สี่แผ่นดิน

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ส่แผํนดิน ... คึกฤทธิ ปราโมช นวนิยายอมตะ ท่ทํานผ๎อํานจะได๎ท้งความบนเทิง ขนบธรรมเนยมประเพณ และเบ้องหล งประวติศาสตร๑ไทยบางตอน คํานํา หน งส อเร ่อง "ส่แผํนดิน" น้ ผ๎เขยนได๎แตํงขึ้น และนําลงในหนงสอพิมพ๑สยามรฐรายวน ติดตํอก นมา เป็นเวลาปีเศษ ในขณะท่ เขยนน้น ก็มิได๎คํานึงถึงขนาดของเลํม ถ๎าหากจะพิมพ๑เป็นเลํมขึ้น แตํเม ่อได๎มาเห็นขนาด เม่อได๎รวบรวมพิมพ๑เป็นเลํมขึ้นแล๎ว ผ๎เขยน ออกจะร๎สึกตกใจไมํน๎อยไปกวําทํานผ๎อํานอกหลายคน เพราะขนาดหนงสอน้นโตเกินคาด จําเป็นต๎องแบํงพิมพ๑เป็นสองเลํม แม๎ กระน้นแล๎ว หนงสอแตํละเลํมก็โต จนผ๎เขยนเองก็เห็นวําอ๎ยอ๎ายไป ถ๎าหากวําจะพิมพ๑แบํงออกเป็นสามเลํม ก็อาจเบามอกวําในรปน้ แตํจะทําให๎ความสําคญของหนงสอลดน๎อยลงไป เพราะผ๎เขยนเจตนาจะให๎เลํม ๑ นบรวบรวมเหต การณ๑ท่เกิดในยคหนึ่ง และเลํม ๒ น้นเก่ยวกบเหต การณ๑ในยคตํอมา ในระหวํางท ่เร ่อง "ส่แผํนดิน" ยงลงพิมพ๑อยํในสยามรฐรายวนน้น ได๎มผ๎เขยนจดหมายมาถามบํอยคร้งวําเร่อง "ส่แผํนดิน" น้นเป็นเร่องจริงหรอไฉน และ "แมํพลอย" วเอกของเร่องน้น เป็นบคคลจริงๆหรออยํางไร ป ญหาเชํนน้จะตอบแตํส้นๆ ได๎โดยยาก จําต๎องใช๎วิธอ ปมาอปไมย ถ๎าจะเปรยบให๎เห็นชด ก็ต๎องเปรยบกบการแสดงละคร ตามปกติในการเลํนละคร ยํอมต๎องมฉาก แตํฉาก ละครน้นเป็นของสมมติ ตกแตํงให๎ละม๎ายคล๎ายคลึงกบของจริง สํวนต วละครท่แสดงน้น เป็นคนจริงๆ ม ชวิตและมเน้อหนงเหมอนคนด ท้งหลาย หนงสอเร่อง "ส่แผํนดิน" น้น เป็นของกล บกนกบ วิธการแสดงละคร คอฉากท้งหลายท้งปวง ท่ผ๎เขยนได๎นํามาใช๎ ในการ เขยนเร่องน้ เป็นของจริงท้งสิ้น และได๎พยายามสอบสวนให๎ตรงกบความจริง ตลอดจนเม ่อรวบรวมพิมพ๑ขึ้นเป็นเลํมคร้งน้ ก็ได๎ พยายามจนสด ความสามารถท ่จะให๎เหต การณ๑ และรายละเอยดแหํงชวิต ท่ได๎นํามาบรรยายน้นถกต๎องตรงตํอความเป็นจริง ให๎มาก ท่สดเทําท่จะทําได๎ ฉะน้นฉากละครแหํงเร่อง "ส่แผํนดิน" จึงเป็นของจริงท้งหมด แตํต วละครน้นกล บเป็น ของสมมติ ค"แมํพลอย" ก็ด วงศาคณาญาติตลอดจนเพ่อนฝงของ "แมํพลอย" ท่เข๎ามามบทบาทในท๎องเร่องก็ด ล๎วนแล๎วแตํเป็นบคคลท่ได๎เกิดขึ้นด๎วย จินตนาการของผ๎เขยน แตํในการสร๎างบคคลิกล กษณะของบคคลเหลําน้ ผ๎เขยนก็ได๎พยายามยึดถอเอาความจริงเป็นหล ก คอยกดกน มิให๎บคคลเหลําน้พดหรอทําสิ่งใดท่อาจเกินความจริง ไปได๎เลย เพราะฉากเบ้องหล งตวละครน้น ผ๎เขยนได๎นําของจริงมาใช๎เสยแล๎ว ด่ง ท่ได๎กลําวมาแตํต๎น แม๎แตํเคร่องแตํงต วของ "แมํพลอย" จะนํงหํมสอะไรก็ตรงตํอความจริง แตํด๎วยเหต น้ ต วบคคลในเร่อง จึง กลายเป็นจริงขึ้นมาในความร๎สึกของผ๎เขยน และบคคลเหลําน้ ได๎เข๎ามาดําเนินเร่องของต วเอง จนบางเวลาขณะท่เขยนอยํน้นเผลอไป เหมอนก บมใครมากระซิบบอกให๎เขยนอยํใกล๎ๆ เจตนาของผ ๎เข ยนในการเข ยนหน งส อน ้ ก็เพ ่อจะบนทึกภาพรายละเอ ยดเบ ้องหล งเหต การณ๑ตํางๆ ท่ได๎เกิดขึ ้น ต ้งแตํสมพระบาทสมเด็จพระจลจอมเกล๎าเจ๎าอยํหว ลงมาจนถึงสิ้นแผํนดิน พระบาทสมเด็จพระเจ๎าอยํหวอนนทมหิดล ในระยะเวลาท่คํอนข๎างจะ นานน้ ได๎มเหต การณ๑ตํางๆ เกิดขึ้นเป็นอนมากในเม องไทย และได๎มการเปล ่ยนแปลงท่สําค ญเกิดขึ้นมากมายหลายเร่อง เหต การณ๑ และการเปล ่ยนแปลงตํางๆน้ เป็นเร่องท่ประวติศาสตร๑ต๎องจารึกไว๎ จึงเป็นสิ่งท่ใครๆก็ยํอมทราบ แตํสิ่งท่ประวติศาสตร๑มิได๎จารึก ก็ครายละเอยดเก่ยวก บชวิตและความเป็นอยํ ตลอดจนความคิดเห็นของคน ท่ต๎องประสบเหต