5g mobile network testing
TRANSCRIPT
5G MOBILE NETWORK TESTING
Rohde & Schwarz Mobile Network Testing
Jibran Siddiqui
Technical Manager
Rohde & Schwarz
CONTENTS
11/15/2020 5G MOBILE NETWORK TESTING2
• 5G market drivers and key challenges
• Status about frequency bands globally for 5G
• Introducing the 5G Network Architectureo Stand Alone
o Non-standalone
• 5G technologies and features
• Comparing 5G to 4G
• Coverage and Quality parameters
• Interference mitigationo Spectrum Clearance
o Interference Hunting basics
• 5G network testing solution highlightso Flexibility with scanners in mmWave and LTE/5G NSA
measurements
o Measurements with ROMES
Rohde & Schwarz3
5G IS ALREADY GLOBALLY PRESENTCOMMERCIAL SERVICES ARE LAUNCHED
Source: GSA report: Evolution from LTE to 5G: Global Market Status, August 2020
► 397 operators in 129 countries are investing in 5G (launches, demos, trials)
► 96 operators in 41 countries announced 3GPP 5G full commercial
service launches (118 operators in 59 countries activated 5G sites
within their live commercial networks)
► 12 operators have or will launch
5G Standalone in 2020
► Just the August 2020 snapshot:
figures are growing constantly
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Rohde & Schwarz
FREQUENCY TRENDS FOR 5G
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NR frequency range 1
reserved numbers 65-256
Downlink Uplink
… … …
n77 3.3 – 4.2 GHz 3.3 – 4.2 GHz
n78 3.3 – 3.8 GHz 3.3 – 3.8 GHz
n79 4.4 – 5.0 GHz 4.4 – 5.0 GHz
… … …
NR frequency range 2
Reserved numbers 257-512
Downlink Uplink
n257 26.5 – 29.5 GHz 26.5 – 29.5 GHz
n258 24.25 – 27.5 GHz 24.25 – 27.5 GHz
n259 39.5-43.5 GHz 39.5-43.5 GHz
n260 37 – 40 GHz 37 – 40 GHz
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KEY CHALLENGES RELATED TO 5G NR RAN
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New spectrum
ı Even 3.5 GHz is different from today’s frequencies
ı What about coverage?
ı Spectrum clearance?
Beamforming for Synch.
and Broadcast Signals
ı How does beamforming work?
Flexibility of air interface
and gNB configuration
ı Bandwidth: 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 40, 50, 60, 80, 90, 100 MHz (FR1)50, 100, 200, 400 MHz (FR2)
ı Subcarrier Spacing:15, 30, 60 kHz (FR1)60, 120, (240) kHz (FR2)
ı Mapping onto antenna ports: single beam / multi beam sweeping
➢ New technology elements drive the need for (and complexity of)
5G NR network measurements
Attenuation
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REVIEW OF 5G USE CASESeMBB REMAINS PRIORITY 1 BUT …
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eMBB – the known playground
ı Established ecosystem (operators, manufacturers,
certification of devices)
ı Evolution from existing technologies and revolutionary
additions (cm- / mm-wave)
ı It’s all about data (speed and capacity)
ı Realizing and facing the challenges of cm-wave
spectrum and OTA testing; 3.5GHz is important!
