shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.inshodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/128253/19/11_chapter 6.… ·...
TRANSCRIPT
17G
lhe utat.e 1n .Lnd1a attQr .Lad_plnd.nee bad
d i tinct l nfll.leno $ of our tirst »1'1 • K1nl tel" aoci&l1at
outlook. HoreO"f'er , in deTeloped .octeU •• ot tbe " •• t,
ttl concept ot ltare state hid "'1',.0. _ other
oo1al w.~faI'e act.ivit!_ one of the lIaJar c nt.
ot a welfare a t.at~, .L8 t be prot-eet.1on of tbe i ater •• t
ot \lork1I · cIa •• ainU eat 11 bment. uf lnduatr1iil c1 ocr8C,.
w1noe t..h.t i'WlOtl;.)fll118 01 prl'Yate b.aunea. in lndia waa
r g1Jlat.e4 by the ~OY.l"Alllent , ttl ligy r nment ,·.erge •••
d;:min t1ng lnt.lwnce on t.\le lnduat.r l..al relati<J.l'l en ••
nanc., any dUCUb ion 00 part.lc1p~tlv. ana meat hall
be . an.1.ngle» if 'tI. do not at pt an an 17a.l.S ot' the
~h1n.k1ng of our poUC7 mer • •
ilurln& t.h year 1951, t.b. .i.ncU .L. boQl' c..onte,. ne.
on Ir\ ork.ra · partial aUon 1n manac nt v ... held in l' v
Lelh1 whiCb d1aCtWIJ84 the r e port ot the atuc)'" ,roup en
lndustrial experience. 1n par~1c1patJ.v. manage_nt ,",polnt
-ed b7 the UO'Yernment at ..L. nd1a in 1956 \c.l. ~1lapt. r 11).
lo n the ~ onrerlenee , t.h. 'AOl ker am. the u~ rnment. ta oua-ecl
the lntroduct.1;Xl ot ache_ a earl1 .. a ~ &1'bl.. lbe
• plQ1.r rej.lre".nt&U ••• anow.d all l.Qt.,.. t taat. tbe
ci .... be 1otrVdua.d T~lun~arU1. .La the 11&h' of the
177
d1~c:wut1un3 t tnfft "-on1'erence adopted. a r.~olutlon wt1cb
mainta1ned that inca "tn ewplolera r pr e entat.1.,. ••
"ere ~llllng to 1nt:rodwce the l.en .. _ v unt 117. tJJ. "
vas no n.ed tor n cting M7 1.g161a'100 1n tM.
direct.1 on tor tV IJ years. howe ... r , i t voluntary ttart.
la1led tbe uovermuent "ould. brine '-om_ legislation in 1
tbJ,.a regard. '
re .Jlut.loo,
aUG rg ot, d tbat. a cQllll1ttee of 1'0\11' rao 1nc1ud1na
wOl'kers, .mplQI.rs and (iayerl'lHnt repr •• entat1... be EJe t
&.I;' to ~ork out tb deta1l of the $Ch .... 2 lb. ub-
cow t.t •• t.bua c vnst1tuted, a"proy d all the ree nc1a-
tiona and ISug!! at-toIlS pre ent.ad by th. t..ady group.
tt. .. prepel'~
the Cl"lterilJn gaverang th .. 180t1\)0 QI the unit and
o apvro'Yed ttl madel draft aareement to b. u.euted
b t Nn 'ra4e Unione atld 'anag .ent wbU.. a.tting up
the Ja1nt bocU.e II ( J~wJ.t.,- Z }. ~'b1le ps-epar1 tbe
criterion t.b ~ ub-cGlllJl1ttee follOlHtd the HCOIIlUJen4at1on
q •• ted by tbe stl.lC1y group. lbe ache •• vaa to be
lntrOduee4 only in tho •• indu8tri •• whioh fUlfilled the
E oll fiN 1n& c;: d.1 \1 on. &
1 } loti eatablibruent. iiAould b& .. e a weU-e.t.abll£bed,
t1"OI1, and a.ct,1v. wo.rk .. r t union.
178
2) lhe under\ ' ng abould na~. t lea8\ '00
ork ra on its rol.l.
3) :the ettlployers in th pr1'V t a seetcr hould be
a member of one Qt the leadine emplo,yera' organ! .\10 •
and the vork_ra Wl10n at tbe plant level silould b.
att1l1 ted to one ot the cenUal worker. ol"lan18 t100/
.. ) lha paz'tie. abo'-\ld be read1 t o t.rl out \be
ex~r1ment 1n a p1.l'l to ot vUl1n& co-operat.1on.
5) ~ r! unaertaking at be one w1tb a tail" r ON
of l.nclus t.rlal }.e1&\1001.3
~ th baa1 of the abcne en \er1a, lt8 units
(16 10 public .ector and ~ in pr11'.'te saotOl") were
sttlected wb_re t he aehema vaa to be 1mple nted lirat.
~b. ,·!1n1.atry ot l..abour and ' oy.ent , OJ'aaD1.e4
the f1rat eminal' on 1 bour manag ent oo-operat1oft on
)1.t., uar:r - 1s" i'ttbruar1, 19S8 in ~ ' ev LleJ.h1 to disco.
1 "Q' perta1ning to tbe cOIIp 1t1oa of J C. . be m10u
va. att nded b:r the repre.antat1" • • ot 30 1t. boUl trOll
public and pl"i" t •• 8C\or." :4b ~em1naJ> re CIIII nded~. ~1ze. composit1on, oft1ce bearera , tbe proced.UI" tor
w k1ng of Jjt~. . he relat.1onahip bcttw en ark. C tt.e •
and tI -a. and role d: - 1n.1aw1 01 J4bour aM ~plo,..nt
we" c:t1oC wssed. .Ln aadJ.t..1on to tb1a, the ~eJUnar approv
the model asre.ment.
