " %a&es

of dou#le3sided te*t in a sin&le document which o%ened out to a width of "4cm. or a#out !6

inches. 8ts len&th was e*%lained # the fact that0 traditionall0 it contained not onl the

contractual terms which related directl to the salva&e services themselves and the manner of

their %erformance #ut also the %rocedural and administrative %rovisions &overnin& the LO7

ar#itration sstem for the assessment of salva&e claims0 includin& the

<e/uirements for salva&e securit and the arran&ements for the %ament of salva&e awards.

LO7 !;;; loo's radicall different. 8t com%rises a sin&le sheet of %a%er incor%oratin& a #o* la3

out in which essential information such as the name of the shi% and the identit of the salva&e

contractors is to #e inserted. elow the #o* la3out and on to the reverse side of the document0

there are 1! lettered clauses and ! information notices. This shortenin& of the form has #een

achieved # removin& all the %rovisions of a %rocedural or administrative nature which have

#een consi&ned to a set of Standard clauses 'nown as the LlodBs Standard Salva&e and

Ar#itration (or LSSA) Clauses which0 to&ether with the LlodBs ,rocedural <ules which &overn

the conduct of LlodBs salva&e ar#itrations0 have #een incor%orated into LO7 !;;; # reference.

Therefore the LO7 !;;; is a more mana&ea#le document and easier to read and understand. A

conscious effort has #een made to sim%lif the lan&ua&e of the contract # su#stitutin& %lain

-n&lish for %hrases or

e*%ressions which ma not have #een readil intelli&i#le to those whose first lan&ua&e is not

-n&lish or to those not used to readin& Jle&alK contracts.

ut it should not #e thou&ht that the chan&es which have #een reflected in LO7 !;;; are onl

cosmetic. Some ears a&o a LlodBs 7orm =or'in& ,art was esta#lished0 the mem#ershi% of

which included numerous or&aniations in the shi%%in&0 insurance and le&al communities



re&ularl concerned with salva&e claims under LO7. The new form has #een drafted in

consultation with the =or'in& ,art mem#ers and the issues of su#stance the raised were

addressed. T)ese i+clu,e t)e follo-i+2

1 Proert* lia(le for t)e a*.e+t of sal'ae

Traditionall0 the %ersonal effects and #a&&a&e #elon&in& to %assen&ers and the 5aster and crew

of a vessel have not #een re&arded in -n&lish law as lia#le to %a for salva&e e*ce%t %erha%s for

%assen&ersB #a&&a&e stowed in the hold and not re/uired on voa&e. The 8nternational Salva&e

Convention 199 ma have altered -n&lish law in that re&ard0

al#eit unintentionall0 #ut the Llods 7orm =or'in& ,art a&reed that0 for LO7 %ur%oses0 such

%ersonal effects should #e e*em%t from the %ament of salva&e and0 furthermore0 that this

e*em%tion should include an %rivate motor vehicle accom%anin& a %assen&er includin& its

contents. An a%%ro%riate %rovision has therefore #een included in

LO7 !;;;.

2 #urre+c* of A-ar,

7or man ears it was %ossi#le for the %arties to LO7 to select the currenc in which the salva&e

remuneration was %aa#le0 #ut the %recedin& LO7s %rovided that0 if no s%ecific currenc of

%ament was a&reed0 the remuneration should #e %aid in %ounds sterlin&.

+owever0 it has #ecome increasin&l a%%arent in recent ears that most users of LO7 select

United States dollars as the currenc of %ament. Additionall0 shi% values are invaria#l

e*%ressed in that currenc which0 more often than not0 is also the currenc0 in which car&oes are

#ou&ht0 sold and insured. 8n reco&nition of these factors0 LO7 !;;;

,rovides that0 if no alternative currenc of %ament is a&reed0 salva&e remuneration will #e

%aa#le in United States dollars.

? T)e Dut* to #o>oerate

Clause 4 of LO7 1996 o#li&ed the owners and 5aster of a casualt to co3o%erate with salvors in

certain res%ects. LO7 !;;; e4te+,s the sco%e of that dut. There have #een man recent

incidents involvin& fires on shi%s carrin& containeried shi%ments of chemicals or other

haardous car&o. 8n such situations0 it is essential that salva&e %ersonnel are %rovided with full

information to ensure that the salva&e o%eration is

,ro%erl %lanned to avoid the dan&ers to human life0 %ro%ert and the environment which such

car&oes ma %resent. LO7 !;;; therefore re/uires the owners and the 5aster to %rovide the



salvors with all information that is relevant to the %erformance of the services which is ca%a#le

of #ein& %rovided without undue difficult or dela. This will of course include plans, stability

data and similar information if it is relevant.

@ "i)ts of Ter.i+atio+

Clause $ of LO7 1996 &ave shi%owners a ri&ht to terminate LO7 “when there is no longer any

reasonable prospect of a useful result leading to a salvage award” . 8n LO7 !;;; an e/uivalent

ri&ht is conferred on the salvors who0 %reviousl0 had no contractual ri&ht to terminate a LO7

contract.

Dee.e, Perfor.a+ce

On a similar to%ic0 LO7 !;;; includes a new %rovision which is desi&ned to %rovide a %ractical

solution to the difficult in determinin& when salva&e services can #e treated as com%leted.

,rovided the salved %ro%ert has #een ta'en to the a&reed %lace of safet0 the salvors will #e

entitled to treat their services as havin& #een %erformed if23

(a) the are not o#li&ed to remain in attendance to satisf the re/uirements of

an %ort or har#or authorit0 &overnmental a&enc or similar authoritE

and

(#) The continuation of s'illed salva&e services is no lon&er necessar to

avoid the %ro%ert #ecomin& lost or si&nificantl further dama&ed or

delaed.

< Scoic #lause

8n Au&ust 1999 an a&reement made #etween 8nternational Salva&e Union and the 8nternational

:rou% of ,I8 Clu#s 'nown as the Sco%ic Clause #ecame availa#le for use. 8ts %ur%ose is to

%rovide an alternative regime for the determination of claims for special compensation under

Article 14 of the 199 Salva&e Convention which would otherwise #e dealt with # ar#itration

under LO7. Sco%ic is e*%ressed to #e su%%lemental to LO7 #ut0 since it was onl introduced for a

trial %eriod0 it was not considered a%%ro%riate to include more than a #rief reference to it in LO7

!;;;. The #o* laout in the new form includes a facilit ena#lin& the %arties to s%ecif whether

Sco%ic forms %art of their a&reement. LO7 !;;; &oes on to %rovide that0 if the #o* is left #lan'0

Sco%ic will not #e re&arded as incor%orated into the contract.

T)e LSSA #lauses



5ost of the administrative and %rocedural %rovisions in LO7 1996 have #een transferred into

these incor%orated clauses without si&nificant chan&e althou&h0 where %ossi#le0 the lan&ua&e has

#een sim%lified. ut the o%%ortunit has #een ta'en to ma'e some im%rovements. 7or e*am%le2

(a) The Clauses em%hasie the need to o%erate the LO7 sstem in &ood faith and in a

#usinessli'e manner with a view to ensurin& that claims are resolved fairl and efficientl at

a reasona#le cost.

(#) The arran&ements for %ain& salva&e awards have #een streamlined to im%rove efficienc

and LlodBs now have a dut to enforce salva&e securit if %ament is delaed #eond 6"

das after %u#lication of an award. A new standard form of salva&e &uarantee has also #een

introduced with the %u#lication of LO7 !;;;.

(c) Under section $9 of the (-n&lish) Ar#itration Act 199" ar#itrators have %ower to award

com%ound interest on claims. The =or'in& ,art considered that0 ordinaril0 onl sim%le

interest should #e awarded on LO7 salva&e claims. This is stated in LO7 !;;; #ut the clause

&oes on to %rovide that an ar#itrator ma award com%ound interest if the %roceedin&s have

#een delaed for an e*cessive %eriod as a result of &ross misconductB on the %art of the

%ro%ert owners or Jin other e*ce%tional circumstancesK.

(d) Clause 1 of LO7 1996 which dealt with the %osition of su#contractors has #een su#stantiall

re3drafted to ensure that the claims of all %ersons en&a&ed # the LO7 contractor are dealt

with under the LO7 thus %rovidin& &reater certaint and %rotection to the %ro%ert interests.

Llo*,Bs Proce,ural "ules

These were introduced in 199; to %rovide a standard %rocedure for dealin& with claims under

LO7. The have #een altered %iecemeal on several occasions in the last 1; ears #ut0 in the latest

revision0 the rules have #een re3structured to ma'e them easier to understand. Also0 in line with

recent chan&es to court %rocedures in -n&land0 the new rules &ive ar#itrators &reater %owers to

control %roceedin&s includin&0 for e*am%le0 the %ower to %lace limitations on e*%ert evidence to

contain costs.

,artial Loss

A %artial loss ma #e either2

1. ,articular avera&e (,A) i.e.0 accidental %artial lossOr !.:eneral avera&e (:A) i.e.0 intentional %artial loss

1. ,articular Avera&e2



8t is a %artial loss0 %ro*imatel caused # a %eril insured a&ainst and which is not a

:eneral avera&e loss. Thus0 structural dama&e %ro*imatel caused # collision0 &roundin&0 heav

weather etc. (%erils of the seas) would normall #e caused as a ,AB loss.!. :eneral Avera&e2

:eneral avera&e is an ancient form of s%readin& the ris' of sea trans%ort and e*isted lon&

#efore marine insurance. :eneral avera&e means &eneral lossB0 as o%%osed to a %articular lossunder marine insurance.

8t is a sstem0 in which all interests involved in the adventure0 vi.0 +ull and 5achiner0

car&o and 7rei&ht at ris' must contri#ute to the losses voluntaril incurred to save all interests on #oard.

The %rinci%le is That which has #een sacrificed for the #enefit of all0 shall #e made &ood

# the contri#ution of all0 that &ot the #enefit from the :eneral Avera&e ActB The o#ect of :AB

is to ensure0 that the owner of the shi% or car&o0 who has incurred an e*%enditure or suffered asacrifice of his %ro%ert0 in order to e*tricate the shi% (and the car&o) from a %erilous %osition0

receives a contri#ution to his loss0 from all those who have #enefited from this action A :AB loss

is a %artial loss0 incurred throu&h a deli#erate act %erformed with the intention of %rotectin& the

interests of all involved0 in a voa&e from a dan&er0 which threatens them all. :AB losses areshared e/uall # all %arties to the common adventureB each contri#utin& in %ro%ortion to his

%ercenta&e of Net arrived values.The five maor com%onent of a &eneral avera&e loss are therefore

a) an e*traordinar sacrifice or e*%enditure

#) which action ta'en was intentional or voluntar and not inevita#lec) and reasona#l made

d) a&ainst a %eril

e) in order to #enefit the common venture

e.&.0 @ama&e done when over wor'in& a shi%s en&ine while afloat to %revent &roundin& inordinarB0 whereas dama&e done to en&ines0 when alread a&round0 in attem%tin& to re3float the

vessel is a :AB0 since this is an e*traordinar Act.

$) 8LL O7 LA@8N:

The !ill lading is the declaration of the aster of the vessel !# which heac"nowledges that he received the goods on !oard of his ship and assures that hewill carr# the goods to the place of destination for deliver#, in the sae condition ashe received the against handing of the original !ill of landing. The definition of a !illof lading given in the BH-:=$4* 4$'+)C is the following.



The !ill of lading serves as a

a - receipt of the goods !# the ship;owner ac"nowledging that the goods of thestated species, 8uantit# and conditions are shipped to a stated destination in acertain ship or at least received in custod# of the ship owner for the purpose ofshipent.




c - docuent of little to the goods ena!ling the consigner to dispose of the goods

!# endorseent and deliver# of the !ill of lading.

Treaties

A treat is a written international a&reement #etween two states (a bilateral treaty) or #etween a num#er of

states (a multilateral treaty), which is #indin& in international law. 8n relation to shi%%in& matters0 the chief international treat3ma'in& #odies are an internationall acce%ted or&aniation such as the United Nations or one of

its a&encies0 such as 85O0 8LO0 =+O or 8TU. A treat normall enters into force in accordance with criteria

incor%orated into the treat itself0 e.&. 1 ear after a sti%ulated num#er of states have acceded to it (# si&nature of a

&overnment re%resentative). A treat si&ned # a state &overnment &enerall has no effect in the national law of thestate until there has #een an act of ratification or accession and the treat has #een incor%orated # statute into the

national law of the state.#o+'e+tio+s

-arlier convention was re&ularl em%loed for #ilateral a&reements. 8t is now &enerall used for formal

multilateral treaties with a #road num#er of %arties. Conventions are normall o%en for %artici%ation # the

international communit as a whole0 or # a lar&e num#er of states. Usuall the instruments ne&otiated under the

aus%ices of an international or&aniation are entitled conventions (e.&. United Nations Convention on the Law of theSea of 19!). The same holds true for instruments ado%ted # an or&an of an international or&aniation (e.&. the

1961 8LO Convention concernin& -/ual <emuneration for 5en and =omen =or'ers for =or' of -/ual alue0

ado%ted # the 8nternational La#our Conference).

Protocols

The term >%rotocol> is used for a&reements less formal than those entitled >treat> or >convention>. The

term could #e used to cover the followin& 'inds of instruments2

(a) A ,rotocol of Si&nature is an instrument su#sidiar to a treat0 and drawn u% # the same %arties. Such a ,rotocoldeals with ancillar matters such as the inter%retation of %articular clauses of the treat0 those formal clauses not

inserted in the treat0 or the re&ulation of technical matters. <atification of the treat will normall i%so facto involve

ratification of such a ,rotocol.

(#) An O%tional ,rotocol to a Treat is an instrument that esta#lishes additional ri&hts and o#li&ations to a treat. 8t

is usuall ado%ted on the same da0 #ut is of inde%endent character and su#ect to inde%endent ratification. Such

%rotocols ena#le certain %arties of the treat to esta#lish amon& themselves a framewor' of o#li&ations which reach

further than the &eneral treat and to which not all %arties of the &eneral treat consent0 creatin& a >two3tier sstem>.The O%tional ,rotocol to the 8nternational Covenant on Civil and ,olitical <i&hts of 19"" is a well3'nown e*am%le.

(c) A ,rotocol #ased on a 7ramewor' Treat is an instrument with s%ecific su#stantive o#li&ations that im%lements

the &eneral o#ectives of a %revious framewor' or um#rella convention. Such %rotocols ensure a more sim%lified andaccelerated treat3ma'in& %rocess and have #een used %articularl in the field of international environmental law.

An e*am%le is the 19 5ontreal ,rotocol on Su#stances that @e%lete the Oone Laer ado%ted on the #asis of

Arts.! and of the 196 ienna Convention for the ,rotection of the Oone Laer.

(d) A ,rotocol to amend is an instrument that contains %rovisions that amend one or various former treaties0 such as

the ,rotocol of 19$" amendin& the A&reements0 Conventions and ,rotocols on Narcotic @ru&s.

(e) A ,rotocol as a su%%lementar treat is an instrument which contains su%%lementar %rovisions to a %revious

treat0 e.&. the 19" ,rotocol relatin& to the Status of <efu&ees to the 1961 Convention relatin& to the Status of<efu&ees.

&s per the .arine Ins"rance &ct= !rite short notes on the follo!ing5a6 De'iatio+ 5(6 arra+ties 5c6 ar "is #lause 5,6 #)arterers #o+tri(utio+ #lause



Ans) The 5arine 8nsurance Act 19"4 (NA 19"4) of 8ndia is su#stantiall a re%roduction of its

#ritish counter %arts0 the 5arine 8nsurance Act 19;". The Act codifies the law relatin& to marine

8nsurance i.e.0 it defines various terms of the contract and their am%lified contents.

8nsurance %rovides individuals and or&anier with financial %rotection a&ainst the outcome of

events which involve monitor loss or lia#ilities which were not antici%ated or %rotected and

over which the have no effective control. 8n case of shi% owner or shi% mana&er insurance isusuall confined to the financial conse/uences if dama&e to its own shi%0 dama&e to other %eo%le0 %ro%ert or deathinur to %eo%le.

=arranties2 Section 44(1) of the NA defines a warrant as a %romissor warrant0 i.e.0 to sa the

warrant # which the assured underta'es that some %articular thin&s share or shall not #e done0

or that some condition shall #e fulfilled0 or where# he affirms or ne&atives the e*istence of a %articular mate of fact

A warrant ma #e e*%ressed or im%lied.

-*%ress =arrant2 An e*%ressed warrant must #e written into the %olic in an form of words

or contained in some document incor%orated # ref. into the %olic. An e*%ress warrant doesnot override an im%lied warrant unless the two conflict.

8m%lied warrant2 There are not written in the %olic #ut are im%lied # law to e*ist in the

contract. There are ! maor im%ortant warranties in marine insurance %olic.

<a )eaworthinessE The hip at the coenceent of the vo#age !e seaworth#, for thepurpose of the particular vo#age insured in Bvo#age polic#C. here with the assured"nowledge and consent, a ship is sent to sea in unseaworth# state, the insurer is notlia!le for an# loss attri!uta!le to unseaworthiness.

<! 'egalit#E There is an iplied warrant# that the adventure insured <vo#age tie areied polic# is lawful and that so far as the assured can control it. The adventurewill !e carried out in a lawful anner. If the adventure is illegal at the tie of the

insurance is effected, the polic# will !e void. Thus drug running or gun running tripsor vo#ages to countries or ports su!ect to a *ovt. e!argo would !e deeedunlawful.

=A< <8SG CLAUS-2 marine 8 A includes war %erils within he meanin& of the term(5aritime %erils).

=ith res%ect to the hull insurance in order to cover war ris's it was at one time customar to

delete the (free of ca%ture and seiure) clause (fc I s) and institute the war clause. =hen the

ordinar marine insurance mar'et found itself una#le to &ive ade/uate cover on account ofthe enormous losses suffered durin& the war. So the cover was o#tained # mutual insurance

throu&h ,I8 clu#. @urin& 1st world war a scheme was #rou&ht into o%eration under which

vessel could #e covered ;M # the :ovt and !;M # the clu#s. At the end of war :ovtdro%%ed out.

=ith res%ect to car&o insurance &oods are .. insura#le a&ainst war ris's in an %art of the

world # the sim%le e*%edient of deletin& 7CIS clause in the car&o %olic and institute war

clause on the contract of insurance. ,remiums would #e adusted accordin&l. There are alsos%ecial war clauses drafted to suit the re/uirements of %articular traders.



"harter "ontri#ution "lause=here there is "A loss (&eneral avera&e loss or a %ersonal loss) followed as a direct conse/uence

of "A act. 8t states that cohere an e*traordinar sacrifice or e*%enditure is voluntar and

reasona#l made or incurred in time of %eril for the %ur%ose of %reservin& the %ro%ertim%erelled in the common adventure.

8t should #e noticed that the "A act em#races #oth a &eneral avera&e sacrifice and a &eneralavera&e e*%enditure. =hen there is a "A loss the %art on whom it falls is entitled to a rata#le

contri#ution from the other interested %arties. The %arties #enefitin& # the sacrifice ore*%enditure ma #e2

1. The shi% owner for the value of the shi% saved

!. Car&o owner for the value of the car&o saved

4. The shi% owner in res%ect of frei&ht %aa#le # charter %art or #ulls of leadin& or charter here mone

$. The charter under a time charter0 for frei&hts %aa#le under #ills of ladin&.

-ach will #e called u%on to contri#ute accordin& to the value of his interest saved as a result ofthe sacrifice or e*%enditure0 the main contri#utin& interest are therefore shi%0 frei&ht and car&o.

All there contri#ute to their net values at the %lace where the voa&e ends or is a#andoned. Such

values are called contri#utor values.

@eviation2 As %er the 58A section $"(1) where a shi% worthout lawful e*cuse0 deviates from thevoa&e contem%lated # the %olic0 the insurer is dischar&ed from lia#ilit as from the time of

deviation and it is immaterial that the shi% ma have re&ained her route #efore an loss occurs.

Section $"(!)

There is a deviation from the voa&e contem%lated # the %olic (a) =here the course of thevoa&e is s%ecificall desi&nated # the %olic and that coarse is de%arted from or (#) =here the

course of voa&e 8s not s%ecificall desi&nated # the %olic0 #ut the usual or so man course isde%arted from.

Section $"(4)

The intention to deviate is immaterialE there must #e deviation in fact to dischar&e the insurerfrom his lia#ilit under the contract.

The ne*t section $(1) of NA which re/uires consideration is that relatin& o a voa&e when

there are several %orts of dischar&e.

=here several %orts of dischar&e are s%ecified # the %olic0 the shi% ma %roceed to all or an

of them0 #ut in the a#sence if an usa&e of sufficient cause to the contrar. She must %roceed tothem or such of them as he &oes to0 in the order desi&nated # the %olic. 8f she does not than

there is a deviation.

$(!) =here %olic is to %orts of dischar&e within a &iven area which are not named the shi%

must in the a#sence of an usa&e or sufficient cause to the contrar %roceed to them0 or such ofthem as she &oes to0 in their &eo&ra%hical order. 8f she does not there is a deviation. The section

$ deals with voa&e %olic. 8n case of a voa&e %olic0 the adventure insured must #e

. Throu&hout its course with reasona#le dis%atch and if without lawful e*cuse it is not



so %rosecuted0 the insuler is not dischar&ed from lia#ilit from the time when the dela #ecomes

reasona#le.

Section $9(1)

@eviation or dela in %rosecutin& the voa&e contem%lated # the %olic is e*cused.

a here authorized !# an# special ter in polic#! here caused !# the circustances !e#ond the control of the aster and his

eplo#er c here reasona!le necessar# in order to copl# with an epress or iplied

warrant#.d here reasona!l# necessar# for the safet# of the ship or su!ect atter insurede For the purpose of saving huan life, or aiding a ship in distress where huan

life a# !e in danger f here reasona!l# necessar# for the purpose of o!taining edical or surgical aid

for an# person on !oard the ship

Section $9(!)

=hen the cause e*cusin& the deveator or dela ceases to o%erate0 the shi% must resume her

course and %rosecute her voa&e with reasona#le dis%atch.

2B;9o! 6any types of !arranties are there in .arine Ins"rance? )ive an e>a6pleof each type !ith reference to a h"ll and 6achinery policy of ins"rance$>press= 3is"rse6ent= Sea!orthiness= !arranty of LegalityD

Ans) =arrant is the term used in formattin& the

=A<<ANT2 3 A warrant is a %romise # the insured that a s%ecified state or condition will

continue to e*ist for the duration of the %olic. PA #reach of warrant ma'es %olic void from

time of #reach (Notes)Q. A #reach would entitle the insured (others) %art to claim dama&es fromthe %art #reachin& the warrant and the contract remains in force.

$arrant! ma! #e1) -*%ress =arrant!) 8m%lied =arrant

1) -*%ress =arrant2 3 S%ecificall it is written into the %olic or contained in some

document (e.&. institute warranties). An e*%ressed warrant does not override anim%lied warrant unless the two conflict.

!) 8m%lied =arrant2 3 PUnderstood0 seaworth and Le&alit if all activities are done into

a le&al wa then it is covered # warrantQ. These warranties are not written in the

%olic #ut im%lied # law to e*ist in the contract. The must #e strictl com%lied within the same wa as e*%ress warranties. These are two maor im%lied warranties in

marine insurance %olicies coverin& seaworthiness and le&alit.

A) S-A=O<T+8N-SS2Under the 5A 19"4 shi% should #e seaworth at the commencement of voa&e for the

%ur%ose of the %articular voa&e insured. Thus a shi% is deemed to #e seaworth when

reasona#l fit in all res%ects to encounter the ordinar %erils of the seas of the Adventure insuredwhere shi% is sent to sea unseaworth with assured 'nowled&e the insurer is not lia#le for an



loss if the shi% sent to sea unseaworth condition with the 'nowled&e of the owners senior

mana&ement 'nowled&e would include #oth e*%ress0 clear 'nowled&e (e.&. after defects have

#een re%orted in writin& # 5aster or Surveor) and deli#eratel turnin& a #lind ee cover wouldonl #e lost where the 'nown unseaworthiness had caused the loss.

) L-:AL8T2

There is an im%lied warrant that the adventure insured is lawful and that so far as the assuredcan control it0 the adventure will #e carried out in a lawful manners. 8f the adventure is ille&al atthe time the insurance is affected0 the %olic will #e void. Thus dru& runnin& or &un3runnin& tri%s

or voa&es to countries or %orts su#ect to a :ovt. em#ar&o0 would #e deemed unlawful.

<C A seco+, )a+, si+le )ull VL## (uilt i+ 1990 is to (e ac=uire, (* *our #o.a+*

T)e 'essel is to (e reistere, u+,er I+,ia+ fla As #)ief !+i+eer ; O-+er

rerese+tati'e -)at asects *ou -oul, loo for -it) resect to:

5a6SOLAS C@ 5(6 $A"POL C?;C E#AS 1?G 5c6 #re- acco..o,atio+ 5,6 $ac)i+er*;

(oilers 5e6 Pre'ious sur'e* reort

Ans. (1) SOLAS $23 w.r.t. to Solas $ is will loo' in 8:S re/uirement isR M in tan'

R 6M in scru##ers

Chec' all 8:S Tri%s and AlarmBs

Alarms1) O* hi&h 1;; alarm

!) Scru##er water hi&h low

4) @ec' seal water low.7lue &as vv 6;;t #lowin& interloc'.

Sin&le hull construction

CT0 ST0 ST F ,L (,rotective Location) 8 will chec' that allast ,, is of sufficientca%acit. 8 will chec' whether motor drive for allast ,, is steam or electric.

5A<,OL 423 Anne* F 1 <e&. 9 dealBs with dischar&e criteria.

Anne* F 1 <e&. 9 (a) F for tan'er car&o im%ortant thin& is instantaneous rate of dischar&e4; N5.

Anne* F 1 <e& 9 (#) F all shi%Bs 16 ,,5 machiner s%ace #il&es for o%eration of O=S in

s%ecial area 16 ,,5 (it) should have J sto%%in& derive I Alarm.

Cali#ration of 16 ,,5 e/ui%ment should #e ever ! ears. (Oil content monitor) ever !ears cali#rate.

8 will chec' that sufficient filters s%are are availa#le for O=S.

<e& 14 : Since it is a sin&le hull tan'er it is allowed to o%erate as dou#le hull tan'er for !6 ears and com%l with <e&ulation 14:. As %er this 8 will chec' carried out and also

surve @OCU5-NT 78L- is on #oard. The surve document file contains

a) ,lan for enhance surve #) Access and li&htin& arran&ement durin& surve

c) Area for which close u% surve should #e carried out close u% surve is (it armBs

len&th).

d) Thic'ness measurement.e) Shi%s ins%ection re%ort of car&o com%ortments and allast tan's <e&ulation !" F

Chec' SO,-, is on #oard0



<e&ulation !; F Oil <ecord #oo' (Old <ecord to 'ee% on #oard till 4 ears).

SO,-, 5UST #e stam%ed and a%%roved # :ovt of 8ndia0 @:S surveor. C<-=

ACCO5O@AT8ON23 the 8ndian :ovt has re&ulations in 5erchant Shi%%in& Act #ecause 8ndia com%lies with 8LO Convention No. 66 which &ives details of

accommodation of crew0 each ca#in should #e mar'ed as fit for seamen etc. and

should com%l with the re/uirements of sie ca#in sanitar arran&ements etc.8n addition recreation facilities0 mess room and washin& and drin& facilities are re/uired

which 8 will chec' whether are satisfactor as %er 5erchant Shi%%in& Act.

5AC+ O8L-<23 oiler should have enou&h ca%acit of steam %roduction ca%acit soas to meet the needs

a) CO,S TU<8N-S

#) CA<O +-AT8N: SST-5

c) ,<O@UCT8ON O7 8N-<T :ASd) On man tan'ers the dec' machiner was also sean (driven s%eciall on

old shi%s)

oiler com#ustion control are %ro%er 16 F !;M e*cess air are su%%lied in #oiler.

Steerin& &ear of such shi% (LCC) must #e fitted with a safematic sstem so that in caseof +d fluid lea'a&e0 the %air of rams will automaticall #e connected I disconnected to

retain control re/uired for tan'er a#ove ;;;; @=T.All certificates to #e issued # :ovt. of 8ndia will #e chec'ed as issued # :ovt of 8ndia

@:S.

-D F 8O,, SA7CON

S-H

8LLC

+owever certificate of class ma continue enforced if classification societ is notchan&ed.

Therefore continuous Surve of 5achiner <ecord /uarterl listin& record0 will chec'.

The enhance surve should have #een conducted for this shi% as %er <e&. 14: 5A<,OLAnne* F 1 and therefore such certificate and surve document fill will #e rechec'ed.

Hue2 !.)asi7e t)e 'ali,it* of t)e state.e+t t)at #lassificatio+ Societies are "eco+i7e,

I+stitutio+s I+ *our 'ie- if t)e state.e+t carries so.e li.itatio+ )i)li)t t)e. -it) reaso+s List

t)e statutor* ser'ice u+,ertae+ (* a classificatio+ (o,* o+ (e)alf of A,.i+istratio+

&lassification societies are organisations that esta!lish and appl# technicalstandards in relation to the design, construction, and surve# of arine relatedfacilities including ships and off shore structures. The vast aorit# of ships are !uiltand surve#ed as per standards laid down !# classification societies. These

standards are issued !# classification societies as pu!lished rules. - vessel that has!een designed and !uilt to the appropriate rules of a societ# a# appl# for acertificate of classification fro that societ#. )uch certificate is an attestation that avessel is in copliance with the standards that have !een developed and pu!lished!# the societ# issuing the classification certificate.

In $%&'() convention of I:( responsi!ilities of flag state granting theregistration of a ship are outlined. $nder article 9, the flag state ust Beffectivel#



eercise it6s urisdiction and control in adinistrative technical and social attersover ships fl#ing it6s flag........C an# flag state countries in the world don6t havesufficient epertise, eperience and technical anpower to carr# out theresponsi!ilities of flag state nation regarding aintaining the standards of shipsfl#ing their flag so )('-) and other international conventions perit the flag

-dinistration to delegate the inspection and surve# of ships to B4ecognised(rganisationC.

%e@"ire6ents for %ecognised organisation are as follo!s'

1) <. O. must have esta#lished rules for desi&n0 construction and maintenance of a shi%.

!) :overnment re%resentation is necessar

&lassification societ# organisation structure ust include a representative froflag state nation placed at higher level in organisational hierarch#.

4) <. O. should have ade/uate resources financial %ersonal.

$) Societ must have internal audit e/uivalent to 8SO 9;;13!;;;

6) Societ must %resent itself to e*ternal audits # auditin& #od a%%roved # fla& state

&ovt.)o classification societies fulfilling a!ove criteria6s will !e given status of

recognised organisation !# flag state to do duties on their !ehalf.

