a n T r o p o l o g i apirveli qarTuli gamocema

qerol r. emberi melvin emberi piter N n. peregrini

pirveli qarTuli gamocema

qerol r. emberi

melvin emberi

piter n. peregrini

anTropologia

ilia WavWavaZis saxelmwifo universitetis gamomcemloba

Tbilisi 2009

wignis Targmani dafinansda saqarTvelos mecnierebisa da ganaTlebis saministros

programiT _ `sauniversiteto saxelmZRvaneloebis ganviTareba~. wigns gamosace­

mad amzadebs ilia WavWavaZis saxelmwifo universiteti.

amJaAmad warmogidgenT wignis pirvel da meore TaAvebs. Sevseba saboloo versiamde moxdeba yovelkvireulad.

redaqtorebi: nino abakelia

naTia kopaliani

© Pearson Education, Inc.

qarTuli gamocemis saavtoro ufleba © ilia WavWavaZis saxelmwifo universiteti

ISBN 978-9941-9116-1-3

s a r G e v i

winasityvaoba ................................................................................................................................ 5

avtorTa Sesaxeb ......................................................................................................................... 12

Tavi 1

ra aris anTropologia? .......................................................................................................... 13

anTropologiis sagani ............................................................................................................. 14

erTiani midgoma ......................................................................................................................... 14

anTropologiuri cnobismoyvareoba .................................................................................. 15

anTropologiis sferoebi ...................................................................................................... 15

gamoyenebiTi anTropologia ................................................................................................. 19

anTropologiis aqtualuroba ............................................................................................. 22

Tavi 2

rogor aRmovaGenT warsuls .................................................................................................. 25

warsulis nivTieri sabuTebi ................................................................................................. 26

warsulis nivTieri sabuTebis aRmoCena ............................................................................. 27

masalis analizi ......................................................................................................................... 29

masalis daTariReba .................................................................................................................. 35

arqeologiuri kvlevis Sedegebi .......................................................................................... 41

�Sesavali

`anTropologiis~ winamdebare gamocemaSi, Zveli gamocemebisagan gansxvavebiT, davamateT CarCoSi moTavsebuli statiebis axali cikli `anTropologi­uri pirvelwyaroebi~. wignis TiToeul Tavs daerT­vis specialurad studentebisTvis gamiznuli TiTo originaluri statia. maTi umetesoba amoRebulia seriidan `kulturaTa portretebi _ eTnografiis pirvelwyaroebi~. gvsurs, studentebma dainaxon ara mxolod is, Tu rogor icvlebian kulturebi, ar­amed isic, Tu rogor icvlebian Tavad eTnografebi. seriebis meore rigi, `anTropologiuri kvlevis sazRvrebi mogviTxrobs, rogor ikvlevdnen anTro­pologebi sxvadasxva problemas. bolo seria `kul­turaTa SedarebiTi kvleva sociologiaSi~, kul­turul erTeulebsa da maT cvalebadobas exeba.

adamianis evoluciisadmi miZRvnil TavSi saubar­ia aRmosavleT evropaSi napovni adreuli homini­debisa da evraziaSi aRmoCenili adamianTa Sedar­ebiT gviandeli winaprebis Sesaxeb. damatebulia, agreTve, axali qveTavebi mitoqondriuli dnm­is gamokvlevebisa da Y qromosomis cvalebadobis Tao­baze. kulturasTan dakavSirebul TavebSi Setanil cvlilebaTa umetesoba vrclad ganixilavs global­izacias da mis Sedegebs (ix. Tavi 27, `kulturaTa cva­lebadoba da globalizacia~). Sesulia aseve axali qveTavi terorizmTan dakavSirebiT, romelic Se­tanilia TavSi globaluri socialuri problemebis Sesaxeb. wignSi Setanili sxva cvlilebebi ganxilu­lia qvemoT, TiToeuli Tavis mokle aRweraSi.