การณ๑และการเปล ่ยนแปลงน้นๆ สิ่งเหลําน้ นบวํา เป็นรายละเอยดเบ้องหล งประวติศาสตร๑ และยํอมมความสําคญอยํไมํน๎อย เพราะการอบรมประเพณและราบละเอยดเล็กๆน๎อยๆ แหํงชวิต ยํอมเป็นมลฐาน ของความคิดเห็นและกระทําให๎บคคลเกิดปฏิกิริยาแตกตํางก นไป ในเม ่อมเหต การณ๑หรอการเปล ่ยนแปลง ใดๆ มากระทบต ว หากเราได๎ทราบรายละเอยดตํางๆน้นได๎บ๎างพอสมควร เราก็สามารถท ่จะเข๎าใจความคิดเห็น บางอยําง ความร๎สึก นึกคิดบางอยําง และปฏิกิริยาตํางๆน้นได๎มากขึ้น แตํถ๎าเราไมํสามารถร๎รายละเอยดเหลําน้ เสยเลยแล๎ว ตํอไปเราก็ไมํอาจอยํในฐานะ ท่จะอธิบายมลเหต ของเหต การณ๑ท่เกิดขึ้นในอดตได๎แจํมแจ๎ง และไมํอาจเข๎าใจวํา เพราเหต ใดจึงได๎มปฏิกิริยาบางอยํางเกิดขึ้น หล งจากท ่ได๎มเหต การณ๑น้นๆเกิดขึ้นแล๎ว ด๎วยเหต ตํางๆท่ได๎กลําวมาน้ ผ๎เขยนจึงมเจตนาท่จะให๎หนงสอ "ส่แผํนดิน" น้เป็นท่รวบรวม "รายละเอยดเบ้องหล ง ประวติศาสตร๑ " ตํางๆเหลําน้ไว๎อกอยํางหนึ่ง นอกจากจะกํอความบนเทิงให๎แกํผ๎อํานแตํอยํางเดยว ถ๎าหากวํา จะเปรยบเหตการณ๑สําคญท่เกิดขึ้นน้น เป็นลายโครงบนผนผ๎าลายอยํางไทยๆ ผ๎เขยนก็ม เจตนาท่จะให๎หนงสอเร่อง "ส่แผํนดิน" น้เป็น ลายประกอบ เพ่อจะได๎ทําผ๎าลายผนน้นมลวดลายเต็มขึ้น และวิจิตรพิศดารยิ่งขึ้น ผ๎เขยนจะได๎กระทําสําเร็จสมด่งความเจตนาหรอไมํ ก็ยงไมํกล๎ารบรอง ในการอธิบายรายละเอ ยดตํางๆ ซึ ่งเป็นเร ่องท่เกิดขึ ้นกํอนกําเนิดของผ ๎เข ยนน ้น ผ ๎เข ยนได๎ร บความอ ปการะ จากทํานผ ๎อําน มากมายหลายทํานด๎วยก น บางทํานก็กรณาให๎ความร๎อนหาคํามิได๎ บางทํานก็กรณาตกเตอนความผิดพลาด และข๎อบกพรํองตํางๆ ซึ่งทําให๎ผ๎เขยนสามารถแก๎ใขปรบปรง ฉบบท่เป็นร ปเลํมน้ ให๎ถกต๎องตํอความเป็นจริงยิ่งขึ้น บางทํานก็มความกรณาให๎กําลงใจ สนบสนน โดยวิธเข๎ามารบนบเป็นญาติโยมของ "แมํพลอย" ไตํถามทกข๑สขและสํงของมาให๎ตามแตํโอกาส ซึ่งพระคณเหลําน้ ผ๎เขยน ขอจารึกไว๎มิร๎ลม และขออทิศความดแหํงหนงสอเลํมน้ท ้งหมดเทําท่ม ให๎แกํผ๎มอปการคณ ด่งท่ได๎กลําวมาแล๎ว หน งส อเร ่อง "ส่แผํนดิน" น้ใช๎เวลานานในการเขยน และใช๎เวลาอกนานในการตรวจแก๎การเรยงพิมพ๑ เม่อได๎ทําสําเร็จมาเป็น ปเลํม ถึงมอทํานผ๎อําน ผ๎เขยนก็ออกจะภมิใจเป็นธรรมดา และความภมิใจน้นจะมากยิ่งขึ้น ถ๎าหากวําหนงสอน้ สามารถให๎ความ บนเทิงและประโยชน๑แกํทํานผ๎อําน ได๎ตามสมควร

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" " " " " ! " " ! " " " "" " " " " " " " ! " " " ! ... " " "" " " "" " " "" " " "" " " "" " " 87. " " " ! !" " """ "" " """ """ !" " """ " ! " " "" ! !" " !" " ! "" """ " ! " " " " """ " ! "" !" " " " !" "" " !"" !" " " 88. " ! !" " " " " " " " ! " " " " ! " " ! " "" " " "" " ... " " " " " "" " " "" "" " ! ! " "" "" " " ( ) 89. .. " " "" " " "" "..." " " "" 90. "" " " " ! !" " """ "" " ! " "" "" " """ " "" " "" " !" " "" !" " """ """" " """ "" " "" ! " "" " " " ! ! """ """" " ! " 91. """" """ "" " " " "" " """ " " " "" ! " "" " " " " "" "" "" " ! " "" " " " " " " "" " """ " " 92. " " "" "" """ " "" " " " "" "" " """ " "" "" " "" " "" " "" ... """ " ""... ... " "" " "" ! " " " " " 93. " " " " " !" " ! " " " " " " ! " " " " " "" " " " ! ............. ! ...." " !" "" " " " !" " " "..." " ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... " " !" " " "" " " " " " " " " " ... ... ... !" "" "... ... ... ... " " !" " " ( )" """ "... ... ... " "" "" " " "" 94. "" "" "" "" "" "" "" " " " " "" " " " "" " " "" " ! " " " "" " " " " " " "" "" " ! " " " " " " 95. " " " " " 96. " """ "" " " " !"" ! " " """ " "" ! " "" " """ " " "" "..." "" " " " " 97. "" "" " " " !" "" "" "" "" " " " ! " " " " " "" " " "" " " " " " " "" " " " " "" " !" " " "" " " "" " " " " "" " " " " " " 98. "" " " "" "" " ..." " " " " " " " " "" " " " " ( ) " !" " " " ! !" " " " " "" " " " " " " " " " " 99. " " " " "" " ! " "" " " " !" " " " " " !" "" "" " " " " " " " ! " " " " " " ! ! " "" "" " " " !" " " "" 100. "" " " """" " """ " """ """ !" " !""" " ! " " " " ! !" " " """" "" " " " " " "" " " " " " " ..." " " 101. " ! " " " "" " ! !" " !" " " " " " " " " "" "" " ! " " " "" " " "" " " " " " ! " 102. " " "" "" "" "" " " " ! " " " " ! " " " " " " " "" " ... " ( ) ... " "" " 103. " ! !" " "" ! ! !" """ ! " " " " """ " " " ! !""" " " " " " " """ " "" " " " !""" " " " """ """ "" ! " " "" """ "" " " 104. " " " "" " " " " ..." """ !" " """ " "" " " " " " "" " " " " " "" " "" " " 105. " " " " " ! " " " " " " ! " " " " " " !" " " "" " " "" " " " " " !" " " " ! " " ... " " " " " 106. " """ " " " "" " " " ( ) "" " "" ! !" "" "" " " " !" " " 107. " " "" " " " " "" " " "" "" " " " " " " "" "" "" " " " " " " " ! " " " 108. "" " """ "" " """ " !"" "" !" " " """ " "" " " " "" " """ " " """" " "" ! " " " " " " " " " 109. "" " """ " """ " !" " "" " " " """ " """ " " " """ " " "" " " " """ " """ " "" " "" " "" !" " """ " " 110. "" " """ " " " " " " "" " !" " !" " " " " "" " " "" " " "" " 111. " " " " " " ! !" " " ( ) " ! !" "" " " " " " " 112. "" " " " " " " " " 113. " """ " " " " "" " " " " " " " " " """ " " " "" !" " " " !""" " """ " " "" " " 114. " " " """ " """ "" " " " " " """ """" " """ "" " """ " "" " " " " """ " " " " ! " " 115. " " " " ( ) 116. - - " " " ..." " " " " " " 117. " " "" "" " " """" "..." " ... " " " " """ "" " "" " " " " " 118. " "" """ " !" " """ " " """" " """ " " " " "" " """ " " " " " " " " 119. "" " " "" " """ "" " """ " "" " "" " " " " " """ " """ " """ " "" ! " " " " """ "" " "" "" " " " ( ) "" 120. " " "" "" "" "" "" " " " " " " " !" "" " " "" "... " "" "..." "" 121. "... "" ! " " """ " " " """ " " " " "" " ...""" " "" !" " " " " """ " " " " " "" " """ " ... "" " " " " 122. " "" " " " """ " " """ " " "" "" " " " " 123. " " " " " " " " " " "" " " " !" " " "......... ... " " " ( )" ! ! !" " " " "" ! " " "" ! """ " " " ! "" """ "" " "" ! " " " " "" """ " "" "" !" "" " !" " !" 