179
At er d libel" t.J..ona , ttl ceminar r' nded
tbe J s • .\Sbould con i.t of equal nWllber of worker. and
ana ament I" pre ntat1"' • • v.bien wOUlc1 be e.ftect1w
and rtanageable. ~h.e nwtibtlrs of tbe u1-1C • 11 'Yary trOll
6 to 1~ d. penc1in8 llpon tbe 1:1.. of the d
1 our represent ~1'Y. b elected trca tb r a of e
work ra b tb I"eo J nt.ed trad.e tat10rh l. e nt
r pre ntaUves b. nOll1nated by cr.a l. lnu
rae ncled. t.hat no." ... JllGJ7 •• could be 1 ct.ed ex ept,
where management agreed t.o it Llpte a ~1w.UII l imit 01
t we non- 9101.... 4'he ("ouncll abou.l.d a ni t.r tbe
weltar activit1e and up rvla .afety nAa.urea, 8Ch~dw.e
or work and boliday ,etc. ~ S8 (,oWlCUa may due •
the c onoll1c 1 t", ti .:>D or tbe c one era , tbe Pl" Jd vct,1on ,
the sale polio1 G t gttneret.l runnlrl1 01 tbe or,an1 t1onl .
II thode of manut t.ur1na and work . ethOds , annual bal ance
sbeet , long- tarua plan tor 81pan ion and. :s uch 0 er
meaaur •• a a.y be agreed 'WOn.
lba... naI' alao reo nd.4 the cC¥lat,1wt1on
t .J o1nt ~ part-mental ~ 1111 ttee \.., u., ) a uba1 to
Jo1nt man .'Ult council. ',i.he a'pwo1n n\ of til ~ha1b8n
a.t¥i \; iCe-"nairman \1Ia. lett. t.o tue COWlC 18 itself. . 0
develop more cloEer aa oc1 t,ion bet en" "-ti . ld the
'~1n1 try of ~cabQUr , a ". parate c$ll be t b11sbecl 1n the
l\1n11S t.ry. l: he e 1na.r r ee oded t.ra1.n.1ng or v r a
and .upply or I n! lrIDau'on trOll IlJU07er I" eg a.rd.1 t.he
180
t e(.;hnic 1 aspects ~t pi' Jduct10n and certe.111 other
bvec1t1c ~tters , t..;: t.l:l1b cell t!J'r t he smootll and OrdeJ'17
Iunct1un1ng of th.se ~ounclls . 5
411. 4JJiian ~'&t.1.anul ~rad. Union "'ongres r. ·::,:!t.II'ecl
tbe mQve of the <"uverwl'letlt tor 'the setUl)j. ~ of ~ 14\' i it
urged the workers t.o extem1 vhole-he.rted s upport t.o t.he
scheme . QU.Pt-ort r s; Qt tb~ W<lY8ment halled tbe i de of
setting up ~ I\~$ . and c Qn~ider.d. it. aa r volut.1onar1 etep
in lQbour m&llage ~nt l'elatl.ona. :Abe, telt 1t ~O\lld be
h lpfl.ll. in ltJ,!re.61ng tbe productiVit.y and prOduct.1on ot
.. milan 1nuu&Vl.s. lobe opponent a of t he chem. bad •
tbJ"'ii!e pronaed aJ"gwoe nt8& 1t wa. 01' no u •• to baY. ~~~(,5 .
~h n th~1r Iunctionb _Gre ao l1m1ted, ~e e~plOl.r8 were
against tile $\:btim-a dl.l8 to t.i.ielr appre,Qen i on. that .J ''''8 •
.. ol.ll.d ~. an _ncrvacbDieu", on t.b-..1r trwtt10nal rights and
...,r1vU_8_& 1 and , lo.he pr ••• 1.'lt e:rv.iromaent w-•• not conduc1.,..
t '-lr s tarttng tne 8cbeme , b calia e trade UlUon. were lmmat.ur •
1nes pel' l ttOCec1 , and vere bus, ln obta1tl1.nc" 10wt
c ~ncea$10n8 trOll t.be employer. 1n ol'de .. to maintain t.nair
hold on the workera.
~hU£ t ~. feel that ~h8 m~~oment of vor er e '
partie ipa tJ.OJl .1.n ~ement. '\Wh1cb BOt. Ii b008t. after
lm;..l~mtiln t.a.t.ion ut the .... e cond ~'1v lear "lao had to tace
mBn1 Cilall.eng8a trom varlou qaarters. ~ ~iC . did not
make mucf! nead\lq dur1ng tobe year 1959. Lesplte the
181
l n1tla\.lv. '.:>1' :.l \Ml elnJ,lloyel'8 and workers, t.he movement
ald not I11Me apI-rec .l.:ilbl. progr.sa. ~n the year 1958, 0017
~3 w.ciertakings (8 1n public seetar and 15 In private
ector) tOllned .I H~s . :ih. number declined 1n 19,9 to ~2
(6 In plIblle and 16 in privat e s ector).
"'he 1'lt.h se.s~1on of .Lnd.1an .... aboUJ' ,",onr.rence b~ld
-.In c:7-~9 .; uJ.l t 1 Y59 at. ",adraa <11$Q &.188.4 the o1tr1<: lilt 1 ••
11) wcJrk.1ng of the wOI'ka CQl1w1tt •• , and ~et up a trJ.pari.1t..
camnit,tee loo ora" liP g uid1ng pnnciple. re1 tlog t.o t.h.
J..,laoouraged by ~$ poor Pl"Oflreee i..i t the 1.-cb ...
l)f \forker S 'partie .1.pati.jf} 1.1'1 watlagem&n t. ttJ k 1nls tl7 ot ,(eWl"~h1
"'ab~r and -...plo)"ttlErnt .:J1"ganiaed the 2ndL~abour ' e ni
~ooPEra~1Qn in ·;,'.eW' ~1b1 on d- 9 Haren 1960. lhe vem1nu
notee tbat the ~OI' ~l·ogr.as of the ~OW'lC US was due \0
t.he unwel1dly nat.Ul'e 01' councils. lack of OOf"..u;un1cat,1on
b tWtten l&lbolll' and mana&ew.s:rt , t r ade union r1valar1es,
1 - ' k 01 lnt.&re t on the part ot Yorkers , attempt of union.
to rldse 1 ndiv iJual gr1t:vancea arId matteI' b1ch tall
W.ith1n \be purv1elW of C ollQct.1ve barga1nJ.ng and tile
i nGlftertl rl t at t.1tude \).1' management t,1) t.be stagsestlons 01
! .rHt l:I(!mi nal' obs.rved tnat strong t.ft.d. union.,
ass1e, tb::ent 01.: cert.a.Ln adD iru a t.rat.1 ve re"pons1bU1t1e 11ke,
182
\II lfare SC l& me 8 t ..
eheme . Ab .:>$minar1ans 'Were o.t' the oplnl0 tba~ were
ttl r ",e.re man,y unit in tnt) Wld, rtU1ng , on " . for
each gl'oup would ,II .. CN mora usefUl. ~t CUI' tiler t , u~.,ended
tbat. ariou s ab- cam.1t.tee SUCh as w.ltare , cant.~D
r:ulnageme l': t , pr'JGuet1otl , sugg at.ion .to •• be fQI'med aa
the. vould be helpful t o a gr eater ex tent in acb1el'in8
1 ) ""11 t.ting u of 5u1tabl4t wscbineJ7 at the central
lu reg1 ,;)i'lal 1 vels to ensure that 'Cob COl.: CUI vo
well.