Limitations to the role of classi%cation societies as &. O.'1) Thou&h man fla& status dele&ate their authorit of surves and certification to

classification societies0 fla& state ma not dele&ate all itBs authorit to class what

all authorities are to #e &iven to class will #e clearl mentioned in the a&reement

#etween fla& state and class.In soe cases for e.g. class a# underta"e the surve# of vessels under certain

convention i.e. )('-) <surve#s for safet# construction, safet# radio and safet#

e8uipent !ut class is not authorised to give certificates to vessels under thatconvention. =ut under other conventions li"e :-45(', '.'. or Tonnage class cangive certificate as well as carr# out surve#s also.

#his !ill e 6entioned in the agree6ent et!een flag state and class;

!) Certain fla& states e.&. 8ndia re/uire that an statutor deficienc o#served #

class surveor durin& the surve of a vessel must #e re%orted o fla& state and itBs %ermission ta'en for issuin& outstandin& recommendationB to the vessel for

allowin& the vessel to sail. essel will #e &iven certain %eriod of time within that

she has to fi* that %ro#lem.

4) 5an fla& states donBt allow class to carrout 8S,S surve. As these are countrs%ecific (%ort facilities are also involved in 8S,S surve) And due to securit

reasons fla& state %refer to carr out 8S,S surve reasons fla& state %refer to carr

out 8S,S surve themselves instead of dele&atin& it to class.

Aart fro. statutor* sur'e*s -)at all ot)er sur'e*s ca+ (e u+,ertae+ (* a classificatio+ (o,* for

a s)i3 )at are t)e li.itatio+s for t)e societ* i+ t)ese cases3 !+list t)e. a+, e.)asi7e )o- t)ese

cases are tae+ care of



Classification societ is neutral third %art surve or&aniation under ta'in& shi% surve in

su%%ort of insurers. The societies are the %rimar means # which the shi%%in&

industr re&ulates itself and verifies the maintenance of shi% safet. Classificationsociet esta#lishes and a%%lies technical re/uirements for the desi&n0 construction and

surve of marine related facilities. The re/uirements are %u#lished as classification

rules.SOLAS and other 8nternational conventions %ermit the fla& administration to dele&ateins%ection and surve of shi%s to classification societ. Thus a classification societ

#ecomes a reco&nied or&aniation # the fla& state. =hen issuin& or endorsin&

statutor certificate on #ehalf of the fla& administration verif that the condition of shi% confirms with relevant rules and re&ulations of the fla& state (i.e.) it %erforms a

:overnmental function). +owever0 it needs to #e clearl understood that the %rimar

o#ective of a classification societ is to underta'e shi% surve in accordance with theclass rules.

5aintenance of class de%ends on the %ro&ram of %eriodical +ull and machiner

surves0 #ein& carried out within sti%ulated %eriods. Surve %ro&rammes com%rise of

s%ecial0 annual and intermediate surves.

Classification societies however0 are %rivate entities and class surveors are not asu#stitute for &overnmental officials who have enforcement %owers.

1 Secial Sur'e*s: S%ecial surves of hull and machiner are carried out at 6 earl

intervals in order to esta#lish the condition of hull structure machiner res%ectivel0

to confirm that the same is in accordance with the class re/uirements. S%ecial survesare intended to detect %ossi#le dama&es and esta#lish that e*tent of an deterioration

followin& satisfactor com%letion of s%ecial survesE a new certificate of class is

issued # the societ.

2 A++ual Sur'e*: 5ust #e carried3out 4 months #efore or after each anniversar dateof com%letion0 commissionin& or s%ecial surve in order to confirm that the &eneral

condition of the vessel is maintained at a satisfactor level. 7ollowin& satisfactor

com%letion of annual surve0 the certificate of class is endorsed # the class surveor.

? I+ter.e,iate sur'e*s: are carried out on all shi%s0 instead of either second or thirdannual surve.

@ Doci+ Sur'e*s: @oc'in& surves are carried3out # arran&ement with owners

shi%s under 16 ears old must #e e*amined in dr doc' twice in an 6 ear %eriod0 not

more than 4 ears ma ela%se #etween doc'in& shi%s with 16 or more ears old0 must #e e*amined in dr doc' at ! earl intervals with e*tension to ! 1! ears0 when

suita#le hi&h resistance %aint is a%%lied to the underwater %ortion of the hull.

#o+ti+uous Sur'e*s: Continuous surves of hull are %ermitted on all shi%s other

than #ul' carriers0 com#ination carriers and oil tan'ers0 which are now su#ected toenhanced surves. All hull com%artments are to #e o%ened u% for surve and testin&

in rotation with 6 ears interval #etween e*aminations of each %art.

< #o+ti+uous sur'e* of .ac)i+er*: are carried3out ever 6 ears0 with %arallel

arran&ement as for the hull.



C #;!s e4a.i+atio+ of $ac)i+er*: 5a #e made where the societ a&rees to some

items of machiner #ein& e*amined # the Chief -n&ineer at %orts where the societ

is not re%resented or where %ractica#le at sea. A limited confirmator surve is carriedout at the ne*t %ort where the societ surveor is availa#le. =here an a%%roved

%lanned maintenance sstem o%erates.

Confirmator surves ma #e held at annual intervals.

I+>-ater sur'e*s: 5a #e acce%ted in line of one of the two doc'in& survesre/uired ever the information0 normall o#tained from doc'in& surves. The #eam

must #e &reater than 4;m (or as a&reed) and a suita#le hi&h resistance %aint must have

#een a%%lied to the under water %ortion of the hull.

9 I G S*ste. Sur'e*: Annual surve. 8n addition0 on shi% to which 8:S notation has #een assi&ned0 a s%ecial surve of the 8: %lant must #e carried out ever 6 ears.

LI$ITATIONS OF #LASSIFI#ATION SO#I!TY

=hile the authorit to carr3out statutor surves and ins%ections on #ehalf of fla&administration ma #e dele&ated to the <O0 the %owers of enforcement of <.O. are

limited when re/uired re%airs or corrective actions are not carried out or a surve isnot %assed satisfactoril0 <.O.?s do not have the %owers need to detain the shi%. At the

most <.O. can withdraw the statutor certificates or declare them invalid0 and notif

the shi%s fla& state and the %ort state where vessel ha%%ens to #e located for further action.

Also0 classification societies are not &uarantors of safet of life at sea or the

seaworthiness of vessel #ecause classification societ has no control over how a

vessel is o%erated and maintained in #etween the %eriodic surves which it conducts.

Therefore0 res%onsi#le shi% owners em%lo hi&hl /ualified su%erintendents0 carrout vessels maintenance on a re&ular #asis and ensure that their shi%s under&o all

class surves and retain class.

1. 5a6 Defi+e t)e .ea+i+ of t)e ter. J#o+,itio+s of Assi+.e+tJ as alie, to s)is for Loa,

Li+e Sur'e*

5(6 State )o- co+,itio+s of assi+.e+t co+tri(ute to-ar,s -ater ti)t i+terit* of s)is

5c6 Gi'e reaso+s -)* co+,itio+s of assi+.e+t +ee, erio,ic i+sectio+ i'i+ secific

i+sta+ces -)ere t)e* ca+ (e fou+, to (e less t)a+ full* effecti'e

94a!

"#T$%#AT"&#A' (&#)$#T"&# &# '&A* '"#$+, 19, or

P"OTO#OL OF 19 "!LATING TO TH! INT!"NATIONAL #ONV!NTION ON

LOAD LIN! 19<<

<-CO<@ O7 CON@8T8ONS O7 ASS8:N5-NT

T$%-"#&'&/ “(&#*"T"&#+ &0 A++"#-$#T “%$0$% T& "#T$%#AT"&#A' '&A* '"#$

(&#)$#T"&#.



“Conditions of Assignments” deal with following in order to determine the load lines. Masterof the ship must be provided with information on conditions implemented on their ships. It is imperative that the items coming under each heads below are maintained as described. Itis only when the conditions are met that the assumptions considered for maimum inclinationhold true. !nfortunately poor maintenance of these items, however trivial they may appear canbe catastrophic and lead to uncontrolled flooding

"#$ % &' ( "#$ *+

&. -AI/$ I/0-"MA1I-/ 2"eg. &'2&))

*. 3!4#"31"!C1!"# #/ 5!67#A3 2"eg. &&)

*. -4#/I/$3 I/ 0"##5-A" A/ 3!4#"31"!C1!"# #C63 2"egs. &*, &8 9 &:)

;. --"<A=3 I/ 3!4#"31"!C1!"#3, #>4-3# MAC7I/#"= CA3I/$3 A/

#C67-!3#3 4"-1#C1I/$.

?. -4#/I/$3 I/ 0"##5-A" A/ 3!4#"31"!C1!"# #C63.@. 7A1C7<A=3 A1 4-3I1I-/ & A/ * C-3# 5= 4-"1A5# C-#"3 A/

3#C!"# <#A17#"1I$71 5= 1A"4A!I/3 A/ 5A11#/I/$ #IC#3 2"eg.

&@)

+. #/1IA1-"3 -/ 0"##5-A" A/ 3!4#"31"!C1!"# #C63 24-3I1I-/ &

A/ *) 2"eg. &B).

8. AI" 4I4#3 -/ 0"##5-A" A/ 3!4#"31"!C1!"# #C63 2"eg. *')

:. CA"$- 4-"1 A/ -17#" 3IMIA" -4#/I/$3 2"eg. *&)

B. 3C!44#"3, I/#13 A/ I3C7A"$#3 2"eg.**)

&'. 3I# 3C!11#3 2"eg. *;)

&&. 0"##I/$ 4-"13 2"eg. *?)

&*. 4"-1#C1I-/ -0 17# C"#< 2"egs. *@ 9 *+)

&;. 1IM5#" #C6 CA"$- 0I11I/$3 2"eg. ??)

!. Na.e 'arious Statutor* #ertificates a+, Docu.e+ts to (e carrie, o+ (oar, s)is i'i+

refere+ce to t)e I$O #o+'e+tio+s Aart fro. t)ese -)at ot)er Statutor* #ertificates are

re=uire, to (e carrie, i+ 'essels carr*i+

5a6 Da+erous oo,s 5(6 #)e.ical caroes 5c6 Gas #aroes 200 NG VI <?

State t)e rele'a+t I$O #o+'e+tio+s ; co,es a+, si+ifica+ce of t)ese certificates



List of certificates and documents re/uired to #e carried on #oard shi%s

The 7acilitation Committee0 The 5arine -nvironment ,rotection Committee0 and the 5aritime Safet

Committee on 4rd ul !;;; develo%ed a list of certificates and documents re/uired to #e carried on #oard shi%s

to&ether with a #rief descri%tion of the %ur%ose of the certificates and other relevant documents.

1 All s)is "efere+ceI+ter+atio+al To++ae #ertificate 519<96 An 8nternational Tonna&e Certificate

(19"9) shall #e issued to ever shi%0 the &ross and net tonna&e of which have

#een determined in accordance with the Convention.

Tonna&e

Convention0

article

I+ter+atio+al Loa, Li+e #ertificate An 8nternational Load Line Certificate

shall #e issued under the %rovisions of the 8nternational Convention on Load

Lines0 19""0 to ever shi% which has #een surveed and mar'ed in accordancewith the Convention or the Convention as modified # the 19 LL ,rotocol0 as

a%%ro%riate.

LL Convention0

article 1"E

19 LL ,rotocol0article 1

An 8nternational Load Line -*em%tion Certificate shall #e issued to an shi% to

which an e*em%tion has #een &ranted under and in accordance with article " of

the Load Line Convention or the Convention as modified # the 19 LL

,rotocol0 as a%%ro%riate.

LL Convention0

article "E

19 LL ,rotocol0

article 1

I+tact sta(ilit* (oolet-ver %assen&er shi% re&ardless of sie and ever car&o shi% of !$ metres and

over shall #e inclined on com%letion and the elements of their sta#ilitdetermined. The master shall #e su%%lied with a Sta#ilit oo'let containin& such

information as is necessar to ena#le him0 # ra%id and sim%le %rocedures0 to

o#tain accurate &uidance as to the shi% under varin& conditions of loadin&. 7or

#ul' carriers0 the information re/uired in a #ul' carrier #oo'let ma #e containedin the sta#ilit #oo'let.

SOLAS 19$0re&ulations 8831!!

and 8831!63E19 LL ,rotocol0

re&ulation 1;

Da.ae co+trol (oolets

On %assen&er and car&o shi%s0 there shall #e %ermanentl e*hi#ited %lansshowin& clearl for each dec' and hold the #oundaries of the waterti&ht

com%artments0 the o%enin&s therein with the means of closure and %osition of an

controls thereof0 and the arran&ements for the correction of an list due to

floodin&. oo'lets containin& the aforementioned information shall #e madeavaila#le to the officers of the shi%.

SOLAS 19$0

re&ulations 8831!40!4310 !63

$i+i.u. safe .a++i+ ,ocu.e+t -ver shi% to which cha%ter 8 of theConvention a%%lies shall #e %rovided with an a%%ro%riate safe mannin& document

or e/uivalent issued # the Administration as evidence of the minimum safe

mannin&.

SOLAS 19$(199 amendments)0

re&ulation 14(#)

#ertificates for .asters officers or rati+s Certificates for masters0 officers or

ratin&s shall #e issued to those candidates who0 to the satisfaction of the

Administration0 meet the re/uirements for service0 a&e0 medical fitness0 trainin&0

/ualifications and e*aminations in accordance with the %rovisions of the STC=Code anne*ed to the Convention on Standards of Trainin&0 Certification and

=atch'ee%in& for Seafarers0 19. 7ormats of certificates are &iven in section A3

8! of the STC= Code. Certificates must #e 'e%t

availa#le in their ori&inal form on #oard the shi%s on which the

holder is servin&.

STC= 19 (1996

amendments)0

article 80

re&ulation 8!0STC= Code0

section A38!

I+ter+atio+al Oil Pollutio+ Pre'e+tio+ #ertificate 8nternational Oil ,ollution

,revention Certificate shall #e issued after surve in accordance with re&ulation $of Anne* 8 of 5A<,OL 40 to an oil tan'er of 16; &ross tonna&e and a#ove

and an other shi% of $;;

&ross tonna&e and a#ove which are en&a&ed in voa&es to %orts or offshore

terminals under the urisdiction of other ,arties to 5A<,OL 4. Thecertificate is su%%lemented with a <ecord of Construction and -/ui%ment for

Shi%s other than Oil Tan'ers (7orm A) <ecord of Construction and -/ui%ment

5A<,OL 40

Anne* 80re&ulation 6



for Oil Tan'ers (7orm )0 as a%%ro%riate.

Oil "ecor, %oo -ver oil tan'er of 16; &ross tonna&e and a#ove and evershi% of $;; &ross tonna&e and a#ove other than an oil tan'er shall #e %rovided

with an Oil <ecord oo'0 ,art 8 (5achiner s%ace o%erations). -ver oil tan'er

of 16; &ross tonna&e and a#ove shall also #e %rovided with an Oil <ecord oo'0

,art 88 (Car&o#allast o%erations).

5A<,OL 40Anne* 80

re&ulation !;

S)i(oar, Oil Pollutio+ !.ere+c* Pla+ -ver oil tan'er of 16; &rosstonna&e and a#ove and ever shi% other than an oil tan'er of $;; &ross tonna&eand a#ove shall carr on #oard a Shi%#oard Oil ,ollution -mer&enc ,lan

a%%roved # the Administration.

5A<,OL 40Anne* 80re&ulation !"

Gar(ae $a+ae.e+t Pla+ -ver shi% of $;; &ross tonna&e and a#ove andever shi% which is certified to carr 16 %ersons or more shall carr a &ar#a&e

mana&ement %lan which the crew shall follow.

5A<,OL 40Anne* 0

re&ulation 9

Gar(ae "ecor, %oo -ver shi% of $;; &ross tonna&e and a#ove and evershi% which is certified to carr 16 %ersons or more en&a&ed in voa&es to %orts or

offshore terminals under the urisdiction of other ,arties to the Convention and

ever fi*ed and floatin& %latform en&a&ed in e*%loration and e*%loitation of the

sea3#ed shall #e %rovided with a :ar#a&e <ecord oo'.

5A<,OL 40Anne* 0

re&ulation 9

#aro Securi+ $a+ual Car&o units0 includin& containers0 shall #e loaded0

stowed and secured throu&hout the voa&e in accordance with the Car&oSecurin& 5anual a%%roved # the Administration. The Car&o Securin& 5anual is

re/uired on all t%es of shi%s en&a&ed in the carria&e of all car&oes other than

solid and li/uid #ul' car&oes0 which shall #e drawn u% to a standard at least

e/uivalent to the &uidelines develo%ed # the Or&aniation.

SOLAS 19$0

re&ulations 86088"E

5SCCirc.$6

Docu.e+t of #o.lia+ce A document of com%liance shall #e issued to ever

com%an which com%lies with the re/uirements of the 8S5 Code. A co% of the

document shall #e 'e%t on #oard.

SOLAS 19$0

re&ulation 8D$E 8S5

Code0 %ara&ra%h 14

Safet* $a+ae.e+t #ertificate A Safet 5ana&ement Certificate shall #e

issued to ever shi% # the Administration or an or&aniation reco&nied # the

Administration. The Administration or an or&aniation reco&nied # it shall0 #efore issuin& the Safet 5ana&ement Certificate0 verif that the com%an and

its shi%#oard mana&ement o%erate in accordance with the a%%roved safet

mana&ement sstem.

SOLAS 19$0

re&ulation 8D$E

8S5 Code0 %ara&ra%h 14

2 I+ a,,itio+ to t)e certificates liste, i+ sectio+ 1 a(o'e asse+er s)is

s)all carr*:

Passe+er S)i Safet* #ertificate 1 A certificate called a ,assen&er Shi% Safet

Certificate shall #e issued after ins%ection and surve to a %assen&er shi% which

com%lies with the re/uirements of cha%ters 88310 883!0 888 and 8 and an other

relevant re/uirements of SOLAS 19$. A <ecord of -/ui%ment for the ,assen&er Shi%s Safet Certificate (7orm ,) shall #e %ermanentl attached.

SOLAS 19$0

re&ulation 81!0

as amended # the

:5@SS amendmentsE19 SOLAS ,rotocolE

re&ulation 81!

!4e.tio+ #ertificate ! =hen an e*em%tion is &ranted to a shi% under and inaccordance with the %rovisions of SOLAS 19$0 a certificate called an

-*em%tion Certificate shall #e issued in addition to the certificates listed a#ove.

SOLAS 19$0re&ulation 81!E

19 SOLAS

,rotocol0

re&ulation 81!

Secial tra,e asse+er s)is A form of safet certificate for s%ecial trade %assen&er shi%s0 issued under the %rovisions of the S%ecial Trade ,assen&er Shi%sA&reement0 191.

ST, A&reement0re&ulation "

S%ecial Trade ,assen&er Shi%s S%ace Certificate issued under the %rovisions of

the ,rotocol on S%ace <e/uirements for S%ecial Trade ,assen&er Shi%s0 194.

SST, 40 rule 6

Searc) a+, rescue co>oeratio+ la+ ,assen&er shi%s to which cha%ter 8 of the

Convention a%%lies0 tradin& on fi*ed routes0 shall have on #oard a %lan for co3

o%eration with a%%ro%riate search and rescue services in event of an emer&enc.

SOLAS 19$0

(1996 Conference

amendments)0re&ulation 16(c)



List of oeratio+al li.itatio+s

,assen&er shi%s to which cha%ter 8 of the Convention a%%lies shall 'ee% on #oard

a list of all limitations on the o%eration of the shi%0 includin& e*em%tions froman of the SOLAS re&ulations0 restrictions in o%eratin& areas0 weather

restrictions0 sea state restrictions0 restrictions in %ermissi#le loads0 trim0 s%eed

and an other limitations0 whether im%osed # the Administration or esta#lished

durin& the desi&n or the #uildin& sta&es.

SOLAS 19$0

(1996 Conference

amendments)0re&ulation !4

Decisio+ suort s*ste. for .asters 8n all %assen&er shi%s0 a decision su%%ort

sstem for emer&enc mana&ement shall #e %rovided on the navi&ation #rid&e.

SOLAS 19$0

re&ulation 888!$3$

? I+ a,,itio+ to t)e certificates liste, i+ sectio+ 1 a(o'e

caro s)is s)all carr*:

#aro S)i Safet* #o+structio+ #ertificate 4 A certificate called a Car&o Shi%

Safet Construction Certificate shall #e issued after surve to a car&o shi% of 6;;

&ross tonna&e and over which satisfies the re/uirements for car&o shi%s on

surve0 set out in re&ulation 81; of SOLAS 19$0 and com%lies with thea%%lica#le re/uirements of cha%ters 8831 and 883!0 other than those relatin& to fire3

e*tin&uishin& a%%liances and fire control %lans.

SOLAS 19$0

re&ulation 81!0 as

amended # the

:5@SS amendmentsE19 SOLAS ,rotocol0

re&ulation 81!

#aro S)i Safet* !=ui.e+t #ertificate $ A certificate called a Car&o Shi%Safet -/ui%ment Certificate shall #e issued after surve to a car&o shi% of 6;;

&ross tonna&e and over which com%lies with the relevant re/uirements of

cha%ters 8831 and 883! and 888 and an other relevant re/uirements of SOLAS

19$. A <ecord of -/ui%ment for the Car&o Shi% Safet -/ui%ment Certificate(7orm -) shall #e %ermanentl. attached.

SOLAS 19$0re&ulation 81!0

as amended #

:5@SS amendmentsE

19 SOLAS,rotocol0 re&ulation

81!

#aro S)i Safet* "a,io #ertificate 6 A certificate called a Car&o Shi% Safet

<adio Certificate shall #e issued after surve to car&o shi% of 4;; &ross tonna&e

and over0 fitted with a radio installation0 includin& those used in life3savin&

a%%liances which com%lies with the re/uirements of cha%ters 888 and 8 and another relevant re/uirements of SOLAS 19$. A <ecord of -/ui%ment for the

Car&o Shi% Safet <adio Certificate (7orm <) shall #e %ermanentl attached.

SOLAS 19$0

re&ulation 81!0 as

amended # the

:5@SS amendmentsE19 SOLAS ,rotocol0

re&ulation 81!

#aro S)i Safet* #ertificate

A certificate called a Car&o Shi% Safet Certificate ma #e issued after surve to

a car&o shi% which com%lies with the relevant re/uirements of cha%ters 88310 883!0

8880 8 and and other relevant re/uirements of SOLAS 19$ as modified # the19 SOLAS ,rotocol0 as an alternative to the a#ove car&o shi% safetcertificates.

19 SOLAS,rotocol0

re&ulation 81!

!4e.tio+ #ertificate " =hen an e*em%tion is &ranted to a shi% under and in

accordance with the %rovisions of SOLAS 19$0 a certificate called an-*em%tion Certificate shall #e issued in addition to the certificates listed a#ove.

SOLAS 19$

re&ulation 81!E 19SOLAS ,rotocol0

re&ulation 81!

Docu.e+t of co.lia+ce -it) t)e secial re=uire.e+ts for s)is carr*i+

,a+erous oo,s An a%%ro%riate document as evidence of com%liance with the

construction and e/ui%ment re/uirements of that re&ulation.

SOLAS 19$0

re&ulation 883!6$.4

Da+erous oo,s .a+ifest or sto-ae la+ -ach shi% carrin& dan&erous

&oods shall have a s%ecial list or manifest settin& forth0 in accordance with the

classification set out in re&ulation 88!0 the dan&erous &oods on #oard and the

location thereof. A detailed stowa&e %lan which identifies # class and sets outthe location of all dan&erous &oods on #oard0 ma #e used in %lace of such a

s%ecial list or manifest. A co% of one of these documents shall #e made availa#le

#efore de%arture to the %erson or or&aniation desi&nated # the %ort State

authorit.

SOLAS 19$0

re&ulation 886(6)E

5A<,OL 4

Anne* 8880re&ulation $

Docu.e+t of aut)ori7atio+ for t)e carriae of rai+ A document of

authoriation shall #e issued for ever shi% loaded in accordance with the

re&ulations of the 8nternational Code for the Safe Carria&e of :rain in ul' either # the Administration or an or&aniation reco&nied # it or # a Contractin&

SOLAS 19$0

re&ulation 89E

8nternational Codefor the Safe



:overnment on #ehalf of the Administration. The document shall accom%an or

#e incor%orated into the &rain loadin& manual %rovided to ena#le the master to

meet the sta#ilit re/uirements of the Code.

Carria&e of :rain

in ul'0 section 4

#ertificate of i+sura+ce or ot)er fi+a+cial securit* i+ resect of ci'il lia(ilit*

for oil ollutio+ ,a.ae A certificate attestin& that insurance or other financial

securit is in force shall #e issued to each shi% carrin& more than !0;;; tons of

oil in #ul' as car&o. 8t shall #e issued or certified # the a%%ro%riate authorit ofthe State of the shi%?s re&istr after determinin& that the re/uirements of article

880 %ara&ra%h 10 of the CLC Convention have #een com%lied with.

CLC "90

article 88

!+)a+ce, sur'e* reort file ul' carriers and oil tan'ers shall have a surve

re%ort file and su%%ortin& documents com%lin& with %ara&ra%hs ".! and ".4 of

anne* A and anne* of resolution A.$$(1) F :uidelines on the enhanced %ro&ramme of ins%ections durin& surves of #ul' carriers and oil tan'ers.

5A<,OL 40

Anne* 80

re&ulation 14:ESOLAS 19$0

re&ulation D8!

"ecor, of oil ,isc)are .o+itori+ a+, co+trol s*ste. for t)e last (allast

'o*ae Su#ect to %rovisions of %ara&ra%hs ($)0 (6)0 (") and () of re&ulation 16

of Anne* 8 of 5A<,OL 40 ever oil tan'er of 16; &ross tonna&e and a#ove

shall #e fitted with an oil dischar&e monitorin& and control sstem a%%roved #

the Administration. The sstem shall #e fitted with a recordin& device to %rovidea continuous record of the dischar&e in litres %er nautical mile and total /uantit

dischar&ed0 or the oil content and rate of dischar&e. This record shall #e

identifia#le as to time and date and shall #e 'e%t for at least three ears.

5A<,OL 40Anne* 80

re&ulation 16(4)(a)

%ul #arrier %oolet To ena#le the master to %revent e*cessive stress in the

shi%?s structure0 the shi% loadin& and unloadin& of solid #ul' car&oes shall #e

%rovided with a #oo'let referred to in SOLAS re&ulation 8.!. As an alternative

to a se%arate #oo'let0 the re/uired information ma #e contained in the intactsta#ilit #oo'let.

SOLAS 19$

(199" amendments)

re&ulation 8E

the Code of ,racticefor the Safe Loadin&

and Unloadin& of

ul' Carriers (LUCode)

$. I+ a,,itio+ to t)e certificates liste, i+ sectio+s 1 a+, ? a(o'e

-)ere aroriate a+* s)i carr*i+ +o4ious li=ui, c)e.ical

su(sta+ces i+ (ul s)all carr*:

I+ter+atio+al Pollutio+ Pre'e+tio+ #ertificate for t)e #arriae of No4iousLi=ui, Su(sta+ces i+ %ul 5NLS certificate6 An international %ollution

%revention certificate for the carria&e of no*ious li/uid su#stances in #ul' (NLS

certificate) shall #e issued0 after surve in accordance with the %rovisions of

re&ulation 1; of Anne* 88 of 5A<,OL 40 to an shi% carrin& no*ious li/uid

su#stances in #ul' and which is en&a&ed in voa&es to %orts or terminals underthe urisdiction of other ,arties to 5A<,OL 4. 8n res%ect of chemical

tan'ers0 the Certificate of 7itness for the Carria&e of @an&erous Chemicals in

ul' and the 8nternational Certificate of 7itness for the Carria&e of @an&erous

Chemicals in ul'0 issued under the %rovisions of the ul' Chemical Code and8nternational ul' Chemical Code0 res%ectivel0 shall have the same force and

receive the same reco&nition as the NLS certificate.

5A<,OL 40Anne* 880re&ulations 1! and

1!a

#aro recor, (oo -ver shi% to which Anne* 88 of 5A<,OL 4 a%%lies0

shall #e %rovided with a Car&o <ecord oo'0 whether as %art of the shi%?s officiallo& #oo' or otherwise0 in the form s%ecified in a%%endi* 8 to the Anne*.

5A<,OL 40

Anne* 880re&ulation 9

Proce,ures a+, Arra+e.e+ts $a+ual 5P K A $a+ual6 -ver shi% certified

to carr no*ious li/uid su#stances in #ul' shall have on #oard a ,rocedures and

Arran&ements 5anual a%%roved # the Administration.

<esolution

5-,C.1(!!)0

cha%ter !E 5A<,OL

40 Anne* 880re&ulations 60 6A and

S)i(oar, $ari+e Pollutio+ !.ere+c* Pla+ for No4ious Li=ui, Su(sta+ces

-ver shi% of 16; &ross tonna&e and a#ove certified to carr no*ious li/uid

5A<,OL 40

Anne* 880



su#stances in #ul' shall carr on #oard a shi%#oard marine %ollution emer&enc

%lan for no*ious li/uid su#stances a%%roved # the Administration. This

re/uirement shall a%%l to all such shi%s not later than 1 anuar !;;4.

re&ulation 1"

6. I+ a,,itio+ to t)e certificates liste, i+ sectio+s 1 a+, ? a(o'e

-)ere alica(le a+* c)e.ical ta+er s)all carr*:

#ertificate of Fit+ess for t)e #arriae of Da+erous #)e.icals i+ %ul A

certificate called a Certificate of 7itness for the Carria&e of @an&erous Chemicalsin ul'0 the model form of which is set out in the a%%endi* to the ul' ChemicalCode0 should #e issued after an initial or %eriodical surve to a chemical tan'er

en&a&ed in international voa&es which com%lies with the relevant re/uirements

of the Code. Note2The Code is mandator under Anne* 88 of 5A<,OL 4 for

chemical tan'ers constructed #efore 1 ul 19".

C+ Code0

section 1."EC+ Code asmodified #

resolution

5SC.1(6)

section 1."

O"

I+ter+atio+al #ertificate of Fit+ess for t)e #arriae of Da+erous #)e.icals

i+ %ul A certificate called an 8nternational Certificate of 7itness for the Carria&eof @an&erous Chemicals in ul'0 the model form of which is set out in the

a%%endi* to the 8nternational ul' Chemical Code0 should #e issued after an

initial or %eriodical surve to a chemical tan'er en&a&ed in international voa&es

which com%lies with the relevant re/uirements of the Code. Note2 The Code ismandator under #oth cha%ter 88 of SOLAS 19$ and Anne* 88 of 5A<,OL

4 for chemical tan'ers constructed on or after 1 ul 19".

8C Code0

section 1.6E

8C Code asmodified #

resolutions

5SC.1"(6) and

5-,C.$;(!9)0section 1.6

". I+ a,,itio+ to t)e certificates liste, i+ sectio+s 1 a+, ? a(o'e

-)ere alica(le a+* as carrier s)all carr*:

#ertificate of Fit+ess for t)e #arriae of Li=uefie, Gases i+ %ul Acertificate called a Certificate of 7itness for the Carria&e of Li/uefied :ases in

ul'0 the model form of which is set out in the a%%endi* to the :as Carrier Code0

should #e issued after an initial or %eriodical surve to a &as carrier which

com%lies with the relevant re/uirements of the Code.

