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5G Small Cell Technology

Amitava Ghosh

Nokia Bell Labs

PICASSO, June 19, 2017

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© Nokia 2017

IoT value capture from 5G Evolution and Revolution towards 1 Tbs/km2 …

Spectrum [MHz]

Site density [/km2]

40 MHz

200 MHz

600 MHz

2000 MHz

20/km2 50/km2 150/km2 300/km2

5G/LTE <6 GHz

5G at cm

5G at mm

LTE today

Per operator in

downlink

1 Gbps/km2

10 Gbps/km2

100 Gbps/km2

>1 Tbps/km2

Three-pronged requirements for 5G networks

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5G Small Cell Deployment Context

LTE Macro

LTE Small Cell +

5G Wireless Backhaul

5G <6 GHz

Macro

5G mmWave

High Capacity / EIRP

5G mmWave

+ LTE Indoor

Small Cell

5G <6 GHz +

LTE Indoor

Small Cell

5G <6 GHz +

5G @ mmWave

+ LTE Small

Cell

Small Cell

Indoor and street level

optimized designs to

address capacity hot spots

5G Macro

High Capacity / High Power

to maximize coverage area

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Cell size

LOS/NLOS

Spectrum availability

300 MHz

3 GHz

30 GHz

10 GHz

90 GHz

10 cm

1m

5G is to enable above 6 GHz access & optimize below 6 GHz accessExpanding the spectrum assets to deliver capacity and experience

Interferenceconditions

Antenna technologiesSpectrum

cmWaveEnhanced SC*

mmWaveUltra broadband

Several~100 MHz

Dynamic TDD

~1 GHzcarrier bandwidth

Dynamic TDD

Higher RankMIMO & BF

Low Rank MIMO/BF

efficient beam steering

Strong interference

handling

More noise limited

(70-90GHz)

< 6GHzWide area

Up to 100 MHz carrier bandwidth

diverse spectrum,FDD and TDD

High Rank MIMO &

beamforming

Full coverage is essential

Diffe

ren

t sp

ectru

m lic

ensin

g,

sh

arin

g a

nd

usag

e s

ch

em

es

LOS

*) SC = Small Cells

+

+

+

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5G (New Radio) Schedule in 3GPP (Release 16/17 schedule TBC)

5G study items

completed

L1/L2 freeze

Standalone higher

layers, new core

Enhancements

(Unlicensed, Non-

orthogonal multiple

access, …)

2017 2018 2019 2020

5G above

52.6GHz

2021

Release 15 Release 16 Release 17 Release 18

Full ASN.1 freeze September 2018 for full 5G

feature set

Release 15 contains intermediate ASN.1 freeze

for Non-standalone in March 2017

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Summary of 5G RAN prioritization

Phase 1 WI (Rel-15)• Main assumption: general support for stand-alone NR

below 40GHz (option 2 scenario) including DC• 4G-5G interworking• MIMO/Beamforming (fundamental features)• Mini-slot (note: enabler for URLLC and ensures forward

compatibility)• Public warning/emergency alert (for regulatory needs)• SON functionality for Dual Connectivity • RRC inactive data

Phase 2 WI (Rel-16)• Potential enhancements for eMBB support below 40GHz• URLLC (below 40GHz)• 4G-5G interworking – remaining options• Shared spectrum and 5GHz unlicensed spectrum• Location/positioning functionality (for regulatory needs)• MIMO enhancements

Note: some Phase 1 SIs might belong to Phase 2 WI as well (not shown here explicitly)

Phase 1 SI (Rel-15)• Unlicensed spectrum• URLLC (below 40GHz) • Non-orthogonal multiple access• Location/positioning functionality (for regulatory needs)

• Indoor/Outdoor• New SON functionality• Sidelink (use cases out of reach of LTE evolution)• NR-Wi-Fi interworking• Integrated Access Backhaul• Non-terrestrial networks• eV2V evaluation methodology