~) ·JJ'mat1on ~ III t.r1pa.rt1.te c om "tee a.t ~he centre
tUHJ to time.
3) h"polntment ot an Qff.1cer OIl S P 161 duty 1n the
ad i nk ' uceQ tillil bcbel~o and \0 dls8em.111at such 1nt -
t1an to otb~r units.
It-) .. he a . ,.".c.:lation of ag~nc 1_, s tICh a .. ~'at1on&l
h~uot1\'1ty \"ouncl.l "ltb ae elo{.lll8nt. or Jo1nt \;onsult tlon
1n J.nau try. 6
'" o.ll OtilQg t.ile rec l.Iendat1ooa t t tl., L;. ~ m1nar t
t.h .... i1nJ..t.J7 vf .wabour and _pI lIent at.ab11shed 1
cell. 4he function ...;f the Co! ll. 'W.a to aSk the cenual
183
re alao ~$~~d t Qrgan1a. moch1ner1 at
Llit.; lr level CO';lIlectect 'With the extension rxl 1mpl ft'l£nta-
.v8 li.i p1t. all t.he effor t t rec '~ndat.1ons c1
$ ,.s ~ 1 ~. a mbde by to. ~ay.snuMn' nd other agencle.
at. the can tre &no ~ to t.. 1 e ... 1 , part1c1p t1: Iliatla.a
a 1d not really etch an. ~h ?larul1na ~ . a10n, there-
tore , called upon \..QV.rnment. 1ndu tr1 anti work r tor
J"Oir88a1" •• xten~·lon of ttl ICbe .. dur10a the .Lblrd
~' .1 'V. iear i'lan (1961 -66 ). 7
4tl 1961 t t.h l. \JVe , tWl4ll,nt 0 !nc11a c un... d a
"'on! r nee of ~entral 1411ni tera 1n .t'ebrUU')' 1961 at. iev
aanaae nt to tile pub11c sectur. ~, peCl com t • waa
constit\u ... d dw'1ng the same 1 to rn1 111 the
tint; held on ~8tb ... prll , 1961~g;ed th
worker organisat11J11 t .J pledge thei " tull 'upport. fox-
8 the ut.ens1.on vf t.h~ scbem . 4n b.p1t.e of all the.
eltW"ts I the annual report ot In.1lt.ry ot l.abour am
&mpl.O)lu nt ~ubll~hed J.'or 1961-62 r8 eale4 t hat on tll. whole ,
the achlf4vemeote <')1' ~~o. WQn not. aatoillt t.ol'1.
184
on l~bour in 1 ~66 . whJ..cb along \11th oth<.! r tll1flgs. rev1wed
tn. ~er.rl,)%"mance 01' hork "cam1t.t.ees unci .. oint. Vianagem nt
~ unO llfj . In tt.tG opinion of thtt \. cmm1&81on. -bleh
' ubmitted 1t~ r~port 1n 1969,9 bo~ t~~a of part1c1pat1Ye
recomn.ended t.tl t tor t.ile \.leceaa t tile 6cbeme the
r pre.ant.&t1ve~ of ~orlL.rb on varlous Joint committe •
be nCD1n \ed by t.b recosn1l1e4 trade 6It11on worldn in
~ b. ~am1ni.tra.t1". l.e fOI1l \" 1I,1S110n . 1910 . in
1t r port un pUbJ.1c sector WldertaUngiO J'ecan;;~nded til t
l'o ;,.resent.atlvea .should 'be t.ho~e who are aot.wU17 ",orking
1n t.~ 8:'lttlrilr1s . • hil ~ overtliaent of J. 001a e nnounced. in
1911 that 'Work rs rt:~res;:<r ntat.1 .. e · be &8S~.i t.ed ,.ltb t,be
iJo:.iJ'd of ~1ructorG in [email protected] :.iector I.lOO I'ta - nBS . Jon
1975. W'Ol'kSl-· S · pCLrt1cipt1oll got tw'tber booat wilen it
became a part. of t.he old t,. .. nty-~o1nt econc:.m1e progrBDllfie
of .. ark r '
part1c1pat1~n in management. 1n 1975.
for t.be setting Uji ~ ll;hoJ; council. and j01nt c ouncil_ at
~jle enterpr1se t w1t.b eQual r.p"letltat1~. of worker and
185
thE: ranks ot t.he v ora. I" 8.
~a.ble 6.1 w.Q1C1.i sbows ttl. l'rogl'esl ot the "r.'l:a.
fi·Cf1l 195d to 1975 . revealed tba~ o'Yer t.h years the numbe ..
of tI"I~6 . inct'&aaeo in various publiC and pr1'Yate sector
Wlc8rtak1'lis. ...~w."er , we should not, eonolude that a
~~,er. 1ncretuut in the nwaber 1)£ ~ a1n~ an .. _ nt \" ounc11
1s eno h lnlllcllt.1·:>u re,ard1ng the .1'tect.l" neas of th.
ache_fl. 01' \fOrk-firs part..1c1 ~, &t1on in maaaae ut. h. (l I 1ter1.
for JLidg ing the schemes progr. a would be either the ache
hae acl ie,,'. d t.ne obJectives tor ~b1ch it waa created or
aot.
tabll 6.l J o1nt l~a& ••• nt C:;ouncl1
~iJ. 'It ,"'*'-Ai. WOl'AiAA 10 1.n41& ( '2,8 - Z5 )
- ... -iear tubliC t.:;.otOI' f r1 "at. "".ctor tot.&l •
1958 7 16 23 19S9 6 16 22 1960 ~ 23 28 1961 ... 18 29 1962 15 31 It.6 1963 23 ,) 76 196t 33 sa 91 1965 ~ ;; 1~ 1966 1967 At1 8S 132 1S68 it6 at. 1)0 1969 31 SJ &'f. 1910 30 ;3 83 1975 135 16, 300 . ,
ourc •• ~ . j; . 1._or1&.