:C Code0section 1."

O"

I+ter+atio+al #ertificate of Fit+ess for t)e #arriae of Li=uefie, Gases i+

%ul A certificate called an 8nternational Certificate of 7itness for the Carria&e of Li/uefied :ases in ul'0 the model form of which is set out in the a%%endi* to

the 8nternational :as Carrier Code0 should #e issued after an initial or %eriodical

surve to a &as carrier which com%lies with the relevant re/uirements of theCode. Note: The Code is mandator under cha%ter 88 of SOLAS 19$ for &ascarriers constructed on or after 1 ul 19".

8:C Code0

section 1.6E

8:C Code asmodified #

resolution

5SC.1(6)0section 1.6

. I+ a,,itio+ to t)e certificates liste, i+ sectio+s 1 a+, ? a(o'e

-)ere alica(le a+* )i)>see, craft s)all carr*:

Hi)>See, #raft Safet* #ertificate

A certificate called a +i&h S%eed Craft Safet Certificate #e issued aftercom%letion of an initial or renewal surve to a craft which com%lies with the

re/uirements of the +i&h S%eed Certificate (+SC) Code in its entiret.

SOLAS 19$0

re&ulation D4E+SC Code

%ara&ra%h 1.

Per.it to Oerate Hi)>See, #raft A certificate called a ,ermit to O%erate+i&h S%eed Craft should #e issued to a craft which com%lies with the

re/uirements set out in %ara&ra%hs 1.!.! to 1.!. and 1. of the +SC Code.

+SC Code0 %ara&ra%h 1.9

. I+ a,,itio+ to t)e certificates liste, i+ sectio+s 1 a+, ? a(o'e

-)ere alica(le a+* s)i carr*i+ INF caro s)all carr*:I+ter+atio+al #ertificate of Fit+ess for t)e #arriae

of INF #aro A shi% carrin& 8N7 car&o shall com%l with the re/uirements of

the 8nternational Code for the Safe Carria&e of ,ac'a&ed 8rradiated Nuclear 7uel0

,lutonium and +i&h3Level <adioactive =astes on oard Shi%s (8N7 Code) in

addition to an other a%%lica#le re/uirements of the SOLAS re&ulations and shall #e surveed and #e %rovided with the 8nternational Certificate of 7itness for the

Carria&e of 8N7 Car&o.

SOLAS 19$(1999 amendments)0

re&ulation 1"E

8N7 Code

(resolution5SC.(1))0

%ara&ra%h 1.4

Ot)er certificates a+, ,ocu.e+ts -)ic) are +ot .a+,ator*



Secial urose s)is

Secial Purose S)is Safet* #ertificate 8n addition to SOLAS certificates ass%ecified in %ara&ra%h of the ,ream#le of the Code of Safet for S%ecial

,ur%ose Shi%s0 a S%ecial ,ur%ose Shi% Safet Certificate should #e issued after

surve in accordance with the %rovisions of %ara&ra%h 1." of the Code for S%ecial

,ur%ose Shi%s. The duration and validit of the certificate should #e &overned #

the res%ective %rovisions for car&o shi%s in SOLAS 19$. 8f a certificate is issuedfor a s%ecial %ur%ose shi% of less than 6;; &ross tonna&e0 this certificate should

indicate to what e*tent rela*ations in accordance with 1.! were acce%ted.

A.64$(14) asamended #

5SCCirc.490

SOLAS 19$

re&ulation 81!E

19 SOLAS,rotocol0

re&ulation 81!

Offs)ore suort 'essels

#ertificate of Fit+ess for Offs)ore Suort Vessels

=hen carrin& such car&oes0 offshore su%%ort vessels should carr a Certificate

of 7itness under the >:uidelines for the Trans%ort and +andlin& of Limited

Amounts of +aardous and No*ious Li/uid Su#stances in ul' on Offshore

Su%%ort essels>. 8f an offshore su%%ort vessel carries onl no*ious li/uidsu#stances0 a suita#l endorsed 8nternational ,ollution ,revention Certificate for

the Carria&e of No*ious Li/uid Su#stances in ul' ma #e issued instead of the

a#ove Certificate of 7itness.

A."4(1")E5A<,OL

40 Anne* 880

re&ulation 14($)

Di'i+ s*ste.s

Di'i+ S*ste. Safet* #ertificate A certificate should #e issued either # theAdministration or an %erson or or&aniation dul authoried # it after surve or

ins%ection to a divin& sstem which com%lies with the re/uirements of the Code

of Safet for @ivin& Sstems. 8n ever case0 the Administration should assume

full res%onsi#ilit for the certificate.

A.64"(14)0section 1."

D*+a.icall* suorte, craft

D*+a.icall* Suorte, #raft #o+structio+ a+, !=ui.e+t #ertificate To #eissued after surve carried out in accordance with %ara&ra%h 1.6.1(a) of the Code

of Safet for @namicall Su%%orted Craft.

A.44(D)0section 1."

$o(ile offs)ore ,rilli+ u+its

$o(ile Offs)ore Drilli+ /+it Safet* #ertificate

To #e issued after surve carried out in accordance with the %rovisions of theCode for the Construction and -/ui%ment of 5o#ile Offshore @rillin& Units0

1990 or0 for units constructed on or after 1 5a 19910 the Code for the

Construction and -/ui%ment of 5o#ile Offshore @rillin& Units0 199.

A.$1$(D8) section 1."E

A."$9(1") section 1."EA."$9(1") as modified

# resolution

5SC.4("4)0 section

1."

Noise le'els

Noise Sur'e* "eort A noise surve re%ort should #e made for each shi% inaccordance with the Code on Noise Levels on oard Shi%s.

A.$"(D88)0section $.4

-fficial log boo

1. 7ront cover2 Contains shi%Bs %articulars0 date and %lace of o%enin& anf closin& official lo& #oo' !. <ecord of seamen em%loed in the shi%

4. -ntries of #irth and deaths0 deceased seamanBs %ro%ert0 death in/uir

$. <ecord of musters0 #oat drills and fire drills0 trainin& of crew0 ins%ection of life savin& a%%liances and fire

fi&htin& e/ui%ment6. <ecord of test drills and ins%ections of shi%Bs steerin& &ear

". <ecord of tests and ins%ection of %ilot hoists

. <ecord of ins%ection of crew accommodation

. <ecord of ins%ections carried out in accordance with 8LO convention no. " of 19$" of su%%lies of foodand water %rovided for the crew

9. Load line0 de%th of loadin&

1;. @ates of de%arture from and arrival at each %ort with drau&ht of water and free#oard

11. Sailin& short handed1!. Accidents0 distress incidents0 reasons for not &oin& to assistance



14. =a&e dis%utes0 dischar&es of crew0 crew left #ehind0 %ro%ert of crew left #ehind0 illnesses and inuries

1$. Code of conduct #reaches # crew

:5@SS lo&

Oil <ecord oo' ,art 1 3 5achiner s%ace o%erations7ollowin& entries are re/uired2

• allastin& or cleanin& of fuel tan's

• @ischar&in& #allast or cleanin& water from fuel oil tan's• @is%osal of oil residues (slud&e)

• @ischar&in& over#oard #il&e water which has accumulated in machiner s%aces

The chief en&ineer should o#tain from the o%erator of the rece%tion facilities0 which include #ar&es and

tan'er lorries0 a recei%t or certificate detailin& the /uantit of tan' washin&s0 dirt #allast0 residues or oil mi*turestransferred0 to&ether with the time and date of transfer. The recei%tcertificate should #e 'e%t with Oil <ecord oo'.

Oil <ecord oo' ,art ! 3 Car&o#allast o%erations (Oil tan'ers)

• -ntries in this #oo' are to #e maintained # dec' de%artment.

Car&o record #oo's (No*ious li/uid su#stance)

@ec' lo& #oo'

To #e maintained # dec' de%artment

-n&ine room lo& #oo' 5ain en&ine movement #oo's

@ata %rint outsSoundin& #oo'

:ar#a&e record #oo' 8ncinerator record #oo'

& 9<A:5A6 State t)e circu.sta+ces -)ic) .a* lea, to suse+sio+ or -it),ra-l of class

5%6 !4lai+ t)e ter.s use, (* classificatio+ societ* i6Perio, of class ii6A++i'ersar* ,ate iii6 Sur'e*

ti.e -i+,o- i'6.e.ora+,a '6"eco..e+,atio+s

A+s: suse+sio+ a+, -it),ra-al of class

The surves are to #e carried out in accordance with the relevant class re/uirements in order to confirm thatthe condition of the hull0 machiner0 e/ui%ment and a%%liances is in com%liance with the a%%lica#le rules. The

classification of a shi% is #ased on the understandin& that the shi% is loaded0 o%erated and maintained in a %ro%er

manner # com%etent and /ualified crew or o%eratin& %ersonnel. 8t is the owner?s res%onsi#ilit to ensure %ro%er maintenance of the shi% until the ne*t surve re/uired # the rules. 8t is the dut of the owner0 or its re%resentative0

to inform the surveor0 on #oardin& the shi%0 of an events or circumstances affectin& the class. =here the

conditions for the maintenance of class are not com%lied with0 class will #e sus%ended0 withdrawn or revised to a

different notation0 as deemed a%%ro%riate # the societ when it #ecomes aware of the condition. The shi% ma loseits class either tem%oraril or %ermanentl. 8n the former case it is referred to as Jsus%ensionK of classE in the latter

case as JwithdrawalK of class. 8n the case of surves that are not carried out within the s%ecified time frame0 or if the

vessel is o%erated in a manner that is outside its classification desi&nation0 the sus%ension ma #e automatic.Suse+sio+ of class

The class ma #e sus%ended followin& a decision made # the societ when one or more of the followin&

occurs2

when a shi% is not o%erated in com%liance with the rule re/uirements0

when a shi% %roceeds to sea with less free#oard than that assi&ned0 when the owner fails to re/uest a surve after havin& detected defects or dama&es affectin& the class0

when re%airs0 alterations or conversions affectin& the class are carried out without re/uestin& the attendance of a

surveor.

8n addition0 class is automaticall sus%ended2 when the class renewals%ecial surve has not #een com%leted # its due date or within the time &ranted in s%ecial

circumstances for the com%letion of the surve0 unless the shi% is under attendance # the societBs surveor(s) with

a view to com%letion %rior to resumin& tradin&E

when the annual or intermediate surves have not #een com%leted # the end of the corres%ondin& surve timewindows.



Sus%ension of class with res%ect to the a#ove cases will remain in effect until such time as the due surves

and an other surve deemed a%%ro%riate # the societ have #een com%leted. 8n addition to the circumstances for

which automatic sus%ension ma a%%l0 the class of a shi% will #e su#ect to sus%ension %rocedures followin& a

decision of the societ2 when a recommendationcondition of class is not dealt with within the time limit s%ecified0 unless it is %ost%oned

#efore the due date # a&reement with the societ

when one or more other surves are not held # their due dates 3 or the dates sti%ulated # the societ also ta'in&

into account an e*tensions &ranted when0 due to the nature of re%orted defects0 the societ considers that a shi% is not entitled to retain its class even

on a tem%orar #asis (%endin& necessar re%airs or renewals0 etc.)

in other circumstances where the owner fails to su#mit the shi% to a surve in accordance with a s%ecial

re/uirement.8n all cases sus%ension will remain in effect until such time as matters are rectified and the class is

reinstated or class is withdrawn. @e%endin& on the societBs %rocedures0 the sus%ensions of class which are not

automatic ma ta'e effect either when the are decided # the societ or from the date when the conditions for

sus%ension occurred. +owever once the conditions for class sus%ensionwithdrawal are met and #efore an decision # the societ can #e ta'en0 either #ecause the societ is not aware of the circumstances (surves dates0 etc. are

recorded #ut not sstematicall monitored) or #ecause the decision is not et ta'en0 maintenance of class cannot

&enerall #e confirmed # the societ durin& this %eriod.it),ra-al of class

The societ will withdraw the class of a shi% when2 re/uested # the owner0

the class has #een sus%ended for more than si* months0

the shi% is re%orted as a constructive total loss and the owner does not &ive his intentions to re%air the shi% for re3instatement of class0

the shi% is re%orted lost

the shi% will not trade further as declared # its owner.

=ithdrawal of class ta'es effect from the date on which the circumstances causin& such withdrawal occur or when itis decided.Notificatio+ of suse+sio+ or -it),ra-al

=hen class is sus%ended or withdrawn0 the societ will at the same time2

inform the owner0 fla& Administration and underwriters (the latter at their re/uest) delete the shi% from the <e&ister of Shi%s

conve the information to a%%ro%riate data#asesSur'e*s a+ o'er'ie- of re=uire.e+ts a+, certificatio+

Defi+itio+s a+, roce,ures relate, to classificatio+ sur'e*s

Perio, of certificate of class

The %eriod of the certificate of class starts either from the date of initial classification0 or from the credited

date of the last class renewals%ecial surve0 and e*%ires at the due date assi&ned for the ne*t class renewals%ecial

surve. Note2 The due date is the end of the time window for that surve.A++i'ersar* ,ate

The anniversar date is the da and the month &iven in the certificate of class which corres%onds to the

e*%ir date of the certificate.Sur'e* ti.e -i+,o-

The surve time window is the fi*ed %eriod durin& which the annual and intermediate surves are to #e

carried out.O'er,ue sur'e*s

-ach %eriodical surve is assi&ned a due date s%ecified # the relevant rules # which it is to #e com%leted.

A surve #ecomes overdue when it has not #een com%leted # its due date. 7or e*am%le2

Anniversar date2 16th A%ril

The annual surve can #e validl carried out from 1"th anuar to 16th ul. 8f not com%leted # 16th ul0the annual surve #ecomes overdue and class will #e sus%ended automaticall."eco..e+,atio+s;#o+,itio+s of #lass



<ecommendationB and Condition of ClassB are different terms used # 8ACS societies for the same thin&

and are those re/uirements im%osed # the societ which will affect the class if not com%lied with # the assi&ned

due date.$e.ora+,a

Other information of assistance to the surveor and owners ma #e recorded as memorandaB or a similar

term. The ma0 for e*am%le0 include notes concernin& materials0 #arred en&ine s%eed ran&es and other

constructional information. A memorandum ma also define a structural condition which0 thou&h deviatin& from the

technical standard0 does not affect the class (e.&. sli&ht indents in the shell0 which do not have an effect u%on theoverall stren&th of the hull0 or minor deficiencies0 which do not affect the o%erational safet of the machiner).

8n addition0 memoranda could define recurrin& surve re/uirements0 such as annual surve of s%ecified

s%aces0 or retrofit re/uirements0 which have the de3facto effect of conditions of class. S%ecific /uestions in relation

to the meanin& of memoranda recommendations conditions of class are to #e addressed to the classificationsociet concerned thou&h the owner of the shi%.

E2;What are the pri6ary strategies for coping !ith stress affected personnel?9o! these ele6ents can e est i6ple6ented in ships personnel 6otivatingthe6= for etter tea6!or<?

Ans) Now3a3das it is maor %ro#lem re&ardin& stress. -verone is stress affected to some

e*tents (with stress sta&es). 8n Shi%%in& %eo%le wor' in isolation as man is a social animal so it

leads to dissatisfaction and unnecessar stress. Com%anies often em%lo multinational crew0which create an inter%ersonal conflict and it also leads to stress. As man %ower is also less on

#oard so if an thin& &oes wron& then man%ower is not sufficient to deal with the %ro#lem. This

is the main reasons leadin& to stress which could either #e %hsical or %scholo&ical.

Co%in& the stress2 3 There are some strate&ies to mana&in& stress2

1) -ffective co%in& strate&ies!) 8neffective co%in& strate&ies2 <esearch has shown that social and emotional co% with

stress. ,erson maintainin& close inter%ersonal relations with friends and famil are a#le to

use more a%%ro%riate strate&ies to co% with the stress social su%%ort includes material

su%%ort (%rovidin& resources) and emotional su%%ort (listenin& to %erson and encoura&in&himher) studies have shown that when one does not want su%%ort0 if &iven it ma %rove

ne&ative conse/uences.

A%%roaches or effective strate&ies of co%in& stress includes23

1) -fforts to increase %hsical and mental %re%aredness for co%in& #

(a) ,hsical e*ercisin& (#) o&a (c) meditation (d) diet mana&ement

!) Creative diversions for emotional enrichment(a) 5usic (#) Art (c) Theatre etc.

4) Strate&ies of dealin& with #asic %ro#lem causin& stress V Colla#orative wor' strate&ies to

overcome stress a%%lication (i.e.0) how to overcome %ain &rief etc. which has #eencaused # stress

− Ta'e a hard coo' at ourself

− @etermine from where stress ori&inated

− 8nitiall e*amine our own contri#ution to stress e*%erienced # others around ou.

− Sta alert23 To thin& other than ou o#



− Ta'es ris's

− Avoid isolation withdrawin& from tas'

− Gee% communication with collea&ues0 friends and famil

− U%date 'nowled&e and s'ills to ta'e the challen&es #rou&ht # chan&in& technolo&ical

environment

esides the a#ove mentioned strate&ies to overcome stress0 all %ersons should %ro&ress stresssafet valve. 8t serves almost two im%ortant functions.

1 +na!le one to escape the direct pressure of wor" load.2 &ounteract the !iocheical and ps#chological changes that occur when o!ilized to

deal with stress

7ew safet valvues are su&&ested #elow23

− &hanging gearsE; )hifting fro one wor" to another

− +ercise

− 5apering #ourself

− *et involved

− ar up slowl#

− &ut !ac" on ecessive wor" hours

Now3a3das0 rulesre&ulations # 8LO (8nternational La#our Or&aniation) 85O0 =+O etc also

hel%in& to overcome stress.

For e(ample' In ILO there are lots of convention line<a or"ing hours <iniu and rest<! -ccoodation with facilities<c 4esponsi!ilities for each person copanies are also helpful to overcoe stress

i) =ith tele%honeemail facilit (one can tal' to homefriendsrelatives) so &oodcommunication is hel%ful (in all levels)

ii) Trainin& of shi% %ersonnel

iii) @evelo%in& &ood %lans for safe o%eration of shi%

iv) Chec'lists for safe wor'in&

v) ,rovidin& &mnasium (s%ort0 e*ercisin& etc) welfare clu# (movies0 ma&aines0news%a%ers etc)

vi) ,rivile&es to &o ashore (#oat services or other assistance etc) so it can #e said that if a

%erson is %rovided su%%ort (financiall &uidance0 understandin& and loo'in& after etc)then stress levels can #e reduced to some e*tent.

5otivation theor2 This theor can #e a%%lied to such %ersons (stressed) to chan&e them #usin&2

1 'o#alt#E creating greater trust, !etter counication and sharing pro!les. Thesense of !elonging will otivate the person to wor" for a tea

2 $nderstanding needs?grievances with respect to one#?wages?appraisal?prootion,special recognition for good wor" !# see"ing to clear a ore transparentatosphere, so that no a!iguities reain.



> 4ewarding perforance which will otivate the perforances to wor" harder andcreate an environent of Bwillingness to iproveC

+0 is he "e# factor of otivation,raise raises their self esteem and encoura&es them to wor'

G :a"ing responsi!leE -ssigning responsi!ilit# for doing a particular o! a"es a

person feel iportant/ +ncourage interaction7 *enuine epath#E $nderstanding the person will iprove relationships and hence

the perforance of ever# individuals in the tea.@ 5roviding rest when no re8uireent for wor"9 :a"ing proper plans?guideline for doing a tas" and also providing necessar#

resources10To share the wor" load

As %er J5aslowK theor 2 5aslow he one of the #est framewor' # which one can understand

em%loees0 needs and use the motivation theor to hel% the individuals satisf needs while

hel%in& the %erson to satisf its own need

&ue: Socio>cultural ,iffere+ces )a'e (ee+ a+ accete, fact i+ .aMor .erc)a+t s)is arou+,

t)e lo(e !4lai+ )o- suc) ,iffere+ces e+erate i+ter erso++el co+flict a+, affect safet*

.a+ae.e+t Ho- ca+ t)e* (e resol'e, o+ (oar, for (etter tea. -or3

Ans2 5ost of the merchant shi%s trade internationall all over the world. 5an com%anies todaem%lo multinational crew on #oard. ,eo%le from different countries not onl have different

cultures #ut have different #eliefs values and attitudes. This 'ind of #ac'&rounds can lead to

differences in o%inions %erce%tions which ma create %ro#lems on #oard shi%s.

=hile satisfin& or&aniational needs0 a %erson in addition will tr to satisf his ownindividual needs. As a result of this individuals oin to&ether 'nowin&l or un'nowin&l to form

&rou%s and social sstems. ein& a social animal0 he has to interact with other fellow wor'in&

men. +ence there are chances of inter%ersonal conflict.

Attitude and #ehavior ma'es a %erson li'ed or disli'ed amon& others in a &rou%. Thisresults in the formation of &rou%s with li'e minded %eo%le. =herever there are &rou%s0 there are

different arms and &oals. +ence chances of conflict.

8n an or&aniation conflicts can #e due to

• Unnaturall com%etitive environment

•

@ifferences in values0 &oals0 attitudes e*%ectations• Stereot%ed #ehavior stu##ornness unfair decisions or wron& ud&ement due to some

%reudices.

• Someone ta'in& under advanta&e and not sharin& in team wor'.

• 5isunderstandin& lac' of understandin& or communication

• -&o.



Conflicts ma #e actual or even threatened with the misuse of force0 which %roves

hindrance in an continuin& social or wor'in& relationshi% inter%ersonal conflicts creates an

unhealth atmos%here on #oard. 8t not onl affects the efficient runnin& o%eration of the vessel #ut could also #ecome a safet haard.

Strateies for I+tererso+al co+flicts resolutio+

There is lot of theories a#out inter%ersonal conflict resolution. A few of them are2

i) Lose 3 Lose2 wherein #oth %arties lose

This could #e achieved #

a) Com%romise

#) ,a off one of the %art

c) Ar#itration or the use of outside %art

d) <esort to #ureaucratic rules.

ii) =in 3 Lose2 wherein one %art attem%ts to marshal its forces to win and the other %art

losses.

iii) =in 3 =in2 This is the most desira#le strate& of conflict resolution from a human and

or&aniational stand %oint. -ner&ies and creativit are aimed at solvin& the %ro#lem rather than defeatin& the other %art. The needs of #oth %arties in the conflict situation are met and

#oth %arties receive rewardin& outcomes. =in3win decision strate&ies are associated with

#etter ud&ments0 favora#le or&aniational e*%erience and more favora#le #ar&ains.

8nter%ersonal conflict can #e resolved # ta'in& into consideration the nature of differences.

Amica#le solution could #e found where acce%tance of differences can #e a&reed u%on.

8nter%ersonal conflict can #e resolved # develo%in& a co3o%erative relationshi% #ased on

o# related %erformance rather than on communal racial #asis.

To avoid inter%ersonal conflicts or to minimie

• A #iased a%%roach should #e avoided

• A common lan&ua&e should #e used for communication to minimie misunderstandin&.

• 8ndividual must #e res%ected for his s'ill effort.

• -ver#od should #e made to realie that a team effort is re/uired for efficient runnin& of

the shi%.

• 8nstructions @irectives should #e clearl e*%lained to all.



BB;State the ele6ents of strategies needed for i6proving perfor6ance fro6 atea6 6e6er of engine roo6 personal loo<ed "pon as an organiFation; Underlinethe steps ta<en to red"ce 6"t"al conflict and clarify their role responsiility;

-ns.E#he ele6ents of strategies needed in a good 6anager G chief engineers are

Inspires a )hared ision, *ood &ounicator, Integrit#, +nthusias, +path#,&opetence, -!ilit# to Delegate Tas"s, &ool $nder 5ressure, Tea =uilding )"ills,5ro!le )olving )"ills, +-4%+D -'$+ :-%-*+:+%T

Inspires a Shared ision

-n effective anager ? chief engineer is often descri!ed as having a vision of where togo and the a!ilit# to articulate it. isionaries thrive on change and !eing a!le to drawnew !oundaries. - $.). )enator once said that a leader is soeone who Blifts us up,gives us a reason for !eing and gives the vision and spirit to change.C isionar# leadersena!le people to feel the# have a real sta"e in the proect. The# epower the to

eperience the vision on their own. -ccording to =ennis BThe# offer people opportunitiesto create their own vision, to eplore what the vision will ean to their o!s and lives,and to envision their future as part of the vision for the organization.C

)ood Co66"nicator

The a!ilit# to counicate with people at all levels is alost alwa#s naed as thesecond ost iportant s"ill !# anagers and tea e!ers. 'eadership calls for clearcounication a!out goals, responsi!ilit#, perforance, epectations and feed!ac".There is a great deal of value placed on openness and directness. The anager ? chiefengineer is also the tea6s lin" to the larger organization. The leader ust have the

a!ilit# to effectivel# negotiate and use persuasion when necessar# to ensure thesuccess of the tea. Through effective counication, anager ? chief engineersupport individual and tea achieveents !# creating eplicit guidelines foraccoplishing results and for the career advanceent of tea e!ers.

Integrity

(ne of the ost iportant things a anager ? chief engineer ust ree!er is thattheir actions, and not words, set the odus operandi for the tea. *ood leadershipdeands coitent to, and deonstration of ethical practices. &reating standards for ethical !ehavior for oneself and living !# these standards, as well as rewarding those

who eeplif# these practices, are responsi!ilities of anager ? chief engineer.'eadership otivated !# self;interest does not serve the well !eing of the tea.'eadership !ased on integrit# represents nothing less than a set of values others share,!ehavior consistent with values, and dedication to honest# with self and tea e!ers.In other words the leader Bwal"s the tal"C and in the process earns trust.

$nth"sias6



5lain and siple, we don6t li"e leaders who are negative;the# !ring us down. e wantleaders with enthusias, with a !ounce in their step, with a can;do attitude. e want to!e !elieved that we are part of an invigorating ourne#;we want to feel alive. e tend tofollow people with a can;do attitude, not those that give us 200 reasons wh# soethingcan6t !e done. +nthusiastic leaders are coitted to their goals and epress this

coitent through optiis. 'eadership eerges as soeone epresses suchconfident coitent to a proect that others want to share his or her optiisticepectations. +nthusias is contagious and effective leaders "now it.

$6pathy

hat is the difference !etween epath# and s#path#J -lthough the words are siilarthe# are, in fact, utuall# eclusive. -ccording to %oran 5aul, in s#path# the su!ectis principall# a!sor!ed in his or her own feelings as the# are proected into the o!ectand has little concern for the realit# and validit# of the o!ect6s special eperience.+path#, on the other hand, presupposes the eistence of the o!ect as a separate

individual, entitled to his or her own feelings, ideas and eotional histor# <5aul 1970. -s one student so elo8uentl# put it Bit6s nice when a anager ? chief engineerac"nowledges that we all have a life outside of wor"C.

Co6petence

)ipl# put, to enlist in another6s cause, we ust !elieve that that person "nows whatthe# are doing. 'eadership copetence does not however necessaril# refer to theanager ? chief engineer6s technical a!ilities in the core technolog# of the !usiness.Having a winning trac" record is the surest wa# to !e considered copetent. +pertisein leadership s"ills is another diension in copetence. The a!ilit# to challenge, inspire,

ena!le, odel and encourage ust !e deonstrated if leaders are to !e seen ascapa!le and thus copetent.

&ility to 3elegate #as<s

Trust is an essential eleent in the relationship of a anager ? chief engineer and theirtea. ou deonstrate #our trust in others through #our actions. How uch #ou chec"and control their wor", how uch #ou delegate and how uch #ou allow people toparticipate. Individuals who are una!le to trust other people often fail as leaders andforever reain little ore than icro;anagers, or end up doing all of the wor"theselves. -s one anageent student put it Ba good leader is a little laz#.C -n

interesting perspectiveK

Cool Under 7ress"re

- leader with a hard# attitude will ta"e pro!les in stride. hen a leader encounters astressful event, the# consider it interesting, the# feel the# can influence the outcoeand the# see it as an opportunit#. B(ut of the uncertaint# and chaos of change, leaders



rise up and articulate a new iage of the future that pulls the proect togetherC <=ennis1997. -nd ree!er, Bnever let the see #ou sweatC.

#ea6 "ilding S<ills

- tea !uilder can !est !e defined as Ba strong person who provides the su!stance thatholds the tea together in coon purpose toward the right o!ectiveC. In order for atea to progress fro a group of strangers to a single cohesive unit, the leader ustunderstand the process and d#naics re8uired for this transforation. He or she ustalso "now the appropriate leadership st#le to use during each stage of teadevelopent. The leader ust also have an understanding of the different tea pla#ersst#les and how to capitalize on each at the proper tie, for the pro!le at hand.

7role6 Solving S<ills

-lthough an effective leader is said to share pro!le solving responsi!ilities with the

tea, we epect our anager ? chief engineers to have ecellent pro!le solving s"illstheselves. The# have a Bfresh, creative response to here;and;now opportunitiesC, andnot too uch concern with how others have perfored then.

$&%N$3 &LU$ .&N&)$.$N#

+arned alue :anageent is a ethodolog# used to easure and counicate thereal ph#sical progress of a proect ta"ing into account the wor" coplete, the tie ta"enand the costs incurred to coplete that wor".

+arned alue helps evaluate and control proect ris" !# easuring proect progress in

onetar# ters.

e spend tie and aterials in copleting a tas". If we are efficient we coplete thetas" with tie to spare and with iniu wasted aterials. If we are inefficient we ta"elonger and waste aterials.

e also plan how we will accoplish the tas". How long it will ta"e, the resources weneed and the estiated costs.

Following the a!ove strategies and a"ing each individual aware of these strategiescan reduce utual conflicts aongst staff.

-lso the individual should !e otivated and a"e the realize the iportance of their o! for the ship.

Teawor" should !e eplained to the asE

Tea !uilding is a process of awareness !uilding.



It6s helping people to understand that the# are greater collectivel# than individuall#.

It is an understanding that all of our decisions will !e !etter when soe degree ofcolla!oration is applied.

T+-<- 8S NO J8K 8N T-A5.

4. it) resect to e+i+e roo. .a+ .a+ae.e+t e+list t)e e* issues *ou -ill a,,ress -it) roer

Mustificatio+ i+ t)e follo-i+ areas

5a6 Trai+i+ rora.s 5(6 Lo+ ter. erso++el ,e'elo.e+t co+cet 5c6 Attitu,e a+, .oti'atio+

,e'elo.e+t 5,6 !.ere+c* reso+se 5e6#oi+ -it) stress 223

5an is a social animal and to ma'e wor' in isolation will lead to dissatisfaction and unnecessarstress. 5an com%anies are trin& hard to remove this dissatisfaction #

im%lementin& motivational techni/ues as #elow.

i) Lo*alt* : :earin& &reater trust0 #etter communication and sharin& %ro#lems. Thesense of #elon&in& motivates the %erson to wor' for the team.

ii) Understandin& needs &rievances w.r.t. mone wa&es a%%arel %romotion0 s%ecialreco&nition for &ood wor' # see'in& to create a more trans%arent atmos%here0 so that

no am#i&uities remain.

iii) <ewardin& %erformance0 which will motivate the %erformer to wor' harder and create

an environment of willin&ness to im%rove.

iv) ustifia#le %raisin& as %er %erformance0 creates a feel &ood factor in the wor'ers.Often a %at on the #ac' wor's wonders. The motivated wor'er will wor' harder than

one who is onl doin& it for mone.

v) <es%onsi#ilit hel%s the %erson to %artici%ate willin&l as res%onsi#ilit im%arts asense of im%ortance.

vi) -ncoura&e in action there# facilitatin& team wor'.