URLLC
ı A significantly enhanced and
diverse ecosystem (operators (?),
manufacturers, verticals,
certification not existing (yet))
ı Principal support with high SCS
and self-contained slots
ı It’s all about reliability and security
(data and capacity)
massive Machine
Type Communication
Ultra reliable &
low latency
communication
enhanced Mobile
Broadband
eMBB
mMTC URLLC
Massive IoTı A diverse ecosystem
(operators, manufacturers,
local authorities, certification
only for some technologies)
ı Mix of technologies
(GSM, Lora, Zigbee, WLAN,
Bluetooth, Cat M, NB-IoT,…)
ı It’s all about cost efficiency
and massive connectivity
ı 3GPP: No NR based solution;
will be addressed by evolving
LTE-M (eMTC) and NB-IoT
Rohde & Schwarz
CONTENTS
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• 5G market drivers and key challenges
• Status about frequency bands globally for 5G
• Introducing the 5G Network Architectureo Stand Alone
o Non-standalone
• 5G technologies and features
• Comparing 5G to 4G
• Coverage and Quality parameters
• Interference mitigationo Spectrum Clearance
o Interference Hunting basics
• 5G network testing solution highlightso Flexibility with scanners in mmWave and LTE/5G NSA
measurements
o Measurements with ROMES
Rohde & Schwarz
5G NEW RADIO (NR) OFFERS A FLEXIBLE AIR INTERFACE SUMMARY OF KEY PARAMETERS
Parameter FR1 (410 MHz – 7.125 GHz) FR2 (24.25 – 52.6 GHz)
Carrier aggregation Up to 16 carriers
Bandwidth per carrier 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 40, 50, 60, 80, 90, 100MHz 50, 100, 200, 400 MHz
Subcarrier spacing 15, 30, 60 kHz 60, 120, 240 (not for data) kHz
Max. number of subcarriers 3300 (FFT4096 mandatory)
Modulation scheme QPSK, 16QAM, 64QAM, 256QAM; uplink also supports π/2-BPSK (only DFT-s-OFDM)
Radio frame length 10ms
Subframe duration 1 ms (alignment at symbol boundaries every 1 ms)
MIMO scheme Max. 2 codewords mapped to max 8 layers in downlink and to max 4 layers in uplink
Duplex mode TDD, FDD TDD
Access scheme DL: CP-OFDM; UL: CP-OFDM, DFT-s-OFDM
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LTE
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ARCHITECTURE OPTIONSOPTION 3 IS PRIORITY 1 IN 3GPP, FOLLOWED BY OPTION 2
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EPC
eNB
(LTE)
gNB
(5G)
MME SGW
Option 3:Non-Standalone
Data
Control
Option 2: Standalone
NGC
AMF UPF
gNBeNB is the
Master Node
MME = Mobility Management Entity
S-GW = Serving Gateway
AMF = Access and Mobility Management Function
UPF = User Plane Function
gNB is the
Secondary Node
EN DC: E-UTRA-NR
Dual Connectivity
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HOW CAN A UE IDENTIFY A 5G CARRIER?
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Carrier BW
BWP 1 BWP 2 BWP 3
SS
B
SS
B
SSB = SS/PBCH block
First action of UE looking for 5G cell: search for Synchronization Signals
ı One SSB is always transmitted → the only Always-On signal in 5G NR!
ı The 5G NR UE uses the SSB for ▪ Synchronization
▪ System information (MIB/SIB)
▪ Cell and Beam quality measurements
frequency
BWP: BandWidth Part:
contiguous subset of physical resource
blocks within the overall carrier bandwidth
of a certain frequency spectrum
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BANDWIDTH PARTS (BWP)
Motivation: Provide a flexible method to assign various numerologies to a device, thereby
adapting to different QoS requirements.
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Up to four BWPs in DL/UL per UE:
ı Single BWP at a given time
(active BWP)
ı No reception of PDSCH or
PDCCH outside DL BWP
ı No Transmission of PUSCH
or PUCCH outside UL BWP
ı BWPs can be switched by RRC
(slow), DCI (fast) or based on
timers
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SS/PBCH BLOCKS = SSB
► Time domain:
SSB consists of 4 OFDM symbols, where
PSS, SSS and PBCH with associated
DM-RS occupy different symbols
► Frequency domain:
SSB consists of 240 contiguous
subcarriers
► Like in LTE the Cell ID can be determined
from the used PSS/SSS sequences
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Synchronization Signal Block = SSB
PSS: Primary Synchronization Signal SSS: Secondary Synchronization Signal
PBCH: Physical Broadcast Channel DM-RS: DeModulation Reference Signal
239
. . . . . .