124. "" " ..." " " " " " " " " " ! " " " "" " " "" " " " ! " "" " " "" " " 125. " " " "" " " """ " " " "" !" " """ " " 126. " " " " "" " " ( ) "" " " 127. " " " " " !" " !" " !" " " " " "" " " "" " ! " " " " " " " " " " ! " "" "" "" " " " " 128. " "" !..." """" " " " " " "" """ " " " ! "" !" " "" "" ! " " """ """" " ! " 129. ( ) "" " " " " "" " " "" "" " " " " "" " " " " " " " "" " "" ! " 130. " !" " " " !" " " " " " " " ! ! " " " " " " " " " "" " " "" " " " " " ! " "" " " "" 131. " " " " "" "" "" "" " " " " " " " ..." " ! " " ! " " ! ...... " "" "" " ! ! !" " ! ...... " "" " " "" "" " !" "- " "" " " 132. " " " " " " "" " " " " " " "" "" " ..." "" "" "" " " " " "" " ! ! " " " " ! " "" "" " " " " 133. "" "" ! " " " " "" " " "" "" " " "" " " "" " " " " "" " " ( ) 134. " " " " " " " " " !" 135. " " " " "" " ! ! ! " " " " !" "" " " "-------" " " "" " " "" "" "" " " "" " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " ! " " " "" " " " " " " "" "" " " 136. " " "" " " "" " "" " " !" " """ " " " ! "" " " " " "" " " ! "" " "" " " " " " " 137. "" " " "" " ... " "" ( ) " ! " 138. " " " " ..." " """ " " " " " """ " " " " "" "" " " 139. " "" ! !" """" " " "" "" " " " ! !" "" "" " " " !" " !" " " " !" " " "" " " " " " " "" " " " " " ..." " " " " "" "" " " 140. " " "" " ... ... " " " " " "" " " "" " " " " "" " " " " " " 141. ( ) "" "" "..." " !" " """ " """ " " " " " """ " " " "" " " """ " """ " " " """ 142. " " " ! " " " " ! ! ! " ... ... ... 143. " ... !... ... " "" "" " " " " 144. "" "" "" "" " " " " " " " ! " " " 145. "" " !" "" " !" " " "" " ! " 146. " "" " " """ " """ " " " " " " """" " " " " " " " """ "" " " 147. " " " " "" " " "" " " "" "" "" " " " " 148. " " "" "" "" " " "..." " " " " 149. "" "" " " " " " "" "... " "" " " "" "" "" 150. "" " """ " """ " """" " " """ " " 151. " " " """ " !" " " """" " " " " " " " ! !" " """ " " " ...""" " " " " "" 152. " """ " """ " """ " """ " " " " " ! " " ! " "" "" "" " " " " "" 153. " " " """ " ...."" "" " " " " """ " " " " "" " """ " """ " " " " ( ) " " "" "" """" "" 154. "" """ """ "" " """" ! " " """"" " """ " """ " " " """ " "" !" "" " """" """ "" " " 155. " """ "" " "" " "" """ ! !" " " "" " "" !" " !""" " " "" "" "" "" " """ " """ " """ " " "" " "" " "" " """"" " " """ " !" 156. " " " !" " " " " " ! " "" " ! " "" " " "" " " " " "" " " ( ) "" " "" ! " " " 157. " " "" " " " " " " " " " " " " "" " " "" "" " " " " " " "" "" " " " !" "" " " 158. " "" !" " """ " "" "" """ """ """" """"" " """ " """ " " "" " "" " " """ "" " " " "" ! " 159. "" " " " " " " " " " ! " " " "" ( ) " " "" " " " " " " " " "" " " "" " " "" " " " " "" "" " " 160. " !" "" "" """" "" " "" " " " "... " " " "" "" "" " " " " " ! !" """" " !" "" " " 161. " " " """ "" " """ "" " " ( ) " """ " """ " """ " !" " "" "" 162. "" " " " " "" " " " " "" " " "" "" "" " " " " " " "" "" "" "" "" " " " " " " "" " " "" " " "" " " "" "" " 163. " "" "" " " "" " " "" " ..." "" " " "" " " 164. " " " " " " " " " " " " "" " " " " " " "" " ! " "" " " " ! " "" " !" """ "" " " " " " " " " " !" " ! " " " "" " " " " " " " " "" " " "" " " 165. " !" " !" "" " " " " ( ) "" " " " """ " " " " " " " " 