1 IN#!NTIV! P"OG"A$$! : Considerin& the motivational techni/ues0 mone

can never #e overloo'ed as motivation. =hether in form of wa&es0 #onus incentives

etc. An incentive %ro&ram #ased on %erformances ma #e develo%ed for the en&ine

room and dec' crew on /ualit #asis. This is turn increases the effectiveness and %erformance level of the wor'ers. Crew mem#ers ma #e rewarded for &ood wor' #

either &ivin& e*tra overtime0 #ows etc. unior officers ma wor' harder for the much

sou&ht after %romotion0 which in turn #rin&s #etter wa&es. Thus incentive in an form

increases the over all effectiveness of the crew.

2 Lo+ ter. erso++el ,e'elo.e+t co+cet : An individual is ud&ed for his s'ill

and o# com%etence s%ecial s'ills and innovative o#s should #e reco&nied and

entered in his a%%raisal re%ort0 for further develo%ment without dela. develo%in&such a trans%arent atmos%here individual will have lon& term in %ersonnel relation

develo%ment.



? Hu.a+ resources =ualit* assura+ce : Shi%%in& com%anies are ver %articular while

recruitin& %ersonnel for de%loment on their shi%s. The #ac'&round of the %erson is

'nown0 and his /ualification and last com%an records are chec'ed. Their s'ills aretested #efore finall em%loin& them. These techni/ues are reall wor'in& and /ualit

of %ersonnel on #oard the shi%s is &ettin& #etter da # da. An individual is also

assessed and a%%raised on #oard shi%s. On #oard trainin& hel%s to im%rove theindividuals over all com%etence.

@ Attitu,e a+, .oti'atio+ ,e'elo.e+t : Shi%%in& com%anies are trin& various

theories to develo% individual?s attitude and motivation # a%%lin& techni/ues li'e

%ositive reinforcement0 #ehaviour modification0 stress relief etc. 8t ma #e in manner of continuous em%loment in com%an and on rotation #asis0 so that the individual

can %lan his leave and come #ac' on finishin& his leave0 for #etter %ros%ect and need

of mone0 self esteem0 securit etc. As a chief en&ineer0 one should de%lo techni/uesto identif and slowl chan&e the #ehaviour of dissatisfied %ersonnel. @ue to the

com%le*it of the world and increase in %ersonal needs0 com%etition is also

increasin&. One has to %rove that he can fit into an or&aniation. The attitude and

motivation is also im%rovin& # the fear of losin& o#.

!.ere+c* reso+se : -ach and ever %erson should #e allotted his duties in case of

different t%es of emer&encies. All %ersonnel should #e educated a#out their duties

and res%onsi#ilities. 7re/uent drills and ener&ies on #oard shi%s hel% the %ersonnel to

#e familiar with the %rocedures and im%roves their res%onse to an t%e of emer&encsituation. Also durin& drills the im%ortant of team wor' is em%hasied which

motivates %eo%le in actin& faster and in an or&anied manner in an 'ind of

emer&enc.

< Trai+i+ Prora.s : The drills conducted on #oard should #e as realistic as %ossi#le.The res%onse of %ersonnel is assessed and an need of trainin& is considered. Trainin&

%ro&rams ma'e %eo%le more confident in all as%ects of their o#s and enhances their com%lements. @ifferent techni/ues ado%ted for trainin& ma include videos0 lifetimes0demonstrations0 com%uter #ased trainin& %ro&rams etc.

C #OPING ITH ST"!SS : The %ersonnel on #oard a shi% are #urned with the

ma&nitude of wor' due to reduced crew stren&th on shi%s. This alon& with the fear of

doin& somethin& wron&l0 differences amon& various %eo%le and lac' of slee% malead to tremendous amount of stress in the %ersonnel livin& a wa from home for

months to&ether com%ounds this %ro#lem man folds. 8t is the dut of C- to ensure

that his staff do not &et over stressed. This can #e done # encoura&in& #etter in the %ersonnel relations0 %raisin& %ersons for &ood o#s done0 #riefin& them how to avoid

mista'es and dele&atin& wor' so that no#od is over#urdened. 8n addition to all these0

tal'in& %ersonall to %eo%le0 en&a&in& a#out their famil and other %ersonal matterssometimes hel%s in 'ee%in& the environment cool and there# reducin& the chance of

over stressin&.

1. /+,erli+e t)e e+eral roce,ures follo-e, for flo- of i+for.atio+ a.o+ s)is erso++el #o+si,eri+

*ou (ei+ t)e #)ief !+i+eer o+ a s)i )a'i+ .ulti+atio+al cre- )o- t)e rocess of effecti'e



i+for.atio+ to t)e tea. ca+ (e aroac)e, (* *ou a+, also )o- a certai+ i+structio+ recei'e, (* *ou

fro. s)ore office for e+i+e .a+ae.e+t ca+ (e (est utilise,3 223, #ov 22

10H; With respect to engine roo6 6an 6anage6ent enlist the <ey iss"es yo"!ill address !ith proper A"stification in the follo!ing areas /i( incentiveprogra66es /ii( Long ter6 personnel develop6ent concept /iii( 9"6an

reso"rces @"ality ass"rance /iv( attit"de and 6otivation develop6ent /v($6ergency response; -ns. -s a chief engineer, following issues will !e addressed with an o!ective of

safe, efficient A effective tea anageent in consideration with relevantcopliance with international regulations.

<1 Incentive 5rograes Incentive prograes, especiall# safet# incentiveprograes have their intended effectE a reduction in the loss due to accidents.The# also have positive side effects. For one thing, the# are a profita!le propositionin industr#, as the savings usuall# eceed the costs. Incentive prograes can helpiprove the general organisational cliate A, therefore, a"e a positive contri!ution

to productivit# over A a!ove the gain due to accident reduction. 4einforcing safeacts reoves the unwanted side effects with discipline A the use of penaltiesL itincreases the eplo#ee6s o! satisfactionL it enhances the relationship !etween thesupervisor A eplo#ees. +.g. gift for reporting near;isses.

This is one of the ethods of otivation. This can !e effective in the sense thatpeople will wor" hard, there!# iproving the perforance of the tea, due to eithergreed or soe need. :an# copanies have fraed an incentive progra for theships crew on a 8uarterl# !asis which is entirel# !ased on their perforance. &rewe!ers are rewarded !# either giving the etra overtie, !onuses etc. Muniorofficers a# wor" that uch harder when prootion is used as an incentive, whichwould also !ring !etter wages.

<2 'ong ter personal developent concept The success of an# industr# donot onl# depend on the technical 8ualification of eisting A potential eplo#ees !utalso on the social copetence, decision a"ing 8ualities, tea spirit, guidance8ualities, a!ilit# to counicate etc. )enior anageent on !oard ust o!serve theperforance of the engine roo personnel in due regard with the a!ove entionedcriteria. -ccordingl#, crew ust !e advised to iprove upon the area which the# arelac"ing !# providing the the respective assistance. :oreover, copan# ust !einfored for the specific training re8uireent of the concerned crew !# -ppraisal4eport. In due course, resources invested in long ter personnel developentprograe earns higher return !# the service of the effective A efficient personnelinvolved.

-n individual is udged for his s"ill and special wor" in a particular field or aninnovative o! perfored !# hi should !e recognized A the sae can !e entered inhis appraisal report for further deplo#ent without dela# A can !e recoended forprootion. =# developing such a transparent atosphere, an individual will loo" at along ter personal developent concept as !eneficial to his own needs

<> Huan 4esource 8ualit# assuranceE ; Huan resource 8ualit# refers to thecopetence of the personnel involved in an# of the specific o! on !oard. )T&



<adopted on 7th Mul# 197@ was the first convention to esta!lish andator# iniure8uireents on training, certification and watch;"eeping for seafarers on aninternational level. In due respect to the code, copanies has to assure that the#eplo# the personnel in copliance with the codeE;

Chapter 1 – deals with general provisions A includes andator# edical

standards, counication s"ills, siulator training, revalidation of certificates,copanies6 responsi!ilities etc.

Chapter 2 – gives andator# iniu re8uireent for aster A dec" departentofficers?ratings.

Chapter 3 – deals with engine departent officers?ratings.

Chapter 5 – deals with special training re8uired for personnel on certain t#pe ofships.

Chapter 6 – deals with eergenc#, occupational safet#, edical care A survivalfunctions.

Chapter 7 – deals with alternative certification.

)everal shipping copanies are ver# particular while recruiting personnel fordeplo#ent in their ships. The !ac"ground of the person is chec"ed, his8ualifications and last copan# records scrutinized as well as the reasons forleaving his last copan#. There are also soe coputer !ased test progras thatare conducted to ascertain his "nowledge A s"ill as also interviews conducted tochec" that he will fit into the new organization. These techni8ues are wor"ing and8ualit# of personnel on !oard is su!stantiall# increasing. -lso an individual isassessed !ased on his on !oard perforance in the for of an appraisal report Aentioned whether an# additional shore !ased training <value added courses is

re8uired or not($) Attitude I 5otivation develo%ment2 3 8t seems li'el that %eo%leBs attitude all cohere0 in

other words the fit to&ether without contradictin& one another. The do not contradict one

another0 #ecause the derive from underlin& core sstem of values. This view of theinternal consistenc of attitudes seems to #e su%%orted # li#eral3conservative factor.

Shi%%in& com%anies are trin& various theories to develo% an individualBs attitude and was

to motivate him to %erform #etter. A %ersonBs attitude is influenced # various factors suchas his needs0 his state of mind i.e. stresses levels0 feelin& of securit0 self esteem etc. The

most im%ortant ste% #efore trin& to develo% an individualBs attitude I to motivate him is

understandin&. Onl after understandin& him I realiin& his needs0 aims etc. can one &o

a#out trin& to im%rove his attitude I motivate him. The feelin& of #elon&in& incentives0

%romotion I monetar wise reco&nition of a o# well done etc. &o a lon& wa inim%rovin& an individuals attitude I there# also motivatin& him to &ive more to the team.

For developing attitudes, it is essential to "now following -ssuing that we canactuall# deterine what people6s attitudes are in the first place, then it sees thatattitudes wor" !est as predictions of !ehaviour whenE;

1 the# are strong and consistent

2 the# are !ased on and related to personal eperience



> the# are specificall# related to the !ehaviour !eing predicted.

Common barriers in attitude changeD

1 the# are li"el# to have arisen at an earl# age and are therefore virtuall#personalit# traits.

2 !ecause each attitude is correlated with others in the whole schee ofattitudes A are therefore li"el# to !e difficult to change pieceeal.

Motivation evelopmentD 7ive factors stood out as stron& determiners of o# satisfaction F

• -chieveent

• 4ecognition

• or" itself

• 4esponsi!ilit#

• -dvanceent

The last three factors were found to !e ost iportant for !ringing a!out lastingchanges of attitude. 4ecognition here refers to recognition for achieveent asopposed to recognition in the huan relations sense.

The determinants of o# dissatisfaction were found to #e23

&opan# polic#

-dinistrative policies

)upervision

)alar#

Interpersonal relations

or"ing conditions

:otivation developent, henceforth, ust !e issued "eeping following two;

diensional need structure E; 1 one need structure for the avoidance ofunpleasantness, A

2 a parallel need s#ste for personal growth

Corrective Motivation isD

Mo! enrichentE adding different tas"s to a o! to provide greater

involveent and interaction with the tas" Mo! loadingE adding eaningful tas"s that will lead to growth

:onetar# incentives

)upport st#le of leadership techni8ues

(6) -mer&enc res%onse2 3 assi&nin& ever %erson on #oard a %articular dut for differentemer&encies I also res%onsi#ilities0 ever individual will 'now e*actl what to do in a

&iven situation. @rills I %re I %ost drills #riefin&de#riefin&s also hel% the crew mem#ers

understand what is e*%ected of them I where the could im%rove. @rills should #e madeas realistic as %ossi#le I not made a routine that %ersons la#our throu&h. @ifferent

emer&encies at different locations should #e %racticed so that crew mem#ers are e*%osed to

as far as %ossi#le all the emer&encies the ma #e faced with. doin& this the res%onse of the crew mem#ers will #e swift as the will 'now what is e*%ected of them in an &iven

emer&enc.



&lause 3@6 of I): code deals with the 3eergenc# preparedness6. -s per thisclause, copan# should have an integrated ship and shore contingenc# plan, whichshould coprise of the followingN

o &oposition and duties of each person in various 5rocedure for

o!ilisationo 5rocedure to !e followed in response to different t#pes of accidents A

hazardous occurrences.o 5rocedure for esta!lishing A aintaining contact !etween ship A

shore !ased anageent.o -vaila!ilit# of ships particulars, plans A sta!ilit# inforation, safet# A

environental protection e8uipent on !oard.o 'ist of contact naes A telecounication details of all relevant

parties, who a# need to !e infored A consulted.o 4eporting ethods for !oth ship A shore !ased anageent.

o 5rocedure for notif#ing with net of "in of the persons on !oard.

o

=ac"up arrangeent for copan#6s initial response in the event of aprotected eergenc#o 5rocedure for issuing inforation !ulletin to edia A answering

8ueries fro edia A pu!lic.

1>0. 3etail the inspection that yo" as the ne! Chief $ngineer of a passengership= !o"ld 6a<e on Aoining the ship !ith regard to /i( Staility /ii( 3a6agecontrol /iii( 8ire fighting /iv( Critical .achinery and e@"ip6ent installed;

Ans. As a New Chief -n&ineer on oinin& 8 will chec' w.r.t. to sta#ilit followin&1) Sta#ilit23 8 will chec' if chief officer has the #oo' called Trim and Sta#ilit which

&ive details of :50 :W area under :W curve and other %arameterBs for different

conditions.8 will chec' whether the #asic intact sta#ilit criterion for %assen&er shi% is #ein&

com%lied with.

8 will dou#le chec' that this im%ortant #oo' is a%%roved and endorsed # @irector :eneral of Shi%%in& or @:S surveor.

a) @ama&e Sta#ilit for23 @ama&e Sta#ilit ,assen&er shi% has to com%l with Solas

Cha%ter 88 F 1 for ade/uate sta#ilit in dama&ed condition from this 8 will 'now the

nim#ersand location of the transverse #ul'headBs which divide the hull. #) @ama&e Control23 A %assen&er shi% must have a dama&e control %lan and dama&e

control #oo'let.

These documents will contain #oundaries of water ti&ht com%artmentBs location of water ti&ht doors0 %um%in& out arran&ementBs cross floodin& arran&ementBs etc.

8 will chec' that all the water ti&ht doorBs in water ti&ht #ul'headBs are in &ood

wor'in& order I chec' the controllin& and indicatin& %anelBs which will #e found incentral control station.

8n addition0 8 will also test the #il&e alarm in -8< chec' that the -mer&enc #il&e

suction is loo'in& &ood order.



Also 8 will confirm that the #il&e %um% (-mer&enc #il&e ,8,) re/uire on

%assen&er shi% are in &ood wor'in& order.

8 will also ensure that dama&e control e/ui%ment for structure weldin& e/ui%ment NutBs0 #oltBs studs0 canvas are availa#le for sto%%in& an lea's and carrin& an

dama&e re%air.

c) 7ire 7i&htin&23(a) 7ire %lan F 8 will stud the fire %lan0 chec' the maintenance <e&isterBs for which

4rd officer !nd -n&ineer ma #e res%onsi#le officer and no ur&ent fire fi&htin&

stores are outstand tin&.8 will %ersonall ins%ect the CO! roomE the foam sstem fitted and ins%ect all the

outletBs to confirm that everthin& is in order.

As %er Solas Cha%ter 88 F ! 7SS F fire safet sstem I

7T, F 7ire Test ,rocedure are mandator w.e.f. 1.. !;;!.8 will ensure that Trainin& 5anual and Trainin& #oo'let for fire are availa#le in

officer I crew mess room and that all %eo%le are well aware the contentBs of these

5anual.

d) Critical 5achiner23 As %er safet mana&ement sstem re/uired # 8S5 Codeelement 1;B maintenance0 -< should have a list of critical itemBs of machiner and

%rocedures for ins%ectin& and maintainin& such machineries such as.1) Steerin& &ear

!) -mer&enc com%

4) -mer&es$) -mer&e 7ire ,,

6) reathin& air com%

") Anchor handlin& e/ui%ment

) Car&o &ear) 5ain I Au* machiner

9) All 8SA 77A items

1;) SO,-,11) =ater fi&ht doorBs

1!) Anti %ollution com%.

14) il&e #allast %um%in& I se%arator sstem1$) Navi&ational e/ui%mentBs

16) 7ire &as and heat detection sstem

1") 8.:. Sstem.

1) Communication e/ui%ment.

Critical s%are list

1) At least one liner (s%are)

!) At least one s%are (clinder head com%lete)

4) At least one lu#ricator $) Some mechanical seals

6) Some fuel %um% %lun&erBs

") il&e alarmBs

) Cali#ration e/ui%ments for thermometerBs and ,r F &au&es.



5aintenance routine as %er Solas Cha%ter F 888 for fie fi&htin& e/ui%ments and critical

machiner is carried out.

)at is t)e .ai+ o(Mecti'e of t)e SOLAS #o+'e+tio+ 19C@3 /+,er t)e sai, #o+'e+tio+ state t)e

reso+si(ilit* a+, co+trol ro'isio+s of fla states ; co+tracti+ Go'er+.e+ts

. (A@O,T-@2 1311319$0 8N 7O<C-2 !636319;)

5ain O#ects2 Of the convention is

1) To s%ecif the minimum standards for the construction0 e/ui%ment and o%eration of shi%s0

and their relia#ilit toward safet.

!) 7la& states are res%onsi#le for ensurin& that shi%s under their fla&0 com%l with itsre/uirements.

4) A no. of certificates are %rescri#ed in the convention as a %roof of com%liance.$) Control %rovisions allow contractin& &overnments to ins%ect the shi%s of other contractin&

&overnments if there are clear &rounds for #elievin& that the shi% and its e/ui%ment do not

su#stantiall com%l with the re/uirements of the convention this %rocedure is 'nown as,O<T STAT- control.

"!SPONSI%ILITI!S K #ONT"OL P"OVISIONS

#)ater 1: A &eneral %rovision of the SOLAS 19$ convention includes %rovisions for the

control of shi%s in %orts of other contractin& :overnments.

a) The contractin& &overnments underta'e to &ive effect to %rovisions of the %resent convention

and the Anne* there to0 which shall continue an inte&ral %art of the %resent convention #) The contractin& &overnments underta'e to %romul&ate all laws0 decreases0 orders and

re&ulations and to ta'e all other ste%s which ma #e necessar to ma'e the %resent

convention effective0 so as to ensure that the safet of seafarerBs on #oard is not im%aired andthe shi% is fit for the service for which it is intended.

#HAPT!" OF SOLAS

The current SOLAS convention articles settin& out &eneral o#li&ations0 amendments

%rocedure and so on followed # an anne*ure divided into 1! cha%ters.

#HAPT!" Ge+eral Pro'isio+s

This Cha%ter includes re&ulations concernin& the surve of the various t%es of shi%s andthe issuin& of the documents si&nifin& that the shi% meets the re/uirements of the

convention. This cha%ter also includes the %rovisions for the control of the shi% in the %orts of

the contractin& &overnments.

#)ater II > 1 #o+structio+: su#division and sta#ilit machiner and -lectrical installations.

The Su#division of %assen&er shi%s into waterti&ht com%artments must #e such that after assumed dama&e to the shi%s hull the vessel will remain afloat and sta#le. The de&ree of su#



division measured # the ma*imum %ermissi#le distance #etween two adacent #ul'head

varies with shi%s len&th and the service in which it is en&a&ed the hi&hest de&ree of

su#division a%%l to %assen&er shi%s.

<e/uirements coverin& machiner and electrical installation are desi&ned to ensure that

the services which are essential for the safet of the shi% are maintained under various

emer&enc conditions.

#HAPT!" 2>II #o+structio+: 7ive %rotection0 five detention and fire e*tinction

This cha%ter includes detailed five safet %rovisions for all shi%s and s%ecific measuresfor %assen&er shi%s0 car&o shi%s and tan'ers the include the followin& %rinci%le.

1) @ivision of shi%s into main and vertical ones # thermal and structural soundness.

!) Se%aration of the accommodation s%aces from the reminder of the shi% # thermal and

structural #oundar.

4) <estricted use of com#usti#le materials

$) @etection of an five in the one of ori&in.6) Containment and e*tension of five in the s%ace of ori&in.

") ,rotection of the means of esca%e of e*ce%ts for fire fi&htin& %ur%ose

) <ead sta#ilit of fire e*tin&uishin& a%%liances

) 5inimiation of the %ossi#ilit of i&nition of flamma#le car&o va%or.

#HAPT!" > ? @eal with the life savin& a%%liances and arran&ements for %assen&er and

car&o shi%s

#HAPT!" > @ @eals with <adio communications %rovision of radio communication

services0 :5@SS and shi% re/uirements

#HAPT!" > @eals with the safet of navi&ation which includes navi&ational warnin&s0life savin& si&nals0 shi% re%ortin& sstem shi% meanin&0 carria&e

re/uirement for shi% #orne navi&ational sstems.

#HAPT!" > < @eals with carria&e of car&oes which deal with s%ecial %rovision for #ul'

car&o other then &iven are carria&e of &rains.

#HAPT!" > C @eal with the carria&e of dan&erous &oods which includes carria&e of

deliver &oods in %ac'a&ed form0 in solid form in #ul'0 covers

construction of shi%s carrin& dan&erous li/uids chemicals in #ul' and

construction of shi% carrin& li/uefied &asses in #ul'0

#HAPT!" > Nuclear s)is: :ive re/uirement for nuclear %owered shi%s and is %articularl concerned with reduction haards.

#HAPT!" > 9 5ana&ement for safe o%eration of shi%s. The cha%ter ma'es mandator the

international safet mana&ement (8S5) code0 which re/uires a safetmana&ement sstem to #e esta#lished # the shi% owner or an %erson

who how ta'en res%onsi#ilit of mana&in& the shi%.

#HAPT!" > 10 Safet measures for +i&h s%eed craft



#HAPT!" > II > I @eals with s%ecial measured to enhance maritime safet which include

enhanced surves0 shi%s 8@ num#er ,SC o%erational re/uirement.

#HAPT!" II > 2 @eals with s%ecial measures to enhance maritime securit which includes?8S,S? codes and res%onsi#ilit of com%an0 shi% and %ort.

#HAPT!" 12 @eals with additional safet measures for #ul' carriers which includedama&e sta#ilit re/uirement a%%lica#le to #ul' carriers I structured

stren&th of ul' carriers.

12B; 9ighlight the follo!ing a6end6ents to I.O Conventions and its effects inship operation thereof; .ention their date of entry into force

5a6 #L# a+, Fu+, #o+'e+tio+ 5(6 SOLAS>I$DG #o,e

An older version of CLC convention was ado%ted # 85CO in 19"9 and came into force on 193

"36. An amendment was ado%ted in 199! and entered into force on 4;th 5a 199".

8n Octo#er !;;! another amendment0 &ivin& the new limits for lia#ilit was ado%tedand entered into force on 13113!;;4.

O(Mecti'es: 1. -nsure ade/uate com%ensation is availa#le to %ersons who suffer from

oil %ollution # shi%s even if the owner is una#le to %a the same.

!. Ado%t uniform international rules I %roduces to determine civil lia#ilit etc.0 for

losses due to %ollution of oil from shi%s. (Note2 civil lia#ilit means res%onsi#ilit to

com%ensation etc. in mone. 8t does not include criminal lia#ilit ma #e finalied #

fines and or im%risonment etc.)

4. To encoura&e &overnment and others to feel more confident in ta'in& earl and

decisive action in containin& minimiin& the adverse effects of oil %ollution.

Salie+t features of t)is co+'e+tio+:

The owner of ever tan'er is lia#le for %ollution dama&e caused # his tan'er (even

thou&h he ma have ta'en all %ossi#le care and %recautions) unless the dama&e iscaused # reasons e*ternal to (i.e.0 not connected with) the ownershi% and o%eration

of the tan'er) This strict lia#ilit is #ased on the %rinci%le >%olluter ma %aK.

The owner of ever tan'er ma limit his total lia#ilit in the followin& manner. 7or a

shi% not e*ceedin& 6;; &t lia#ilit is limited to $.61 million S@<.

7or a shi% 6;;; to 1$;0;;; &t lia#ilit is limited to $.61 million S@< %lus "41 S@< for each additional &ross tonna&e over 6;;;.

7or a shi% over 1$;0;;; &t lia#ilit is limited to 9. million S@< (1 S@< X 16 :70

1 :7 X "6.6 m& of :old of 9;; fineness).

No claim can #e made a&ainst the charter include are #oat0 master0 %ilot crew0 salver or a&ent of the shi%.

After a %ollution incident0 if owner wishes to avail of the #enefit of limitation as

descri#ed a#ove0 he de%osits a run e/ual to its ma*imum lia#ilit either with the court

or with an other com%etent authorit of the countr.



8f the owner incurs an e*%enses to %revent or minimie %ollution dama&e0 then such

e*%enses are deducti#le from the amount de%osited # the owner in the same ratio as

other claims on the fund. The o#ect of this %rovision is to encoura&e immediatemeasures # the owner to minimie contain dama&e and #e willin& to s%end mone

therefore.

-ver tan'er of !;;; :T and a#ove has to maintain an insurance or other financialsecurit (such as a #an' &uarantor) to ensure that the tan'er can meet her %ollutiondama&e lia#ilities to the e*tent indicated a#ove.

The fla& state shall issue a certificate to each shi% after she has com%lied with the

a#ove condition re&ardin& financial securit.

The certificate must #e carried on the shi% and must show the name of the insurer etc.0&ivin& securit in res%ect of the shi% certificates # all countries that have ratified the

convention.

The lia#ilit insurer (, I 8 clu#s) of the shi% owner usuall %rovides the %roof of

insurance %olic financial securit. On the #asis of this document the fla& stateissues the >certificate of civil lia#ilit of oil %ollution dama&e> (CLC certificate)

The certificate shall not #e valid #eond the validit of the insurance %olic.

An one who suffers loss due to oil %ollution from a shi% ma she either the owner of

the L or even the insurer who has issued the %olic within three ears of the loss.

-ver if the owner &oes into li/uidation0 the insurer continuous to #e lia#le to thosewho ma have suffered a loss.

Fu+, #o+'e+tio+ was first ado%ted in 191. This was amended and renamed in

199!. -ntered into force 4;3639". Aim of this convention is to %rovide com%ensation

for losses due to %ollution where the securit %rovided # the 199! CLC convention

is inade/uate. 7und %rovides su%%lementar com%ensation to oil %ollution disasters.The fund convention is an attem%t to ensure that losses due to oil %ollution dama&e

are #orne not onl # the shi%%in& industr0 #ut in %art also #orne # the car&ointerests.

Salie+t features: 1. all %ersons com%anies in an countr im%ortin& more than

16;0;;; tons of oil in an ear shall ma'e contri#utions to the fund. This fund is

mana&ed as an inde%endent entit under the overall su%ervision of al director who isa%%ointed # and res%onsi#le to 85O.

!. Octo#er !;;; amendments which entered into force in 13113!;;4 raised the ma*.

amount of com%ensation to !;4 million S@< as com%ared to 146 million S@<.

+owever0 if three states contri#ute to the fund receive more than ";; million tones of oil %er annum0 the ma*imum amount is raised to 4;;0 $;0;;; S@<.

!ffects of #L# a+, fu+, co+'e+tio+ i+ s)i oeratio+:

1. After the im%lementation of CLC convention ever tan'er of !;;; :T and a#ove has

to maintain an insurance or other financial securit and o#tain a certificate of CLC for

oil %ollution dama&e #ased on that.



!. CLC convention fi*ed an u%%er limit to lia#ilit of shi% owners in case of oil

%ollution from tan'ers so0 shi% owners were encoura&ed to invest in hi&h ris' venture

li'e oil trans%ortation.

4. oth CLC I fund convention ensured ade/uate com%ensation is availa#le to %arties

who suffer from oil %ollution # shi%s even if the owner is located in a countr for

awa from the scene of disaster or he ma not have sufficient financial resources tomeet all the claims.

$. These conventions encoura&e &overnment and others to ta'e earl and decisive action

in containin& or minimiin& the adverse effects of oil %ollution0 #ecause these

conventions ensure ade/uate com%ensation. 8f owner incase an e*%enses to %revent

of minimie %ollution dama&e0 then such e*%enses are deducti#le from his totallia#ilit.

I$DG #o,e:

The 85@: code was develo%ed as a uniform international code for the trans%ort of

dan&erous &oods in %ac'a&ed form # sea coverin& such matters %as %ac'in&0container traffic and stowa&e with %articular reference to the se&re&ation of in

com%ati#le su#stances. The 85@: code las down #asic %rinci%lesE detailed

recommendations for individual su#stances0 materials and articles and a num#er

recommendations for &ood o%erational %ractices includin& advice on terminolo&0 %ac'in&0 la#elin&0 stora&e0 se&re&ation and handlin& and ener& res%onse action.

The 85@: code was made mandator from 1st an. !;;$ # 85O0 # ado%tin&

SOLAS cha%ter 88 on !$ 5a !;;!.

This code a%%lies to all shi%s carrin& dan&erous &oods in %ac'a&ed form. ,rovisionsof this code do not a%%l to shi%s stores.

-ffects of 85@: code in shi%s o%eration.1) 8n documents relatin& to the carria&e of dan&erous &oods0 a %ro%er shi%%in& name of

these &oods shall #e used.

!) The trans%ort document %re%ared # the shi%%er shall #e included a si&ned declaration

or certificate that the consi&nment is %ro%erl %ac'a&ed mar'0 la#eled and in %ro%er condition for carria&e.

4) The %erson res%onsi#le for loadin& dan&erous &oods in a container shall %rovided a

si&ned container %ac'in& certificate statin& that car&o has #een %ro%erl %ac'ed.

$) Shi% shall have a detailed stora&e %lan which identif # class and sets out the

location of all dan&erous &oods on#oard.

6) Administration shall issued detailed instruction on emer&enc res%onse &uide and

medical first aid &uide relevant to incidents involvin& dan&erous &oods.