192
. . . . .
182
. . . . .
56
. . . . .
47
. . . . .
9
5
1
0
DM-RS
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SSB AND DIFFERENT BEAMS – „BEAMFORMING“
► Demodulation of the PBCH → determines the SSB index and
→ distinguishes between the periodically broadcasted SSBs
► Each SSB can be mapped to a different group of antenna elements to transmit in a certain
direction
► Example: Case A with subcarrier spacing of 15 kHz and 8 SSB indices
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…
Case A (15 kHz)
3 f 6 GHz (L=8)
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Block index 0…Lmax-1
5 ms
Different beams / SSB indices
➢ Beamforming of synchronization signals and broadcast information via 5G NR SSBs
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SSB – IN SINGLE BEAM OR MULTI BEAM CONFIGURATION
Typical Use Cases:
► In-building deployment (office, stadium
concourse, shopping malls, etc.)
► Macro sites to improve data throughput
(stable data connection with low
interference and high MCS) and capacity
► Coverage extension (Synch Signals and
Broadcast Channel Info) to compensate
higher attenuation
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Single Beam
Multi Beam sweeping
… …
… …
SSB
0
SSB
1
SSB
2
SSB
3
SSB
m… SSB
0
SSB
1
SSB
2
SSB
3
SSB
m……
SS burst 0 SS burst 1
time
➢ 5G NR network measurements need to cope with high flexibility and configurability
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5G NR: SIMPLE BEAMFORMING
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Same PCI, different SSB indices
gNB uses SSBs to be mapped on
„static“ beams. PDSCH & PUSCH will
also follow SSB beam concept
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DYNAMIC SPECTRUM SHARING (DSS)
5G MOBILE NETWORK TESTING16 11/15/2020
Time
Fre
qu
en
cy What?
► Resource shared between LTE and
5G (e.g. 10 MHz in 850 MHz band)
► Dynamical changes of LTE or 5G
allocation per subframe (1ms)
Why?
► Smooth and faster rollout of 5G (than
refarming)
► Wide 5G coverage quickly, if low
frequencies are used
► Optimized resource usage depending
on LTE and 5G subscriber population
and requests
► But: capacity is limited due to
available spectrum in low bandsImage source: Ericsson
Rohde & Schwarz
CONTENTS
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• 5G market drivers and key challenges
• Status about frequency bands globally for 5G
• Introducing the 5G Network Architectureo Stand Alone
o Non-standalone
• 5G technologies and features
• Comparing 5G to 4G
• Coverage and Quality parameters (Interactivity)
• Interference mitigationo Spectrum Clearance
o Interference Hunting basics
• 5G network testing solution highlightso Flexibility with scanners in mmWave and LTE/5G NSA
measurements
o Measurements with ROMES
Key Performance
Indicators in 5G
5G MOBILE NETWORK TESTING18
❑ Coverage (traditional): ❑ RSRP, SINR, etc.
❑ Latency
❑ Round-trip latency
❑ One way latency
❑ Redundancy
eMBB: Augmented Reality (AR / VR)
► Interactive / round-trip latency is key → Interactivity test!
URLLC:
► Often one-way latency is important (e.g. robot control,
automated guided vehicles, remote controlled trolley, etc.)
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THE NEW INTERACTIVITY TEST – eMBB IS ROUND-TRIP
19
► Interactivity is the combination of Bitrate + Latency + Continuity!