186
1976 aaw an amendme:,t t.lJ tbe \,oonatltu l vn of
. nd1u wben a new e~aYa. wtf.ct1cn 43· _ was in ' r\ d 1n 1'.
6hU~ clauae iJr'J i oea til t ~b "'owrnmeat louin -w.tble
t1c1pat1on at w- k r 10 ina.. ...n 1911. tohe
\. l't.lD'lent. 0. i dea to eAtt:ncl tbe sell _ or ~ork ra
.... ' t.1cipat.1~ 1n mallill. ement to all publiC ector,
c~.ru1al d s~rv1ce organisations emplo11ng at lea.t
1 VO "ork r s and .pr~'po3 d to C Qn.t1 tut. Wl1t co~mC11s nd
• ,.ar. a t.r 1partite
comm1tte on jlar tic1pat1on aru1 equit1 w&a formed to taka
the t.OCk of tie ;:.1t.uat100. J. l'l 1 "'7 t ttl. chhar ~omu4tt.a
r C Cillit!n ad " t- o-Uar structure of part c1p t1'Y Ui&ll' .
Ihent . ~be (., ':mUt-tee ~a.. of the "f18\( that making '-oner.
e sharehQldera and ap~ Q1nt1n, ~ m OR t he d of
i..1rectar • would Pl ov.1de ~ "ftlc1 nt aaope t. o tile .Ol'ke,,8
t ", part1clp te 1n the dec.lalo11-rl . 1 pr •• of t,
raanagecaflQ t . 11
... 19'1 , t.iltl lr.1.put.1t.. '*OIIwttt.. \.C1 ",art.lc1p tlon
and quito,) wb1ctl ".$ appointed ill 1.,71 b1 the I..l - I'JlIl nt
of .1nd1a, uomitt. d ita rii por~. .Lh. report .~glea
t.tlato t.b ~ob.ru. of Iotarker ::& part.1c1pat,lon be ltfl 1 •• el
tillOugb Slo';IDfI l til iBlat1 .... mea.Ul"eli as voluntary acclIJ,5:tance
,8 ted.
that t hd Q1~ tloot,1 ·,m be~we n pub11G. Pl'1 at.e W1d c:orpoJ"ate
sector be ianor.d . .. tar u th 1mpleuu'ntatlon 01 tb.
187
. 12 ehe_ 1 c ~ncerned.. ... n 1960, a .4.tlbour .1n,ls rs
~ontel'cnc ' Wall hel d in .i." Dc lh11n .duch it wa
d c:1<1.o. t h t t il cnne be l4l.tendec1 t.O IB " • publ i C and
pr l'\1ate s ctor undertak1na . ~h. "'o~lteJ' nee ppo1nt d
~0IDm.1tte. 1)1' J..ftbour ti1nister~ ot var10tl ;atate to
hurgeat " , 0 &no QarlS tor trut .tlee"1 ... func t1on! of
~~le 0. 2 depicts t he var10va b &es of
t1ci1)ati'Y8 noanqH_nt -whicb are operating in various
ina tries i n J.ncU j,b6J. Cll a nne been dn lope"
er per10ti of t1me.
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190
~n tbe tne 01 100 ~nd.no. ::Jt' ttl CQUnt:r'1. I ... ",~ O
wa~ ,,-roc lAC .lng 1 O,~~ , 000 'ens ;Ji iron ana, 1, 56 . 000 tone 1 J
" j ' t otal 2al .. abl~ steal. Atter 1nd8J;enaenc'., tbe demand.
demand , .a;"L. .... v undert.ook a modern.1aat.1on ar!d ex):~la1
~rogrwaue in 1':151 . wtlt6n be firatfive year plan vas
l lil.unched. ,!'h18 }.!J'O~rwmM was 1 \Inched. t.o l ncreaa tne
ea.~ ~1 toy oJ: th. C i'JWi:-'3.ny to 1. ) 01111.104 ton. ot ingots.
j, 0 t.h1ts vaJJ dov Wled 1ft 19" a tlll'tber UJ;uuon 12'0' a
~o r&1. he output. t o 1. ; mill10n ton of f1ni shed
pr oduct \:;h1ch \oJQS c.: QZlPl'.~ 1n arq 1959.
:\~le pla.'1t now c ~" .1Bta of $1% bat r1e8 of cOke
oYens, $U bla t turnanc.~iI tnree steel lUng aba, t
'''0 bloaaing mills , Se.,EHl t1."l1aiJ.1n& m1l1 • • and a wheel
yre and axle plant. In 1958- 59, the cQnptUV {4' co_ecl
11 , "'9, 000 tona of iron atK! ti , 99,ooo tons ot t otal $bleable
. teel. :rl.A~ pr.JC uct.1~n t aoo and ·teel i td'" e ed art ...
u'8~let.1Qn of 4~pa."lslon and mcdel"n1aa.Ucm ""O&l" • 1959-
60 4J. ... \"' • .PI" Ja ~eQ 1 , , 91 , 000 toone of iron and 12.31 , 000
t.ona at total aleable ate 1. 1i#1oce Ullto • • "~\.i sbovn
an &.lPW&l'U tN nd itt til: p-Od&olct.1ol'l 01 1ran and $\881 and
haS att.Ained Il.~ nelg11t.s {.It pr oducUon. I'lla table 6. 3
hws tne ~1O#(hlcr.l ';Jn 01 11' on and steel 5ince 1951. .it is
01 &r tr tr~e table t,t,ult :'~..k \; ba" mad_ !l st.rid.. in
' b.e prvo.uctlon 01 1ron and stelll at» be: .etabl1s!1e4 ne"
191
1- ;'een incH ... or deere f over tbe prov1ou Y8'" ---_._._._. --_ ......... ------_._ .. -. ---_. --........ _ ... _. -----"._,_._--
19,1- ,8 19;b-'9 19S9-60 1 0-61
1961-02
1~-63
1963-6lt-1~S
'965-66 1966-61 1961-68 1960-69
1969-10 1910-71
1971·12 1tf1'C-73 1911-'1~ 197'+-75 1975-16 1V/6- 'l?