wignis ganaxlebisas, rogorc yovelTvis, Seveca­deT ubralo aRwerilobaze meti gagvekeTebina. Cven ara mxolod is gvainteresebs, ras warmoadgendnen da warmoadgenen adamianebi, aramed isic, Tu ratom gax­dnen iseTebi, rogorebic dRes arian, maTi mraval­ferovnebis gaTvaliswinebiT. rodesac gansxvave­buli mosazrebebi gvxvdeba, vcdilobT logikurad SevafasoT isini arsebuli monacemebis safuZvelze. am wignis saSualebiT vecadeT gveTqva, rom araviTari azri, Tundac saxelmZRvaneloebSi mocemuli, ar Sei­Zleba gaviziaroT eqsperimentis gareSe, romelmac SeiZleba sruliad gansxvavebuli Sedegi mogvces.

Tavebis mimoxilva

nawili I: Sesavali

Tavi I: ra aris anTropologia?I Tavi studentebs acnobs anTropologiis safuZ­

vlebs. Cven ganvixilavT Cvens mosazrebebs rogorc zogadad anTropologiis, aseve misi TiToeuli sferos Sesaxeb. giCvenebT, rogor ukavSirdeba isi­ni iseT samecniero dargebs, rogoricaa biologia,

fsiqologia da sociologia; mivmarTavT Tqvens yu­radRebas praqtikuli anTropologiis mzardi mniS­vnelobisken. TavSi aris oTxi CarCo: pirvel samSi gaecnobiT anTropologis romelime naSroms; meo­TxeSi ki ­ statiebs axali ciklidan `anTropologi­uri pirvelwyaroebi~.

Tavi 2: rogor vpoulobT warsulsam TavSi mimoxilulia arqeologiuri da paleon­

tologiuri gamokvlevebi. ganvixilavT aRmoCenili masalis sxvadasxva tips, romelTac arqeologebi da paleontologebi warsulis aRsadgenad iyeneben meTodebs, romlebiTac isini am masalas moipoveben, aanalizeben da ganmartaven. aqve aRvwerT uamrav teqnologias. maTi saSualebiT arqeologebi da pa­leontologebi gansazRvraven arqeologiur monap­ovarTa da biologiur ganmarxebul saxeobaTa asaks. sami tipis CarCoTagan pirvelSi ganxilulia kul­turuli evoluciis sworxazovani mimarTulebis damadasturebeli nimuSebi; meoreSi ganmartebulia, rogor iZieben sqess arqeologebi, axal CarCoSi ki moTavsebulia informacia arqeologebis mier uZve­lesi xalxebis rwmenis Seswavlis Taobaze.

nawili II: adamianis evolucia:biologiuri da kulturuli

Tavi 3: genetika da evoluciaam TavSi ganxilulia evoluciis Teoria da misi

roli yoveli cocxali organizmis ganviTarebaSi (adamianis CaTvliT). genetikisa da evoluciis proce­sis vrceli mimoxilvis Semdeg (bunebrivi gadarCevis CaTvliT) ganvixilavT, rogor moqmedebs bunebrivi gadarCeva individebis qcevaze da riT gansxvavdeba kulturuli evolucia biologiurisagan. gaviTval­iswineT eTikuri problemebic, romelTac genuri inJineriis SesaZleblobebi warmoSobda. pirvel Car­CoSi saubaria magaliTebze, romlebic adasturebs, rom evolucia mimdinareobs ufro wyvetilad (naxt­omiseburad), vidre nela da Tanabrad. meore CarCoSi vmsjelobT, warmoadgens Tu ara safrTxes genuri inJineria, xolo mesame, axal CarCoSi dasmulia or­ganizmebsa da saxeobebSi genetikuri cvlilebebis fenotipur cvlilebebTan kavSiris problemAa.