► The device sends a UDP stream of unique packets to an (active) server that reflects it
► TWAMP: Two-Way Active Measurement Protocol – specified by IETF (RFC 5357)
(Traffic can be emulated; TWAMP defined for latency SLA verifications)
► Control parameters (on technical level) are:
− Packet rate
− Packet size
− Delay budget
5G MOBILE NETWORK TESTING
► Results:
− Round-trip latency
− Packet delay variation
− Packet Error Rate
low
high
small
large
accepted delay
QualiPoc
Android
Ping
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INTERACTIVITY SCORE – THE QOE MODEL
20
► For emulating ‘real’ applications we will apply a generic QoE model
► The QoE model produces a ‘synthetic’ MOS (Mean Opinion Score) based on QoS and techn. KPIs
► Interactivity Score
Interactivity Score = f1 (latency, time)
5G MOBILE NETWORK TESTING
* f2 (delay variation) * f3 (packet loss)
► Interactivity Score combines latency, delay variation and packet loss into one single score
Pe
rfe
ct
To
lera
ble
Cri
tical
Fail
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Rohde & Schwarz
► This sort of generic QoE model is fully scalable
INTERACTIVITY TEST – a scalable concept for round-trip latency measurements
5G MOBILE NETWORK TESTING21
scalable
► The parametrization of the Interactivity Test and Score
is individual for each application class
► e.g. AR / VR Remote Support in Smart Factory
Robot control in the
smart factory?
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Rohde & Schwarz22
INTERACTIVITY TESTROUND-TRIP LATENCY MEASUREMENT
Network under test
(4G, 5G, WiFi, ..)
Measure and analyze round-trip latency on
QualiPoc Android using TWAMP reflector
(any TWAMP capable Internet node)
► Interactivity Test is commercially available in our QualiPoc Android solution offering
Rohde & Schwarz
CONTENTS
11/15/2020 5G MOBILE NETWORK TESTING23
• 5G market drivers and key challenges
• Status about frequency bands globally for 5G
• Introducing the 5G Network Architectureo Stand Alone
o Non-standalone
• 5G technologies and features
• Comparing 5G to 4G
• Coverage and Quality parameters (Interactivity)
• Interference mitigationo Spectrum Clearance
o Interference Hunting basics
• 5G network testing solution highlightso Flexibility with scanners in mmWave and LTE/5G NSA
measurements
o Measurements with ROMES
Rohde & Schwarz
IMPACT OF INTERFERENCE
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5th Gen (5G) -120 dBm
NB-IoT -130 dBm
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0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
-15 -5 5 15 25 35 45
Re
lativ
e t
hro
ug
hp
ut / %
SINR / dB
Example MCS vs. SINR
64QAM
(MCS 11...19)
256QAM
(MCS 20...27)
16QAM
(MCS 5...10)QPSK (MCS 0...4)
100
0
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
-5 5 15 25 35 45-15
WHAT IS THE IMPACT OF INTERFERENCE ON CAPACITY?
► Not easy to quantify
► Depending on many parameters
and implementation
The graph is a simplified real-world example for EPA5,
2x2MIMO and HARQ.
The MCS-SINR relation depends on the specific Base
Station vendors' algorithms, performance and
scheduler implementation, as well as on the channel
fading profile etc.
Rule of thumb:
10 dB less SINR
→ 50% less
data throughput
MCS: Modulation and Coding scheme
SINR: Signal to Interference and Noise Ratio
TAKEAWAY: Interference dramatically impacts network performance
→ Spectrum clearance in new spectrum becomes essential
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SPECTRUM CLEARANCE BEFORE OR AFTER DEPLOYMENTMASKING UPLINK WITH GATED TRIGGER
26 5G MOBILE NETWORK TESTING11/15/2020
Trigger Free Run
(Down Link
and Uplink)
Gated Trigger
(only Uplink)
Interference
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SPECTRUM CLEARANCE BEFORE OR AFTER DEPLOYMENTMASKING UPLINK WITH GATED TRIGGER
27 5G MOBILE NETWORK TESTING11/15/2020
Trigger Free Run
(Down Link
and Uplink)
Gated Trigger
(only Uplink)
Interference
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REAL FIELD MEASUREMENTS RESULTS AT 3500 MHz
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INTERFERENCE HUNTING AND SPECTRUM CLEARANCE
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Application
ı Locating interferers
(indoor or outdoor)
ı Spectrum checking /
clearance
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► Fast automatic direction-finder
with 600 DF measurements /
minute
► The first handheld correlative
interferometer direction-finder with
typ. 1 degree RMS system DF
accuracy on the world market
► Integrated GPS and electronic
compass
► Magnetic mount for quick and
easy DF antenna installation on a
vehicle roof
FAST AUTOMATIC DIRECTION-FINDING WITH MULTI-ELEMENT DF ANTENNA
Interference
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EASY-TO-USE SOLUTION THAT LOCATES SOURCES OF INTERFERENCE
Customer comment:
“We were searching for an
interference without
success for 4 weeks.
