6 stinson wastewater
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Contaminants of Emerging Concern
In Wastewater StreamsB. Stinson
Acknowledgements Acknowledgements
USGS: P.J. Philips, Ed Furlong, S. Zaugg, L. Barbar, P. Stackelberg
M&E: Kathleen Esposito, Marija Peric, Alan Wong
Plant Operators; Baltimore City Back River, DCWASA, New York City DEP, New Jersey DEP
New York State DEC, USEPA
USGS: P.J. Philips, Ed Furlong, S. Zaugg, L. Barbar, P. Stackelberg
M&E: Kathleen Esposito, Marija Peric, Alan Wong
Plant Operators; Baltimore City Back River, DCWASA, New York City DEP, New Jersey DEP
New York State DEC, USEPA
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Wide variety of applications in which they areused
One of the key collection points in the water
cycle is the Wastewater Treatment Plant
Emphasis is Shifting to WastewaterTreatment Professionals
Wide variety of applications in which they areused
One of the key collection points in the water
cycle is the Wastewater Treatment Plant
Emphasis is Shifting to WastewaterTreatment Professionals
Pathways to the EnvironmentPathways to the Environment
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Beginning to see the emphasisshift to the discharger
Beginning to see the emphasisshift to the discharger
ECs in Treated Wastewater Discharges
Linked to Impacts on Aquatic Life
ECs in Treated Wastewater Discharges
Linked to Impacts on Aquatic Life
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Evidence of Reproductive Disruption inBoulder Creek white suckers
3. Vitellogenin (estrogen-dependent
female yolk protein): elevated inmales downstream of WWTP.
1. Sex Ratio: skewed toward
females at downstreamsites ~ 1:4 M:F
2. Intersex: only at downstreamsites. (1 in 10)
(Woodling et al., submitted 2005; Vajda et al., in prep)
male female
- Hormone levels elevated downstream of WWTP- Hormone levels elevated downstream of WWTP
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Fate and Transport
Total concentration(spearman = -.82; p = .0001)
Total number
(spearman = -.77; p = .0001)
No Major Municipal WWTPs
(Stackleberg et al., submitted 2004)
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Stackelberg, P. E., et al., 2004. Persistence of pharmaceutical compounds andother organic wastewater contaminants in a conventional drinking-water treatmentplant. Science of the Total Environment, 329: 99113.
Unplanned Indirect Potable Reuse
Pharmaceutical/Antibiotic
Flame retardant/Plasticizer
Fragrance
Pesticide
Plant/Animal steroid
Detergent metabolitePAHs
Others
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Occurrence in Finished Water
3 to 22 compounds detected per sample Generally at low concentrations of 0.5 to 1 g/l 3 to 22 compounds detected per sample Generally at low concentrations of 0.5 to 1 g/l
Pharmaceutical/Antibiotic
Flame retardant/Plasticizer
Fragrance
Pesticide
Plant/Animal steroid
Detergent metabolite
PAHs
Others
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Research Focus Nationally & InternationallyResearch Focus Nationally & Internationally
Research underway to determine;
Standard analytical detection techniques
Contaminants of greatest public concern
Environmental and human exposure level
What are the most cost-effective treatmentand mitigation methods to protectenvironment and source waters?
Research underway to determine;
Standard analytical detection techniques
Contaminants of greatest public concern
Environmental and human exposure level
What are the most cost-effective treatmentand mitigation methods to protectenvironment and source waters?