State t)e actio+ -)ic) -ill (e tae+ (* t)e A,.i+istratio+ ; #lassificatio+ societ* to-ar,s )a+,li+ of a+

IS$ certificate i+ case

5i6 )e+ a .aMor +o+>co+for.it* is o(ser'e, 5ii6 )e+ correcti'e actio+ )as +ot (ee+ tae+ to t)e +o+>

co+for.ities raise, ,uri+ e4ter+al au,it -it)i+ t)e ti.e erio,

5iii6 )at circu.sta+ces .a* lea, to -it),ra-al of S$# ; DO#

5i'6 )e+ a +e-l* for.e, s)ii+ co.a+* re=uests for i+teri. DO# certificate3

-&TI(% T( =+ T-+% H+% :-M(4 %(% &(%F(4:IT I) (=)+4+Dhen a aor non;conforit# is o!served !# the adinistration societ# <4.( it shall!e reported to the copan#?:aster of vessel in writing. The D(&?):& will not !eissued. +ndorsed until all aor non conforities are resolved.

If a aor %& is noticed reported sae should !e verified and if not resolved theadinistration?4.( <if authorized !# adinistration o withdraw I): certificate shouldiediatel# notif# the copan#, give a letter to the aster ship stating thatD(&?):& is withdrawn fro the date of signature of the letter and re8uest that):&?D(& to !e surrendered. If it is done !# 4.( a cop# of letter shall !eiediatel# send !# the ost epedient eans to the adinistration. Issuance orreinstateent of a D(&?):& which have !een withheld or withdrawn as the resultof aor nonconforities shall onl# occur after the 4.(?adinistration confirs thataor non;conforities were dealt with satisfactoril# and effectivenesswas verified !# an additional audit.

<ii -&T(% H+% &(44+&TI+ -&TI(% H-) %(T =++% T-+% T( %&s4-I)+D D$4I%* +OT+4%-' -$DIT

If corrective action is not copleted within the stipulate tie, periodical verificationis not as"ed for or an# aendent to the I): code not coplied it !ecoes a aor %on conforit# and action is ta"en as dealing with a aor non conforit#. The I):certificate a# !e withdrawn or will not !e endorsed until the aor :& is resolvedi.e., all the corrective actions are copleted.

<iii ITHD4--' (F D(&?):&

The following are the circustances which a# lead to withdrawal of I):certificates D(&?):& 1 henthe corrective action has not !een ta"en to the non conforit# raised during eternalaudit within the specified tie period. 2 -!sence ofade8uate anning as re8uired !# safe anning docuents of the adinistrationand international convention of )T& unless the aster is in possession of a valideeption fro adinistration > (!ectives evidence ofviolence of the :.). -ct or with the re8uireent of circulars <%otices issued !#adinistration <D.*. )hipping )hip hull?achiner# daage,

wastage or alfunction as a conse8uence of persistence non;conforities in the):) that would warrant a recoendation to withdraw a statutor# certificate orsuspension of the ship fro class.

G The total a!sence of a re8uired ):) eleent or a group of non conforitieswithin an eleent.

<iv H+% - %+' F(4:+D )HI55I%* &(:5-% 4+P$+)T F(4 I%T+4I:D(&



-n interi D(& a# !e issued to facilitate initial ipleentation of the I): code. -n interi D(& valid for not ore than 12 onths a# !e issued to a copan# after an interi D(& audit. In the interi D(& audit the verification is to !e ade to seethat the copan# has plans to ipleent the safet# anageent s#ste eetingthe full re8uireents of the I): code within the period of validit# of interi D(&.

Ill"strate the provision <ept to!ards estalishing proced"res to identify andtesting of 4critical5 e@"ip6ents "nder IS. Codes; 9o! the list of criticale@"ip6ent and syste6s are 6ade and on !hat factors they are dependent;

Ans) A new cha%ter mana&ement for the safe o%eration of shi%s was added to SOLAS and theamendments introducin& the new cha%ter 8D entered into force on 1st ul 199. The cha%ter

made mandator the 8nternational Safet 5ana&ement Code which esta#lished the followin&

o#ectives2

)i* to provide for safe practices in ship operation and a safe working

environment <ii to esta!lish safeguards against all identified ris"s <iii to continuousl# iprove safet# anageent s"ills of personnel, including

preparing for eergencies

Critical -/ui%ments2 These are the e/ui%ments0 whose failure can cause an accident or resultin a haardous situation0 there# causin& inur to %ersonnel or loss of life or dama&e to the

marine environment or %ro%ert.

As %er J-lement 1;K of the 8S5 code0 J5aintenance of the shi% and e/ui%mentK. 8t is the

res%onsi#ilit of the com%an to esta#lish %rocedures in the Safet mana&ement Sstem toidentit such sstems andor e/ui%ments. The Safet mana&ement Sstem must0 with res%ect to

critical technical ssteme/ui%ments2

(a) +ave %rocedures to identif them

)#* +ave procedures to ensure their tests and functional relia#ilit!Y +ave %rocedures to esta#lish and use alternative arran&ements on sudden failure

(d) +ave %rocedures to test stand # e/ui%ment

(e) +ave %rocedure to ensure that sin&le failure does not cause of CriticalB shi% functionsB that

could lead to accident

(f) +ave %rocedures to ensure that ssteme/ui%ment inactive for some time is tested re&ularland %rior to conductin& critical o%erations.

As %er -lement B of the 8S5 CodeB the com%an must esta#lish %rocedures for the %re%aration

of %lans and instructions includin& chec'lists if an for 'e shi%#oard o%erations related to the

safet of the shi% and the %revention of %ollution.

+ence0 in com#ination with -lement 1;B the followin& shi%#oard o%erationsitems are su#ected

to ins%ection and test2



Securin& water ti&ht inte&rit

Navi&ation safet0 includin& corrections to charts and %u#lications

Oil transfer o%erations

5aintenance o%erations related to

(a) +ull and su%er structure steel wor'

(#) Safet0 fire3fi&htin&0 life savin& e/ui%ment

Y Navi&ation e/ui%ment(d) Steerin& &ear

(e) Anchorin& and moorin& &ear

(f) 5ain en&ine and au*iliar en&ine(&) ,i%elines and values

(h) Car&o handlin& e/ui%ment

(i) 8.:. Sstem

() -lectrical installations(') 7ire detection and alarm sstem

(l) un'erin& o%erations

(m)Navi&ation in restricted visi#ilithi&h densit traffic area(n) O%eration in heav weather

(o) Critical machiner sstem

S+8,OA<@ O,-<AT8ONS can #e cate&oried into2

(a) Normal O%erations2 -rror #ecomes a%%arent0 onl after occurrence of a haardous situation

(#) Critical O%erations2 -rror directl leads to accident.

Critical O%erations would include (#ut not limited to)

Navi&ation in restricted visi#ilit

Navi&ation in hi&h densit traffic area

Navi&ation in restrictednarrow area

+eav weather o%erations

+andlin& of haardous car&o and no*ious su#stances

un'erin& and oil transfer o%eration at sea

Car&o o%erations on :asOilChemical tan'ers

Critical machiner o%erations



Q"e'List the oAectives of an IS. internal a"dit of a ship; 9o! an internal a"dithelps in satisfactory e>ternal a"dit of vessel; Na6e the salient iss"esaddressed in the internal a"dit and the persons responsile to carry o"t thesa6e

-nsE The I): &ode )ection 12 <copan# verification, review and evaluation a"e it

andator# to aintain and control the shore and ship !ased safet# anageents#ste.

Objective Of Internal Audit :-

a Internal -udit are conducted for self;evaluation of the safet# anageents#ste on !oard.

! hether copan#6s safet# and environental polic# is continuall# <still incopliance with the re8uireent of this code.

c -n# deficiencies as regards to the !elow can !e correctedE;

i 5rocedureE; Testing procedure for life!oat engine, arrival?departure

procedure etc.

ii 5ersonnelE; :aintaining of training records, failiarisation with e8uipentsand their duties etc.

iii DocuentsE; $pdate for an# recent changes incorporated li"e deletion ofconcerned section fro (4= as regards to discharge through100 pp e8uipent "ept with concerned !oo"L perit to wor"etc.,

iv &orrective -ction E; 4eporting of near isses and ):) incorporated thechange etc.

v %on;&onforit# 4eporting as per a!ove. How Internal Audit helps in External Audit:-

1 The Internal -udit is carried out as per the laid procedure of the copan#6s):) at regular intervals !# copetent person?persons.

2 -n# deficienc# found can !e corrected as per procedure laid down in ):).

The deficienc# is generall# conve#ed to the responsi!le person, who in turnta"es corrective action for the sae.

Internal -udit is conducted as the sae strength and intensit# as +ternal -udit and off course !efore the occurrence of an +ternal -udit.

-n# deficienc#?non;conforit# which would have !een left un;attended or un;addressed till the tie of +ternal -udit, thus will !e !rought up and correctiveaction procedure laid down for, during the Internal -udit6s o!servation.

Thus an Internal -udit helps a lot in conducting of +ternal -uditL theeffectiveness of the forer will certainl# affect the effectiveness of the latter.

-s laid down, the d#naic eleents of I): &ode which ena!le continuousiproveents are E;



a 5ersonnel E; :aster properl# 8ualified and trained. )hip is anned with 8ualified,certificated, edicall# fit sea farers. %ew personnel are given properfailiarisation with their duties. 5ersonnel involved in ):) shouldhave ade8uate understanding of relevant rules, regulations, codes andguidelines. Training, safet# drill, critical and eergenc# operation to !e

given.! 5rocedure E;5rocedure and instruction written in siple and clear language and

understood !# the personnel. )hip personnel are a!le to counicateeffectivel# with passenger and other crews.

c Docuentation E; Docuentation control, validit# of docuents, change andaendent, o!solete docuents and )afet# :anageent :anual.

-n# non;copliance of the a!ove with regards to applica!le rules and regulationswill incorporate a %on;&onforit# 4eporting to a responsi!le person, who will inturn !e responsi!le for corrective actions as regards to the sae.

'ast !ut not the least as the &opan# is responsi!le for aintaining the ):) upto date, it will also incorporate changes to the ):) as per the data receivedLthrough the Internal?+ternal -udit and also !eing in constant touch with the latestaendents and legislations which a# need to !e addressed in ):) in the forof B&orrective -ctionC.

!. 5a6 List t)e o(Mecti'es of a+ IS$ I+ter+al Au,it of a s)i3 Ho- a+ I+ter+al Au,it )els i+ satisfactor*

!4ter+al Au,it of a 'essel3 )at are t)e ,*+a.ic ele.e+ts of t)e IS$ #o,e -)ic) e+'isaes

co+ti+uous i.ro'e.e+t of safet* .a+ae.e+t a+, ollutio+ re'e+tio+3

5(6 )at ,o *ou u+,ersta+, (* JNo+>co+for.a+ceJ )at is t)e ,iffere+ce (et-ee+ a >correcti'e actio+

a+, re'e+ti'e actio+ April 2

The I): &ode )ection 12 <copan# verification, review and evaluation a"e itandator# to aintain and control the shore and ship !ased safet# anageents#ste.

Objective Of Internal Audit :-

a Internal -udit are conducted for self;evaluation of the safet# anageents#ste on !oard.

! hether copan#6s safet# and environental polic# is continuall# <still incopliance with the re8uireent of this code.

c -n# deficiencies as regards to the !elow can !e correctedE;

i 5rocedureE; Testing procedure for life!oat engine, arrival?departureprocedure etc.

ii 5ersonnelE; :aintaining of training records, failiarisation with e8uipentsand their duties etc.

iii DocuentsE; $pdate for an# recent changes incorporated li"e deletion ofconcerned section fro (4= as regards to discharge through



100 pp e8uipent "ept with concerned !oo"L perit to wor"etc.,

iv &orrective -ction E; 4eporting of near isses and ):) incorporated thechange etc.

v %on;&onforit# 4eporting as per a!ove. How Internal Audit helps in External Audit:-

1 The Internal -udit is carried out as per the laid procedure of the copan#6s):) at regular intervals !# copetent person?persons.

2 -n# deficienc# found can !e corrected as per procedure laid down in ):).

The deficienc# is generall# conve#ed to the responsi!le person, who in turnta"es corrective action for the sae.

Internal -udit is conducted as the sae strength and intensit# as +ternal -udit and off course !efore the occurrence of an +ternal -udit.

-n# deficienc#?non;conforit# which would have !een left un;attended or un;addressed till the tie of +ternal -udit, thus will !e !rought up and correctiveaction procedure laid down for, during the Internal -udit6s o!servation.

Thus an Internal -udit helps a lot in conducting of +ternal -uditL theeffectiveness of the forer will certainl# affect the effectiveness of the latter.

-s laid down, the d#naic eleents of I): &ode which ena!le continuousiproveents are E;

a 5ersonnel E; :aster properl# 8ualified and trained. )hip is anned with 8ualified,certificated, edicall# fit sea farers. %ew personnel are given properfailiarisation with their duties. 5ersonnel involved in ):) should

have ade8uate understanding of relevant rules, regulations, codes andguidelines. Training, safet# drill, critical and eergenc# operation to !egiven.

! 5rocedure E;5rocedure and instruction written in siple and clear language andunderstood !# the personnel. )hip personnel are a!le to counicateeffectivel# with passenger and other crews.

c Docuentation E; Docuentation control, validit# of docuents, change andaendent, o!solete docuents and )afet# :anageent :anual.

-n# non;copliance of the a!ove with regards to applica!le rules and regulations

will incorporate a %on;&onforit# 4eporting to a responsi!le person, who will inturn !e responsi!le for corrective actions as regards to the sae.

'ast !ut not the least as the &opan# is responsi!le for aintaining the ):) upto date, it will also incorporate changes to the ):) as per the data receivedLthrough the Internal?+ternal -udit and also !eing in constant touch with the latestaendents and legislations which a# need to !e addressed in ):) in the forof B&orrective -ctionC.



Non-Conformance:- eans an o!served situation where o!ective evidenceindicates non;fulfilent of a specified re8uireent. This a# !e classed in to 2categoriesE;

1 :inor %on;&onforit# E In this case the threat to safet# of ship, personnel orenvironent is ver# slight, li"e an oission of noting down the testing of

steering gear !efore arrival in engine roo log !oo" or oveent !oo".

2 :aor %on;&onforit# E; -n# deviation which poses a serious threat topersonnel, ship or environent and re8uires action. 'i"e test showing that thetan" vent for one tan" not a!le to cope up with pressure rise caused !# loadingat full rate and ):) also oits the sae, !ut plant anual has ention of thesae. The sae re8uires iediate rectification to !oth venting arrangeentand the copan#6s ):), through a corrective action.

ifference between !Corrective Action" and !#reventive Action" :-

-n# procedure?easure or change incorporated in the ):) of the copan#, inresponse to the reporting of a %on;&onforit# is classified as a BcorrectiveactionC. 'i"e ):) incorporating the noting down of pre;arrival testing ofsteering gear in relevant sections of the log !oo" and?or oveent !oo".

- Bpreventive actionC on the other hand is an# action which is generall# perforedin order to prevent occurrence of an# accident.

The preventive action list a# !e udiciousl# forulated !# reading?understandingof a o! and?or reading of code of safe wor"ing practices. The occurrence ofpreventive action a# !e helpful for one6s safet#.

5a6 )at are t)e esse+tial ele.e+ts of re'e+ti'e .ai+te+a+ce o+ (oar, s)is3

5(6 A+al*7e t)e li+ (et-ee+ statutor* a+, classificatio+ sur'e* of s)i .ac)i+er* a+, e=ui.e+t -it)

resect to routi+e .ai+te+a+ce a+, )o- it is effecti'el* .ere, i+ s)is safet* .a+ae.e+t s*ste.

u+,er t)e IS$ #o,e

(a) The %ur%ose of 8S5 Code is to %rovide an 8nternational Standard for the safe mana&ementand o%eration of shi%s and %ollution %revention

As %er the 8S5 Code re/uirements the com%an has to esta#lish %rocedures to ensure that

the shi% is maintained in conformit with the %rovisions of the relevant rules andre&ulations and with an additional re/uirements that ma #e laid down # the com%an.

This 8S5 Code ma'es the com%an to esta#lish and im%lement the %lanned maintenance

sstem on#oard shi% to maintain the shi% in favora#le condition and to %revent %ollution.

(1) A reduction in total maintenance cost0 ta'in& into account the reduced ris' of

#rea'down(!) A reduction in runnin& costs # chan&in& com%onents #efore the reach that sta&e

where their normal o%eration dama&es other com%onents

(4) A hi&her level of efficienc0 since #rea'3down are now rare



($) A #etter %lanned sstem such that the maintenance of machiner is decided well in

advance and so maintenance can de carried out when off hire0 durin& %ort sta at dr doc'

etc(6) 8t also ensures a timel service and overhaul of machiner.

(") Antici%ation of a #rea' down is the most essential element of %revention maintenance

(#) Statutor servicescertificates issued are there which must com%l with the law. The7la& State Las down the rulesre&ulations as to how the shi%s must #e #uilt and e/ui%%ed

with re&ard to structure0 e/ui%ment and machiner and have #een #ased on 85O&uidelines.

Classification societ ma #e defined as an inde%endent third %art #od which develo%s

and u%dates ade/uate %u#lished rules0 re&ulations and standards for the safe desi&n0

construction and %eriodical maintenance of shi%s which are ca%a#le of tradin&internationall.

@OC is issued to the com%an and S5C is issued to ever shi% there two certificates

are issued # the Administration with re&ard to 8S5 after verifin& that the com%anand its shi%#oard mana&ement o%erate in accordance with their a%%roved

safet mana&ement sstem.

To have there two documentscertificates the com%an has to ma'e sure that the 8S5Code is #ein& im%lemented on#oard shi%. esta#lishin& com%an %olic addressed to 8S5

re/uirements and .. res%onsi#ilities and authorit0 the com%an will ma'e sure that the

safet mana&ement sstem has mer&ed effectivel on#oard shi%. 8n order to achieve this the

com%an has to

− esta!lish their copan# policies

− assign responsi!ilit# and authorit# for ipleenting this polic#

− assign a designated person on shore <d.p a lin" !etween the copan# and

those on!oard

− clarif# and define asters responsi!ilit# and authorit#− eplo# properl# 8ualified and certified people on!oard

− esta!lish procedures for preparation and plans and instructions, chec"lists for

"e# operations concerning safet# and prevention and pollution

− esta!lish prograes for drills and eercises to prepare for eergenc#

.

− esta!lish procedures to ensure that the ship is aintained in confiring with is

code

− esta!lish procedures for controlling docuent and data

− copan# has to carr# out !oth internal and eternal audits to confir the

ipleentation and effectiveness of the is code on !oard ship

; 3efine a 4co6pany5 and its oligation "nder IS. codes to!ards safe shipoardoperations; $n"6erate the <ey shipoard operations= !hich sho"ld e



6aintained y a co6pany for s"ccessf"l onoard operation of a ship "nderIS. codes;

Ans) The %ur%ose of 8S5B code is to %rovide an 8nternational Standard for the safemana&ement and o%eration of shi%s for %ollution %revention.

8S5 code element 1.1.! defines3 JCom%anK means the owner of the shi% or an other or&aniation or %erson such as the

mana&er or the are#oat charterers who have assumed the res%onsi#ilit for o%eration of the shi%

from the shi% owner and who0 on assumin& such res%onsi#ilit0 have a&reed to ta'e over all theduties and res%onsi#ilities im%osed # the code.

7urther in element 1.!.! 8S5 code sets the o#ective of Com%an as3

.1 %rovide for safe %ractices in shi% o%eration and a safe wor'in& environmentE

.! esta#lish safe&uards a&ainst all identified ris'sE and

.4 continuousl im%rove safet mana&ement s'ills of %ersonnel ashore and a#oard shi%s0

includin& %re%arin& for emer&encies related #oth to safet and environmental %rotection.Com%anies should identif 'e shi%#oard o%erationsB and issue instructions on the matter inwhich these o%erations are to #e %erformed continued su%ervision and verification of com%liance

to these instructions0 is im%ortant.

The followin& itemssu#ect matters are normall included in o%erational documentation. S5SB

%rocedures and instructions can #e develo%ed for each of these o%erations.

*eneral

1.1 Shi%#oard or&aniation

1.! 7unctional res%onsi#ilit

1.4 <e%ortin& %rocedures

1.$ ,assen&er control0 where a%%lica#le1.6 Communication #etween shi% and com%an

1." 8ns%ection # master and senior officers

1. ,rovision and maintenance of documents0 records

!. Shi% in ,ort

!.1 Acce%tin& car&o and %assen&ers!.! 5annin& watches and %atrols

!.4 Liaison with shore authorities

!.$ 5onitorin& trim and sta#ilit

!.6 ,rocedures0 when the shi% is tem%o

4. ,re%arin& for sea

4.1 erification of %assen&er num#ers0 where a%%lica#le4.! Chec'in& and recordin& drau&ht

4.4 Chec'in& sta#ilit conditions

4.$ Assessment of weather conditions4.6 @ocumentations of sailin& conditions



$. The shi% at sea

$.1 rid&e and -n&ine room watch 'ee%in& arran&ements

$.! S%ecial re/uirements in #ad weather $.4 <adio communication includin& +7B

$.$ 5aneuverin& data0 unless %rovided se%aratel

6. ,re%arin& for arrival in ,ort

6.1 Testin& of en&ine0 steerin& &ear0 navi&ation and communication

e/ui%ments0 &enerators and anchorin& e/ui%ments6.! +ar#our stations

6.4 ,ilota&e

6.$ ,ort information and communications

6.6 Assessment of weather conditions6." allast

Critical Shi%#oard O%erationsB are those where an error ma immediatel cause an accident or a

situation which could threaten the environment. ,articular attention should #e drawn to the needto adhere to strict instructions in the conduct of critical o%erations and satisfactor %erformance

should #e closel monitored. -*am%les0 of critical o%erations are23

− %avigation in close or high densit# traffic areas.

− %avigation in conditions of reduced visi!ilit#

− (peration in heav# weather conditions

− =un"ering and oil transfer at sea

− &ritical achiner# operations

Arran&ements should #e made to monitor the O%erational Com%etenceB of crew underta'in&

Critical Shi%#oard O%erationsB

Q"e' &s a CG$ yo" have Aoined a vessel !hich is ao"t to "nderta<e a si> 6onthro"nd voyage; Underline and descrie the <ey areas yo" !ill inspect= chec<=prepare= estalish and 6aintain to!ards proper planned 6aintenance ofengine roo6 6achineries and associated areas "nder IS. code;

!4lai+ t)e associate, e* factors a+, acti'ities to e+sure successful Pla++e, $ai+te+a+ce rora..e

o+(oar, s)is u+,er IS$ #o,es -it) t)e follo-i+ ter.s 5i6 #orrecti'e actio+ rocess 5ii6 De'eloi+ a+,

i.ro'i+ .ai+te+a+ce roce,ures 5iii6 S*ste.atic aroac) to .ai+te+a+ce 5i'6 $ai+te+a+ce i+ter'als 5'6

I+sectio+s uly 2

$ai+te+a+ce Pla+:

A maintenance %lan should #e such that it %rovides an efficient service at

o%timum cost. 8t is to #e desi&ned in a wa to 'ee% ever machiner to an

acce%ta#le standard.



O(Mecti'es of .ai+te+a+ce la+ s)oul, (e:

a) -nsure read availa#ilit of the e/ui%ment.

#) To ensure ade/uate level of e/ui%ment efficientl (least @own Time)

c) A#ove o#ectives should #e achieved at an o%timum cost.

8S5 code and %lanned 5aintenance2

8S5 code element 1; deals with the maintenance of shi% and e/ui%ment.

1;.1 Com%an %rocedures for maintenance.

1;.! To meet a#ove re/uirements com%an should ensure that.

i) 8ns%ections at a%%ro%riate intervals.

ii) Nonconformities re%orted with %ossi#le causes.

iii) Corrective action ta'en.

iv) <ecord of all a#ove maintained.

1;.4 8dentification of critical e/ui%ment and its maintenance.

An efficient and successful maintenance %ro&ram can #e desi&ned

and im%lemental on #oard # considerin& a#ove mentioned &uidelines

mentioned in 8S5 code.

7ollowin& 'e features should #e considered when ma'in& I

im%lementin& ,5S on #oard shi%.

1 #orrecti'e Actio+ Process:

8dentif the ,ro#lem-sta#lish the clause

,ro%ose Solutions

-valuate solutions

Acce%t One <eect all other

8m%lement solution

-valuate -ffectiveness

-ffective 8n effective

Close

!) =hen develo%in& and im%rovin& maintenance ,rocedures Com%an should

ta'e into account the followin&.

i) 5aintenance recommendations and s%ecifications of the e/ui%ment

manufacturer.



ii) +istor of e/ui%ment includin& failures0 defects and dama&es and the

corres%ondin& remedial action.

iii) The result of third %art ins%ections.

iv) A&e of the shi%.

v) 8dentified critical e/ui%ments and sstems.

vi) The conse/uences of failure of e/ui%ment on the safe o%eration of shi%.

?6 A s*ste.atic Aroac) to .ai+te+a+ce:

A sstematic a%%roach to maintenance will include.

i) -sta#lishment of maintenance intervals.

ii) The definition of the methods and fre/uenc of ins%ections.

iii) The s%ecification of the t%e of ins%ection and measurin& e/ui%ment to #e

used and accurac re/uired of it.

iv) -sta#lishment of a%%ro%riate acce%tance criteria (%assfail).

v) Assi&nment of res%onsi#ilit for ins%ection activities to a%%ro%riatel/ualified %ersonnel.

vi) Assi&nment of res%onsi#ilit for maintenance activities to a%%ro%riatel

/ualified %ersonnel.

vii) Clear definition of re%ortin& re/uirements and mechanisms.

@6 $ai+te+a+ce I+ter'al:

Should #e #ased on the followin&.

(i) 5anufacturers recommendations and s%ecifications.

(ii) ,redictive maintenance determination techni/ues (Lu# oil analsis0 vi#ration

analsis)

iii) ,ractical e*%erience in o%eration and maintenance of shi% and its machiner0

includin& historical trends in the results of the routine ins%ections and in

nature and rate of failures.

iv) The use to which the e/ui%ment is %ut continuous0 intermittent0 stand # or

emer&enc.

v) ,ractical and o%erational restrictions e.&. ins%ection that can #e onl %erformed in ddoc'.

vi) 8ntervals s%ecified as %art of class0 convention0 administration and com%an

re/uirements.

vii) The need for re&ular testin& of S arran&ement.

6 I+sectio+s:



,rocedure for %lanned ins%ection routines should #e written to include the

followin&.

i) Acce%tance Criteria

ii) Use of suita#le measurin& and testin& e/ui%ment.

iii) Cali#ration of measurin& and testin& e/ui%ment.

-*am%les of ins%ection and test that ma #e em%loed.

i) isual

ii) i#ration

iii) ,ressure

iv) Tem%erature

v) -lectrical

vi) Loadvii) =ater Ti&htness

I+sectio+ .et)o,s:

Sometimes chec'list should #e develo%ed to ensure that ins%ection0

test and maintenance are %erformed accordin& to the %rocedures0 and at the s%ecified

intervals. These chec'lists can #e develo%ed from manufacturerBs recommendation or

s%ecifications.

&s a Chief $ngineer on a vessel sched"led to 6a<e a voyage fro6 India to theU;S; Coast= list the salient ite6s yo" !ill inspect= 6achinery installation yo"!ill ens"re for satisfactory operation and doc"6ents yo" !ill <eep handy for 6a<ing a satisfactory voyage; )ive reasoning in each case;

-ns. The salient ites to !e inspected on a vessel scheduled to a"e a vo#age froIndia to $) est &oast areE;

I): &odeE;

• &onfir that there is a &opan# )afet# A +nvironent 5rotection 5olic# on

!oard and that all the "e# personnel are failiar with the )afet#:anageent )#ste<):)

• +nsure the )afet# :anageent docuentation and anuals are up to date

and readil# availa!le

• -ll personnel should !e a!le to give the identit# of the D5-<Designated

5erson -shore, who is the sole contact point for an# eergenc#. +nsureprocedures are in place for esta!lishing and aintaining contact with shoreanageent through the D5- in an eergenc#



• 4ecords for aintenance, periodic testing, training drills, log !oo" A safet#

registers are to !e updated

• +nsure that #ou are failiar with an# non;conforities which have !een

reported to the copan# and what corrective action is !eing ta"en

(peration of :achiner#E;o +ergenc# and stand!# sources of electrical power to !e tested, that the#

are readil# availa!le, especiall# in a !lac"out condition, stand;!# generatorengines autoatic start to !e tried out.

o &hec" that the load sharing s#ste of generators is tested and is

functioning correctl#

o +ergenc# *enerator, +ergenc# -ir &opressor, +ergenc# )teering

arrangeent, +ergenc# =ilge suction and !ilge pups to !e in wor"ingcondition with records of all aintenance carried out up;to;date

o Tr# out ain engine, start fro local control stationo &hec" life;!oat ? rescue;!oat engines are running properl#

o &hec" proper functioning of safet# cut;outs for ain engine ? au engine ?

!oilers

o &onfir Beergenc# stopsC for pups A !lower function properl#

=un"ering (perationsE; +nsure !un"ering procedures are posted, understood !#all personnel A spill e8uipent is readil# availa!le. Test the eans ofcounication, !etween ship6s !un"ering personnel A shore ? !arge. )(5+5A I): procedures to report and deal with oil spills should !e understood !# all.

&ontrol of oil# iture, sludge, sewage, gar!age A air pollutionE;

+nsure that all the operational re8uireents of :-45(' as applica!le

have !een coplied with ta"ing into account L

a 8uantit# of sludge?oil residues !eing generated dail#

! the capacit# of sludge A !ilge water holding tan"s

c capacit# of oil# water separator, incinerator, etc

+nsure oil# water separator, incinerator, sewage treatent plant, priar#

and?or secondar# %( treatent s#stes are functioning properl#.

&hec" and update all entries ade in the (4=. +nsure the correct use of reception facilitiesL inade8uate facilities noted

and reported !# the aster to the flag state.

+nsure the responsi!le personnel are failiar with the procedures for

handling sludge and !ilge water

Fire drills and Fire e8uipentE;



&onfir that all crew e!ers can activate the fire alar and "now

the locations of switches and are failiar with the docuentedprocedures for reporting a fire to the !ridge and actions to !e ta"en

&hec" whether all the fire fighting parties proptl# uster at the

designated stations when the alar is sounded, during a

3siulated6 fire drill. &onfir that all crew e!ers are a!le todeonstrate the correct use of the appropriate fire fightinge8uipent

+nsure the following ites are functioning correctl#E;

a fire doors, including reote operation

! fire dapers and so"e flaps

c 8uic" closing valves

d eergenc# stops of fans and fuel oil pups

e fire detection and fire alar s#stef ain A eergenc# fire pups

&ounicationE; +nsure that all "e# personnel are a!le to counicate Aunderstand each other6s signals during drills.

&ue2 As a #;! ,escri(e t)e roce,ure *ou -oul, e.lo* for (u+eri+ at a ort for

ascertai+i+;recei'i+ correct ra,e;=ua+tit* of oil fro. t)e s)ore sul* aut)orities I+

case of a ,isute o'er LO;FO recei'e, o+ (oar, ,escri(e t)e actio+ *ou -ill tae u+,er

suc) circu.sta+ces )at are t)e alica(le ro'isio+ u+,er $A"POL C?;C A++e4e VI

reulatio+s 3=hen acce%tin& #un'ers from a #ar&e or terminal0 the C- should alwas chec' the local

su%%liers documents to ma'e certain the #un'er su%%l conforms0 in terms of /uantit0 as well as

fuel s%ecifications0 with what has #een actuall ordered.