With MobileLocator it took
30 minutes to locate it.”
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Mobile Network Testing
Rohde & Schwarz
CONTENTS
11/15/2020 5G MOBILE NETWORK TESTING32
• 5G market drivers and key challenges
• Status about frequency bands globally for 5G
• Introducing the 5G Network Architectureo Stand Alone
o Non-standalone
• 5G technologies and features
• Comparing 5G to 4G
• Coverage and Quality parameters (Interactivity)
• Interference mitigationo Spectrum Clearance
o Interference Hunting basics
• 5G network testing solution highlightso Flexibility with scanners in mmWave and LTE/5G NSA
measurements
o Measurements with ROMES
Rohde & Schwarz
R&S TEST SOLUTIONS TO DEPLOY 5G NR NETWORKS
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R&S®SmartONE(5G NR ONE tool for optimization, network benchmarking and engineering)
R&S®TSME6
R&S®TSMA6
5G NR network measurement solution
R&S®Freerider 4(FR1 and FR2)
Passive measurements Active measurements
5G router 5G smartphones
QualiPoc Android
Spectr. clearance / Interfer. hunting Data analytics
R&S®FPH 31GHz
R&S®MNT100 & PR200 R&S®MobileLocator
R&S®TSMA6 R&S®FSH
SmartAnalytics(software suite)
(TDD gated trigger)
Site troubleshooting & acceptance
QualiPoc AndroidR&S®5G STS R&S®FPH
Standard
mode
Expert
mode
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DIFFERENCE BETWEEN SCANNER AND MOBILE PHONE MEASUREMENTS
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Measurement device
Measurement modePassive: just receiving,
no SIM required
Active: SIM-based connection to
its operator
Measurement accuracy Accurate (+/- 1dB) +/- 6dB
Measured cellsAll receivable cells (all operators,
all configured frequency bands)
Connected cell and neighbors
(limited), own operator
Measurement speed / frequency + -
Use case Reference RF measurement Real world, comparability
Solution: Scanner controlled
by QualiPoc Android
Rohde & Schwarz
5G NR NETWORK MEASUREMENT SOLUTION
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SmartONE (expert mode / ROMES4):
5G NR Software for network engineering,
analysis and optimization
(running on laptop or NUC PC in TSMA6)
For comfortable
walk tests
➢ Industry’s first commercially available 5G NR network measurement
solution launched by Rohde & Schwarz Mobile Network Testing
TSME6: Ultra-compact network scanner
TSMA6: Autonomous network scanner
plus downconverter for 28 / 39 GHz frequency bands
Rohde & Schwarz
MAIN TAKE-AWAY –COVERAGE
► Expected UE sensitivity:
~ -120 dBm (SS-RSRP)
► Suburban area (3.7 GHz)
► Surprisingly good SSB
coverage
► Static SSB beamforming
allows for long radio range
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-125dBm SS-RSRP
~ 6.5km distance
gNodeB
-110dBm SS-RSRP
-90dBm SS-RSRP
-100dBm SS-RSRP
✓
➢ Operators can try to reuse
site grid ?
