CyanobacteriaCyanobacteria(mikroalga)(mikroalga)

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MAHRUS ALI, S.Pi., M.P.

1. Introduction – Algae

stone

Drifting microalgae(phytoplankton)

Attached algae(periphyton)

Floating macroalgae

Algal coverBiomassSpecies Composition

Biology

Microalgae: microscopic single-celled eukaryotic planktonic algae To be magnified 100 – 400X in order to

recognize family Reproduction by cell division Some species have own movements by

flagella, other drift passively Divided in 9 divisions according to pigment

types etc. Photoautotrophic (also heterotrophic)

organisms

As with all plants, algae photosynthesise, i.e. they convert carbon into organic matter. Light is the source of energy, which drives this reaction with wavelength and photoperiod the main factors.

Photosynthesis: 6CO2 + 6H2O = C6H12O6 + 6O2

In the dark, algae shifts from photosynthesis to respiration, and the equation is reversed and glucose is needed for energy

Photosynthesis

Nutrients as nitrate and phosphate are important for synthesis of DNA

Minerals, trace elements and vitamins are important for synthesis of pigments, enzymes etc.

Nutrients

As the concentrations of cells in phytoplankton cultures are generally higher than those found in nature, algal cultures must therefore be enriched with additional nutrients and mineral to make up for the deficiencies in the seawater.

Introduction

Mostly blue-green algae (cyanobacteria), green algae, and red algae

Tend to be more patchy than diatoms More difficult to sample than diatoms (e.g. Cladophora) More difficult to count Difficult to identify to species level Green algae are the “nuisance algae” Blue-green algae can be produce toxins → potential

danger

Struktur

Unicellular Multicellular

1. Colonies 2. Aggregations

•Palmelloid (Tetraspora)•Dendroid (Dinobryon)•Amoeboid (Chlororachnion)

3.Filaments4. Coenocytic / Vaucheria5.Parenkematus/ Ulva6. Psedoparenkematus / Batrachospermum7. Erect thallus / Chara

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CELLULAR ORGANIZATION

Flagella=organs of locomotion.

Chloroplast=site of photosynthesis. Thylakoids are present in the chloroplast. The pigments are present in the thylakoids.

Pyrenoid-structure associated with chloroplast. Contains ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate Carboxylase, proteins and carbohydrates.

Eye-spot=part of chloroplast. Directs the cell towards light. Source: A Biology of the Algae

By Philip Sze, third edition, WCB MCGraw-Hill

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REPRODUCTION

VegetativeCell divisions/ Fragmentation=part of the filamentbreaks off from the rest and forms a new one.

Asexual ReproductionZoospores after losing their flagella,form new filaments. No sexual fusion.

Sexual-Gametes

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SEXUAL REPRODUCTION

ISOGAMY-Both gametes have flagella and similar in size and morphology.

ANISOGAMY-Gametes have flagella but are dissimilar in shape and size. One gamete is distinctly smaller than the other one.

OOGAMY-gamete with flagella (sperm) fuses with a larger, non flagellated gamete (egg).

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First: Asexual Reproduction includes:

1. Vegetation reproduction:a. In unicellular algae: simple cell division some

time called binary fission (such as Gleocapsa).b. In multicellular (colonies, filamentous, thallus,

etc) by: Fragmentation such as Microsystis. Hormogonia: A small, motile filament, formed by

some Cyanobacteria, that detaches and grows by cell division into a new filament such as Oscillatoria.

Propagules: a structure capable of producing a new individual such as Sphacelaria.

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Vegetative reproduction

Cell DivisionA cell could not keep growing bigger forever. Food molecules could not reach the inside of a large cell fast enough to keep it alive. So when a cell reached a certain size it had to divide into two smaller cells called daughters. The daughters grew and, when they reached that certain size, they too divided, this processes called binary fission.

Vegetative reproduction

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Hormogonia in Oscillatoria

Basis of algal Classification

the different groups of algae can be classified on the basis of a number of characteristics.

1. Color has been an important means of classifying algae, and gives many groups their names. However, other characteristics, such as type of photosynthetic food reserve, flagella type, cell wall structure and composition, and life history, have been important in further distinguishing the algal divisions.

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Flagella

Locomotion in algae is largely based on the action of flagella.

The figure below illustrates the wide variety of flagella present in the algae.

The primary distinctions used for classification are the number of flagella, their location on the cell, and their morphology.

Two major types of flagella are recognized: the smooth, or acronematic, and the hairy, or pleuronematic, types.

The smooth flagella generally moves by whiplash motion and the hairy flagella moves by a pulling motion.

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ECOLOGICAL DIVERSITY

LAND---WATERFRESH WATER---MARINE HABITATSFLOATING (PLANKTONIC)—BENTHIC

(BOTTOM DWELLERS)EPIPHYTES

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PERANAN CYANOBACTERIA

Sebagai phytoplankton (produsen di perairan) Sebagai vegetasi perintis Mampu mengikat Nitrogen bebas (contoh : nostoc,

Anabaena). Sebagai penghasil PST (Protein Sel Tunggal) contoh

Spirulina.

ANABAENAOSCILLATORIA RIVULARIA

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MAHRUS ALI