Phase 2 SI (Rel-16)• mMTC• Waveforms for >40GHz• URLLC for >40GHz• MIMO for >40GHz• Multi-connectivity (for >2 nodes)• Uplink based mobility• 2-step RACH• TX interference coordination• V2V and V2X (use cases out of

reach of LTE evolution)• NAICS

• Multimedia Broadcast/Multicast Service

• Air-to-ground and light air craft communications

• Extreme long distance coverage

• Satellite communication• Other verticals• 60GHz unlicensed

spectrum

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NR frequency ranges/bands after RAN#75

Frequency range/LTE band Operators whose request is included in the frequency range

3.3-4.2 GHzDOCOMO, KDDI, SBM, CMCC, China Unicom, China Telecom, KT, SK Telecom,

LG Uplus, Etisalat, Orange, Telecom Italia, British Telecom, Deutsche Telekom

4.4-4.99 GHz DOCOMO, KDDI, SBM, CMCC, China Unicom, China Telecom,

24.25-29.5 GHzDOCOMO, KDDI, SBM, CMCC, KT, SK Telecom, LG Uplus, Etisalat, Orange,

Verizon, T-mobile, Telecom Italia, British Telecom, Deutsche Telekom

31.8-33.4GHz Orange, Telecom Italia, British Telecom

37-40 GHz AT&T, Verizon, T-mobile

1.427-1.518G Etisalat

1710-1785MHz/1805-1880MHz (Band 3) CMCC, China Telecom

2500-2570MHz/2620-2690MHz (Band 7) CHTTL, British Telecom

880-915MHz/925-960MHz (Band 8) CMCC

832–862MHz/791–821MHz (Band 20) Orange

703-748MHz/758–803MHz (Band 28) Orange, Swisscom, Telecom Italia, Telefonica, Vodafone

2496-2690MHz (Band 41) Sprint, China Telecom, C-Spire, China Unicom

1710-1780MHz/2110-2200MHz (band 66) T-mobile, Dish

1920-1980MHz/2110-2170MHz (Band 1) China Unicom, China Telecom

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FCC mmWave Spectrum Allocation

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© Nokia 2017

• 4G achieved 10-15% of the target bit rate in the first deployment and the full

target four years later.

• Extrapolating to 5G would give 5 Gbps by 2020 and 50 Gbps by 2024

5G Peak Rates

2013

150 Mbps

2017

1 Gbps4G = LTE-Advanced

3GPP

Release 10

2011

1 Gbps

2020

5 Gbps

2024

50 Gbps5G 3GPP

Release 14

2018

50 Gbps

Target

bit rate

3GPP

specs

1st

deployment

Full blown

deployment

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© Nokia 2017

5G Technology Components for Enhancing S.E. Compared to LTE (sub 6Ghz)

Technology component

Lean carrier

Enhanced inter-cell cancellation

Enhanced beamforming

Gain

+20%

+20%

+0..60%

Total gain +50..150%

Dynamic TDD in small cells +30%

Improved spectral usage +10%

Non-orthogonal transmission ?

Gain values

preliminary

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© Nokia 2017

What is “Massive MIMO”

ANTENNA ARRAYS large number (>>8) of controllable antennas

ANTENNA SIGNALSadaptable by the physical layer

Not limited to a particular implementation

Enhance CoverageHigh gain adaptive beamforming

Enhance Capacity High order spatial multiplexing

Benefits

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MIMO in 3GPP

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5G vs. 4G Capacity per Cell (sub 6 GHz)

100 MHz

3.5 GHz

4-8 bps / Hz

400-800 Mbps

cell throughput

5G 3500 with

massive MIMO

beamforming

2.6 GHz

20 MHz

2 bps / Hz

40 Mbps

cell throughputLTE2600 with

2x2 MIMO

10-20 x

5x More Spectrum with 2 – 4x More Efficiency

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NR frame/subframe structure

Control channeljust before data

0.125ms frame with cascaded UL/DL control signals

Same physical layer in UL and DL

Flexible UL/DL0.5 ms user plane

latencyEnergy-effective

processingFr

eq

ue

ncy

Time

Control Data(entirely DL or entirely UL)