The flash %oint0 viscosit and other characteristics of fuel su%%lied should #e chec'ed to ensurethat fuel is suita#le for vessels. The C- should alwas chec' that #un'ers to #e received do not

contain unacce%ta#le %ercenta&e of water. The ma*imum allowed water content is ;.;6M for &as

oil0 ;.!6M for LO and 1M for +7O.

The C- and #ar&e master should chec' the securit of the hose cou%lin&s on the #un'er #ar&eand receivers vessel and should a&ree u%on %um%in& rate.

− =arge aster has to show valid Hose 5ressure Testing certificate to &?+.

− %ew !un"ers to !e segregated Fro old !un"ers on !oard as far as possi!le, if

!un"er has to !e ied , copati!ilit# test ust !e carried out.

− Dut# engineer to chec" sapling flange is correctl# fitted in place the saple

ust !e representative of the total deliver# and ideall# ta"en !# 3drip feed6 , at thedischarge side of anifold,during the course of puping. )aples should not !eta"en fro during starting or copletion of !un"ers.



− )aple !ottles should !e sealed, dated and signed !# !oth parties atleast and

saples need to !e ta"en.

$NSU%IN) CO%%$C# QU&N#I#:

8t is the shi%s staff res%onsi#ilit to ensure that the actual /uantit received is as %er the ordered

/uantit. The 4- must alwas chec' the #ar&e soundin&s #efore and after %um%in&3/uantitcalculated from the ta#les chec' the ta#le for %ro%er authoriationstam% etc0 case must #e ta'en

for testtrim and tem% variations.

If ,ow meters are %tted-initial and %nal reading to #e noted7ew record of the shi%s tan' must #e 'e%t read #efore #un'erin&. 8f the #ar&e %erson wants to

chec' the shi% soundin&s. +e must #e allowed to do so.

8 o discre%anc in the /uantit received can #e .if the difference e*ceeds a letter of %rotection must #e written # the master and inde%endent surveor called to investi&ate the

findin&s. +owever if #un'er fi& are satisfactor the @< should #e chec'ed to ensure the

information is includes as %er anne*e

Name and 85O num#er of receivin& shi%,ort

@ate and Time of commencement of deliver

Name0 address and tele%hone num#er of marine fuel oil su%%lies,roduct names

)ulphur content should !e Q .GR, eeting I)( @217 standards. In sensitiveareas, sulphur content 1.GR

Huantit in metric tines0 accordin& to 8SO 4"6@ensit Z 16 de&0 accordin& to 8SO 6$.

@eclaration should #e si&ned and certified # fuel oil su%%liers re% that the fuel oil su%%liedconforms with re& 1$(1)$(9)0 re& 1(1) or anne*e 8

=un"er 8uantit# disputesThe disputes can arise due to

:easured volue of !arge is diff to that recorded on =D4

:easured volue of !arge is diff to ship6s received volue

t on !un"ers deliver# receipt calculated with incorrect densit#

High water content

unker quantit! disputes

8n recent ears there has #een a &eneral deterioration in the /uantit of fuel su%%lied for #u'ers.The C- should ta'e care to ensure that #un'er su%%lied material the s%ecs re/uired # the vessel

as %er 8SO !1.

@< should #e maintained for 4 ears. 8f %oor /ualit fuel has #een su%%lied0 the C- should

record all relevant information that can lead to machiner dama&e with %articular attention #ein&&iven to the retention and %reservation of oil sam%les. Oil sam%les should #e sent for shore

analsis. The matter should #e %rom%tl re%orted to owners.



If there is an! dispute with regard to qualit! and quantit! following should #edone4ecord of initial oil tan" soundings ust !e "ept oil transfer details to tan"s ust

!e correctl# tested and final sounding noted.

'ocation of tan"s where suspected !un"er have !een used.

Details of usages noted and copies of =D4 ust !e preserved for > #ears

-ll B%otes of protestsCE engine and dec" log !oo" ust !e preserved.

The sealed saples ta"en during !un"ering operation ust !e retained

- record of the following ust !e "ept.

The &?+ and other crew e!ers involved in !un"ering operations

The nae of those present at the tie when !un"er saples were ta"en

The crew e!ers involved in correcting an# pro!les associated withsu!standard !un"ers

(wner ust !e notified proptl#.

:-45(' -%%+O+ I , E 54(I)I(%) F(4 F$+' (I' P$-'ITE

In addition to re8uireent liiting the sulphur content of fuel oil, fuel should !e freefro inorganic acids , cheical wastes, or potentiall# harful su!stances

Ill"strate the salient factors for 4onoard training5 and standard of co6petenceas laid o"t in S#CW B Chapter III; Underline the specific roles a Chief

$ngineer needs to perfor6 to!ards satisfactory training of engine roo6personnel "nder the %eg"lation; What !ill e the criteria for eval"atingco6petence for onoard training y a Chief $ngineer?

-ns.

&hapter III of the )T& -nne, and the associated sections of the )T& &ode, aredevoted to the re8uireents for the officers and ratings who serve in the enginedepartent, and?or those who perfor functions relating to arine engineeringLelectrical, electronic and control engineeringL aintenance and repairL and controllingthe operation of the ship and care for persons on !oard.

Onoard training

+ver# candidate shall follow an approved on!oard training which;

i-nsures that durin& the re/uired %eriod of sea&oin& service the candidate receives sstematic

%ractical trainin& and e*%erience in the tas's0 duties and res%onsi#ilities of an officer in char&e of



an en&ine room watch 'ee%in&0 ta'in& into account the &uidance &iven in section 388810 of the

code.

ii) 8s closel su%ervised and monitored0 # a /ualified and a certified en&ineer officer on#oardthe shi%0 in which the a%%roved sea&oin& service is %erformed.

iii) 8s ade/uatel recorded in Trainin& <ecord oo'.

Standards of Co6petence

%eg"lation IIIG1 - Officers in charge of an engineering !atch on ships !ith EJ<!prop"lsion po!er or 6ore

The first paragraph of this regulation re8uires that ever#one who serves as an officer incharge of an engineering watch in a anned engine;roo, or a designated dut#engineer in a periodicall# unanned engine;roo, on a seagoing ship powered !# ainpropulsion achiner# of 7G0 "ilowatts <" propulsion power or ore ust hold anBappropriate certificateC.

The second paragraph sets out the re8uireents a candidate ust eet to ac8uire acertificate for service in this capacit#, including age liit, and iniu periods ofseagoing service. The candidate ust also coplete approved education and training,and eet the standard of copetence and other re8uireents of section -;Ill?1 of the)T& &ode.

)ection -;Ill?1 of the )T& &ode specifies the iniu standard of copetence;in thefor of four;colun;ta!les for each of four functional areas, at the operational level.

Ta!les in )ection -;III?1 are presented for functions relating toE

• arine engineeringL

• electrical, electronic and control engineeringL

• aintenance and repairL and

• &ontrolling the operation of the ship and care for persons on !oard.

In regulation III?1 these ta!les relate to the operational level of responsi!ilit#. Theanageent level is addressed in regulations III??2 and III?>L and the support level isaddressed in regulation III?.

%eg"lation IIIG0 - Chief $ngineer Officers and Second $ngineer officers on-ships-!ith+=JJJ<! prop"lsion po!er or 6ore

The first paragraph of this regulation re8uires that ever#one who serves as a chiefengineer officer or second engineer officer on a seagoing ship powered !# ainpropulsion achiner# of >,000 "ilowatts <" propulsion power or ore ust hold anBappropriate certificateC.



The second paragraph sets out the re8uireents a candidate ust eet to ac8uire acertificate for service in this capacit#. The candidate ust !e 8ualified as an officer incharge of an engineering watch <i.e. eet the re8uireents of regulation III?1L and usteet certain iniu periods of seagoing service as engineer officer or secondengineer officer. The candidate ust also coplete approved education and training,

and eet the standard of copetence and other re8uireents of sectionN-;III?2 of the)T& &ode.

)ection -;III?2 of the )T& &ode specifies the iniu standard of copetence in thefor of four;colun ta!les for each of three functional areas, at the anageent level.The ta!les are foratted in the sae wa# as those in section -;Ill?1L !ut the focus is onthe anageent level of responsi!ilit#, and the stateents of copetence, the areas of"nowledge, the ethods of assessent and the criteria for assessent are designed toappl# to that level of professional s"ill and udgent.

%eg"lation IIIG+ - Chief $ngineer Officers and Second $ngineer officers on ships !ithprop"lsion po!er of et!een EJ<! and +JJJ<!

The first paragraph of this regulation re8uires that ever#one who serves as a chiefengineer officer or second engineer officer on a seagoing ship powered !# ainpropulsion achiner# !etween 7G0"w and >000" propulsion power ust hold anBappropriate certificateC.

The second paragraph sets out the re8uireents a candidate ust eet to ac8uire acertificate for service in this capacit#. The candidate ust !e 8ualified as an officer incharge of an engineering watch <i.e. eet the re8uireents of regulation III?1L and usteet certain iniu periods of seagoing service as engineer officer or secondengineer officer. The candidate ust also coplete approved education and training,and eet the standard of copetence and other re8uireents of section -;III?> of the)T& &ode.

)ection -;III?> of the )T& &ode specifies the iniu standard of copetence !#a"ing reference to the ta!les alread# given in )ection -;III?2. However, the level of"nowledge, while still at the anageent level, a# !e lowered to suit the lowerpropulsion threshold to !e placed as a liitation on the candidate6s certificate. The levelof "nowledge a# also !e varied when the certificate is liited to service on shipsengaged on near;coastal vo#age

5aragraph > of regulation III?> provides that soeone 8ualified as a second engineerofficer on ships of >,000"w propulsion power or ore a# serve as chief engineerofficer on ships of less than >,000"w propulsion power, if the# have a;certain iniuperiod of;seagoing service, and;the certificate is suita!l# endorsed.

%eg"lation IIIG2 - %atings for6ing part of a !atch in a 6anned engine-roo6 or designatedto perfor6 d"ties in a periodically "n6anned engine-roo6 on ships of EJ<!-prop"lsion po!er or 6ore



The first paragraph of this regulation re8uires that ever# rating foring part of a annedengine;roo watch on a seagoing ship of 7G0 "ilowatts <" propulsion power or oreust !e Bdul# certifiedC. &ertification is not re8uired for ratings who are under training orwhose duties are of an uns"illed nature.

The second paragraph sets out the re8uireents a candidate ust eet, includinginiu age, approved seagoing service and training associated with engine;roowatch "eeping functions. The candidate ust also eet the standard of copetence setout in )ection -;III? of the )T& &ode.

)ection -;III? of the )T& &ode specifies the iniu standard of copetence in thefor of a four;colun ta!le for the arine engineering function area, at the supportlevel.

%ole of Chief engineer to!ards satisfactory training of engine roo6 personnel

&hief engineer ust esta!lish a training progra on!oard ship. He shouldE

• =rea" down various o!s into duties, tas"s, and su! tas"s.

• +sta!lish priorities of tas"s.

• Define perforance standards for each tas".

• Identif# preferred ode of learning.

• &ollect data on profile of trained personnel.

• *ive trainee independence of doing o! and at the sae tie supervise the wor"

constantl#.

• Identif# constraints li"e language, lac" of training, etc.

If a trainee is found to !e lac"ing in "nowledge in soe areas, then the chief engineerust discuss his wea"ness with hi and ust tr# to give hi a chance to iprove upon.If the trainee needs foral training in certain fields then chief engineer ust re8uest forshore !ased training of the person concerned.

$val"ating co6petence for onoard training

The criteria for evaluating copetence for on!oard training of engine roo personnel isgiven in colun , of ta!les -;III?1, III?>, III?. )oe of the criteria areE

•

Identification of iportant paraeters and selection of aterial is appropriate.• $se of e8uipent and achine tool is appropriate and safe.

• )election of tools and spares is appropriate.

• Disantling, inspecting, repairing, and re;asse!ling is in accordance with

anuals and good wor"ing practices.

• The conduct, handover and relieving of 3watch6 confir with the accepted

principles and procedures.



• - proper record is aintained of the oveent and activities relating to the ships

engineering s#stes.

• &ounications are clearl# and well understood in accordance with esta!lished

rules and procedures to ensure safet# of operations and to avoid environentpollution.

• The causes of achiner# alfunctions are properl# identified and actions aredesigned to ensure overall safet# of the ship and plant.

• 5rocedures for onitoring ship!oard operations and ensuring copliance with

:-45(' re8uireents are full# o!served.

• The t#pe and scale of eergenc# is properl# identified and eergenc#

procedures are followed as per plan.

• -ctions in responding to a!andon ship and survival situations are appropriate.

• 'egislative re8uireents, relating to )('-) and :-45(' are correctl#

identified.On the #asis of these &uidelines and evaluation criteria0 the com%etenc of on#oard trainin& can

#e evaluated.

:o" have Aoined a vessel as Chief $ngineer recently; O"tline a progra66e thatyo" !ill i6ple6ent in training of $ngine %oo6 staff for /i( 8ire preventionand fire fighting /ii( 7oll"tion prevention /iii( Safe !or<ing practices; $nlistthe related S#CW Codes for each of the6;

-ns. $pon oining a v?l as c?e, progras that can !e ipleented for training of +?4staff, shall !e in accordance with chapter I of )T& 9G &odeL which dealswith standards and iniu andator# re8uireent regarding failiarising and!asic safet# training for eergenc# and occupational safet# along with edical

care and survival functions. The purpose of such a training should !e to provide !asic "nowledge, increase

their proficienc# and at the sae tie enhancing their s"ills !# su!ecting the tosiulated eergenc# situations, i.e. drills and eercises, so that the personnelidentifies the potentiall# hazardous situation that a# result in threat to life or thepollution of arine environent.

These will not onl# reduce the response tie !ut also increase the confidencelevel.

8ire 7revention K 8ire 8ighting'- Training progra for this should !e copl#ingwith chapter I Ta!le - I?1;2 , where!# specification of iniu standards of

copetence in fire prevention and fire fihtin are laid down. &opetence is ininiising the ris" of fire and aintaining a state of readiness to respond toeergenc# situation involving fire. This should include the "nowledge,understanding and proficienc# in atters pertaining toE;

The eleents of fire and eplosion, reinding the of fire triangle, t#pesand sources of ignition, flaa!le aterials, fire hazards A spread of fire.



-ll engine roo personnel ust !e ade well aware of Fire 5lan on !oardship, their duties should !e eplained A iportance of the sae w.r.t. eergenc#situation should !e eplained.

&lassification of fire and applica!le etinguishers, location of FF- in engineroo, eergenc# escape routes A internal counication should !e eplained.

Fire A so"e detection s#ste and autoatic alar s#ste should !e wellconversed with.

The donning of fire fighters outfit, use of )&=-, ventilation control, 8uic";closing valves, fire control station A places fro where eergenc# fire pup can!e started reotel#.

Instructions and "nowledge regarding fied installations and rescueprocedures. $nder what conditions engine roo to !e evacuated etc. should !eeplained.

Fire drills ust !e conducted wee"l# and during !riefing sessions,assessent of perforance and iproveent should !e done. 5ersonnel should!e rotated in their duties in order that the# are conversant with other eergenc#duties as well.

7oll"tion 7revention'- This is dealt with in chapter I Ta!le - I?1; where!#specification of iniu standards of copetence in 5ollution 5revention of :arine +nvironent is laid down. It includes the "nowledge, understanding Aproficienc# in atters pertaining toE;

+ffects of operational or accidental pollution of arine environent and!asic environental protection procedures. This will include iparting "nowledgeof )(5+5, which is a contingenc# plan to prevent pollution. -ccidental pollutioncan occur during cargo loading?discharging, !un"ering, oil spill a# also result due

to collision and grounding etc. )ae should !e eplained along with location of )(5+5 loc"er, e8uipents, their use and personnel duties during )(5+5operation. 4eote stop of &(5s, closing scuppers, testing A indication of highlevel alars etc.for !un"ering, the !un"er s#ste, location of tan"s, soundingprocedures to !e eplained. =un"er safet# chec"list to !e followed.&ounication eans A ode settled !etween ship staff and !arge personnel,iportance of constant vigil should !e eplained.

nowledge, operation and aintenance of pollution prevention e8uipentli"e (), Incinerator and )ewage s#ste should !e eplained.

)(5+5 drills should !e carried out wee"l# and during !riefing sessions the

lia!ilit#, copensation A fines that a# result should !e eplained along withengine roo personnel duties in each case.

Safe Wor<ing 7ractices'- This is dealt with in chapter I Ta!le - I?1;where!# specification for copetence in safe wor"ing practice is laid down.nowledge, understanding and proficienc# for the following ust !e ipartedL;



nowledge of a safe attire is of prie iportance, iportance of safet#while carr#ing out various ship !oard operations should !e eplained. This includespersonal safet#, safet# of other en and ?c and safet# of ship.

For +?4 operations use of gloves, goggles, cheical handling suit whilewor"ing with hazardous cheicals, using gloves, goggles and shield while carr#ing

out welding or cutting o!s and use of 55+ when on lathe, grinding ?c etc.

+nclosed space entr# &?' and hot wor" perit &?' should !e eplained.$se of (2 anal#sis H& Detector should !e eplained. 5rocedure for ship !oardoperation of critical e8uipents should !e posted at conspicuous locations.Hazards of unsafe practices should !e eplained, as the# result in fire, collisionand grounding. -lso occupational hazards to !e eplained. Drills for enclosedspace entr# such as rescue fro 5?5 roo etc. should !e carried out wee"l# or fortnightl#.

&ue ? : !4lai+ PS# i+sectio+ /+,erli+e its aut)orit* a+, (asis of suc) i+sectio+s

!+u.erate t)e rele'a+t reulatio+s articles a+, a++e4es of SOLAS 19C@LOAD LIN! 19<< $A"POL C?;C ST# 9 a+, TONNAG! 19<9 -)ic)

for. ro'isio+ for PS#

,O<T STAT- CONT<OL 8ns%ection is an ins%ection %ro&ram under which all countries wor' to&ether to ensure that all vessels enterin& their waters are in com%liance with

strict international safet and Anti3%ollution standards. All countries involved in

ins%ectin& shi%s will share their findin&s with each other. The shi%s that arefound to #e in violation of laid down standards0 are detained in %ort0 until their

deficiencies have #een rectified. The o#ective of ,SC is to defeat and deter

owners from o%eratin& su#standard shi%s that endan&er not onl the shi%s crewand the %ort0 #ut also the environment. ,SC ins%ection hel%s to minimie the

threat to life0 %ro%erl and the environment # disallowin& su#standardshi%%in&.

T)e e* ele.e+ts of PS# are :

• -nsurin& com%liance with international rules re&ardin& safet marine %ollution and a

threat to the wor'in& environment.

• @etainin& su# standard vessels0 when their condition so warrants0 until all

deficiencies are rectified.

• 8m%lementin& a mutuall a&reed u%on fi&ure of annuall ins%ectin& the minimum

num#ers (normall !6M of all risin& vessels)

• A%%lin& a tar&etin& sstem when determiniin& the selection of vessel for chec'in&

so that well run vessels are not unnecessaril harassed while lac' Listed vessel willnot #e allowed to o%erate.

• +armoniin& and stren&thenin& to the &reatest e*tent %ort state controls authorit to

carr out #etter surveillance.

• ,rovidin& technical assistance and trainin& where the need is identified.



Authorities of the %ort state control are clearl defined under the followin& instruments of

85O.

1) SOLAS 19$ !) 5A<,OL 4

4) STC= 96 $) LL 19""

6) TONNA:- 19"9 ") COL<-: 19!

") 8LO convention 1$ (merchant shi%%in& minimum standard)

"IGHT OF TH! PO"T STAT! : 8n theor all vessels must #e &overned # the fla& state0

that is allowin& them to sail under their fla&. 8n %ractice all shi%s do not re&ularl call at their

own (fla& state?s ) %orts. This can restrict the a#ilit of the fla& sta&e to effectivel

chec'enforce the convention standard on its vessels. This loo% hole has #een e*%loited #some unscru%ulous owner to im%rove their own %rofit mar&ins # chea%l runnin& their shi%s

in a su#standard condition endan&erin& not onl the other shi% and the environment0 #ut also

the lives of the ver seafarer?s who are runnin& them. This is where ,SC comes into %icture.

,ort state control can #e a%%lied not onl to those countries0 who are %art to the

convention #ut also to the shi%s that fl the fla& of a state that has not rectified aconvention.Thus no shi%s is e*em%ted from ins%ection #ecause the %rinci%le of no more

favora#le treatment a%%lies.

An state ma also inact its own domestic laws and im%ose additional national rules andre&ulations on forei&n shi%s enterin& its water USA for e*am%le has enacted the oil %ollution

act 199; (o%a 9;) which ma'es it mandator for tan'ers to have dou#le hull or e/uivalent

%rotection a&ainst s%illa&e for entr into an us %ort.

The relevant re&ulations Articles and anne*es which forms the %rovision for %sc are asfollows.

SOLAS C@

<e&ulation 8193 :-N-<AL ,<O8S8ONS CONT<OL

<e&ulation 8D" 2 5ana&ement of safe o%eration of shi% verification and contrl

<e&ulation D831$ : S%ecial measure to enhance maritime safet ,SC on o%erational

re/uirement

Cha%ter D83! : S%ecial measures to enhance maritime securities (8S,S code)

$A"POL C?;C

Article 6 : Certificate and s%ecial rules and ins%ection of shi%s

Article " : @etection of violation and enforcement of the conventions

<e&ulation 8112 <e&ulation for %revention of %ollution # oil ,SC on o%erational

re/uirement.

<e&ulation 881"392 <e&ulation for %revention of %ollution # NLS5easures of control ,SCon o%erational re/uirement.

<e&ulation 8882 ,revention of %ollution # %ac'a&ed harmful su#stances ,SC on

o%erational re/uirement.



<e&ulation 2 <e&ulation for %revention of %ollution # &ar#a&e ,SC on o%erational

re/uirement.

<e&ulation 81; 2 <e&ulation for %revention of air %ollution ,SC on o%erationalre/uirement.

Loa, Li+es 19<<Article !1 international load line convention with the %ort state control.

Limitation on the draft0 to which a shi% on its international voa&es is to #e loaded.

-nsure ade/uate sta#ilit

,rovisions to determine free#oard of tan'ers.

ST# C

Article D : Control re&ulation (ri&hts of ,SCO to ensure all seafarers have a%%ro%riatecertificate)

<e&ulation 1$ control %rocedureTo++ae 19<9

Article 1! : erification of Tonna&e certificate

Althou&h the tonna&e convention is not a safet convention the revision A (19) has lacid

down the &uidelines for %ort state control +owever0 the control %rovision of Article 1!Tonna&e "9 does not include the %rovision of detention of shi%s.

0EJ; 3"ring a port State control inspection= the 7SCO desired to carry o"tdetailed inspection of the vessel;

/a( What are clear gro"nds for a 7SCO to cond"ct a 6ore detailedinspection? State yo"r ans!er !ith e>a6ples;

(b) What is the diference between ‘corrective action’ and‘preventive action’

Ans) (a)8f the ,SCO has clear &rounds for carrin& out a more detailed ins%ection0 the mastershould #e immediatel informed of these &rounds and advised that0 if so desired0 the master

should #e immediatel informed of these &rounds and advised that0 if so desired0 the master ma

contact the Administration or0 as a%%ro%riate0 the reco&nied or&aniation res%onsi#le for issuin&the relevant certificate and invite their %resence on #oard.

The followin& are the clear &rounds for a ,SCO to conduct a more detailed ins%ection23

1) -vidence from ,SCOBs &eneral im%ressions and o#servations that serious hull orstructural deterioration or deficiencies e*ist that ma %lace at ris' the structural waterti&ht or

weather ti&ht inte&rit of the shi% e.&.0 dama&ed &uard3rails0 rusted ladder was0 rusted or %atched u% %i%elines on dec'. Si&nificant areas of dama&e or corrosion or %ittin& of %latin& and

associated stiffenin& in dec's and hull affectin& seaworthiness or stren&th to ta'e loads ma

ustif detention. 8t ma #e necessar to chec' the underwater %ortion of the shi%. 8n reachin& adecision0 the ,SCO should have re&ard to the seaworthiness and not the a&e of the shi% ma'in&

an allowance for fair wear and tear over the minimum acce%ta#le scantlin&. @ama&e not



affectin& seaworthiness or dama&e that has #een tem%oraril #ut effectivel re%aired for a

voa&e to a %ort for %ermanent re%airs wonBt constitute &rounds for ud&in& that a shi% #e

detained. 8n assessment of effect of dama&e0 the ,SCO should have re&ard to the location ofcrew accommodation and whether dama&e affects its ha#ita#ilit. The ,SCO should %a

%articular attention to the structural inte&rit and seaworthiness of #ul' carriers and oil tan'ers

and note that these shi%s must under&o the enhanced %ro&ramme of ins%ection durin& survesunder the %rovision of re&ulation D1! of SOLAS $. The ,SCOBs assessment of the safet of

the structure of those shi%s should #e #ased on the surve <e%ort 7ile carried on #oard. This file

contains re%orts of structural surves0 condition evaluation re%orts0 thic'ness measurementre%orts and a surve %lannin& document. 8f thereBs a dou#t that the re/uired surve has ta'en

%lace0 the ,SCO should confirm with there or&anised or&aniation. 8f surve re%ort 7ile

necessitates a more detailed ins%ection of the structure of the shi% or if no such re%ort is carried0

s%ecial attention should #e &iven # ,SCO0 as a%%ro%riate to hull structure0 %i%in& sstems inwa of car&o tan's or holds0 %um%3rooms0 cofferdams0 %i%e tunnels0 avoid s%aces within the

car&o area and #allast tan's for #ul' carriers the main structure of holds should #e ins%ected for

an o#vious unauthoried re%airs.

5achiner S%aces2 the ,SCO should assess the condition of the machiner of the electricalinstallations to ma'e sure that the are ca%a#le of %rovidin& sufficient continuous %ower for

%ro%ulsion and for au*iliar services. @urin& ins%ection of machiner s%aces0 ,SCO should see

the standard of maintenance. @efective /uic' losin& valves0 disconnected or in o%erativee*tended control rods or machiner tri% mechanisms0 missin& valve hand wheels0 evidence of

chronic steam0 water and oil lea's0 dirt tan' ste%s and #il&es or e*tensive corrosion of

machiner foundations are %ointers to an unsatisfactor or&aniation of the sstemsBmaintenance. A lar&e num#er of %i%e cli%s or content #o*es will indicate reluctant to ma'e

%ermanent re%airs. :eneral deficiencies li'e lea'in& %um% &lands0 dirt water &au&e &lasses0

rusted relief valves0 ino%erative %ressure &au&es0 ino%erative or disconnected safet or controldevices0 evidence of re%eated o%eration of diesel en&ine scaven&e #elt or cran'case relief valves0

malfunctionin& or ino%erative automatic e/ui%ment and alarm sstems and lea'in& #oiler casin&sor u%ta'es would warrant ins%ection of en&ine room lo& #oo' and investi&ation into the record of

machiner failures and accidents and a re/uest for runnin& tests of machiner.

-vidence from ,SCOBs &eneral im%ression or o#servations that serious deficiencies e*ist in the

safet0 %ollution %revention or navi&ational e/ui%ment.

a) safet e/ui%ment2 the effectiveness of life3savin& a%%liances de%ends on &ood maintenance #

the crew and their re&ular use in drills. A %art from o#vious defects li'e holed life #oat0 ,SCOshould loo' for si&ns of disuse of o#structions to survival craft launchin& e/ui%ment which ma

include %aint accumulation seiure of %ivot %oints0 a#sence of &reasin& condition of #loc's and

falls.

#) 7ire fi&htin& e/ui%ment2 %oor condition of fire line0 fire e*tin&uish dec' foam lines0 firehdrants etc ma #e a &uide for detailed e*amination of all fire safet e/ui%ment ,SCO should

also loo' for evidence of a hi&her than normal fire ris'0 which ma #e #rou&ht a#out # a %oor

standard of cleanliness in the machines s%ace which to&ether with si&nificant deficiencies of the

fi*ed or %orta#le fire3e*tin&uishin& e/ui%ment could lead to a ud&ement of a shi% #ein&su#standard. The ,SCO should ins%ect for o%era#ilit and securin& arran&ements of those doors

in the main one #ul'heads and stairwas enclosures and in #oundaries of hi&h fire ris' s%aces

li'e machiner rooms and &alles. S%ot chec's ma #e made on dam%ers smo'e fla%s to



ascertain the standard of o%era#ilit. These fla%s will %review s%read of smo'e throu&h

ventilation sstems. ,SCO should also ensure that ventilation fans can #e sto%%ed from the

master controls and that means are availa#le for closin& main inlets and outlets of ventilationsstems. Attention should #e &iven to the effectiveness of esca%e routes # ensurin& that vital

doors are 'e%t o%en and that allewas and stairwas are not o#structed. Now e/ui%ment e.&.0

one of the auto radar %lottin& aids %lottin& devices is not wor'in&.A#sence of %rinci%al e/ui%ment or arran&ements re/uired # conventions.

e.&.0 (a) 5ar%ol Anne* 8 re/uires that shi%s of $;; &ross tons and a#ove must have an oil filterin&

e/ui%ment %rovided with arran&ements to ensure that an dischar&e of oil moistures is

automaticall sto%%ed when the oil content of the effluent e*ceeds 16 %%m. A#sence of this

%rinci%le e/ui%ment ma lead to more detailed e*amination and %ossi#le detention. SOLASconvention 19$ re/uires %resence of a life raft ca%a#le of carrin& " %ersons near forecastle

dec'. A#sence of this ma lead to more detailed e*amination and %ossi#l detention.

6) -vidence from a review of shi%Bs certificates that a certificate or certificates are clearl invalid

e.&. safet -/ui%ment certificate ma #e invalid since no renewal surve was carried out durin&

sti%ulated time.

") -vidence that documentation re/uired # the conventions are not on #oard0 incom%lete0 are

not maintained or are falsel maintained.

e.&. a) oil record #oo' for machiner s%aces ma #e a#sent or not %ro%erl filled u%. #) 7ire control %lans ma #e a#sent

c) :ar#a&e mana&ement %lan ma #e a#sent and or &ar#a&e record incom%lete

d) Sta#ilit #oo'let ma #e a#sent

) 8nformation or evidence that the master or crew is not familiar with essential shi%#oard

o%erations relatin& to the safet of the shi%s or the %revention of %ollution or that such o%erations

have not #een carried out.e.&. (a) Life #oat have not #een lowered for %ast $ months

(#) Chief -n&ineers does not 'now how to release CO ! into the en&ine room in case of

fire in the en &ine room

Y 5aster does not 'now how to do emer&enc steerin&

(d ) Chief Officer doesnBt 'now how to o%erate dec' foam sstem.