197'7-78 191tS-79 1919-80 19$0-81
1109
111t' 1591
1,66 1 S 176i+ 1aa, lasS 1917
1926 1198 1115 162~
1~
1631
1681
1lt35 1668 16S2
11,lt
1762 , 72 1516 16&f.8
... 3. 6 +38. "
-. 3 .. ' ... 3. '1 .. 1. 2 ... , .5 + ".2 .. 1. 7 .. • oa. - 6. 6
- ".6 - 5. 3 ....... - 2. 0 .... .) . 0
-''''.6 .... 16.2
- . 09 ..,. 6 . 1
... . 5
- 5. 1 - 9. 3 ... 8. 1
799 899 1~31
1263 131 1lt13
1501 15 1,'68
1~
153" 11t65 1~
1315 1381
'''58 1coo 11t61
1~6
1550 11>01
1516 1..-.a 1~31
·'~. 5 +31. 5 ... 2 .1
.. it. 3
... 7. 2
... 6.6
... lto . O
--
... . 09
... 5. 1
-17.1 +~1 .7
.. 1. 1 + a..J ... 3.3
;.3 - ".S ... 6. 1 __ •• _" _l0III __ ' ___________________ • ___ _
4io\ourC·.' Allnual h 6:port 1~:>-U1f p. 50. 1:ai.a !l'on . ~l.e 1 ~ 0ID1*Ilf l.td. •
.. ,increase - d cre •••
192
f able .3 6bove 1n tbe year 1 95~-'9 tJle prOduction
or 1i"OQ J.ncr .. ed 3.6 pEl" cent .and tJ'i.a' of ~ tae1 by 12.S
P :r cent •• c<npared 1.0 tJ A7 ,aU' 1 ~51-Si. ~odUCU.on
of iron and st..1 turtb~r inor .... d by 3b.~ lyr oent and
31.' }.IeI' c.nt SP*ttl'Yel1 in tbI 1Hl' 19S9-60. ~b8 me1n
reaaon tor "iUS l.1lO1' •••• bad been •• n a ttie x .~Oft
and mocl.rn1aat,1..m prOGramme vDien was c ple\e4 i n 881'17
1959. I n ad d1t1OCi W 1t, t he corapa.n, eo"-red Into an
&Gr • . ent with \h 6I1p1078 •• union in 1956, whie j, pi" 1<1.4
tor til.; a :H.:ciatlon vorkel" wlU'4 \be rean e_nt proc ••••
h d a PO$ t..1W 1mpllCt on the workera. In t.t» year 1960-61
'h0\l&il tne J4" \JdUOUoa of lr.n deere ••• a but. the prcductlon
ot t,eu:1 · r. ed bl e:. 1 iM'r cent.
ihe table d.eplctti that th. prodUCt'lon ot it-Oft
d . t •• l 1~rttaattd $ .l.ouAltaneoualJ betwen 1961-~ to
1966-61, thougn the i ner a v •• aradual. be prOCiUCu'cm
or iron went on deereaain, trce 1967-68 to 1969-10, tbe
'-<i uotlon of at. e1 also deereaNd tor ttne rl_ 1961-68
~o 1910-11. h~t t he W UOtloll deer ... 4 at a ... r), SloW
r t •
.Ln 19'18-19 t.be .6 ' e1 .Plant ,:r~Jd uc.c1 about 1. sa 1ll1on t.QDa at aueable steel 1nclud1!1, ".'3,000 t-ona 01
Dara and true't.II'al., 1,Q3 , 000 tODll of pla\ea, 1 .~ ,OOO
t.ons ot 'oeat. , 1,80, 000 tone of .trips, 3C , LOO t • of
r&1l', .e.1,OOO t.on of ."beel. ~yres and Ul, •• and fN ~ balt
of a 1I1l11oA tOM 01 • ld.- tin1abed at8(jl and abM 1.68
lI1l.Uoa ton. of iron. 1~
1~3
.&.n tn. ,...,. 1919-80 the produot1t.n or iron and
Cite.l t 11 daw'l but lnG,. ed in the '1 1C)80-l>1. Dl1Fina
thill year abo~ 1.6, m11110n ton. or 1roD Vall produced
alooa with 1. )3 QlUlloo ton. of total S al, 1. ' .. 1-
.. od rnlaatlon progr on the anvil, estimated to 0.' '0. 150 c:rora8 , w111 wben c cupleted in tour 1e.... pl.o.
two at." 1. ... 1\10& dOpa , one of ".ben '0 ,.ar Q).d and th.
oth ,. 61 Jti". old, b1 a nell ~ '" l.na an -71en prOCe 8.
a pan 0.1' 1 t.. product1' d1reetl.1 cast into billets. •
pr ogl' also em iaaae. mOd1t1c t1;Jn of blast turnace
ami l"all1na mUla . bar tor,1 .. , unit with bl:at tha\m nt
tac1l1 t1. nd a lur .Ollnt of 1n1 Ual lIVereSe .1 t w111 •
'~p.r1mpo d t.o J..&. ... ,,~. • Ol"mal tiw y ..... P'Of I' of
continuou. replac and nor 1mpr" nt. on ~b1eh t.be
C JiaIl7.111 8j)8M about f a. 165 .:rOl'e bet" ••• 191 •
... n tbe year 1980-81, :...&. .. (" '" baa ft,1atered an
iocreaae 01 8.1 pu' ceut and 6 .1 par cen' 1n pr oduction c4
iron and teal res peotl .... 17.
'J: OdIl1 atea bave onl)' 3 p cent hOlding 1n
j. ... ~ t fortl- &'u pi r cent 1 a held b1 publ1c t1na,Qclal
In.\1t,U\101l5incl 1 ... ot ~1t. 4n.urge. ~orpor.Uont
Unlt lr ... ' of J.nd.1a and ;,ea\1Q1lal1 •• d .i;ank. &ad tbe na'
S1 per ce;., ot lile 6b.area are owned b7 80, 000 Ii .bol der.
pftdOll1nantl1 tho.. Vi tb amall holting • •
194
I n ad(Ut;1on ~o abaft . :£~~'" p"om~t d mBn7
cOll,Pan18a .. lts adc111J.ar1 •• unit, ttl_r. 1ll&MlT pel' ona
,.t,ting umplolleent. ~ t baa eXjiilnd.e4 1ncwatr1.a 1n
:liJ.neerttig £1.1d alsO. 1 her" tore t 1\ can t . Bald. that
....... ~ v at. present has bee Qle the custodian of Val' Joua
e omp$lu... in .L :mla.