Tavi 4: Tanamedrove primatebiam TavSi ganxilulia Tanamedrove primatebi (ada­

mianis garda) da maTi cvalebadi adaptacia, rogorc safuZveli zogadad primatebisa da kerZod, adamia­nis evoluciis gaazrebisTvis. mas Semdeg, rac davam­TavrebT primatebis saxeobaTa aRweras, ganvixilavT, rogor gansxvavdebian isini erTmaneTisgan sxeulisa

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da tvinis zomiT, socialuri jgufebis sididiT da mdedri primatebis seqsualobiT. vimsjelebT, agreTve, im niSnebze, romlebic ganasxvavebs adami­anebs sxva primatebisgan. pirvel CarCoSi saubaria imaze, Tu rogor da ratom emuqreba gaqroba mraval primats da rogor SeiZleba maTi dacva. meore Car­CoSi moTxrobilia mecnieri primatologisa da misi naSromebis Sesaxeb. axal, mesame CarCoSi warmodge­nilia, ratom arian primatebi aseTi Wkvianebi sxva cxovelebTan SedarebiT.

Tavi 5: primatebis evolucia: adreuli primatebidan hominidebamdees Tavi iwyeba adreuli primatebis gamoCenidan

da mTavrdeba CvenTvis cnobili informaciiT mioce­nis adamianis msgavsi maimunebis Sesaxeb, romelTagan erT­erTi, savaraudod, orfexa hominidis winapari unda yofiliyo. primatis ganviTarebis ZiriTad ten­denciebs Cven masStabur ekologiur cvlilebebs vu­kavSirebT, romlebmac savaraudod, bunebrivi gadar­Cevis procesSi axali niSan­Tvisebebis Camoyalibebam gamoiwvia. imisaTvis, rom warmovadginoT, rogor xdeba Teoriis warmoSoba da gadamowmeba, pirvel CarCoSi naCvenebia, Tu rogor gadaamowma erTma pa­leontologma sakuTari Teoria primatebis warmo­Sobis Sesaxeb. meore CarCoSi aRwerilia pirveli adamianis Tanamedrove giganturi adamianis msgavsi maimunebi da maTi gadaSenebis mizezebi. mesame, axal CarCoSi mocemulia miocenuri adamianis msgavsi mai­munebis Tanamedrove gamokvleva.

Tavi 6: pirveli hominidebiam TavSi moTxrobilia or fexze gadaadgileba,

rac im jgufis mTavari ganmasxvavebeli niSania, romelsac mivekuTvnebiT rogorc Cven, aseve Cveni pirdapiri winaprebi – avstralopiTekebi. am gamoce­maSi Setanilia axali monacemebi ramdenime saxeobis anu taqsonis Sesaxeb, romlebic gamovlinda Cveni bolo gamocemis gamoqveynebis Semdeg. am axalma aR­moCenebma, SeiZleba, mTlianad Secvalos Cveni war­modgena adamianis evoluciis adreuli periodis Ses­axeb. Cven ganvixilavT, agreTve avstralopiTekebis kargad cnobil tipebs da maTi evoluciis sakiTxs. am TavSi oTxi CarCoa. pirvel orSi mocemulia avs­tralopiTekebis axali aRmoCenebi da is, Tu rogor Seesabameba es aRmoCenebi adamianis evoluciis Ses­axeb Tanamedrove warmodgenas. mesame CarCoSi aRwer­ilia teqnikuri da kladisturi analizebi, romlebic farTod gamoiyeneba paleontologebis mier evolu­ciuri urTierTobebis rukis Sesadgenad. meoTxe, axali CarCo ganixilavs Australopithecus afarensis­s da mis adgils adamianis evoluciaSi.

Tavi 7: kulturis sawyisebi da Homo-s warmoSobaam TavSi moTxrobilia kulturuli saqmianobis

pirveli TvalsaCino magaliTebis – qvis iaraRebisa da sxva sagnebis Sesaxeb, romlebic mowmobs, rom ad­reulma hominidebma kulturuli ganviTareba daax­loebiT 2­naxevari milioni wlis win daiwyes. Cven

