5.antimycobacterials

BYBY

Dr. Dr. SAMINATHAN KAYAROHANAMSAMINATHAN KAYAROHANAM

M.PHARM, M.B.A, PhDM.PHARM, M.B.A, PhD

ANTIMYCOBACTERIALS

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NUM CONTENT SLIDE

1 INTRODUCTION TO MYCOBACTERIUM 4

2 OVERVIEW OF TUBERCULOSIS 5-9

3 TUBERCULOSIS-PREVALENCE(WHO-2009) 10

4 SYMPTOMS OF TUBERCULOSIS 11

5 OVERVIEW OF TO LEPROSY 12-21

6 LEPROSY-PREVALENCE(WHO-2004) 22

7 CLASSIFICATION OF ANTIMYCOBACTERIALS 23

8 MECHANISM OF ANTIMYCOBACTERIALS 25,26

9 MECHANISM OF ISONIAZID 27

10 MECHANISM OF RIFAMYCINS 28

11 SOME CHARACTERISTICS OF FIRST-LINE DRUGS USED IN TREATING TUBERCULOSIS

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12 CHEMOTHERAPY LEPROSY PATIENT 30

13 CHEMOTHERAPY TUBERCLOSIS PATIENT 31

14 TREATMENT GUIDELINES FOR TUBERCLOSIS 32-34

15 COMMON SIDE EFFECTS OF TUBERCLOSIS DRUGS 35-37

16 TREATMENT GUIDELINES FOR LEPROSY 38

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LEARNING OUTCOME

1. Describe and understand the tuberculosis and leprosy.

2. List the dug classification to treat tuberculosis and leprosy.

3. Understand the symptoms of tuberculosis and leprosy.

4. Abele to demonstrate the general mechanism of drugs used to treat tuberculosis and leprosy.

5. Able to describe the common tuberculosis and leprosy drugs adverse effects.

6. Able to understand the therapeutic application of tuberculosis and leprosy drugs.

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Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex refers to a group of Mycobacterium species that can cause tuberculosis in humans.

1. INTRODUCTION TO MYCOBACTERIUM

Mycobacterium is a genus of Actinobacteria, given its own family, the Mycobacteriaceae.To cause serious diseases in mammals.

1. Tuberculosis (Mycobacterium Tuberculosis)

2. Leprosy

(Mycobacterium Leprae,Mycobacterium lepromatosis)

Mycobacteria are aerobic and nonmotile

bacteria

(except for the species mycobacterium marinum)

That are characteristically acid-alcohol-fast.

Usually considered gram-positive.

•Mycobacterium

tuberculosis

•Mycobacterium

africanum

•Mycobacterium bovis

•Mycobacterium microti

•Mycobacterium canettii

•Mycobacterium caprae

•Mycobacterium

pinnipedii

•Mycobacterium mungi

Dr.K.Saminathan.M.Pharm, M.B.A, Ph.D

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2.OVERVIE OF TUBERCULOSIS

Tuberculosis, or TB, is an infectious bacterial disease caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis, which most commonly affects the lungs.

It is transmitted from person to person via droplets from the throat and lungs of people with the active respiratory disease.

Today, these new and dangerous forms of the disease -- resistant to some of the commonly used drug treatments -- have created a public health crisis in many large cities worldwide


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Mycobacterium tuberculosis, one of a number of mycobacteria, can lead to serious infections of the lungs, genitourinary tract, skeleton, and meninges.

Treating tuberculosis as well as other mycobacterial infections presents therapeutic problems.

The organism grows slowly; thus, the disease may have to be treated for 6 months to 2 years. Resistant organisms readily emerge, particularly in patients who have had prior therapy or who fail to adhere to the treatment protocol.

It is currently estimated that about one-third of the world's population is infected with M. tuberculosis, with 30 million people having active disease. Worldwide, 8 million new cases occur, and approximately 2 million people die of the disease each year.



Dr.K.Saminathan.M.Pharm(Ph.D) , M.B.A (Ph.D)7



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3.TUBERCULOSIS-PREVALENCE(WHO-2009)


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4.SYMPTOMS OF TUBERCULOSIS


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Leprosy, also known as Hansen's disease (HD), is a chronic infection caused by the bacterium Mycobacterium leprae and Mycobacterium lepromatosis.

Leprosy takes its name from the Latin word Lepra, which means "scaly", while the term "Hansen's disease" is named after thephysician Gerhard Armauer Hansen. It is primarily a granulomatous disease of the peripheral nerves and mucosa of the upper respiratory tract; skin lesions are the primary external sign.

Left untreated, leprosy can be progressive, causing permanent damage to the skin, nerves, limbs and eyes. Contrary to folklore, leprosy does not cause body parts to fall off, although they can become numb or diseased as a result of secondary infections; these occur as a result of the body's defenses being compromised by the primary disease.

