Tourism, Creativity

& Regeneration

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Introduction The phenomenon of urban regeneration has

become increasingly prominent on government agendas in recent years.

Regeneration lead to the redevelopment of the place as cities and towns.

Tourism , culture and also the creativity are the tools that being used to implemented this regeneration

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Regeneration The department for Culture, Media and Sport (DCMS)

(2004) described regeneration as ‘ the positive transformation of a place- whether residential, commercial or open space – that has previously displayed symptoms of physical, social and economic decline

Often viewed as ‘revitalization’(bringing new life) or ‘renaissance’ (being reborn)

It is a process that’s aim to revitalize areas of the city that have decline using a range of tools (e.g. property, business, retail or arts developments) to enhance the area physically, economically, socially or culturally.

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Regeneration Regeneration appeared to be driven initially

by cluster of artists and creative communities.

E.g. New York City (‘Bohemian Index’ and ‘Gay index’)

The link between culture , creativity and new technological encouraging economics growth.

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RegenerationHave to consider the aspect of ‘People

Climate’ and ‘Business climate’.Standardization of architectural and

attractions development.Culture is one of the element in the

regeneration process.Culture can be defined as heritage, arts and

creative industries as well as ‘incorporating peoples’ everyday lifestyles (e.g. leisure, shopping, eating and drinking)

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RegenerationStep in regeneration

1. Local economy must be diversified and strengthened

2. Product development, diversification or enhancement

3. Branding and image (unique of the product)

4. Positioning (competitors)

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The Role of Culture in Urban Regeneration

The role of culture in urban regenerationTool to enhance declining areas of cities (e.g.

reused old building)

Close links are maintained with the history and heritage of place and local communities.

Culture become a commodity to be packaged and sell much like any other

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The Role of Culture in Urban Regeneration

Examples of culture-led regenerationCultural and Ethnic quarters

Mixed –used development areas for entertainment facilities, retail outlets, eating and drinking places and cultural venues (e.g. ‘China Town, Little India and Little Italies)

The arts , festivals and community development This strategies would serve to reconstruct cities

external images, making them attractive to potential investors and visitors. Boost the local economy through art-related activities

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The Role of Culture in Urban Regeneration

The ‘heritagisation ‘of urban space Using the heritage place and site as a tool for

regeneration. The reuse of heritage buildings (e.g. former

factories and railways station) for modern purpose

‘Grand Projects’ and ‘Flagships’Developments of new culture attractions such

a museums, galleries or theaters or culture events such as festivals and exhibitions

Become a host for mega- events.9

The Role of Culture in Urban Regeneration

Waterfront development schemesMixed-used development, combining

residences, recreational and cultural developments

Mostly the place will be occupied by the strangers to the city (e.g. urban professional suburban communities and tourists)

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The Main Principle of a Cultural Planning Approach to Urban Regeneration

1. Culture at the centre of and integral to planning2. Democratic and community-orientated3. ‘Bottom-up’ approach4. Pluralist, multi-stakeholder approach5. Predominantly ‘anthropological’ in approach6. Local participation in the cultural and art

activities 7. Emphasis on ‘quality of life’8. Take account of cultural diversity9. Negotiation of the local versus the national and

the global10. Recognition of hybrid and multiple identities

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The Main Principle of a Cultural Planning Approach to Urban Regeneration

11. Fostering civic pride, a sense of local identity and ownership

12. Awareness of intangible aspects of culture13. Animations of the cities through culture and

creativity14. High ‘creative’ and ‘bohemian’ indices15. Access to public space16. New, more ‘tolerant’ space for social interaction17. Spiritual and holy spaces 18. Space for fantasy19. Creative approaches to development20. Retention of local authenticity

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Types of Development stemming from Regeneration Process

Iconic structuresThe cities increasingly constructing iconic

landmarks as means of creating or changing and image and focusing cultural and economic activity (e.g. Bilbao Guggenheim Museum)

Heritage miningConserve the past because no more resources

to develop (e.g. Venice)

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Types of Development stemming from Regeneration Process

Mega-eventsUse major international events to stimulus to

development (e.g. Olympic Games, UNESCO sponsored Universal Forum of Cultures)

Thematization Developing a specific culture themeE.g. New York positioning itself as the ‘culture

capital of the world’

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The Creative Turn In RegenerationThe reasons why creativity has become particularly

popular in urban development strategies:1. Culture is associated with ‘high culture’ which has

a traditional ,staid image 2. The cultural sector is not perceived as being very

flexible or dynamic3. The creative sector is broader than the cultural

sector alone4. The creative sector is directly linked to innovation5. The creative industries include many aspects of

visual consumption6. Women often play a key role in the development of

the creative industries

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Models of Creative DevelopmentThe elements that are important in any creative

regeneration strategies;Clustering

Creative enterprises need a network of colleagues and suppliers and clustering is therefore seen as providing an impulse to both individual creativity and collective creativity

Consumer In many cases creative enterprise need to attract

audiences or attract audience or consumer to specific locations.

Large number of consumer also help to generate the ambience which is important to make spaces and districts attractive to live in.

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Models of Creative DevelopmentCo-makership

Creative cluster need to involve both producers and consumers in a process of co-makership of creative experiences

Attractions that do not allow space for the consumer to create their own experience or help to shape the experiences produced by creative enterprises are arguably not exploiting the full potential of creative tourism

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Models of Creative DevelopmentClarity

Important to creative development in two sense : Attracting audience depends on a certain level of

visibility Must have the level of permeability of the consumer

ConfidenceNot just having the faith to invest in creativity

but also involves the essential issues of trustConfidence in one’s ability to make such

developments work is also an essential element in selling the idea of success

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Materializing ActivityCreativity can be integrated into urban and

tourism activity

Creative spectacles Many major arts festivals have effectively

become the term of creative spectaclesE.g. ‘World of Wearable Art’ staged in New

Zealand in 2003 generates NZ$6.5 millions

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Materializing ActivityCreative Spaces

Often of fixed ideas, blanks state; spaces that are multifunctional and that can be used to develop different narratives

Can be designed to house a core of permanent residence

Creative TourismNot just being there but reflexive interaction on the

part of touristE.g. Creative Tourism New Zealand including bone

carving, Maori language class , native flora weaving

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