vimsjelebT kulturis raobasa da mis ganviTareba­ze. Semdeg visaubrebT hominidebze – Cveni saxeobis pirvel warmomadgenlebze, Homo-ze – romelsac miaweren kulturuli saqmianobis adreul niSnebs, ganvixilavT Homo erectus­s (welgamarTul adami­ans) ­ pirvel hominids, romelmac datova afrika da pirvelma gamoavlina rTuli kulturuli qceva. am gamocemaSi vrclad vmsjelobT imis Sesaxeb, Tu ro­dis da ratom datova afrika Homo erectus­ma. pirvel CarCoSi ganmartebulia, rogor ganasxvaveben ar­qeologebi qvis iaraRebs ubralo qvebisgan. meore CarCoSi ganixileba tvinis evolucia da is fizikuri cvlilebebi adamianis organizmSi, romlebic tvins gazrdis saSualebas aZlevs. mesame CarCoSi mocemu­li gamokvleva amtkicebs, rom Homo erectus or saxe­obad unda daiyos. meoTxe, axal CarCoSi ganixileba Tanamedrove Simpanzeebis nadiroba, rogorc adreu­li adamianebis nadirobis modeli.

nawili III: Tanamedrove adamianebi

Tavi 8: Homo sapiens-is warmoSobaam TavSi ganxilulia Homo ereqtus _ welgamar­

Tuli adamianis gardaqmna Homo sapiens (gonier adamianad) da Tanamedrove fizikuri tipis adamia­nis warmoSoba. Cveni globaluri orientaciis Ses­abamisad, ganvixilavT rogorc paleontologiur, ise arqeologiur masalas ara mxolod evropidan da axlo aRmosavleTidan, aramed msoflios sxvadasxva nawilidan. gansakuTrebul yuradRebas davuTmobT neandertalel adamians da mis damokidebulebas Ta­namedrove adamianTan.

am gamocemaSi vmsjelobT Y qromosomebis kvlevis Sedegad miRebuli monacemebis Sesaxeb. gamokvlevis mixedviT (iseve rogorc mitoqondriuli dnm­is mo­nacemebis Sesaxeb kvlevis SemTxvevaSi), vvaraudobT, rom neandertalelebi ar iyvnen Cveni winaprebi. gan­vixilavT, agreTve neandertalelTa ritualur qcev­ebs, romlebic maTi adamianurobis Sesaxeb eWvs badebs, Tumca maT Cvens pirdapir winaprebad ar miviCnevT. erT CarCoSi ganxilulia neandertalelTa zrdisa da ganviTarebis kanonzomiereba, maTi Cvilobis periodis xangrZlivobis dadgenis mizniT. meore, axal CarCoSi, aRwerilia, rogor SeiZleba Tanamedrove adamianis `afrikuli~ warmomavlobis Teoriis Semowmeba.

Tavi 9: samyaro zeda paleoliTis periodSiam TavSi ganxilulia Tanamedrove adamianis kul­

turuli saqmianoba miwaTmoqmedebis ganviTarebamde – daaxloebiT 40000­10000 wlis win. SeviswavliT maT iaraRs, meurneobasa da xelovnebas – adamianis Semo­qmedebis pirvel nimuSebs. garda amisa, vimsjelebT adamianis mier CrdiloeT da samxreT amerikis kon­tinentebis kolonizaciasa da im gavlenaze, ro­melic maT axal garemo pirobebze moaxdines. pirvel CarCoSi moTxrobilia, rogor gamosaxavdnen qals zeda paleoliTis periodSi. meore CarCo Seiswavlis savaraudo gzebs, romlebiTac SesaZloa, adamian­ebi amerikaSi moxvedriliyvnen. mesame, axal CarCoSi,

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aRwerilia, Tu ra Seityves arqeologebma qvis iara­Rebis Seswavlis Sedegad.