166. " " " " "" " " " " " " "" " " " " "" " ! " 167. " " " " " " "" " " " " " " " " " " 168. " " "" " " " "" "" "" ! " "" " " " " " " 169. " " " " "" " " " " "" "" " " "" "" "" " " " " "" " " " " "" "" " " " ! " "" "" " " ( ) 170. " """ " " """" " """ " """ " " " """ "" " "" !" " "" " " """ " " """" " """ """" " """ " "" " " " 171. " " "" " " " " " " " !" " " "" "" " " "" "" "" " " 172. "" " " "" "" " !" """" "" "" "" "" " " "" " " ( ) 173. " " " !" " " " " ... 174. " " ... " "" " " "" " " "" " " "" 175. " " " " "" """" " "" ! " " " "" " " "" " " " " " " " " " " 176. " """ " " " !" "" "" " " "" ( ) " "" """ " "" " " " 177. "" "" "" " " " !" " " "" " " "" " " "" " " "" " " "" " " "" " " "" " " "" "" " " " ! " "" " " " " "" " " " " " " " " " ! " " " "" " " 178. " " "........." "" "" ( ) " " "" " " "" " " "" " " 179. " " " """ " """ " """ "" " " "" " "" " " """ " !" " " " !" " !" "" "" " """ " " 180. " " " " " " "" "" " " " " "" " "" " " " " "" "" " " "" " " " " "" "" " " "" " " "" " " "" " ! " " " " " "" " " " " " " " " "" " " "" " " "" " " 181. "" " " " " "" "" " " " " " " " " "" " " "" "" "" " " " " "" ( ) " " " " " " " " " " " " "" " " " " "" " " "" "" " " " " 182. " """ " "" " " """ " "" """ " """"" " """"" " "" " " "" ! !" " "" !" "" " """ "" " """ " """ " """ " """ " " 183. " " " " "" " " "" " " "" " " " " " ! " " " "" " " "" " ! !" " " "" " " "" " " " " "" " " 184. "" " "" !" " """ " "" """ " "" !" " "" ! "" ! " "" " "" """ " "" !" " """ " """ " """ " """ "" " """ " " 185. " " "" " """ " " "" " " "" " """ " """ " " " ! !" " """ " """ " """ "" " "" """ "" " " " "" " " " 186. " """ "" " ! " " " " " """" " ! """ " """ " " " " 187. "" " " " " " " " " " 188. """ "" " " " """ """ " " "" ! " " "" ! " "" "" "" " "" " " "" " " """ " """ " ..." "" " " 189. ( ) "" " " "" " "" " " ... ! """ "" " " " "" "" Literature " " """ " " " ! """ " "" " 190. "" " "" " """ " " " " """ " " " Lecture 191. " " " " !" """ """ " " "" " " 192. "" " " "" "" " !" " " "" " " " !" " " " " "" " " "" " ! " " " " " " " "" " ! " ( ) "" " " " " "" " " " " " " " " "" " " 193. "" " " " "" " " """ " " "" " " " """ " "" " "" " " " ... " " " 194. " ! ! ! !" " ... ..." " " "" " " " " 195. " ! " " " " " " " "" "" "" "" " " ( ) "" " " "" " " "" " " "" " " "" "" "" "... ! " " " 196. " " " " "" "" " " " " " "" """ "" " " "" " " " """ " " "" "" 197. "" " !" "" " " "" "" "" " ! !" " " " " " " "" " " " " " !" " " " !" "" "" "" " !" " !" " ! " " " " " " ! !" " " 198. " ! " 199. " " ( ) " !" " ! " " ! " " " " !" " !" " !" " !" " !" " " " ! " " !" "" " " " !" " " " " 200. " " " "" " " """ " """ "" " "" " "" " """ ". .." " "" " " """ " "" " " " 201. " ... ... ... ... " "" " """ "" """" " ""..." " "" " "" "" "" "" " " ... ! 202. 