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Lead Science Through
Strategic Research Alliances
Water & Wastewater Engineers
Technology Specialists
Municipal Relationships
Environmental Planners
WASHINGTON UNIVERSITY DNA Sequencing
BNR
SO. NEVADA WATER AUTHORITY
Endocrine Disruptors
NYC DEP BNR
Biosolids
Endocrine Disruptors
UCONN
BNR
USGS
Endocrine
Disruptors
ARIZONA STATE UNIVERSITY
Aquifer Treatment
NORTHWESTERN UNIVERSITY
BNR
Endocrine Disruptors
UC AT DAVIS
UV Disinfection
Emerging
Contaminants
Water Re-Use
UNIVERSITY OF WISCONSIN
Emerging Contaminants
DC WASA
BNR
Biosolids
Endocrine Disruptors
UNIVERSITY OF DELFT,
NETHERLANDS
BNR
DEGREMONT
RESEARCH CENTER,
Paris, France
Biosolids
Analytical Chemists
Hydrologists
Toxicologists
Histologists Microbiologists
Epidemiologists
Entomologists
Geologists
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USGS / M&EUnique Research Partnership
USGS / M&EUnique Research Partnership
USGS / M&E Research Agenda
Stage 1
Focus on Wastewater Treatment Processes for Source Water Protection
Baseline Evaluation of Occurrence of >90 Emerging Contaminants & Drugs
Characterize occurrence & concentration of ECs in WWTP influent & effluents
Removal capability of existing treatment processes
Stage 2 Determine Effect of Advanced Technologies Indirect Potable Water Reuse
USGS / M&E Research Agenda
Stage 1
Focus on Wastewater Treatment Processes for Source Water Protection Baseline Evaluation of Occurrence of >90 Emerging Contaminants & Drugs
Characterize occurrence & concentration of ECs in WWTP influent & effluents
Removal capability of existing treatment processes
Stage 2 Determine Effect of Advanced Technologies Indirect Potable Water Reuse
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Selected WWTP For Evaluation
Variation in Wastewater Source
Domestic
Industrial
Pharmaceutical
Hospitals
Range of Treatment Processes
Activated Sludge Trickling Filter
Tertiary Filtration
Membrane
Disinfection UV, Cl2
, AOP
Analytical Methods
LC9003: LCMS, 23 Drugs
SH1433: GCMS, 63 Chemical
Hormone Analysis (underway) Estrogenic BioAssay
USGS / M&EEmerging Contaminant Research Initiative
USGS / M&EEmerging Contaminant Research Initiative
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Influent
Activated SludgeExtended Aeration Flocculation /Filtration
Effluent
Microfiltration UVOzonationChlorination
ClarificationScreening / Settling / Equalization
Wastewater Treatment PlantsWastewater Treatment Plants
Primary Treatment Tertiary TreatmentBiological Process Disinfection
Trickling Filter
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Summary Statistics
55 compounds detected (44 frequently)
Influent concentrations: 100 2,000 g/L
Effluent concentrations: 5 - 1,800 g/L
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General Overview of Plant Performance:All Compounds
Treatment Process had a significant impact on removals
More than 60% of compounds were well removed by
activated sludge plants
Trickling filter plant less effective
Treatment Process had a significant impact on removals
More than 60% of compounds were well removed by
activated sludge plants
Trickling filter plant less effective
0
20
40
60
80
100
A B C D
Wastewater Treatment Plant
%o
fCompoundsWith>95%
Reduction
Activated Sludge WWTPs
Trickling Filter
WWTPs
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Plant Performance: Representative Compounds
A B C D
Removals varied according to compound
Impact of cocktail of chemicals
Continuous low level exposure = / > impact than acute high level exposure
Removals varied according to compound
Impact of cocktail of chemicals
Continuous low level exposure = / > impact than acute high level exposure
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Plants Vary In Ability To Reduce Drugs
19 of 23 compounds detected at each plant
Large variation in the source concentration
Removals at wastewater treatment plants varied
13 Compounds detected in effluent or receiving stream
Some concentrations exceed 1 g/L in stream
19 of 23 compounds detected at each plant
Large variation in the source concentration
Removals at wastewater treatment plants varied
13 Compounds detected in effluent or receiving stream
Some concentrations exceed 1 g/L in stream
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Variability in Influent Concentrations
Impact of Industrial & Pharmaceutical Loads can be significant
Pre-treatment may be necessary at select Plants
Impact of Industrial & Pharmaceutical Loads can be significant
Pre-treatment may be necessary at select Plants
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Influent Effluent
1 2 3 4
Extended AerationActivated Sludge
Deep BedSand Filtration
Microfiltration
Clarification
Screening / Settling / EqualizationFlocculation
UV
Plant A ProfilePlant A Profile Plant A ProfilePlant A Profile Plant A ProfilePlant A Profile
Waste Biosolids
At what stage in the treatment process arecompounds Removed or Altered?
Beware Byproducts of Treatment
- Diazinon form Diazoxon when Chlorinated Significantly more Toxic
Beware Byproducts of Treatment
- Diazinon form Diazoxon when Chlorinated Significantly more Toxic
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Pilot Plant Results
Preliminary results indicate that SRT (sludge age) inActivated Sludge plants may impact removal capability;
Adsorption
Degradation
Co-metabolization
Preliminary results indicate that SRT (sludge age) inActivated Sludge plants may impact removal capability;
Adsorption
Degradation
Co-metabolization
Low SRT < 5 daysLow SRT < 5 days SRT 5 - 10 daysSRT 5 - 10 days SRT > 10 daysSRT > 10 days
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WERF Research Program
Biosolids Sink for Estrogens
Estrogenic Reduction Through
Biosolids Treatment Processes
Landfill / Land Application ? Small Volume Recycle Streams
70% - 97% Reduction in Estrogens
Centrate 18 Times More Estrogenic
Than Wastewater
0.0
50.0
100.0
150.0
200.0
250.0
300.0
350.0
400.0
E
strogenicConcentration
(ng/L)
Estrone (E1)
17 beta-Estradiol (E2)
Estriol (E3)
n.d.