Tavi 10: sakvebis damzadebisa da erT adgilas damkvidrebis dawyeba

am TavSi moTxrobilia msoflios sxvadasxva nawil­Si Semgroveblobisa da erT adgilas damkvidrebis, adamianis mier mcenareebis gaSenebisa da cxovelebis moSinaurebis Sesaxeb. Cveni msjelobis mTavari sa­gani iqneba am movlenebis ganviTarebis mizezebi da Sedegebi mezoamerikasa da axlo aRmosavleTSi, ma­gram ganvixilavT, agreTve samxreT­aRmosavleT azi­as, afrikas, CrdiloeT da samxreT amerikasa da evro­pas. pirvel CarCoSi aRwerilia ZaRlebisa da katebis moSinaureba, meoreSi – axali gamokvlevebi uZvelesi adamianis kvebis racionis Sesaxeb, romelic Zvlebisa da kbilebis qimiur analizs emyareba. mesame, axali CarCo, ikvlevs adamianis janmrTelobaSi momxdar cvlilebebs, rac, SesaZloa, soflis meurneobis Se­moRebiT iyo gamowveuli.

Tavi 11: qalaqebisa da saxelmwifoebis warmoSobaam TavSi saubaria msoflios sxvadasxva nawilSi

civilizaciis ganviTarebasa da im Teoriebze, rom­lebic ganmartaven saxelmwifos tipis politikuri sistemebis warmoSobas. Cven yuradRebas vamaxvilebT qalaqebisa da saxelmwifoebis evoluciaze mezoameri­kaSi, axlo aRmosavleTSi, CineTsa da afrikaSi. vmsj­elobT imaze, Tu rogor zemoqmedebas axdenen saxelm­wifoebi iq mcxovreb adamianebsa da maT garemomcvel bunebaze. dasasrul, mogiTxrobT saxelmwofoebis dacemasa da ganadgurebaze. erT CarCoSi moTxrobi­lia uZvelesi imperializmis zemoqmedeba qalTa md­gomareobaze. meore CarCo arkvevs kavSirs imperial­izms, kolonializmsa da saxelmwifos Soris; mesame ki ganixilavs urbanizacias da mis mniSvnelobas.

Tavi 12: adamianTa cvalebadobada adaptaciaam TavSi ganxilulia adamianis biologiuri da

kulturuli evolucia dRemde, mimdinare cvlile­bebi Tanamedrove adamianTa populaciebSi da is, Tu rogor Seiswavlian da xsnian anTropologebi aseT cvlilebebs. vnaxavT, ra gavlenas axdens material­uri da kulturuli garemo adamianis fizikur cv­lilebebze. qveTavSi rasebisa da rasizmis Sesaxeb gagacnobT, ratom Tvlis mravali anTropologi, rom `rasobrivi~ koncefcia adamianebTan mimarTebaSi mecnierulad gamarTlebuli ar aris. vimsjelebT mi­Tze rasizmis Sesaxeb da imaze, rom adamianebSi ̀ rasa~, uwinaresad, socialuri cnebAaa. pirveli CarCo exeba biologiur faqtorebs _ isini zemoqmedeben STamo­mavlobis raodenobaze. meore CarCoSi moTavsebulia sxvaobebi saSualo IQ monacemebs Soris da maTi mniSvn­eloba. mesame, axal CarCoSi gansazRvrulia simaRles sxvadasxvaobis ganmapirobebeli faqtorebi.

nawili IV: kulturuli cvlilebebi

Semdgomi Tavebis umetesobaSi eTnografiuli magaliTebis meSveobiT SevecdebiT warmovadginoT kulturuli cvlilebebi msoflios masStabiT; sa­dac SesaZlebelia, avxsnaT, ratom emsgavseba an gan­sxvavdeba erTmaneTisgan sxvadasxva sazogadoeba kulturis zogierT aspeqtSi.