5.OVERVIEW OF TO LEPROSY


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•Initially, infections are without symptoms and typically remain this way for 5 to as long as 20 years.

•Symptoms that develop include granulomas of the nerves, respiratory tract, skin, and eyes.

•This may result in a lack of ability to feel pain and thus loss of parts of extremities due to repeated injuries. Weakness and poor eyesight may also be present

• Until 1941, there was no cure. Even today, in some areas, leprosy is still a significant, public-health problem.

•Socially, leprosy isolated someone from the community.

•The World Health Organization recommends the triple-drug regimen of dapsone, clofazimine, and rifampin for 6 to 24 months.



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Historical of Leprosy:Norwegian physician Gerhard Armauer Hansen discovered the Mycobacterium Leprae in 1876. He was searching in the skin of patients with leprosy and discovered this bacterium.Leprosy was recognized in many ancient civilizations like China, Egypt, and India dating all the way back to 600 BC.

1921, the U.S established that nations first leprosarium in Louisiana in order to institutionalize patients with leprosy for experiments and further research.



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Common Symptoms:Skin lesions•Numbness•Muscle Weakness•Lesions have decreased sensation to touch, pain, or heat.•The lesions are lighter than your skin color.

5. OVERVIEW OF TO LEPROSY


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6. LEPROSY-PREVALENCE(WHO-2004)


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7. CLASSIFICATION OF ANTIMYCOBACTERIALS

Con…Dr.K.Saminathan.M.Pharm, M.B.A, Ph.D

7. CLASSIFICATION OF ANTIMYCOBACTERIALS

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8. MECHANISM OF ANTIMYCOBACTERIALS

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8. MECHANISM OF ANTIMYCOBACTERIALS


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Isoniazid, the hydrazide of isonicotinic acid, is a synthetic analog of pyridoxine.

Isoniazid, often referred to as INH, is a prodrug that is activated by a mycobacterial catalase-peroxidase (KatG).

Genetic and biochemical evidence has implicated at least two different target enzymes for isoniazid within the unique Type II fatty acid synthase system involved in the production of mycolic acids.

The targeted enzymes are enoyl acyl carrier protein reductase (InhA) and a ketoacyl-ACP synthase (KasA). The activated drug covalently binds to and inhibits these enzymes, which are essential for the synthesis of mycolic acid.

9.MECHANISM OF ISONIAZID


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Rifampin, rifabutin, and rifapentine are all considered to be rifamycins, a group of structurally similar macrocyclic antibiotics, which are first-line drugs for tuberculosis. Any of these rifamycins must always be used in conjunction with at least one other antituberculosis drug to which the isolate is susceptible.

Rifampin blocks transcription by interacting with the subunit of bacterial but not human DNA-dependent RNA polymerase.

[Note: The drug is thus specific for prokaryotes.] Rifampin inhibits mRNA synthesis by suppressing the initiation step.

10. MECHANISM OF RIFAMYCINS


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11. SOME CHARACTERISTICS OF FIRST-LINE DRUGS USED IN TREATING TUBERCULOSIS


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12.CHEMOTHERAPY LEPROSY PATIENT


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13. CHEMOTHERAPY FOR TUBERCLOSIS PATIENT


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14. TREATMENT GUIDELINES FOR TUBERCLOSIS


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14.TREATMENT GUIDELINES FOR TUBERCLOSIS


34Dr.K.Saminathan.M.Pharm, M.B.A, Ph.D

Dr.K.Saminathan.M.Pharm(Ph.D) , M.B.A (Ph.D) 35

15. COMMON SIDE EFFECTS OF TUBERCLOSIS DRUGS


Dr.K.Saminathan.M.Pharm(Ph.D) , M.B.A (Ph.D) 36Dr.K.Saminathan.M.Pharm, M.B.A, Ph.D

37 Dr.K.Saminathan.M.Pharm, M.B.A, Ph.D


16.TREATMENT GUIDELINES FOR LEPROSY


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MYCOBACTERIUM BACTERIA

ACID-FAST MYCOBACTERIALEPROMATOUS LEPROS

MYCOBACTERIUM TUBERCULOSIS INFECTION OF LUNG

MYCOBACTERIUM TUBERCULOSIS


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Bacillus Calmette–Guérin (historically Vaccin Bilié de Calmette et Guérin commonly referred to as Bacille de Calmette et Guérin or BCG) is a vaccine against tuberculosis that is prepared from a strain of the attenuated (virulence-reduced) live bovine tuberculosis bacillus, Mycobacterium bovis, that has lost its virulence in humans by being specially subcultured in a culture medium, usually Middlebrook 7H9

BCG vaccine


5.antimycobacterials

Health & Medicine

mycobacterium mycobacterium

common tuberculosis

treating tuberculosis

overview of tuberculosis

symptoms of tuberculosis

leprosy mycobacterium

species mycobacterium

group of mycobacterium