I.hEt gr~ ot labowr force .l. ".,/> a.ilOlt'll in table 6." . • be l'l.gl.lrea do not, 1ncJ.w1_ ill. persons 00 ploy.a in m.t.oea
an4 quarries. lhere ..,.r~ thre~ catttgorle. ot worker, '
ontbly paid employ.e t • ..-tkllpa1d em,lo, ... and contract
labour. I1w.'9t<; J'. in 1959. t.hese catagor1es or employ •••
wen mer ged 1nto t'Wo catego1"1ea cnlJ t 1 • . • t dail.,y ra\ed
ettpl01 •• ' a nd. JIOntbly rated emFl07ees. t b. cateflOl7
of ".eakly rated 8Ulploy.e. vaa abol1abed.
l ho ~le abo"a t,be number '01 tlUlploJ •• s :;;1nc.
1957 otlWud, b.at 4.'a t:tQA 1965 onvarc1 include o~ the
pel'ltan4tnt 8 Wpl01'"& of "'no orlan1aat1on. '.bi. W o one
beoause IlAJQJ"l '1 of tbe .... POl'8%'1 vOl-kef's we,.. Viade per at
a£ter \be ,,,ar 1~. "-'ur1ng the 7.ar 19". c parv had
abou' 18,730 worker. on it. rolla, the n\lmber .)t ... 101 •••
ban 1)bown a decJ"6as1ng w.-.,nd , not because of rekencl':ulen '.
but i.:eeauae of otbti'1' r ... on! s \lCb u r etina.nt t death , eto.
bt pi' •• nt. til., eozpanJ emplQ7$ about 36.ij18 "'-ar&er$ at.
.i abedp.ar onl7. 7b. 'Workers wiJrkit1& at c11t.7apUl' Com,~u
ar not 1nol\ldeG 1tl \beae t1' .....
195
~"&J"aa. number vI empl01" 1n ... j,~V tor periOd 1957 to 1982 .s on J'1r at J a.'lUaJ7. 1982.
• Ie ...
a •
1951 1yse 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1 9~ 1965 1966 1961 1968 1969 1910 1911 19'12 1913 191-' 1915 1916 1m 1918 1919 1980 1981 1.
_ r •• ___ ................... - . .-lla. 01 empl07ee,
• . . . . , •
36, 730 31 , 393 31 .9~ 38 ,'+Jl 38,126 38,116 31.962 3'.388 )Ito,?" 35.913 36,522 36, 939 31.~19
36,98S 35.~S9 35,869 35,610 35 .810 35.690 35.819 35,1S9 3S, S92 3S.1~6 J6,11i 36.569 36,1818•
O~91 Otfi cial hec Ol'dI of i.oabcuz- laeaa, .l.;.", (".
+~ata regard1n« ,.eu 1982 bas bee n t en upto \be fast 4q Qf ) .. ar (aa on 1 -1-'.).
13G
~ the ba.1b oj' ~. t able 6.~ vb1ch show the
nWlber of work1na tore • .1n ~.L .... ",, 0,J . 'We can safel,y conclude
t hat. it. 1. 00. of Ute bl i P." mploleJ" 1n \.tle coun\r,.
, r •• ~ OI'k1na torce 1 1:0> va.n tr QI all OYilr the c:ount17 7-t
JOI"l.t.)' labour tore~ J.s em~o'y.d boom .L1har ot1l7. 1M
r epOI2 for t. .1$ ha$ been g~" 11 tbat. lobe pol 7 'Of
18 to recrut maUJzu.a ~lU.mber of ttl. empl07'" haa .bJ.bar
onlJ·
' O.ble 6 . ~ show. tiae nWllb$r of lIceen ellplo,...
in :A.~..k v 'iace 196' .a dat.a upto 1 960 lIa. not .... a1l.able.
be number of f; .ale \Worker te "1",. 8mall in l:.l .. ", v. In
t t. 78.,. 1901 t..b.;r-. weJ'. onl1 288S w<.lO.ien v Unci the
flUUlbel" turtner 1 !lCrea •• d to J , Sc6 in 196). ~1nc tbeo tbe
numbel ' '~f \Women emplo,.e •• ll • • • ~.bowQ fI. <leOl'ea8 Vend ..
"1:he r ea.on tor ~ deer.ulng mallber of wo en ampl.". • •
b d be 0 tba' .l"'~ V -:l&Ie~n' 1&1".,. d1 cour eel t.bI
I>l.qUient. at 'Ii fl , beca\l8. of the nat&&!' ot work. n
tb~ year 1 ~ t t iler were cnl,y 2 , 19't- v o n ellp!o, .8 1n
;. ... ..k v tbe> USb lob. l:rianace n t h a. &1 ven Dater n1 t1 1e ft
tlu~1l.1t1 • aa t back a. 192 I \!fAe" it vu 11 ttle knOVIl
in other part of the coun'l7.
1~7
.... Ie_ . 'o,al so. ot Haloe. lotal fig. ot .lf. • ... .. 1961 J5,8l+1 2.88' 1963 3 ..... )6 3.526
1966 32,913 3. 060
1961 3'+,0;' " 628 • • •
1968 3 .... ~S 2 •• ,...
1969 .lAt. 171 i .lt.lt8
'9'10 3lt..,,1 2.3'" 1911 33,281 ~ ,112
1912 33,906 ',963 1913 3j .9+1 2 , 129 191a. 33,16, t 101
1915 33, 651 ~ . O39
1916 .3J,815 c. .oot. 1911 33,61' 4, CJ8&t.
1918 jJ. 560 , . 032
1919 33.191 1,96' 1980 j..1lt.o 'twa 1981 J't.S98 1.9'11
1982 ~.~ ;.,,... -
~QUJ'"C.' Labour i;ur". t 1.J,.Q(; .. ~ Jtt1c1al WtcorQ$.