Tavi 13: kulturis arsies Tavi gagvacnobs kulturis arss. qveTavi kul­

turuli relativizmis Sesaxeb kulturis koncefcias istoriul konteqstSi aTavsebs da ganixilavs uaxles mosazrebebs am sakiTxze. Cven vimsjelebT imaze, rom individis qceva yvela sazogadoebaSi cvalebadia da rom aman SeiZleba axali kulturuli kanonzomiere­bebis prototipebs Cauyaros safuZveli. pirveli, axali CarCo, aRwers erT­erTi eTnografis Tavda­pirvel Soks, rodesac aRmoaCina, rom erTi sqesis adamianebis erTmaneTis mimarT ltolvas mis gamo­sakvlev teritoriaze sruliad gansxvavebuli mniS­vneloba hqonda, vidre Crdilo amerikaSi. meore Car­CoSi vmsjelobT, arian Tu ara dasavluri qveynebi eTnocentristulebi (nacionalisturebi) adamianTa uflebebis dacvis sakiTxebSi. mesame CarCoSi mocemu­lia praqtikosi anTropologis azri, Tu ratom ver eguebian beduinebi erT adgilas cxovrebas.

Tavi 14: kulturuli anTropologiisTeoria da mtkicebulebebiam TavSi, upirveles yovlisa, ganvixilavT im Teo­

riul mimarTulebebs, romlebic kvlav popularulia kulturul anTropologiaSi. mimovixilavT kul­turuli anTropologiis ZiriTad dargebs: eTnogra­fias, eTnoistorias da Sida­kulturul, regionul Tu msoflios sxadasxva kulturaTa Sedarebebs. mogawvdiT vrcel gamokvlevas savele samuSaoebis Sesaxeb da warmogidgenT, rogor arCevs eTnografi informaciis wyaroebs kulturaSi ufro Rrmad Ca­sawvdomad. pirveli CarCo ikvlevs gansxvavebebs mecnierulsa da humanistur warmodgenebs Soris da gviCvenebs, rom sakiTxisadmi gansxvavebuli midgoma sinamdvileSi maT SeuTavseblobas ar niSnavs. meore CarCoSi axali gvineis abelamebis gamokvlevis sagani imis sailustraciod aris gamoyenebuli, rom gansx­vavebuli Teoriuli mimarTulebebi gansxvavebul pasuxebs moiTxoven. mesame CarCos ori mizani aqvs: erTia, Seqmnas savele muSaobis STabeWdileba, meore – gamoiyenos mid­frimenis diskusia, kamaTi, Tu ro­gor SevamowmoT eTnografis dakvirvebis sizuste. ukanaskneli, axali CarCo aRwers, Tu rogor atareb­da erT­erTi eTnografi istoriul gamokvlevas ni­karaguas miskitoze.

Tavi 15: komunikacia da enaTavi iwyeba adamianebisa da sxva cxovelebis komu­

nikaciis ganxilviT. adamianTa Soris araverbalur komunikaciaze saubris Semdeg aRvwerT azrTa sx­

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vadasxvaobas adamianebisa da primatebis gansxvaveb­uli enobrivi SesaZleblobebis Sesaxeb. vimsjelebT enebis warmoSobisa da imis Taobaze, Tu rogor Seu­Zlia dagvexmaros kreolebisa da bavSvebis laparakis Seswavlaze dakvirveba enebis warmoSobis gagebaSi. Semdeg gadavinacvlebT aRwerilobiT lingvistikasa da lingvisturi divergenciis procesze. enisa da kulturis sxva aspeqtebs Soris urTierTdamokide­bulebis ganxilvis Semdeg, daskvniT nawilSi gan­vixilavT saubris eTnografias da statusiT, sqesi­Ta da eTnikuri niSniT ganpirobebul gansxvavebas metyvelebaSi. vrclad vsaubrobT eTnosTaSori­si da kulturaTaSorisi komunikaciis Sesaxeb da giCvenebT, rogor SeuZliaT lingvistebs daexmaron adamianebs kulturaTaSorisi urTierTobebis gaum­jobesebaSi. pirveli, axali CarCo, haitel kreolebs exeba. meore warmoaCens enebis gaqrobis problemas. azrovnebaze enis SesaZlo zegavlenis gamosakvl­evad, mesame CarCoSi dasmulia kiTxva, uwyobs Tu ara xels inglisuri ena qalTmoZuleobis ideas.