GPOFDM symbolGP

DL DMRS

0.1 ms

GP

UL

Control

GPUL

CTRL

DL

Data

GPUL

CTRL

UL

Data

DL

CTRL

DL

CTRL

DL

CTRL

DL

Data

UL

Data

UL

CTRL

Self-contained subframe

DL only subframe

UL only subframe

DL data

DL control

UL data

UL control

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© Nokia 2017

• Acquisition and maintenance of a set of beams for

TX and RX at base and UE

• CoMP is built in

Massive MIMO in 3GPP New Radio – Beam Based Air Interface

Beamformed Control Channels Beam Management

TRP2 (Cell1)

TRP1 (Cell2)

TRP2 (Cell2)

TRP1 (Cell1)

PSS1

SSS1

PCI1

PSS1

SSS1

PCI1

PSS2

SSS2

PCI2

PSS2

SSS2

PCI2

BRS#0

BRS#1

BRS#2

BRS#3

BRS#0

BRS#1

BRS#2

BRS#3

Cell 1

Cell 2

Beam Scanning

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© Nokia 2017

Early 5G use case: Extreme broadband to the home (mmWave)

The last 200m

vRAN & EPC

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© Nokia 2017

5dBi ant element gain, 7dBm AP Pout per element, 1dBm UE Pout per element, shown to scale

Antenna Array Comparisons - AP Antenna Aperture Constant vs. Frequency

AP

Max EIRP ≈ 60.2 dBm

8

16

2 TXRUs

Max EIRP ≈ 66.2 dBm

103% area relative to 28GHz

Max EIRP ≈ 72.2 dBm

59% area relative to 28GHzRoom to grow…normalized array

size is ~4.5dBm more than above

16

16

16

32

4

4

Max EIRP ≈ 36.1 dBm

2 TXRUs

4

4

4

4

Max EIRP ≈ 36.1 dBm

52% area relative to 28GHz

Max EIRP ≈ 36.1 dBm

15% area relative to 28GHz

28 GHz

256 elements (8x16x2)

39 GHz

512 elements (16x16x2)

73 GHz

1024 elements (16x32x2)

UE

73 GHz, 32 elements, (4x4x2)39 GHz, 32 elements, (4x4x2)28 GHz, 32 elements, (4x4x2)

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© Nokia 2017

System Simulation Results for the Suburban Micro EnvironmentConstant Antenna Aperture for 28 GHz, 39 GHz and 73 GHz

Mean UE Throughput Cell Edge Throughput

30 40 50 60 70 30 40 50 60 70

30 40 50 60 70 30 40 50 60 70

Downlink

Uplink

561

562

566

554

560

564

543

550

554

540

545

550

555

560

565

570

25

Thro

ugh

pu

t (M

bp

s)

DOWNLINK - MEAN UE THROUGHPUT (Outdoor, No Foliage, UE=32)

ISD=100m ISD=200m ISD=300m

250 250

267

222

244

261

216

237

249

210

220

230

240

250

260

270

280

25

Thro

ugh

pu

t (M

bp

s)

DOWNLINK - CELL EDGE THROUGHPUT (Outdoor, No Foliage, UE=32)

ISD=100m ISD=200m ISD=300m

554 555 555

547550

546

509

513

495

485

495

505

515

525

535

545

555

565

25

Thro

ugh

pu

t (M

bp

s)

UPLINK - MEAN UE THROUGHPUT (Outdoor, No Foliage, UE=32)

ISD=100m ISD=200m ISD=300m

265267 267

216

233

227

183

190

183

170

180

190

200

210

220

230

240

250

260

270

25Th

rou

ghp

ut (

Mb

ps)

UPLINK - CELL EDGE THROUGHPUT (Outdoor, No Foliage, UE=32)

ISD=100m ISD=200m ISD=300m

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© Nokia 2017

• 5G mmW basestation and integrated wireless backhaul will be a small box which

is easy to install to lamp posts, walls or small masts.

• The cost of the box is mainly in RF, antennas and BB-SoC, of course some cost

goes for cover mechanics and power supply.

• Investigating how to arrange the creation and manufacturing of the RF and

antenna components.

• Multi-sector sBH is the assumption

Basic Network Building blocks

AP (with inband BH)

Integrated BH nodeAP with inband BH

AP and Integrated BH

use quite similar technologies

Access beams

BH beams

AP and BH

Access beams