Removal:
69.2 %
Removal:
94.7 %
Removal:
96.9 %
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Water Reuse
Irrigation
Aquifer Recharge
New Water
Recharge WellRecharge Well Supply WellSupply Well
GroundGround
Vadose
Zone
Vadose
Zone
Settlement
Zone
Settlement
Zone
Grey Water
Real & PerceivedRisk
Water
Scarcity
Advanced & CostlyTechnologies
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Augmentation of a communitys raw water supply with treated
wastewater followed by an environmental buffer (Crook, 2001)
Water Reclamation,Recycling and Reuse
METCALF & EDDY
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Implementation of Multi-Barrier Approachfor Water Reuse
MBR Reverse Osmosis
Advanced Oxidation Process
Advanced water treatment multi-barrier approach demonstrates significant promise
Designed to Match Most Robust Reuse Treatment Standards
Advanced water treatment multi-barrier approach demonstrates significant promise
Designed to Match Most Robust Reuse Treatment Standards
1. Source Water Protection
2. Biological Treatment
Biodegradation of Organics & Adsorption
1. Source Water Protection
2. Biological Treatment
Biodegradation of Organics & Adsorption
2. Physical Treatment Direct Rejection & Adsorption
2. Physical Treatment Direct Rejection & Adsorption4. Chemical Treatment
Advanced Oxidation
4. Chemical Treatment
Advanced Oxidation
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Removals During Biological Process
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
20
14Di
chlorobe
nzen
Caffein
e,wf
Diet
hoxyoc
tylph
e
Etho
xyoctyl
phen
o
Cotini
ne,w
f
3-be
ta-C
opros
tan
3But
l4hydr
oxya
ni
4-t-O
ctylphe
nol,
AHT
N,wf
Benz
opheno
ne,w
f
Chol
esterol
,wf
HHCB,
wf
Deet
,wf
Diet
hoxynon
ylphe
p-Cres
ol,w
f
para
-Non
ylpheno
l,w
FYRO
LCE
F,wf
FYRO
LPC
F,wf
Trib
utylph
osph
a
Triclosa
n,wf
Trie
thylc
itrat
e
Trip
henylp
hosp
h
Tris(
butox
yeth
yl
conce
ntration(microgram
s/liter)
Equilization Tank
Main Plant Clarifier EffluentMBR Effluent
(62)(720) (32)
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RO Performance
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
Tetra
chlo
roethe
n
14Dichl
orob
enzen
Caffein
e,wf
Methy
lben
zotriaz
AHTN
,wf
Indole
,wf
Concentration(micrograms/liter)
9/27/200510/19/2005
(ND) (ND) (ND) (ND)
(degreaser) (deodorizer) (stimulant) (anti-corrosive) (fragrance) (pesticide)
tribrom
om
ethan
e
0.0088
0.024
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Summary Removals: Effluent, Reclaimed & Source Water
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Implementation of Multi-Barrier Approach
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DiscussionDiscussion
Range of Trace Contaminants Present in Water, Wastewater Treatment PlantInfluents, Effluents and in the Environment
EDCs / PPCPs can be reduced by treatment What % is appropriate?
Existing Water and Wastewater Treatment Processes Quite Effective
Treatment Strategies for Nutrient Removals Consistent with EDC Removals
Robust Biological Process Key Biosolids EDC Sink?
Small Volume Highly Concentrated / Estrogenic Streams
Depending On End Use AdvancedTreatment Options Available $$
Pretreatment programs should beconsidered in some situations
Environmental Impacts Will Likely Drive Regulation
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Metcalf & Eddy (M&E)Anthony Elberti
Beverley Stinson
US Geological Survey (USGS)Patrick Phillips
Dana Kolpin
Edward Furlong
Steve ZauggJames Gray
Logan Township Municipal Utilities Authority (LTMUA)
Gary Whalen
University of Arizona (UofA)David Quanrud
Patricia Orosz-Coghlan
Acknowledgements
2005 Pl ti A d2005 Pl ti A d
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2005 Platinum AwardAmerican Council of Engineering Companies
2005 Platinum AwardAmerican Council of Engineering Companies
Questions / concerns
Please contact
Questions / concerns
Please contact