Tavi 16: sakvebis mopovebame­16 TavSi aRwerilia, Tu rogor icvleba sa­

zogadoeba sakvebis mopovebis TvalsazrisiT, ro­gor Seicvala igi droTa ganmavlobaSi da rogor moqmedebs es cvlilebebi kulturuli cvlilebebis sxva tipebze, rogoricaa, magaliTad, ekonomikuri sistemis cvlileba, socialuri fenebi da politi­kuri cxovreba. aq vmsjelobT, agreTve ~bazris mefu­raJeebze~ (sakvebis mompovebeli), raTa gamoikveTos, rom adamianTa umravlesoba, Tanamedrove sabazro ekonomikis pirobebSi, Tavad ar qmnis sakveb produq­cias. pirvel CarCoSi ganxilulia cvlileba, ro­melic moxda `monadire mamakacidan~ `Semgrovebel qalze~ gadasvlisas.

sayovelTaod miRebuli azriT, garemomcvel bunebaSi momxdari cvlilebebi industrializaciiT aris gamowveuli, magram garemos bevri ram dauSav­da winaindustriul xanaSi irigaciisgan, saqonlis usistemo Zovisa da uzomo nadirobisgan. amis Ses­axeb saubaria Tavis meore nawilSi. Cvens mesame, axal CarCoSi ganxilulia, rogor moxda hanSuis Cinelebis Segueba garemo pirobebTan ufro mSral terito­riebze gadasvliT, sadac mesaqonleobisaTvis uke­Tesi pirobebi iyo.

Tavi 17: ekonomikuri sistemebime­17 TavSi ganxilulia, rogor icvlebian sazoga­

doebebi resursebis ganawilebis TvalsazrisiT (ra aris `sakuTreba~ da ras niSnavs ,,mflobeloba‘‘), rogor gardaqmnian Sromis Sedegad resursebs sa­Wiro saqonlad, rogor anawileben Sromas. Cven gan­vavrceT da ganvaaxleT mesaqonleTa mier miwis gam­oyenebis Tema, ganvixileT politikuri sistemebis (kolonializmis CaTvliT) gavlena miwis sakuTreba­sa da gamoyenebaze, ganvavrceT sakvebis ganawilebis Temac. vmsjelobT, Tu ratom xdeba, rom zogierT mefuraJe sazogadoebaSi bavSvTa Sroma ufro metad gamoiyeneba, vidre sxvagan. pirvel CarCoSi ganix­ileba urTierTsawinaaRmdego azrebi imis Sesaxeb, iwvevs Tu ara sazogadoebrivi sakuTreba ekonomikur kriziss. meore, axal CarCoSi moTxrobilia Sromis ga­

nawilebis Sesaxeb ianomamoTa Soris. amazonis auzSi tyis ganadgurebis magaliTiT mesame CarCo gviCvenebs msoflio sistemis gavlenas lokalur ekonomikebze.

Tavi 18: socialuri fenebi:klasi, eTnosi da rasizmiam TavSi ganixileba cvlilebebi socialur feneb­

Si da socialuri uTanasworobis sxvadasxva formebis ganviTareba. mogiTxrobT, ra aris rasizmi, eTnikuri kuTvnileba da rogor ukavSirdeba isini xSirad resursebis usamarTlo gadanawilebas. am TavSi da­vamateT axali masala imis saCveneblad, Tu ra samuS­aos atareben TanasworobisTvis mebrZoli sazoga­doebebi dominirebis SesaCereblad da piriqiT, aris Tu ara mesaqonle sazogadoebebi, sadac pirutyvze piradi sakuTreba Tanabaria, Tanasworuflebiano­bis momxre. yuradRebiT SevamowmeT CarCoebic da teqstic, raTa uaxlesi informacia mogvewodebina arsebuli uTanasworobis Sesaxeb rogorc SeerTe­bul StatebSi, aseve mTel msoflioSi. pirvel, axal CarCoSi, moTxrobilia socialuri fenebis Sesaxeb furaJul (Semgroveblur) sazogadoebaSi – tling­itebSi, samxreT alaskaze. meore CarCoSi aRwerilia socialuri fenebis warmoSoba globaluri masSta­biT – rogor izrdeba ufskruli mdidarsa da Rarib qveynebs Soris da ra uwyobs xels am tendencias. mesa­me CarCoSi ganxilulia is SesaZlo mizezebi, romle­bic iwvevs raodenobriv gansxvavebas avadmyofobiT sikvdilianobaSi afrikel amerikelebsa da evropel amerikelebs Soris.