) 8ndication that 'e crew mem#ers ma not #e a#le to communicate with each other or with

other %ersons on #oard. The ,SCO ma as' the master which lan&ua&es are used as wor'in&

lan&ua&es. 7or -.&. on 8ndian fla& shi%s0 -n&lish is the wor'in& lan&ua&e. ,SCO ma ensure that

'e crew mem#ers are a#le to understand each other durin& ins%ection or drills. Crew mem#ers

assi&ned to assist %assen&ers should #e a#le to &ive necessar information to %assen&ers in caseof an emer&enc

9) Conditions of assi&nment of load lines. 8f a ,SCO has concluded that a hull ins%ection is

unnecessar #ut is dissatisfied0 on the #asis of o#servation on dec' with items li'e defectivehatch closin& arran&ements0 corroded air %i%es and vent coamin&s the ,SCO should e*amine to

closin& a%%liances0 means of freein& water from the dec' and arran&ements concerned with the

%rotection of the crew.



<ecei%t of a re%ort or com%laint containin& information that a shi% a%%ears to #e su#standard.

-.&. third en&ineer has com%lained to %ort state control that life #oat davit structure is #adl

corroded and it ma not #e a#le to su%%ort the life #oat. Then ,SCO should conduct detailede*amination ,SCO should not disclose the source of information.

1;) -mission of false distress alerts not followed # %ro%er cancellation %rocedures. -.&. 8f

-,8< is accidentall actuated then it should #e set ri&ht and nearest coastal authorit informeda#out the accident.

(#) JCorrective actionK is ta'en to remed a defect while J%reventive actionK is the action ta'en

to %revent a #rea'down from occurrin&.

e.&. 7ire main line #urst due to e*cess %ressure and failure of relief valve dama&ed %ortion of

the line is renewed to the satisfaction of ,SCO. This is Jcorrective actionK. J,reventiveactionK would have #een to test the relief valve %eriodicall and overhaul it if re/uired.

J,reventive actionK would also include o%enin& at least two fire hdrants on dec' #efore

startin& the fire %um% and monitorin& fire %um% %ressure so as to %revent e*cessive #uild u%

of %ressure.

Clear gro"nds’ to cond"ct detailed inspection incl"de '

1) The a#sence of %rinci%le e/ui%ment or arran&ement re/uired # conventions.

!) -vidence0 that a shi%Bs certificate or certificates are clearin& invalid.

4) -vidence0that the documents re/uired # the convention I listed in a%%endi*

$ is not on#oard0 incom%lete0 not maintained or falsel maintained.

$) -vidence from ,SCOBs &eneral im%ression I o#servation that serious hull or

structural deterioration deficiencies e*ist that ma %lace a ris' to the water

ti&ht inte&rit of the shi%.

6) -vidence0 from the ,SCOBs &eneral im%ression or o#servations that seriousdeficiencies e*ists in safet0 %ollution %revention or navi&ational e/ui%ment.

") 8nformation or evidence that mastercrew is not familiar with essential

shi%#oard o%erations relatin& to the safet of the shi% or %revention of

%ollution.

) 8ndication that 'e crew mem#ers are ma not #e a#le to communicate with

each other.

) The emission of false distress alert not followed # %ro%er cancellation

%rocedures.

9) <ecei%t of a re%ort re&ardin& com%laints that shi% a%%ears to #e su#standard.

IF 5)&(6s has 3clear grounds6 for carr#ing out ore detailed inspection, theaster should !e iediatel# infored A advised :aster a# ? then contact the

-din. authorit# or appropriate 4( responsi!le for issuing cert. A invite theirpresence on!oard.



$. it) refere+ce to Port State #o+trol i+sectio+

5a6 )at are Jclear rou+,sJ a+, JIS$ relate, ,eficie+ciesJ for a Port State #o+trol Officer to co+,uct

a .ore ,etaile, i+sectio+ of t)e s)i

5(6 List out fi'e ,eficie+cies -)ic) .a* lea, to ,ete+tio+ of t)e 'essel Also e+u.erate t)e cause of suc)

,eficie+c* a+, re'e+ti'e actio+ *ou as #)ief !+i+eer -ill tae to a'oi, reoccurre+ce of suc)

,etai+a(le ,eficie+cies April 2

4egulation , chapter IO of )('-) 197 a"es it possi!le for 5)&( inspecting foreignships to chec" their operational re8uireents especiall# when there are B&lear*roundsC for !elieving that :aster or crew are not failiar with essential ship !oardprocedures relating to ships safet#, pollution prevention ships visiting an# foreignport, are to !e inspected !# 5)& on !ehalf of the contracting *ovt. to ensure thatthe visiting vessel is not a threat o the port with regards to the safet# of personnel Acargo A also not a navigational hazard to its surroundings.

<a The 3&lear *rounds6 referred, leading to detailed inspection include suchfactors as operational short coing, cargo operation not !eing conducted in a proper anner or a!sence of an updated uster list. These indicate that the crew e!ersa# not !e a!le to counicate with each other.

5)& inspections are norall# liited to chec"ing certificates !ecoes8uestiona!le, if there are 3&lear *rounds6 for !elieving that the condition of the shipor its e8uipents are not su!stantiall# eeting re8uireents of relevant instruentthen a ore detailed inspection a# !e carried out.

In accordance with the following provisions of 3I:(6 A 3I'(6 conventions, a 5)&officer a# conduct inspection of foreign ships coing in their parts E

1) SOLAS 3 $ <e&. 1190 le&. 8D" I le&. D8$

!) Load lines ""0 article !1.

4) 5A<,OL 4 article 6 I "

1) re&. SA o anne* 8

!) <e&. 1 of Anne* 880 8880 I 8

$) STC= 3 article * I re&. [

6) TONNA:- "9 3 article $

The I:( has adopted asse!l# resolution - 7@7 <19 as guideline her 5)& -sse!l# resolution - @@2 <21 has aended A updated a 7@7 <19

- 5) officer proceeding to the ship can for an ipression of the standard of itsaintenance fro ites such as condition of paint wor"s, corrosion?pitting.

If the 5)& office fro general ipressions fored or fro his o!servations has3clear grounds6 to !elieve that the ship or its e8uipent or its crew do notsu!stantiall# eet the re8uireent, 5)& should do ore 3 detailed inspectionsC.



Clear gro"nds’ to cond"ct detailed inspection incl"de '

1) The a#sence of %rinci%le e/ui%ment or arran&ement re/uired # conventions.

!) -vidence0 that a shi%Bs certificate or certificates are clearin& invalid.

4) -vidence0that the documents re/uired # the convention I listed in a%%endi*

$ is not on#oard0 incom%lete0 not maintained or falsel maintained.

$) -vidence from ,SCOBs &eneral im%ression I o#servation that serious hull or

structural deterioration deficiencies e*ist that ma %lace a ris' to the water

ti&ht inte&rit of the shi%.

6) -vidence0 from the ,SCOBs &eneral im%ression or o#servations that serious

deficiencies e*ists in safet0 %ollution %revention or navi&ational e/ui%ment.

") 8nformation or evidence that mastercrew is not familiar with essential

shi%#oard o%erations relatin& to the safet of the shi% or %revention of %ollution.

) 8ndication that 'e crew mem#ers are ma not #e a#le to communicate with

each other.

) The emission of false distress alert not followed # %ro%er cancellation %rocedures.

9) <ecei%t of a re%ort re&ardin& com%laints that shi% a%%ears to #e su#standard.

IF 5)&(6s has 3clear grounds6 for carr#ing out ore detailed inspection, theaster should !e iediatel# infored A advised :aster a# ? then contact the

-din. authorit# or appropriate 4( responsi!le for issuing cert. A invite theirpresence on!oard.

/( 3etainale deficiencies K corrective action '

1) 8nsufficient cleanliness of -<0 e*cess amount of oil water mi*ture in

#il&es0 insulation of %i%in& includin& e*haust %i%es in -< contaminated #

oil0 I im%ro%er o%eration of il&e %um%in& arran&ements.

!) A#sence0 insufficient ca%acit or serious deterioratin& of %ersonal LSABs

survival craft I launchin& arran&ements.

4) Num#er0 com%osition or cert. of crew not corres%ondin& with safe mannin&

document.

$) -*ceedin& of ma*imum allowa#le car&o /uantit %er tan'.6) Anne* 8 2 unauthorised dischar&e #%ass0 fitted for %um%in& oil water

over#oard.

-ppropriate training to !e provided to crew e!ers regarding operations, properhouse "eeping A cleanliness of +?4, planned aintenance schedule ust !eprepared to chec" ')-6s A other survival arrangeents. :anning ust !e anagedas per safe anning &ert. -ppropriate loading of cargo in tas" as specified in cargo



loading A considering stress on ship6s H A hull. In no case unauthorised dischargefro ship !e ade which is considered as criinal offence.

What provisions are <ept "nder 7SC to!ards /i( Certificates iss"ed y non partystates to their ships /ii( Inspection of ships elo! convention siFe and /iii(

&6end6ents to proced"res for 7SC adopted in 1BH1;

Ans) The dut to enforce convention lies with the fla& states. The should re&ularl carr outsurvesissues certificates0 to ensure that their shi%s meet and maintain convention standards

either # their own or # their authoried reco&nied or&aniation

7O%# S#&#$ CON#%OL

8n %ractice0 shi%s do not re&ularl visit their fla& state %orts. This restricts the a#ilit to control

them and allows su#standard shi%s to sail. ,ort and coastal states have certain ri&hts to e*erciseauthorit over shi%s in their water. 8n addition %ort state have the authorit to chec' that forei&n

shi% visitin& their %orts meet all the a%%ro%riate convention standards.

A state ma also have its own standard national laws e& O.,.A 9; for US waters. A %ort stateshould onl a%%l those convention which have entered into force and which it has im%lementedfor to own shi%

A %ro#lem could arise with a forei&n shi% enterin& a %ort state0 where the concerned fla& state

has not ratified a convention #est which has entered into force. Also when a shi% is #elow

convention sie.

A %ro#lem could arise with a forei&n shi% enterin& a %ort state0 where the concerned fla& statehas not ratified a convention #ut which has entered into force. Also when a shi% is #elow

convention a&e.

1) C-<T878CAT-S 8SSU-@ NON ,A<T STAT-S

if a fla& state has not ratified a convention #ut however issued a certificate it does not &ivefreedom to the state to violate the standards of the convention. ,ort state control will still

e*ercise its authorit to enforce the re/uired standards of the convention. This is called JNO

5O<- 7AO<AL- T<-AT5-NTK

2 I%)5+&TI(% (F )HI5) =+'( &(%+%TI(% )IS+Eit iplesSOLAS 2 S+8,S -LO= 6;; :<OSS TONNA:-

5A<,OL 2 S+8,S -LO= 6;; :<OSS TONNA:-

,ort state will a&ain &ive Jno more favoura#le treatmentK to shi%s #elow convention sie %ost

state control will e*cise all its authorit to ma'e sure that shi%s are safe and %resent least threat tothe marine environment.

4) Amendments to %rocedures for ,SC ado%ted in 19123

8n 19 ei&ht north sea status of envelo%e a&reed to e*chan&e information on forei&n shi% callin&

at their %orts. This was su%er sided in 191 when fourteen -uro%ean states a&reed to esta#lish a

harmonied sstem of control resultin& in the si&nin& of the %aris 5OU.



/resentl!0 we have 1 Mo2 which include all the ma3or countries,aris 5oU

5editerranean 5oU

Asia ,acific (To'o) 5oUCari##ean 5oU

ina @el 5ar (latin American a&reement)8ndian Ocean 5oU

United States has chosen to remain outside of an re&ional 5oU. 8t has its own USB ,ort State

Control re&ulations %ro&rammes and control measures on a unilateral #asis. 8n !;;1 the US

coast &uard (USC:) im%lemented an initiative called Hual shi% !B to %rovide incentives to hi&h/ualit shi%s in the form of fever ins%ections

With reference to 7SC ill"strate the follo!ing /i( %egional co-operationG

agree6ents /ii( #he goal of f"t"re 7SC /iii( #echnical assistance y I.O"nder resol"tion adopted in Nov; 1BB1 Conference;

Ans) (1) "eio+al #o>oeratio+;Aree.e+t23 %rovision of UNCLOSB fla& state has #een

&iven the %rimar res%onsi#ilit for ensurin& that a shi% is e/ui%%ed0 o%erated0 maintained and

manned in accordance with 5aritime 8nternational conventions. +owever0 some fla& states have #een unwillin& or una#le to carr out their international conventions. A ,SCB ins%ection is thus0

the second line of defence to %revent su#standard shi%s from o%eratin&. ,ort states ins%ect a

%ercenta&e (a&reed) o shi%s callin& at their %orts.

=hen the national %ort state control enhances the safet of shi%s and there# %rotection of5arine environment onl a re&ional a%%roach then ensures that su#standard shi%s and o%erations

have fewer %laces to concealhide facts. Unless a re&ional a%%roach is ada%ted0 o%erator will ustdivert their shi%s to %orts in the re&ion where no ,SCB or less strin&ent ,SCB ins%ections are

conducted.

<e&ional A&reementB covers the e*chan&e of information a#out shi%s their records and the

results of ins%ections carried out. This information0 is vital as it ena#les su#se/uent %orts of call0

to tar&et onl shi%s that have not #een recentl ins%ected. 8n &eneral0 shi%s ins%ected within the

%eriod of %revious " months from the visitin& date of %ortB are not re3ins%ected0 unless there areclear &rounds to do so.

Secondl0 it is onl # coo%eration with the %ort of re&ion0 that it is %ossi#le to monitor

su#standard shi% in the re&ion. This a%%lies to shi%s that have #een allowed to sail with minor

deficiencies on the condition that there are to #e rectified is the ne*t %ort of call to monitor suchshi%s constant e*chan&e of information #etween %orts is necessar. Thirdl0 it is im%ortant for

countries to achieve uniformit in the manner and methodolo& of %ort state ins%ections and

ultimatel in their re&ion so that similar standards are a%%lied with re&ards to the detention ofshi% and trainin& standards of %ort state control officers. To achieve this it is common %ractice of

man e*istin& a&reementsB to conduct oint seminars for ,SCB officers to harmonie

%rocedures.



Therefore0 %ost State Control re&imes were set u% under a memorandum of understandin&

(5oU). +armonied ins%ection %rocedures are desi&ned to tar&et su#standard shi%s with the

main o#ective #ein& to eventuall eliminate them from the re&ion covered # 5oUBs %artici%atin& states.

!)Goal of future PS#2 the im%act of ,SCB on shi%Bs and shi% owners has &rown with concern

mem#ers of re&ional ,SCB &rou% are #ecomin& more or&anied and %rofessional in thisa%%roach to ins%ections investi&ations. =hen detention occurs. The name of the shi% is %u#liclannounced and /uoted in their re&ional shi%%in& ma&aines. Shi%s with histor of detention will

find it increasin&l difficult to trade unless the I their com%anies &ear u% full to the ins%ection

criteria laid # ,SCB. There is a %ros%ect of a :lo#al ,ost State ControlB #ein& formed0 whereinthe e*chan&e of information harmoniation of %rocedures as well as trainin& will ta'e %lace

world wide. As more and more statistics and data are &athered and e*chan&ed0 # different ,SCB

secretariats0 su#standard shi%%in& o%erations all over the world will reduce.

These e*%eriences will also %rovide maritime communit with the o%%ortunit to anale #etterthe reasons of accidents and causalities so that the can #e %revented from occurrin& a&ain.

4) Tec)+ical assista+ce (* I$O u+,er resolutio+ a,ote, i+ No'e.(er 1991 co+fere+ce3ada%ted on "th Novem#er 1991 re&ional coo%eration in the control of shi%s and dischar&e

8nvitees the authorities0 %artici%atin& in the ,aris 5emorandum and other countries to %artici%ate

in %ort state control to assist wherever %ossi#le in the conclusion of re&ional a&reementsE studmatters of inter3re&ional co3o%eration with a new to have information sstem and e*chan&e of

,SCB information

<e/uests the maritime safet committee and marine environment %rotection committee to

consider an further action0 which ma #e ta'en to assist mem#er &overnments in their effortsrelatin& to ,SCB of shi%s and dischar&es0 as well as to %eriodicall review such actions.

8nvites &overnments to consider concludin& re&ional a&reementB on an a%%lication made #

,SCB #ased on co3o%eration with the or&aniation

8nvitees secretar &eneral to secure funds for the or&aniation of re&ional seminar on mattersrelated to %ort state control of shi%s and dischar&e under SOLAS 19$B0 LL 19""0 STC=B96

and 5A<,OL 4

The assem#l too' note (Novem#er 1991) of the consultanc re%ort made on renew of

or&aniational and mana&ement structures of 85OB (includin& Technical coo%eration committee)

Assem#lB then endorsed the %lan of the secretar &eneral to conduct an advisor &rou% meetin&in anuar 199! for all mem#ers states0 to renew recommendations and consider all the

im%lications of 85OB so that action %lans could #e develo%ed com%uter data stud and %ossi#le

lin' with electronic transmissions of mail and documents was ta'en in Novem#er 1991. This wasfurther ado%ted # the Assem#l.

&elations with 4ongovernmental organi5ations Novem#er 19912 Assem#l a%%roved &rant of consultative status to the followin& non&overnmental or&aniations.

8nternational ar association (8A)

8nternational Ocean 8nstitute (8O8)

:reen %eace international



T)e rotectio+ of t)e $ari+e e+'iro+.e+t is of ut.ost i.orta+ce to,a* Discuss

/a( 9o! !o"ld yo" as a CG$ of a tan<er ens"re protection of the environ6ent

y co6pliance !ith the vario"s %eg"lation of .&%7OL E+GEH &nne> 1 forprevention and control of poll"tion at sea?

5(6 State re=uire.e+t for co.lia+ce u+,er A++e4 VI of $A"POL C?;C

Ans. Anne* F 1 <e&ulations for the %revention of %ollution # oil which entered into force on ! nd

Octo#er 194 and0 as #etween the %arties to 5A<,OL 4 su%ersedes the 8nternationalConvention for the ,revention of ,ollution of the sea # oil0 196$0 as amended 19"! and

19"9 which was then in force.

,revention of %ollution methods I aids involved are23

1. 8O,, Certificate

8nternational oil %ollution %reventions certificate is issued after initial surve #efore

the shi% %ut in service or renewal surve in accordance with the %rovisions of

re&ulation " of this anne*0 to an oil tan'er of 16; &ross tonna&e and a#ove and another shi%s $;; &ross tonna&e and a#ove which are en&a&ed in voa&es to %orts or

offshore terminals under the urisdiction of other %arties to the %resent on. Such

certificate shall #e issued or endorsed as a%%ro%riate either # the Adm or # an %ersons or or&aniation dul authoried # it. 8n ever case Adm. Assumer full

res%onsi#ilit for the certificate I valid for ma*imum 6 ears.

!. Tan's for oil residues (slud&e) <e&. 1!

-ver shi% of $;; :T I a#ove shall #e %rovided with a tan' or tan's of ade/uate

ca%acit havin& re&ard to t%e of machiner and len&th of voa&e. ,i%in& to and fromthe slud&e the shall have no direct connection over#oard other than standard

dischar&e connection.

4. Standard dischar&e connection <e&. 14.

To ena#le the %i%es of rece%tion facilit to #e connected with the shi%s dischar&e %i%eline for residues from 5B of #il&es and from slud&e tan's must have standard

dischar&e connection.

O@ F !16 mm0 8@ F Accordin& to %i%e O@0 ,C@ F 14 mm0 7lan&e thic'ness F !;

mm.

$. Oil filterin& e/ui%ment <e&. 1$ <e&. 41.

An shi% a#ove $;; :T I less than 1;0;;; :T shall #e fitted with 16 ,,5 oil

filterin& e/ui%ment which must #e Adm. A%%roved.



An shi% a#ove 1;0;;; :T must have 16 ,,5 e/ui%ment with oil dischar&e

monitorin& sstem with alarm when it e*ceeds level and automaticall sto%sdischar&in& O # either ,, sto% or 4 wa vv. -/ui%ment must #e Adm. A%%roved

oil dischar&e and control sstem.

No dischar&e in Antarctic Area is allowed.

6. Oil record #oo' %art F 8 <e&. 1 (machiner s%ares)

<e& F 4$ %art 88 Car&o allast o%erations ever oil tan'er 16; :T I a#ove and

ever shi% of $;; :T I a#ove other than oil tan'er must have O< ,art 3 8 which

must indicate transfers tan'er to the0 #un'erin& LO I 7O0 collection I dis%osal of residue0 dischar&in& O throu&h a%%roved e/ui%ment or to rece%tion facilities must

#e recorded.

,art F 88 must #e 'e%t u%dated for #allast car&o o%eration on each occasions on thecase loadin& oil car&o0 internal transfers0 unloadin& oil car&o0 #allastin& cleanin& of

car&o tan's includin& crude oil washin&0 de3#allastin& e*cludin& S tan's0 dischar&efrom slo% tan's throu&h O@5CS0 dis%osal of residues for rece%tion facilit must #e

recorded.

". Se&re&ated allast tan's <e&. 1

-ver crude oil tan'er of !;0;;; tonns @= a#ove and ever %roduct carrier 4;0;;;

tonns @= I a#ove delivered after 1st ul 19! must have se&re&ated #allast tan's.

. @ou#le +ull I @ou#le ottom <e/uirements for oil tan'ers delivered on or after "th

ul 199" <e&. 19

Oil tan'er ";; tonnes @= a#ove delivered on or after " th ul 199".

-ver oil tan'er 6;;; tonnes @= I a#ove must have %rotective location of

se&re&ated #allast s%aces I should #e %rotected a&ainst %ro&ressive floodin&.

-ntire car&o tan' len&th shall #e %rotected # #allast tan's or s%ace other than tan'sthat carr oil .

i) =in& the or s%aces

@=

w X ;.6 V (m) or w X !;m

!;0;;;

=hichever less. 5in w X 1mii) @ou#le #ottom the or s%aces



h X \ 16(m) ;1 h X !.; m whichever less

min h X 1.;m.

. @ou#le hull I @ re/uirements for oil tan'ers delivered #efore "th ul 199" <e&. !;

Cat 1 tan'er to #e %hased out with sin&le hull # 1st A%ril !;;6 which #uilt #efore " th

ul 199".

Sin&le +ull tan'ers cannot carr +:O <e&. !1

,revention of %ollution from oil tan'ers carrin& +:O.

9. ,um% room #ottom %rotection <e&. !!

This re&ulation for oil tan'ers 6;; tonnes @= I a#ove constructed on or after 1 st an

!;;

h X 16 or h X !.; m whichever less

mini h X 1.;m

1;. Accidental oil out flow %erformance <e&. !4

To #e dealt with oil flow dischar&e oil tan'ers delivered after 1st an !;1;.

11. Oil tan'ers of 16; tonnes I a#ove shall #e %rovided with slo% tan's e*ce%t for

tan'ers havin& voa&e less than ! hrs. I with is 6; nautical miles.

1!. Crude oil wastin& re/uirements <e&. 44

Oil tan'ers !;0;;; @= a#ove delivered after 1st une 19! must have cow sstem

class a%%roved and <O.

14. Shi%#oard Oil ,ollution -mer&enc ,lan <e&. 4

Administration a%%roved 6; %er %lan should #e there for tan'ers 16; :T a#ove and

others $;; : I a#ove.

1$. <ece%tion 7acilit <e&. 4

The :overnment of each %art to the convention to ensure %rovisions at loadin&

terminals0 re%air %orts0 in other %arts where shi% have oil residue to dischar&e must

have rece%tion facilit without delain& shi%.

#) Anne* 8 ,revention of air %ollution form shi%s.



An 8nternational Air ,ollution ,revention Certificate shall #e issued for the shi%s

of $;; :T I a#ove and ever fi*ed and floatin& drillin& ri&s and other %erforms #

the Administration0 which shall not e*ceed 6 ears.

8n initial surve #efore the shi% is %ut into service or #efore the certificate

re/uired under re&. " of this Anne* is issued for the first time. This surve shall #esuch as to ensure that the e/ui%ment0 sstem0 fittin&s0 arran&ements and material full

com%l with the a%%lica#le re/uirements f their Anne*.

!. Oone de%letin& su#stances <e&. 1!

@eli#erate emission of oone de%letin& su#stances shall #e %rohi#ited unless savin&life at sea or due to accident or #rea'down of e/ui%ment. @eli#erate emissions

include emissions occurrin& in the course of maintainin&0 servicin&0 re%airin& or

dis%osin& of sstem or e/ui%ment.

New installation which certain oone de%letin& su#stances shall #e %rohi#ited on all

shi%s0 e*ce%t that new installations containin& hdro chlorofluorocar#ons (+C7CBs)are %ermitted until 1st an !;!;.

These su#stances should #e collected %ro%erl and delivered to the rece%tion

facilit ashore.

4. Nitro&en O*ide (NO*) <e&. 1".

This re&ulation a%%lier to each en&ine 14; 'w I a#ove O, installed on shi%

constructed after 1

st

an !;;;. or the diesel en&ine &oes maor conversion after 1

st

an!;;; . 5aor conversion means 1;M chan&e in 5C<.

+is re&ulations will not a%%l to emer&enc &enerator life#oat en&ines and an device

or e/ui%ment which to #e used solel in case emer&enc or costal voa&e vesselswhich must have alternative No* control %rovision set # Administration.

No* Limits from the en&ines should #e followin&2

i) 1.; &'wh the en&ines should #e followin&2

ii) $6.; * n3;.! :'wh when n ]14;r%m n^!;;;r%m.

iii) 9. &'wh when r%m n h !;;; I a#ove.

,rovisions " NO* technical code should #e a%%lied to all shi% i.e. alternative

%rovisions &ives # Administration.

$. Sul%hur O*ide (SOD) <e&. 1$.



The sul%hur content of an fuel used on #oard shi%s shall not e*ceed $.6M mm. The

fuel su%%lied on #oard shall #e mentioned under the &uide times develo%ed # 5-,C

!($4).

S-CA So* -mission Control Area

1. altic sea I North sea.

under S-CA either the fuel should not contain sul%hur more than 1.6M mm or emission from en&ine should not e*ceed ".; & SO* G=h or an a%%roved method #

Administration to control si* can #e used.

6. olatile Or&anic Com%ounds <e&. 16

The emission of volatile or&anic com%ound (OCBs) from tan'ers are to #e re&ulated

in %orts or terminals under urisdiction of a %art to %rotocol 199.

". Shi%#oard 8ncineration <e&. 1"

♦ Shi%#oard incineration in allowed e*ce%t for oil slud&e I sewa&e slud&e in

,ort har#our I estuaries.

♦ Shi%#oard incineration is %rohi#ited for followin&

i) Anne* 80 88 and 888 car&o residues of the %resent convention and related

contaminated %ac'in& material.

ii) ,olchlorinated i%henlBs (,CBs).

iii) :ar#a&e containin& more than trace of heav metals i.e. #atteries0 mercur0lead etc.

iv) ,olvinl Chloride (,UCS) e*ce%tion in 85O t%e a%%roved incinerator.

♦ 5onitorin& of com#ustions flue &as outlet tem%erature shall #e re/uired at all

times I waste shall not #e fed in continuous feed shi%#oard incinerator whentem%erature is #elow 6;oC I unit shall #e so desi&ned to reach com#ustion

tem%erature to ";;oC within five minutes after start u%.

. <ece%tion 7acilit <e&. 1The :overnment of each %art to %rotocol 199 underta'es to ensure the %rovisions

of facilities ade/uate to meet rece%tion of oone de%letin& su#stances0 e*haustcleanin& residues without causin& undue dela to shi%s.

. 7uel Oil Hualit <e&. 1

7uel oil on#oard for com#ustion %ur%ose should meet 8SO !1 standards with

followin& re/uirements.



ii) 7uel oil shall #e #lend of +C derived from %etroleum refinin& I small

amounts of additives are %ermitted to im%rove %erformance as%ects.

iii) 7ree from inor&anic acids

iv) 7uel Oil should not have added chemical #ase which can eo%ardie the shi%0 #e harmful to %ersons0 and contri#ute to additional air %ollutions.

v) Sul%hur content must not e*ceed $.6M mm I S-CA area 1.6M mm.

vi) @N must #e retained #oard for minimum 4 ears readil availa#le for

ins%ection.

vii) 7uel Oil sam%les sealed and si&ned # su%%lier or su%%lier re%resentative or

master or officer in3char&e of #un'er o%erations. Sam%les to #e retained on

#oard for minimum 1! months.

it) refere+ce to Je.ere+c* reare,+essJ ,iscuss 5i6 Searc) a+, "escue 5ii6 !'acuatio+ of criticall*

i+Mure, erso++el 5iii6 Helicoter oeratio+s 5i'6 "escue fro. e+close, saces 5'6 A(a+,o+ s)i April 23

# )"

-mer&enc %re%aredness %rocedures are %rovided in the section B of com%anBs safet

mana&ement sstem. 5anual under the headin& JContin&enc %lanK these are as follows for &iven scenarios2

516 Searc) a+, "escue

Search2

(1) Contract ,ort which sent distress and nearest coast station or 5<CC and re/uest advice

(!) :ive information a#out our own vessel i.e.0 %osition course s%eed t%e of shi% etc andconfirm that ou are headin& for search area

(4) 8f this is the case also inform to our com%an and charterer and 'ee% lo& to all events($) -sta#lish continuous radio watch and on all fre/uencies as advised # 5<CC

(6) efore reachin& to search area %ost additional loo' out to continuousl monitor search area

(") <i& e/ui%ments such as net ladder etc to aid rescue ma'e read first aid e/ui%ments andhos%ital

() Co3ordinate search %attern with other shi%5<CC cost radio station

() 5onitor D #and radar for locatin& survival craft transformer (SA<T) si&nal with ";; or

1!N5 ran&e scale.<escue2

(1) Contact surviors if %ossi#le o esta#lish local conditions and situation(!) <escue ma #e effect from the dec' or # use of survival craft or from sea(4) 8f survival craft is set adrift after rescue

Notif nearest <CC advisin& %osition t%e of craft and weather an radio e/ui%ment left

on #oard that transmit distress si&nal automaticall.(!) -vacuation of criticall inured %ersonnel

(a) 8f it is decided to evacuate the criticall inured %ersonnel the decision for deviation has to #e

made



(#) 8nform office and ,I8 corres%ondent for deviation in order to land sic' seaman

(c) 8nform %ort health authorities and the local a&ents to ta'e care of le&al matters and

res%onsi#ilities(d) Gee% monitorin& the %erson and %rovide first aid and treatment advised # <adio medical

advice.

(e) Gee% the %ersonBs documents (%ass %ort0 C@C0 health #oo') read(f) ,re%are the casualt carefull and secure him in a stretcher

(&) Gee% O! or --@ on his mount to assist in his #reathin& if re/uired.