198
table 6. 6 dep1o". tne n-.bel' of uIilC1.It1"8.
working 1ft lJ.a;;,~O asiDo. "9S8. 'Ihe .f1g,,"8 abov onl7 the
Gxeout1ves and dO ,oot 1 ;'wl\.lde the I1.ure. of aU~I'Y1eor.
an<t lorewen. 'Ibe_ C& ,01'1 •• 01 emplOY ••• haw been
1ncluG.d 1n tJle cat.e,0J'7 01 noo- u..eeuU ••••
t kitf table snows ~at rj er of uecuat1 v. baa
sbown 't,ne 1ncreas1nl tI' ltd inc: 1958. "'his bas r educed
t,he span 0.1' c cntrol. 'l'he llWlbflr of executive baa MOW
increaa1ng tr · nd becau.. many po.~ • ..,ere uPlJ'e4.4 aft ~
1 '110 agre mente lhlli maroo.r doe. not inclUde t.h mabe ..
olt.h tUlp4trv.110ra and the tore.en who .. e also the
r .,r •• enia\1 .... t.1 raanaaement.. ~ tta baai. of t.b1.
ta 1., life oan ooncliold.. that, l.Lu~v eaplol. \he b11' •• '
o r ot "tupl01 ••• &.rlC1 also hu 1004 te of
exeout.1.,. • •
• 'X ....
1958 1959 1960 1961
1962 1963 19fA 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1910
1911 1912
1913 197't-1915 1916 1'1l7 1916 1979 1980 1981 1982
199
7able 6.6
•••
.6lt •• cnat.1 •••
", 38,51S 165 31,8<8 112 38,261 11't 38.,,2 198 31.938 '. 31t1~ 196 35,192 220 3"',531 --ll 35,?'t-O ~'J 26.~69
252 36 ,687 2tq 36,952 26; 3 ,120 265 35,,~ 269 35,600 c99 3S ,a.o1 )Ol 35, 561 301 35,3 9 308 35,S11
30t J5.~ .. ,,,- 3S ,118 .... , lSi31, t.90 35,622 533 3 ,036 62, 35,2S3
LlJOIlrCe ' l.abO\l1" £sur_.. ~ '" ~ v' . \ittic1 orcS • •
dote I "'011 oltle.r. ba been 1.o.clud.c.t 1ft the &b~ t bl.. Ibe number 01 oft1cer hal allown .inc"u.. an. r 1 W1. t.be rea on lOtI ~b.1 baa b •• n 1~.n, tbe Chance brouabt ill the s.. 1t1oaa of 6" ' "1 oras.
20 0
1: 10 6. ? ~(N' tn. trade union act1'Y ttl.. 1n
~ ..... ,'"'V ~. 19S7. .u. mtJ1b~ l!ienUOn~ her iha t. there
1& only one un1on. dUlJ r CGanised b7 man ment., t c'10O
In, in 1:J.W~ v. the ""''11on and ma.nqemen't t; 1 .. 1n \be
~J'1OCl.j)1. Qj c Qlleot1vo bargaining tor the s .t.t-lament. of
\Ji('4'kere problema. ':A. ht» table show. that uuru ;g tbe period
1957-80. ~on and UWl ~ eni enw"d 1. to 1, agreen"
wb1eb bro 'ht. mat\1 econ c and ot.b~r benefit.. to the
w;zkera of the UQD,PaD7- .in addJ.t100 \0 t.b1a , the table
ueJ.,lct.$ that tba .. ee~ndatio •• and susg.at.1o~ui 81 n
b)' the \'eu tra.l. wqe hoard ~ll1cb we. conat1t.ut,ed to!' the
vnole J.I'O~ ~ "",t, 81 .t.nduat.ry 1n 19tW . ba.ve~$O been
lmpleDJent8d b7 4 .... "'V 1n CQl1aultat.1 !JQ w1tb ' at, wor 1"
woo. :'b. iiOard ' $ l' ·~QnQat1on. we pUd b7 the
e Q'ft,Pan1 . d. 1mple 4Jnt.ed in 1961t-. the lmpor'-nt (I t.un
uf to f1&reltmel1t ..,aa that. JO.lnt lUlper'Vl&
was tormed in 1965.
¥W'tber , the t Old ~how. tbat. uw.n .lhl'lt ce 4
th reoa.mend \J. .i$ of wo1!.lt. "'aae .,~t.1at.1n ~ tt ..
lonaea b1 the l~1n1&trl of a>te.l in 1969. <:Obelie rec . end&-
tiona of tn. '"
when an all'u~ment 'Wal .at Nci bet"'een m8n&8 ment. and ~at.
~~ork.r a • \inion. ~ be q r. nAO t. 01 1 W 0 hI' ~ t Ui&nl ec cn.s.c
bttt)f:l f1 t.. t,) the tJilpl.'.J1e. of t.be C OtaIPaD7- l'h ot.!» r b •
such a w¢I'kmen Callpe ri t10n _newt ana lit ccwer ech - .
vere 1mpleQ1tHlte4 in ccwualtat.1QO with the union 111 197't-and 1916 r.upeot.1W~.
i@»
]. 6
.7
I13
d8
Y
nio
p i
eL
ly1
\lM
l -1
95
2 AD
WBr
dA•
ieal'
.i1
Iree
tten
't b
et\l
8et
1
i.l'II
. or
wet
u ... ,
Ft e
II
8.
r
k s
w
---.-
..-.
.,
1959
:..
fill
and
Man
a&em
ent
a).
too
d r
eb
a" a
Dd
4tlD
ergt
.pO
C1
bO
llU
8W
,..
lbe a
gre_
. n
t v .. 1
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207
lata tliork .... a Union t:~l'lte"d into an qre ent 1n
1916, -whi,ci.W&$ c;;ons!dered t o bee. landmark 1 t1 t.rH~ h1ato17
or trade Wllon mOftmont.. :Lb. q emtllnt changecl the ent.ire
lIt&Be st,ructure of \bit employees. "-n add,ition to t,bla t
YU10US positions of th~ * .. per~l~QI"$ were upgraded. 'lh.
union and UUlUl",.lHnt reatf'1:rftied tt~1r tuU\ in 1ndu8V1al.
bahiOny and peace which would be maint ained and eV8Z07
et,fcrt.s wOt.\ld be Iliaci. to incr ..... t:rodtlGtiv1t, . In the
qJ' •• m4Iin" ~ WU on, tlpheld t.he :eipt of t.he CG'lDPaD7 W1 U1
" .,ard t.o r •• 1onallaat103D and medern1aatlcn pr - I e
»o\b t,n. partie. et.r ••• d tn. lJaponance enc need 01
dern facllities,
better y1;UUat1<;,)n fJt laboiU" I ·orc. , g Ood. working corldi.'1o~
and c ordlal maoa,ftment •• mplo7 • relllt1ona. .anapment
qa1n nat firmed that. it woUld not revench en.tin, el1PloJ'-
.... Jon 34101t,1\'1'1 t o the aboY. , the a.gI' ~&ent sUe aed 'be
need 01 Ua1n1ng tar the emplo .. to prOM sk1ll. 'S t ....
t.erm. of ~.ttlt,.ts. ~'lt and ~!let1t$ accrw4 aIJ ill resUlt 01
t l .. 111 agreement. . ... .feel . are lIIlport.ant to -Plo1 ••• tor
aun ta1A1tlg 1£ld yS tr 1al peace am .1.acrea6ina pr oduc t1 Y1 t, in thtt proe... of 1lJfJ.u tJ'ial.1 •• t.loa.