203. " " " " " " " ! ! " " """ "" " """ "" " " " "" " " 204. " "" "" " " "" "" " " "" " " "" "" " !" " " " !" "" "" " " " " "" " " "" " " " !" "" " " " ! " "" " " "" " " 205. " "" """ " """ " """ " "" " " "" ! !" " " " "" ! " " """ " " "" " 206. " ...... "" "" "" "..." " " ( ) """ ! " "" " " 207. " """ " "" ! " " " " """ " " " " " " " """ " " " ! " " "" !" """" " """ " """ "" " " 208. " " "" "" "" "" " " "" ". ......." "......" " !" " !" "" " " "" " " "" "" "" " " " " "" " " "" " " "" " " "" 209. "" ( ) " " " " " !" " " " " "" "" " " "" " " " " "" " " "" 210. " " " """ " """ " """ "" " " " """ " 211. """ " """ " "" " " " " " "... " ... " ...... " 212. " " " " "" " " " ! " " " " ! " " !" " !" " " "" " " " " "" " " " " " ! " " 213. " ... ! 214. " " "" "" " " "" " " "" " ! ... " "" " ! " " !" " ! " " ..." "" " " " " "" " " "" " !" 215. ...... "......" "" " " " " " " "" " " "" " " " " " " " " " " " " " " "" "" " " "" "" "" "..." " " "" " " " " " " "" " " " " 216. " ..." "" "" "" " ! " " " " " "" " " "" " " " ! " " !" " ! !" " ! " " " " " "" " " "" " " "" " " " " "" " ! " " " " " 217. " " " "". ..... ..." " " "" " " "" "" " " "" " " "" "" " " "" " ! " " " " " " " 218. "" " " """" """" " ! " """" " "" ! " " " "" " "" """ """ ! " " "" " " "" " " " " """ " "" " " ....." "" " " " " 219. "...... ... " " " " " " " " " "" "" "" " " "" " " "" " " " " " ....." "" "... ..." "" "" " " " " "" " " "" " " 220. " ....." " !..... ......... " " " " " " """ " "" !" " " " "" " "" " "" " " ! " "" " "" " " """ " "" ! " 221. " "" " "" " """ " " ( ) " """ " ......""" " """ " """ " "" !" " !""" " " 222. "" " " "" " "" ! " "" " """ " " " "" " "... " " ! ! " " " """ !" " !"" " "" " " " " " ! ! ! ! ! !""" " " 223. " " " " " " "" "" "............ ! " " !" " !" "" " " "" " " " " "" " !" " " "" "" " !" " !" "" " " "" "" "" "" " " " " ! "" " " " !" " !" "" "" "...." 224. ".....!""" """" "..... ! " ".......... " " !" " ! ! """ " " " ! " " " ( ) "" "" "" " " " " " " " " " " "" "" 225. " ! !" """ " " "" """ " """ " " " ! " """" " " " ! """ " "" ! "" "" """ " Democracy Freedom of speech " " " " ! ! " " " "" " " " """ " """ 226. " " " """ "" "" " ""......" " """ " """ "" "" " " " """ "" " ! " " " "" "" " "" ! " " "" """ " "" " " " " """ """ ! " "" " " 227. " " """" " "" " " !" " "" " "" " """"" """ !" " Plus royaliste que le Roi" """ " " " "" " "" ! " " """ " " " """ " ...." " !" " !" "......" 228. "......" ( ) "" "............ " "" " " " " "" " " "...." " " "" "" " ... ... .... ...." 229. ".... ! " "" " " " " " " " " "" "" " " " " "" "" "" "" " " "" "" "" " " " " " " "" 230. "" " " "" "" "" "" " " " " " " "" "" " !" " !" " " "" "" " !" " " "" " " "" "" "" "" " ! " " " "" "" " !" ( ) .. " "" " "" "" 231. " " " " "" """ " " """ "" " " """" " " "" " " "...." " """ " " " """ " " "....." " "" ! ......" " " "" 232. "" "" " " " " "" " """ """" " " " !" " ! "" ... " "" " " "" " "" " " " " " " ! ... " " " 233. " ! ! ! !" " !" " ... " "" " " "" " " "" "" " " "" ( ) " ! !" "...... " "...... ......"" " "... ...... 