5?6 Helicoter Oeratio+: ,rior to helico%ter o%eration followin& contin&enc %lan to #e followed

(a) 8nert &as %ressure should #e reduced 4; min #efore the helico%ter o%eration

(#) essel with 8:S in the tan's should #e ventilated to reduce the L-L in the tan's #elow $M

(c) ,rior to helico%ter o%eration all car&o and #allast tan' o%enin& %um% rooms closed andsecured

(d) Lose o#ect from the area should #e removed

(e) +as a %endant or wind soc' has #een hoisted at %oint cons%icuous to helico%ter %ilot to

indicate wind direction(f) 7ire %um% should #e runnin& with ade/uate %ressure

(&) A com%etent %erson should #e stand # at foam sstem(h) 7oam monitors %orta#le foam noles and foam li/uid su%%l should #e read

(i) @ec' fire fi&htin& and rescue team should #e read with wearin& all %rotective ear

7ollowin& e/ui%ment should #e 'e%t at hand (a) ! Life #os (#) ,orta#le @C, (c) 1,orta#le CO! e*tin&uisher (d) a lar&e a*e (e) crow #ar (f) wire cutter (&) <ead emer&enc

si&nal torch (h) first aid 'it (i) <o%e mana&ers for securin& helico%ter (onl on %ilots

instruction)

()<escue #oat read for lowerin&(') Shi% should #e dis%lain& si&nal as %er rules of road

(l) @ec' %art aware of hand si&nals

(m) Communication with helico%ter %ilot and radio channel set

5@6 "escue fro. e+close, sace

a. Sound alarm inform master

#. 5o#ilie emer&enc s/uad with SCA and s%are #ottlesc. 5o#ilie stretcher %art with first aid e/ui%ments to stand # at the scene at incident

d. -nsure or im%rove ventilation at s%ace

e. <i& harness and rescue lines

f. Two %ersons wearin& SCA enter s%ace with harness and --@&. <emove the casualt from s%ace and transfer it to hos%ital for treatment

h. A test office team

i. Ta'e radio medical advice . consider for deviation to land the %erson if situation demands

56 A(a+,o+i+ s)i

@ecision at a#andonin& shi% will #e ta'en # master either himself or in consultationwith com%an.

a. -mer&enc alarm will #e sounded allowed # ca%tain announcement on ,.A. sstem

#. ,rior to a#andonin&

(i) 8nform com%an



(ii) 8nform shi% in vicinit

(iii) Advice 5<CC

(iv) Transmit distress si&nalc. 5uster all %ersons on #oard and ta'en head count search for missin& %erson if an

d. Select survival craftraft and %re%are for launchin&

e. ,eo%le will %erform their assi&ned dut as %er muster list with re&ard to(i) Collect official lo& #oo' (@ec' and -n&ine)

(ii) Collect %ass%ortC@C etc

(iii) Collect e*tra water and ration (iv)Collect +7 SA<T -,8<

f. Launch the #oat &o awa from shi% #ut sta in the vicinit

&. Activate -%ir# and sart

h. 8n the case of shi% sin'in& sta in the vicinit at the shi%i. e calm and to&ether e*ecute the survival techni/ues and tr t 'ee% our self #us and

wait for rescue

.Gee% loo' out and use %rotechni/ues when re/uired to attract the attention of others

/+,erli+e t)e i.orta+ce of Jco..u+icatio+J i+ Je.ere+c* reare,+essJ o+ s)is /+,er t)ese safet*

roce,ures ,iscuss co+ti+e+c* la+s for t)e office i+'oi+

5i6 #o+tact (et-ee+ s)i a+, t)e office

5ii6 #o..u+icatio+ e=ui.e+t

5iii6 Deali+ -it) t)e .e,ia

5i'6 Deali+ -it) rele'a+t J+e4t of i+J

Communication is of utmost im%ortance in an emer&enc %re%aredness it should #e clear concise and /uic' for effective res%onse an emer&enc0 it ma #e oral or written via an

communication media or #etween two %ersons on #oard the shi%0 it ma #e #etween shi%s to

shore and vice versa or #etween master effective communication hel%s each and ever mem#er isa emer&enc team to understand his instruction clear and ena#le him to act accordin& durin&

emer&enc it also ena#le ever mem#er to %artici%ate in drills and understand his duties0

communication #etween office and shi% durin& and emer&enc ma #e in the four of initialre%ort0 a detailed situation re%ort and a re%ort &ivin& remedial su&&estion to %revent further

occurrences.

A contin&enc %lan for the office involvin& contact #etween shi% and office ma include the

followin&.A%%oint a shore #ased contin&enc team com%osition and duties of %ersons actin& within the

contin&enc %lan.

,rocedures to follow in res%onse to different t%e of accidents or har#or accident.,rocedures for mo#iliation of an a%%ro%riate com%an res%onse.

,rocedures for esta#lishin& and maintainin& contact #etween shi% and ms ashore

The availa#ilit of shi% %articulars %lans sta#ilit information safet aid environment %rotectione/ui%ment carried on #oard0 %hoto&ra%hs of the shi%0 crew list0 shi% insurance condition.

Chec' list a%%ro%riate to the t%e of emer&enc which ma e*ist in the sstematical

/uestionnaire of the shi% durin& res%onse.

List to contact name and telecommunication details of all relevant %arties who ma need to #enotified and consulted.

,rocedures for issuin& information #ulletins to announce /ueries from media and %u#lic.



ac'u% arran&ements for the co initial res%onse in the event of %rotracted emer&enc.

The restorin& of co %ersonnel and s%ecialties dedicated to su%%ort the res%onse and ade/uate

relief for maintenance of their routine duties.8nformin& local authorities and local A&ents.

8nformin& classification societ0 ,.S.T.

Contin&enc %lan for office for communication e/ui%ment ma include.8dentifin& the list of contacts on the shi% and shore in case of emer&encies.

T%in& out communication #etween shi% which ma include the followin& 7a*0 tele* or an

emer&enc communication that is to #e used in emer&enc.The desi&nated %erson ashore on contin&enc teamBs leaderBs !$hrs contact is to #e dis%laed

and moc' call to #e drills.

Contin&enc room communication e/ui%ment to #e tried out

Contin&enc %lan for office for deal with media.8n event of an emer&enc the office should inform the media and ac'nowled&e occurrence of

such as emer&enc. 8t should %rovide sufficient information to media and information which ma

ham%er emer&enc res%onse and su#se/uent insurance claims should #e with held from media

after consultin& le&al advises.The followin& information ma #e &iven to

The %osition %lace of accidents and t%e of emer&encThe e*tent of emer&enc

The no of %eo%le involved.

T%e of shi% and car&o<escues and search o%eration time when state and authorities involved.

=eather conditions.

8nformation a#out contin&enc team

Deali+ -it) rele'a+t +e4t of i+

O#tain a list of crew team shi%

O#tain information a#out an %erson dul missin& and in/uired.

-sta#lish contact #etween relevant ne*t to 'in and notif them a#out the emer&enc.8nform the relevant ne*t of 'in in event of death0 missin& or inured and the su#se/uent ste% to #e

ta'en.

Arran&e the dead #od to #e #rou&ht to ne*t of 'in0 information authorities and en&a&es searchfor missin& %erson 0 trans%ort inured %ees inform medical attentions.

Com%an should assume the ne*t of 'in and ta'e %art in the less and com%lete satisfactor.

In case of a 6aAor fire onoard= e>plain the salient advantages of doc"6entation"nder 4e6ergency preparedness5 over nor6al fire fighting proced"res;

4efore i6ple6entation of the said code the fire fighting operations onoardhave s"ccessf"lly carried o"t in n"6ero"s cases5- !ith the conte>t of thestate6ent give yo"r recent opinion for re@"ire6ent of doc"6ented plans"nder 4e6ergency preparedness5;

Ans) As %er 8S5 code com%an need to have in %lace ade/uate %rocedure for dealin& /uic'l

and efficientl with all identified emer&enc situations.



The %rocedures cover the re/uirements that all drills and trainin& #e analsed and

recorded. Also as %er SOLAS C+ 88 deals with the carria&e of followin&2

− :aintenance plan for the free protection s#ste

− Fire training anuals

− Fire control plan

− Fire safet# operational !oo"let

The ship is provided with various safet! measure dealing with %reprevention and detectionThe docuent under eergenc# preparedness for aor fire on !oard reflect that

the copan# as well as ship!oard anageent, identifies the potential eergenciesthat a# arise due to fire on !oard and contingenc# plan and response !# the shipstaff for the sae is in readiness.

In case event of aor fire a proper la#out of action is drawn to regain control andrestore noralc#

&oposition and allocation of duties of person acting within contingenc# plan islaid out this reoves an# cause of a!iguit# during fire fighting

-ll crew e!ers are trained as per the docuented fire control plan and usterlist duties to fight fire

6ll drills should #e carried out in a realistic manner in this regardsIn case if there is fire at the priar# uster stationL crew e!er should asse!le

at the secondar# uster station in case eergenc# tea leader is unavaila!le tocarr# out his responsi!ilities the deput# will ta"e case of his duties that should !eclearl# entioned in the uster list.

Docuentation is laid out and procedure is drawn for the re8uireent of

assistance fro third part#Docuentation has laid to developent of proper reporting ethod with list of

contact naes and tel nos. this helps in o!ilization of appropriate copan#eergenc# response to restore noralc# in tie.

Docuentation also ensures that all loopholes are attended to and thus lastinute panic situation can !e avoided

)hips particulars, plan and sta!ilit# inforation are docuented !oth on !oard aswell as at copan# office. This will help to arrest an# daage to ship, propert# andconse8uentl# to an# loss of life at sea.

-ll ites related to safet# dealing with fire prevention, should !e regularl#aintained, inspected and tested so that all e8uipents are in effective and goodwor"ing condition in case of eergenc#

Fire training anuals eplain in details the following.

− *eneral fire safet# practice

− *eneral instruction of location and use of ship!oard fire fighting e8uipent



efore im%lementation of the said code0 the fire fi&htin& o%eration on #oard have #een

successfull carried out in numerous cases

8n conte*t of the a#ove statement an o%inion re&ardin& the documented %lans underemer&enc %re%ared nets is that the are im%ortant and no matter what documented %lan for

emer&enc %re%aredness should #e followed #ecause it %roduce full %roof method and that to

document each and ever individual is made assure of his duties and his role in case ofcontin&enc maor fire.

Docuentation also ensure ever# e!er is accounted for

7ire has #een fou&ht successfull #efore im%lementation of said code #ut ma #e due to some

officers (or crew) mem#er who 'e%t there %resence of mind and avoided mista'e.

8n case of 'e %erson #ecomin& availa#le the situation would turn out into a %anic0 the

documentation onl hel%s in ma'in& the fire fi&htin& sstem more effective0 fail safe and hel%s in %roducin& all individual to develo% confidence and com%etence.

The %erson who ou&ht to fire on his last vessel ma not do it .. his ne*t vessel if he is si&ned

on a different t%e of vessel. To familiar his with the shi%0 s%ecific safet measures a document %lan chec'list would hel%. 8t is much easier to e*%lain the duties to oinin& %erson # safetofficer.

@ocumentation not onl ensures that all safet as%ects have #een loo'ed into #ut also an

o%timal solution for fire fi&htin& and %revention.

The safet drill should #e carried out as soon as new %ersons oin the vessel or ne*t

o%%ortunit. -valuation meetin& is held after drill in order o learn lesson.

This chec'list hel%s to 'now e*actl what ha%%en in drill and how to im%rove

A fire chec'list can also #e made to ensure that all %oints are covered for fires

This chec'lists contains2

− Iediate -ction

− Follow up action

− Fast fire fighting easures

− 4eport to owners

− 4e;entr# to the place

Now it is ver o#vious that with the hel% of 8S5 code0 each and everthin& is %re3%lanned well

e*%ressed so that action are /uic' and correct in case of emer&enc.

Thou&h it is said that #efore im%lementin& 8S5 code the fire was fou&ht successfull i.e.0 true #ut if ou see the less which could #e ver3ver small if it is followed as %er 8S5 code.

efore im%lementin& 8S5 code no one 'new there duties and ever time the duties need to #e

assi&ned at the time of emer&enc.

After im%lementation of 8S5 code the fire fi&htin& o%eration on #oard have #een successfullcarried out.



Pirac* a+, terroris. is a fearso.e situatio+ for s)i(oar, erso++el a+, fre=ue+t i+ rese+t s)ii+

acti'ities As a #)ief !+i+eer o+(oar, a+, as a .e.(er of S$S i.le.e+tatio+ tea. ,ra- a+ e.ere+c*

reare,+ess la+ to e+cou+ter suc) situatio+s i+'ol'i+ s)is erso++el )at .easures s)i(oar,

erso++el ca+ tae u+,er co+ti+e+c* la+ -)ile 'essel is 5i6 i+ a ort 5ii6 at sea A need for securit was

felt after the attac' on USA 3 11th Se%tem#er !;;1. This resulted in the introduction of additional

cha%ter in SOLAS3 cha%ter D80 ,art !0 and -nhanced securit of shi%sB as &iven in 8S,S code.

(8nternational shi% and %ort facilit securit code.)

&hief +ngineer6s roleE - chief engineer ? :aster in consultation with crewe!ers,prepare the ship securit# assessents which are sent to the copan#. -ssessent isdone after ta"ing care of all the aspects of securit#, li"e assess control, identification ofrestricted areas, duties of crew under different securit# levels, etc. (n the !asis of shipsecurit# assessent a ship securit# plan is prepared. 3))56 is approved !#adinistration after surve#ing the ship for ipleentation of securit#. %orall# this isdone after copan#6s internal verification of ship securit# s#ste. The eergenc#preparedness plan should give the duties of all ship!oard personnel under differentsecurit# levels to co!at pirac# and act of terroris. )ecurit# level of the ship ust !e

either sae or higher than the port of call. The contracting governent declaressecurit# level of port.

&t 7ort'

)ecurit# level 1 <%oral

Chec'in& the identit of all %eo%leBs on#oard shi%.

Access %oints should #e attended to or secured to %revent unauthoried entr.

)earch should !e carried out randol# to all those see"ing to !oard the ship.

4estricted areas should !e clearl# ar"ed and sealed ? loc"ed to preventunauthorized access.

&hec" to ensure that cargo !eing loaded atches the cargo docuentation.

(ff site chec"ing, sealing, scheduling and docuentation can !e agreed upon.

&hec"ing all stores atch the order.

-n# unaccopanied !ag should !e screened or searched.

)ecurit# easures should !e esta!lished ; lighting, watch "eepers, securit#

guards or use of securit# and surveillance e8uipent to assist ship6s personnel.

)ecurit# level 2 <heightened

These easures should !e applied to protect against a heightened ris" of a securit#incident, ensuring higher vigilance and tighter control !#E

-ssigning additional patrol and liiting the nu!er of access points to the ship.



Deterring waterside access to ship.

Increasing the fre8uenc# and details to search persons, personal effects, and ofvehicles !eing e!ar"ed or loaded.

Dedicating etra personnel to guard and patrol restricted areas.

Increased fre8uenc# and details to chec" seals, ensuring tapering is prevented.

-dditional securit# easures to !e applied when handling unaccopanied!aggage, which should include 100R O;ra# screening.

Increasing the coverage and intensit# of lighting and ensuring co;ordination withwaterside !oat patrol <if provided.

)ecurit# level > <iinent danger

The plan should detail the securit# easures, which could !e ta"en !# the ship in closeco;operation with port facilit# when there is an iinent danger of securit# !reach. This

a# includeE

Limitin& access to a sin&le controlled access %oint.

:rantin& access onl to those res%ondin& to the securit incident or threat thereof.@irectin& %ersons on#oard.

Sus%ension of em#ar'ation or disem#ar'ation.

Sus%ension of car&o handlin& o%eration0 deliverin&0 etc.-vacuation of the shi%.

5ovement of the shi%.

,re%arin& for full or %artial search of the shi%.Searchin& of restricted areaB as %art of a search of shi%.

Sus%endin& the loadin& or unloadin& of car&o.,re%aration for restriction or sus%ension of handlin& of shi%Bs stores.Switchin& on all li&htin& or illuminatin& the vicinit of the shi%.

,re%aration for underwater ins%ection of the hull of the shi%.

Initiation of easures including the slow revolution of propeller, if practica!le, todeter underwater access to the hull of the ship.

&t Sea;

- thorough search for !o!, eplosives, stowawa#s should !e carried out priordeparture. hen passing through etra sensitive areas, a special eercise should !e

carried out with a charged fire hose. The ain ai at sea should !e to prevent piratesor terrorist fro !oarding the ship. In case of such circustances, the ship securit# alerts#ste can !e activated.

#raining and drills;

4egular drills should !e conducted so that all personnel on!oard are aware of whatactions to !e ta"en under different situations. arious contingenc# plan includeE



Action on #om# threat.

Action on findin& a sus%icious device or %ac'a&e.

Action of searchin& of shi%.-sta#lishin& a search %lan.

Action on wea%ons e*%losives discovered on#oard.

Action on hiac'in& or hostile #oardin&.Action on a sus%ect #oat a%%roachin& the vessel.

Action on a #reach of securit.

!4lai+ t)e i+flue+ce of follo-i+ e4ter+al factors i+ )i)er co+su.tio+ of fuel oil a+, )o- at (est t)e*

coul, (e co+trolle,3 5i6 s)is )ull co+,itio+ 5ii6 -eat)er co+,itio+ 5iii6 .ai+te+a+ce of ,iffere+t ele.e+ts i+

fuel oil s*ste.

4. As there is ver close #usiness com%etition in the mar'et each and ever com%an 'ee%s aver &ood ee on their /ualit a %art of dail e*%enses of shi% runnin& cost it ta'es a#out

$;M cost of overall e*%enses for #un'er and related o%erations.+ence savin&s in fuel is as ver im%ortant %art for shi%%in& com%anies and also %art of machiner &enuine malfunction. 7ew savin&s in #un'er e*%enses #ecomes sur%risin&l a

si&nificant amount in a life time %eriod of the shi%.

1) S+8,S +ULL CON@8T8ON

<esistance as most of us avoid in our dail life is also true for a shi%. 8n &eneral shi%s frictionalresistance

& ( fssw=here f is a factor which de%ends u%on densit0 hull where f is a factor which de%ends u%on

densit0 hull rou&hness and len&th of the shi%

Other resistance is residual resistance which due to wa'e formin& tendenc0 caused due to themovement in water and sha%e of the shi%

Thus total resistance e/uals 7<8CT8ONAL <-S8STANC- V <-S8@UAL <-S8STANC-

So as far as shi%s hull condition is concerned frictional resistance %las a ver im%ortant role. 8tcould #e u% to ;M of total resistance in a #adl fouled shi%. Thus im%ortance of a &ood clean

hull can #e seen unfortunatel there can #e several methods develo%ed #ut most of them are

effective over a lon& time. +ence re&ular dr doc'in& is the #est solution.



8t is found that shi% foulin& %attern is not ver re&ular. As shown in (s%eed%ower) &ra%h0 it ma

#e ver slow in initial sta&es or ma #e ver standardied in the initial ears #ut in over a %eriodof time it #ecomes ver JstiffK are ver fast.

8n order to meet the ver stric' charter %art alarm a shi% must have a ver &ood and smooth hull

surface

7actors res%onsi#le for foulin& of the hull are as follows2

Use of im%ro%er techni/ues in a%%lin& %aints,oor /ualit of a%%lied %aint

Lon& %ort stasor at rest

@ama&ed hull surface

,oor maintenance of hull %rotectin& sstem such as 8CC,

,oor shi% desi&n increasin& resistance in water Thus appropriate easures should !e ta"en for the a!ove entioned points and a

good surface should !e prepared prior appl#ing the approved 8ualit# of )peed andpower graph also indicates that the engine a# !e therall# overloaded with a !adl#fouled hull resulting in a decrease of the operating life of achiner# parts causingfre8uent !rea"down and coating ver# heavil# on shipping copanies

-ntifouling paints of approved t#pe and a well aintained antifouling s#ste pla#san iportant role in ships regular operating period !etween dr# doc"s

Weather Condition

)hips are designed and constructed to withstand the forces of nature up to acertain etent for a certain tie depending upon the area of trading weatherconditions "eep changing and also the condition of the sea.

)easons such as suer, winter or onsoons of etree nature are ver#coon in the trade of shipping. If cliatic conditions?weather conditions arefavoura!le it a# result in a ve ship and vice versa with a !ad or heav# weathercondition it a# result in a ve ship resulting in a etra fuel consuption due tohigher power deands and overloading of engines.

Thus good udgeent can !e the "e# eleent in tac"ling !ad weather conditions,avoiding transitting fro and low pressure areas for a few da#s.

It is the responsi!ilit# of the aster to ta"e the safest route to avoid the harshnessof weather for a few etra sailing hours

The cost of etra fuel consuption in negligi!le than the consideration of thesafet# of the vessel

+ngine anufacturer guidelines should !e strictl# followed in severe weatherconditions. *overnor load inde, hunting, 4.5.:, scavenging air liit tor8ue liitsust !e ta"en into account to avoid theral and echanical overloading of the



engine. Thus these guidelines can !e "ept in ind for "eeping fuel consuptionwithin liit. -lso effect of plugs a .. role and is also iportant as itreduces the %o liit huidit# effects the densit# of charge air, developent ofpower heat release ore teperature in a unit and ehaust teperature. &liaticconditions pla# an iportant role in the optiu perforance of the engine.

$AINT!NAN#! OF DIFF!"!NT !L!$!NTS IN F/!L OIL SYST!$

-lthough the condition of the hull and weather pla# a significant role in regulatingfuel consuption, eleents which directl# control fuel have a proportional relation tothe consuption of fuel.

It is eant that if parts or e8uipents used are in good condition then lot of fuelcan !e saved for eaple 1 dUfuel inectors, fuel pipes, fuel pup and IT 4-&shoc" a!sor!er if aintained in a good wa# in regular inspection and overhaulpro!les of fuel lea"ages can !e iniized.

)iilarl# pipe oints, ? glands !ooster pup section or an# fuel oil lea"age in

fuel oil s#ste if attended iediatel# also iprove the safet# of the ship.5roper teperature of fuel supplied to the engine should !e aintained for

optiu efficienc#.

(peration of purifier and perforance should !e regularl# chec"ed resulting in lessover flow of oil

.I.T. echanis and fuel control !urr and its connection with governor ust !elu!ricated periodicall# to eliinate sluggishness and wear and tear.

M&; /a(What are 7 K I cl"s? 3escrie ho! 7 K I cl"s collect f"nd fro6 ship

o!ners;/( What are the ris<s that are covered "nder the ter6 protection and inde6nity?

-nsE 5 A I clu!s are insurance utuals or clu!swhich provide collective self insuranceto its e!ers. 5 A I stands for protection and Indenit#. 5 A I is insurance in respectof third part# lia!ilities and epenses arising fro owning ship or operating ships asprincipals. The 5 A I clu! e!ership is coprised of a coon interest group whowish to pool their ris"s together in order to o!tain at cost insurance covers. The 5 A Iclu!s are not for profit clu!s and are owned !# its insured. -s it has no shares to issue,it does not need to a"e a profit or pa# dividends. - group of shipowners will for aclu! of which da# to da# anageent is done !# professional anagers who consist of

law#ers , underwriters etc. +ach shipowner contri!ution is decided on the !asis of <a tonnage <! t#pes ofships <c epenses of clais with particular ship owner etc. @0R of re8uired funds are collected for a clu! #ear and reaining 20R a# !ecollected, to a lesser or greater etent, depending upon li"el# epenses towards clai!# shipowners.

+ach shipowner who decide to !ecoe a e!er of certain 5 A I clu! shallappl# for entr# furnishing all details regarding its fleet, total tonnage, t#pes of ships to !e



covered and an# insurance clais in past. The 5 A I clu!s operate on a non profita"ing utual !asis, that is to sa# e!ers pool their resources together in order toeet losses suffered !# each individual e!er. The !asic principle is that thecontri!ution paid !# the e!ers in relation to an# one #ear should !e sufficient toeet all the clais, reinsurance and adinistrative epenses of the clu! for that #ear. If

there is a shortfall !ecause clais are high, the e!ers a# pa# additional one#and if there is surplus, a return a# !e ade to e!ers or it can !e transferred toreserve to eet losses of other #ears.

<! 5 A I clu!s provide third part# lia!ilit# or 5rotection and Indenit# insurance toshipowners. 5rotection generall# eans for people and ships whereas Indenit# eanscover for cargo.

The ris"s covered under 5 A I insurance are indicated in 4ule 19@ of 5 A I rule!oo", the# areN1'ia!ilities in respect of seafarers2'ia!ilities in respect of supernueraries

>'ia!ilities in respect of passengers'ia!ilities in respect of third partiesG'ia!ilities in respect of stowa#s/'ia!ilities in respect of diversion epenses7'ia!ilities in respect of life salvage@'ia!ilities in respect of person in distress9'ia!ilities in respect of 8uarantine10 'ia!ilities arising fro collision.11non contract daage to ships12Daage to propert#.1>5ollution

1wrec" reoval1GTowage1/&ontracts, indenities and guarantees17 'ia!ilities in respect of cargo1@'ia!ilities in respect of general average19 Fines20'egal cost, sue and la!or 214is"s incidental to shipowning22special cover 2>special cover for containers2special cover for salvors2Gspecial provision for charterers entr#

Q"e' & s"ccessf"l voyage as CG$ is co6ination of tro"le free r"n of6achineries= opti6"6 "se of f"el= 6ini6"6 interpersonnel conflicts K6ini6"6 intervention of shore a"thorities; 3o yo" elieve this is to e tr"e?Considering the ship as an organisation= e>plain ho! yo"= as the 6anagercan achieve this ?



-nsE )uccess is the achieveent of one6s goals. -ll the ites listed a!ove are true andiportant for the safe running and profita!ilit# of a ship operations.

)afet# on a ship is criticall# dependent on not ust the safe anning of variousachiner# !ut also on the eistence of values and relationship, which officers andcrew share with each other. It is not alwa#s the technical approach that a"es the

difference in safet#, !ut the relationship that people !uilt, that pla# a great role.

Failures of an# achiner# ites a# not necessaril# lead to an accident . as aatter of fact , in the aorit# of accidents reported , huan error

has often !eing cited as the single largest cause . when a person "nows

what is to !e done and how , wh# does he? she a"e the ista"eJ This is difficultto pin point . one of the li"el# cases is in the wrong attitude of people , the so calledlac" of otivation.

5eople a# !e de otivated for a variet# of reasons personal<fail# pro!les,social < conflict due to differences in class?caste?econoic level or attitudes with

fellow sea farers or anageents <lac" of orale due to !ad reputation.&onflicts A wor" stress on !oard a# also reduce one6s willingness to cooperate intea wor" and hence safet# a# !e coproised.

- chief engineer has a ver# iportant role as a anager !asicall# to "eep conflictsaong his staff to a iniu does6nt effect the wor"ing atosphere in engineroo .

Interpersonal conflict can occur due to the following reasonsE

1 5ersonalit# clashes

2 Huan epectations

> 5oor organisation 'ac" of counication s"ill

G rong st#le of functioning

/ 'iited resources

7 Drug or alcohol a!use

)uch atters which a# lead to conflict , should !e ta"en !# the chiefengineer and resolved at the earliest !# holding a oint eeting !etweenthe concerned parties . he should a"e the understand the iportanceof tea in running the vessel and how their conflict a# lead to

coproise in safet#. =oth the parties ust !e lead to a win win situation. - close interpersonal relationship is aintained !# !uilding trust ,acceptance, support.

-part fro the a!ove the c?e ust;

; +nsure health# environent on !oard the ship

; Have good anagerial s"ills to get the !est out of liited anpower



; Have good technical s"ills to train A advice his staff in proper runningand aintenance of achiner#.

; +nsure good planning and proper utilisation of tie<wor"?rest hrs

; )elect right person for particular o!s

; &onduct training sessions A ensure copetenc# of his staff

; :anageent of efficientl#Aeconoicall#

; :anage f.o A l.o. consuption , record regularl# A investigate an#deviation fro noral.

; &ounicate effectivel# fro tie to tie with the office to avoidunnecessar# reinders and interventions.

; +nsure proper house"eeping.

Q"e' riefly disc"ss the reason for "l< carrier losses in the last decade ande>plain ho! provision detailed in chapter ,II of SOL&S 1BE2 as a6ended !illcontri"te to!ards the safety of "l< carrier ;

-nsE )tudies show the aorit# of the !ul" carrier losses in the past decade were dueto plate failure and water entering the hull. :ost of the !ul" carrier losses were dueto severe structural daage . I-&) found out that if a ship was flooded in theforeost hold, the !ul"head !etween the two foreost hold a# not !e a!le towithstand the water pressure.

The various reasons for the !ul" carrier losses a# !e the followingE1 -ge of ship

2 &orrosion and fatigue =oth increases with ship6s age, due to stress to whichthe ship6s hull is su!ected to due to routine ,operation , cargo loading , wavesA effect of sea water on steel.

> (perational factors =ending of the ships structure due to the action of thesea . corrosion leads to wea"ening of the hull . loading pattern can a"e theaffect worse. Dense cargoes such as iron ore are often carried to alternateholds, in order to raise the c.g. of the ship and oderate its roll otion. Due topartiall# filled holds, the cargo a# shift to one side leading to ship6s sin"age. It

also leads to increased stress on inner hull coponents. 'arge hatch openingsto facilitate cargo loading?unloading serve as wea"ness in the hull structure !#reducing the tersional resistance of the hull.

Following a spate of losses of !ul" carriers in the earl# 1990s,I:( in %ove!er1997 adopted new regulations in )('-) containing specific safet# re8uireentsfor !ul" carriers, chapter OII; -dditional safet# easures for =ul" carriers. Thisentered into force on 1st ul# 1999. the regulations state that



-ll new !ul" carriers <!uilt after 1 ul# 1999 1G0 or ore in length carr#ing

cargoes with a densit# of 1000 "g? land a!ove should have sufficientstrength to withstand flooding of an# one cargo hold, tal"ing into account,d#naic effects resulting fro presence of water in the hold.

-ll eisting !ul" carrires carr#ing cargoes with densit# 17@0 "g? and a!ove;

The transverse watertight !ul"head !etween the two foreost cargo holds Athe dou!le !otto of the foreost cargo hold should have sufficient strengthto withstand flooding A related d#naic effects in the foreost cargo hold.

-s per I-&) guidelines , during special surve#s , the !ul"head !etween no. 1 A 2holds at the forward end of the vessel and the dou!le !otto at this location ust!e thoroughl# , chec"ed for strength A thic"ness and reinforceents to !e carriedout, where felt necessar#. )urve#ors can also consider restrictions on the cargocarried 7 the !ul" carrier should !e peranentl# ar"ed with a solid triangle on itsside shell if the cargo carriage restrictions are iposed.

Dece!er 2002 B -endents to ch OII B re8uire fitting of high level alars

-nd level onitoring s#stes on all !ul" carriers, in order to detect water ingress. - new regulation OII?1> on -vaila!ilt# of puping s#stes would re8uire eans for draining and puping dr# space !ilges and !allast tan"s an# part of which islocated forward of the collision !ul"head to !e capa!le of !eing !rought itsoperation fro a readil# accessi!le enclosed area.

4egulation II

$. it) refere+ce to recor, eei+ o+(oar, ,iscuss 5i6 t)e +ecessit* of roer fili+ 5ii6 efficie+t

co+trol of follo- u a+, 'erificatio+ acti'ities 5iii6 acci,e+t i+'estiatio+

Descri(e a situatio+ o+(oar, -)ic) -ill )i)li)t t)e i.orta+ce of recor, eei+ of a(o'e

t)ree cases