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SSB / BEAMFORMINGVERIFICATION
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Same PCI, different SSB indices
✓
► Best received SSB index /
beam visualized on the map
► Surprisingly good match with
horizontal “micro sectors”
(SSB beam indices)
► 3.7 GHz, sub-urban
environment
gNodeB
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„Massive beamforming“
can be evaluated
in the field
BEAMFORMING EVALUATION IN THE FIELD (28 GHz)
► One PCI
► Focus on best beam
(SSB index)
38 11/15/2020 5G MOBILE NETWORK TESTING
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TESTING DYNAMIC SPECTRUM SHARING IN THE FIELD
► Automatic Channel Detection showing DSS
5G MOBILE NETWORK TESTING39
R&S®TSMA6 (autonomous network scanner)
R&S®SmartONE expert mode ACD
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FIRST UE-BASED 5G NR MEASUREMENTS
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R&S®SmartONE expert mode
(ROMES4) GUI with 5G mobile device data
https://www.linkedin.com/feed/update/urn:li:activity:6488431089424564224
5G NR
Serving Cell
5G NR
Uplink
5G NR
Downlink
5G NR Cell
History
5G NR Cell
Quality
RSRP,
RSRQ
Tx Power
DL Thp
Rohde & Schwarz
FLEXIBILITY: MM-WAVE/SUB 6 GHz MEASUREMENT SETUPINCLUDING SCANNERS, SIMULTANEOUS MEASUREMENTS
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Sub 6 / IFReal-timeswitching
TSME30DC/44DC
5GNR
mm-waveRF
LTE + 5GNR
sub-6 GHzRF
PC including
R&S®SmartONE
Drive Test Software
HW control
Downconverter
Local oscillator
R&S®TSME6
► single frontend!
Downconverter
IF
TSME30DC/44DC
5GNR
Local oscillator
RF
LTE + 5GNR RF
HW control
Further speed improvements
Standard performance setup
R&S®TSME6
R&S®TSME6
Alternative with R&S®TSMA6
and tablet for control
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SUMMARY OF R&S SCANNER ADVANTAGES
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Performance:► mmWave and sub6 measurements with only 1 frontend
► mmWave frequencies up to 44 GHz
► Automatic Channel Detection (ACD) can run smoothly in the background
► Dynamic Spectrum Sharing (DSS) using a single frontend
► > 10 dB (!!!) higher receiver sensitivity in 5G than best competitor
► Far better dynamic range in 5G than best competitor
► Standard speed in mmWave and sub 6 GHz with just one frontend and one FR2 antenna
► Simultaneous LTE 2x2 MIMO and mmWave / sub6 5G measurements with two frontends (e.g. TSME6)
Flexibility:► Just add scanner for measurement speed improvement
► Every R&S 5G scanner can be upgraded to mmWave (FR2)
Future-proof:► Every R&S 5G mmWave scanner setup can be upgraded to 4x4 MIMO LTE
► Every R&S scanner setup can be upgraded to 4x4 MIMO LTE
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5G NR POST PROCESSING IN THE CLOUD
► Use-case driven analytics
► Cloud based or locally installed
► Aggregated data layers +
High resolution file data
► Intuitive filtering
► 5G NR Scanner Workspace
− Best Cell Coverage
− Best SSB Coverage
− NR vs 4G Coverage Comparison
− TopN Details
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5G NR Scanner Analysis
in R&S®SmartAnalytics
Rohde & Schwarz
CONCLUSION
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➢ Rohde & Schwarz MNT is committed to support the industry with network test
solutions from early trial phase to network optimization and benchmarking
Commercial 5G NR network measurement solution available by Rohde & Schwarz
5G NR network measurements need to cope with high flexibility, configurability and
complexity of new technology elements
Verification of coverage and SSB beamforming in many networks with R&S
5G NR commercial rollout running now – many pre-commercial trials!
Commercial 5G NR smartphones available on the market
https://www.rohde-schwarz.com/MNT-5G
https://www.rohde-schwarz.com/MNT/stories