234. " """ ... """"" " """ " """ " "" " " """ " " "" " "" " " " "" " " " " "" " " " 235. " "" " ... " ... ...... "" " " " " " " " 236. .. " " " "" "" " " "" "" "" " " "" " " " " "" " " "" " ..." " " ( ) 237. " """ " !" " " " " " " " " " """ """" " """ " !""" " """" " " " "" " !" """" "" " ! " " """ "" "" " ...... """ " ! " " " 238. " ! " "" " !" " " " !" " " "" " " " " " " "" " " "..." "...." "" " " " " " " " " "" "" " " "" "" " " " ... " " " " " 239. "" "" """" " "" " " """ " " " "" "" " " """"" "" "" " " ( ) "" "" "" " " " " "" " " " " "" " " 240. "" " "" " " """ " " "" "" " " " """ " .. " .. 241. "" " " " " " " 242. " """ " ..." " ..... ..." " " " """ " " "" " """ " " " 243. " ( ) " " 244. " " " ! "" " " "" " "" " !" "" " "" " " " " " "......... ........." 245. " """ " ...... !" " " " " "" "" " """ "" " "" ! ! !" " """ " """ " """ " " """ " " " "" " """ "" 246. """ !" "" """ " "" " "" """ " " - " " " ..." "" "..." " ! " "..." " ... " 247. " " "" " " " ... " .. "" "" " " "" " " "" "" " " "..." 248. " " "" " !" " " "" " " "" "" "" " ..." " !" " " "" " " " ! " " " "" "" " ! " "" " " " " "" " " "" "" " " " ! " "" " " 249. " !" " " "" " """ " """ "" " " "......" "" " " " " " " " " " ! "" ! !" " " "" " " 250. "...... " " " "" "" "" " " "" " " "" " " " " "" " " " " " " " " 251. " " "" "" "" "" "" " " "........" " " " " " " "" 252. " " "" "" " !" " " " " " !" " ..." "" "..." "" " " "" "" "" "" " " "" " " " " " " " " " " "" " " 253. "" """" " """ "" " """ "" " !" " ..... " "" 254. "" " ! """ " """ " "" " " """ " "" " """" " """ " "" " " """ " """ " "" " " ....." " !" " !" 255. " "" " "" """ !" " " " ""..." ".... .........."" .... " "...." " " "" " " " ""..." " " "" " " "" " "" " """" " .... " " "" ! ...." 256. "" " " "" " " " " "" "" " " "" ... " " ( ) " " " """ " "" " " " 257. " " " " "" " " "" " " " " " " " ! ! ! " "" ". .. " " !" "" "" " !" "" " " "" "" " " " " " " " " "" " " "" " " " " "" " " "" " " 258. "" " " "" " " " " "" " " "..." " " " ! ! " " " "" " " 259. "" " """ " """ " " " " " """ " """ " """ " "" " "" " """ " """ " "" ! " " " ( ) 260. "" " " " ! " " " "" "" "" " " "" " " " " " " "" " " "" " " " ! !" "" "" " " 261. " """ " "" " " " " "" """ " "" """ " " " " " " " "" " " " " " " "" " " " 262. "" " """ "" " " " ! !" " ! !" " "" !" "..." " ! ! " " " " " "" " " " ! " " " " ! " " " " ! " 263. "" """" " """ " "" ! " " """ " """ " """ "" " ! " " " "" " """ " "" " "" " " " ! " "" " """ " ... !" " !" " ! """ " """ """ " 264. " """ " " "" " """ " " "" "" " ! """ " " " " "" " !" " " " " 265. "" " "" " " " ......... "" " ... " 266. " !" " !" " " "" "" "" "" " " " " " " "" " " "" " " " " " " "" " " " ! ! " " " " " " ! " " " " " " " " " "" "" " " "...." " ! !" " ..." 