'rhUS , \)Q t.he ba.i. of th~ above table and
(tiICUtl: s 1Q!l , 'We can fiat~l1 c onc lude that £0<Jd industr1al
J'ela"1ons~r l t1dust1"1al klarliODY rt.nd peace can be w 1nta1ned
with. t.be help 0.£ a sU'Qlg t.rade union.
208
.~ ...... ~ f.J has been eJ.i-0r1enc1na ~el'Y c:oJ"(11a.l
eiAplc;Y8 - employer r61at1.o-1~ wiA1ch 1 verified tran the
fact tbat no C.116p took jllac:e. J:be CQDP~ had not
liltnes ~ aZl)' &aJQJ" litr~!t. sl!lCe 1 ~a.
~n ". 1'JU 19t-2 •• pollt.loal strike to,* pl". wtd.ch va. orlan.i.eo QUl"1na tone.: S. t;)t ' \4~e ~ra41a
'o.em.nt ' 111 ~(,,;b t,t»J w~k.r. And l .. era lo\h took
part. ~1nc. theil , tl .. tire <li d no' occur ""' ln4 .... V.i.a1
d1spute. ~notl'tl r s'ra. ~la.b brake Qut 1n 1958 t led ott c plet. 17 bec~uaa. t.il. wOl'ker $ rallJ.ecl rGUDd. t1'l8 man e
lli.en\. "'1nCe 195b. no atrl~w t vQk plao. in A.J.~ v. .1.1'1.
,. • . "Otl:a tor tb1. ha \:uteo .co-o,PeJ'at.1 ... att1t\lde. 01
BRJt:1It n\ and. vQr~ r • • liiJ.lst.oce ot a tr n& vede un1
wbien c .... 1:1to eXi." nee in 1938, l01&1t7 of worker
tbtl ex.ecut1-.e :i.l t tOWal'd.& t.he c¢rIpan)'. 'eam IS lr1t
fe11na of OVll.Q8a8 '0. J.n dd.1tion t o tAU , iIle PI' t1C •
. nt. proc •• t
.,1' ed t.o b a.i.&n1.fj.~" t and us.1·~ in br~1na a ut
tb1a har J'Q".
'Lt. union and man4lelG$nt both btlll • .,. 1n the
Jlr1nc1ple of (,;Q].lect1vG barauJ:l1ni and. t.tUns '-be 111 pu
tbl"eugb negot.1at.lor . "reC tltlJ ( bru 1,. 19b1) when
i.lt~ contrac:tori labour 1n \be pl t" p'OYokea b s
employees p",t a s"trong JOint d. fefice and lS W d tbe
~ J taaUon. :a.be d.l~ j:lut.e could ot dl rup, til. pet stu].
20 9
relatiQns ot labo\U and m&nagemunt wb.1eb baft. de ... lo}.;ed
t,. nee long. l. ..i.u~",; "a£1a,em.n~ UlI4111 c c:n61del'M labour
a an J.mport.ant lactOl' 01 pr otiuO~1ont dl.Gt.1nct. Ir ~ r
f \QI'S of J;a" OducUorh ·~b~.1 ue tat cor. of ~at. bteel
a <1 lt '1 Hod.i , in. tus 1nt e;rvl.v pub11stutd 1n ~ap1t.al 1n
!"ia.rcb , 982. 16
! to may be rea orded bel"" \-hat wb1le there 1a a
c ontlntlOllS 1nore • in the 1nd"ltzo1u d1sltutea 1n the
r at. ot 1 . ian 1rlduau!"., j. . wu .u cele I'ated SO )".&1'.' of ':"ndu6tr1aJ. uarmony. ~;rQIJ th1.s. we c cncl~. iba' pe 0 ..
ful relat10ns 8xl-at bettJe.n labour M a.aoaaement in 'l • .A.. '
a8 botb part-leG respeet ach other' $ teellnas.
210
1. 1 aport. of 'AVth ae 8i en at Indian ~UJ' ~ an t erenee , ~8W Delhi, 19S1. p.~a.
• lb14. , p. i9.
3. .lb14.. p.l1.
a.. h e port ~t the ~1r.~ "elL1aar _ A.abOUl"- "auaa nt \';o- opeJ'at10l'l , ew .u.lb1, 195'8.
s. ~b14 •• pp. 29-JO.
6. hepoJ't. 01 t econd beminar , .i..abo.a ~n18tr1 , u~enlilent. .:Jt .LM1_, _li lJe lb1 (1960>.
1. ..,...att 01 O'Ye"n_nt ot j.rxi1a, 1hird ~ ·1'" %ear "1812 (1961-66).
8. jr 1 .. , K. V. , orb:r. Partlo1pat,1Gl 1n Mana, nt, {~ anti heaU '" ).
9. U oQal (" .1d iGl'l on J..&bov, ucwt. or lnd1 t H \It litl lh1 (1969 >.
, o. (" 011 tlt-ut-ion vi .i.nd1a, "'M. "j-A.
11 . l~"pon of aOb.bar \.tClll21ttee.
1C!. l~ eport ot t.htrl ~aam1"te • • uowrnm At ot ln41a • .fl.'" L~lb.1. (1918).
13. ~nnul '.·.eport, •• u~v. (1915-16).
,... Anma&l h port., I..L.-\.t v, (1 tp8-19).
15. ag" •• _ot. terec:t. 1ft 1 f/16.
16. " i.)e I1tl- " l ... i e.,.a ot :t.ta t:t't •• l • C.pl\al. V 01. 8tVN~. Haren 8, 1980, p.11.
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