267. " " " " " """ " " " " " "" """ "" " " """ """ " "" "" """ " " 268. ( ) " "" " "" " " ! " """ " """ " " " ! ! """ " " " " " ! """ " """ " " 269. "" " " " " " " " " "" " " "" " " "" " " " " " " "" " " "" " " " " " " "" " " " " "" " " "" "" " " "" "" " " "" 270. " " "" "" " " "" " " "" " " "" " " "" " " " !" " " " !" " " " " " " " " ( ) " """ "" " """ " "" "" " " " " " 271. " " " " " """ " """ " "" " " "" """ " """ " "" " " " "" " """ " " "" " " " " " " " " " " 272. " " " " " " " " "" " " "" " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " "" " " " " "" " " " " " ! " " " " ! " " " " ! !" " " 273. " " " """ " " " ! " " "" """ " " " " " ... " " " " ! !" ( ) 274. " "" " " " " """ " """ " """ " "" " " " " " " """ " """ " " " 275. " " " " " "" " " " " " " " " " " " " " !" "" " " " ! " " !" " " " " " " " ! " " " " " "" " " " " 276. " " " " "" " " " " " " "" " ! " " " - " " "" " ! " " " " " " " " " "" " " "" " " "" " " "" " " "" " " ( ) 277. "" " """ "" "" " " " " " """ " "" " "" " """ 278. "" " " "" " " " " " " "" " " " " " " " ! " " " " " "" " " "" " " "" "" " " " ! " "" " ..." " " " ..." 279. " " " " "" " " " " " " " !" " " " " " " " " " " ... ... ( ) " 280. " " " " """ "" " """ " " " " """" " """ " " 281. " "" !" " ... "" "" ! !" " ......" " " " """ " "" !" " """ " " 282. " " "" "" " " " " " ! " "" " " " " "" " " "" " " " " "" " " " " " " ( ) " " " " " " "" ". .." "" " ! " 283. " " " " "....." " " "" " " " " "" " " "" " " "" " " "" " " "" " " "" " " " " " " " " " " " "" " " " " " ........." "" " " 284. " " " "" " " """ " "" " "" " "" " "" " "" ...."" !" " ! """ " "" ! !" " ! " " "" ! " "" "" "" " ... 285. " ... ... ... ... ...... " ! " " " ( ) " " "" " " " " "" " " "" " " "" " " " " " " " " "" " !" " " " " " ! !" " " "" " " 286. "" "" " !" "" " " " " " "" ! " " "" ! 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" "" " " " " "" " " "" " " "" " " " " " " " " "" " " "" " " "" " " " " " ... 306. " " " "......" " ....." "" " " " " "" "" "" " " "..." " " " " " " " " " " " !" "" ( ) 307. "" "" " " "" "..... " " " "" " " "" " !" " !" "" 308. " ! " "" " " " " " " " !"" """ " "" ! ! " " "" " " " " " " "" " " " " ! " " " 309. " !" " " " ! " " " " " " " " ! " "" " " "" " " " ! ! " "" "" " " ( ) 310. "" "" "" " " "....." "" " " "" "" " " " ! " " " " " "" "..." " " " " "" "" "" " " " " 311. " " " " "" " " " " "" "" "" " " "........" "" " " " " " " " ... ...." " .... ! " 312. " " " ! ! " " " " ! ! " "" " ..... ! " " ! ! " "" " " " " " " " " 313. " " "" " " "" " " "........." "" " " " ! " " ! """ "" " """ " "" " " " 314. " "" ! """ " "" ! " """ """ """ """ " "" "" " " """ " """ " """ " " 315. ...... .... " " "" " " " " "" " " " " 316. " " "..... """ " """ " " " "" !" " "" """"" " """ " "" " """ ! " " ! " " """ """" " " 317. - ... "... !" " " " " "" " " " ! !" " " " " " " " "" ! " " " " ... "" ! 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