Tavi 19: sqesobrivi urTierToba, sqesi da kulturame­19 Tavis pirvel nawilSi, sxvadasxva kulturaTa

Sedarebebis safuZvelze, vimsjeleT sqesobriv urT­ierTobebsa da sqesTa Soris damaxasiaTebel niSan­TvisebaTa cvalebadobis mizezebze, meore nawilSi ki cvlilebebze seqsualur urTierTobaTa mimarT damokidebulebasa da wes­Cveulebebze. avxseniT, rom Sexeduleba sqesze yovelTvis or sqess ar gulisx­mobs. gamovyaviT Sromis procesSi qalis monawileo­bis yvela aspeqti da aRvniSneT, rogor ganisazRvreba sqesis mixedviT ~SromaSi~ Setanili wvlili. Sevita­neT axali masala qalTa monadireobisa da misi gavle­nis Sesaxeb Sromis ganawilebis Teoriaze. pirvel Car­CoSi sxvadasxva kulturaTa magaliTze ganvixileT, ratom aZleven zogierT sazogadoebaSi qalebs brZo­laSi monawileobis uflebas. meore CarCoSi moTxro­bilia vaSingtonis Statisa da britanuli kolumbiis zogierT sazogadoebriv gaerTianebaSi qalTa poli­tikuri aqtivobis zrda sabWoebis arCevis Semdeg. axali CarCo aRwers andebSi mcxovrebi metisebis warmodgenas imis Sesaxeb, rom gogonebis xangrZlivad kveba ZuZuTi mavnebelia. sxvaTa Soris, iTvleba, rom ZuZuTi xangrZlivad kveba zrdis seqsualobas, xolo xanmokle kvebas sxva Sedegebi mohyveba, magaliTad, maRali sikvdilianoba CvilebSi.

Tavi 20: qorwineba da ojaximas Semdeg, rac ganvixilavT sxvadasxva Teorias

imis Sesaxeb, ratom aris qorwineba sayovelTaod miRebuli, gadavinacvlebT qorwinebebis gansxvave­

�

bul wes­Cveulebebze, akrZalvebze, meuRlis arCevasa da meuRleTa raodenobaze. Tavi ojaxis sxvadasxva formaTa mimoxilviT mTavrdeba. axali gamokvleva exeba imas, Tu ratom aris sacoleTa fasi gansxvavebu­li, ra kavSiria mosaxleobis simWidrovesa da manZils dasaqorwinebel pirebs Soris. qalTa mdgomareobidan gamomdinare, gavaSuqeT mravalcolianobis sakiTxi. axali CarCo mikroneziel iapebs exeba da maT magali­Tze gadmogvcems zogierTi sazogadoebis Tvalsaz­riss qorwinebis ceremoniis usargeblobaze. meore, ganaxlebuli CarCo ikvlevs col­qmris urTierTo­bas: aRwers gansxvavebebs siyvarulSi, intimurobasa da seqsualuri eWvianobis formebSi. mesame CarCo­Si, romelic ojaxis organizebas exeba, ganxilulia sakiTxi, Tu ratom izrdeba iseT qveynebSi, rogoric Cvenia (amerika), erTmSobliani ojaxebis raodenoba.

Tavi 21: ojaxis sacxovrebelida naTesaobaadamianTa socialur cxovrebaSi Casawvdomad

gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba maT sacxovrebels eni­Weba. erT­erT CarCoSi mocemulia msjeloba axal­mosaxleobasa da mozardTa winaaRmdegobas Soris SesaZlo kavSiris arsebobis Sesaxeb. meore CarCo exeba imas, Tu rogor moqmedebs sacxovrebeli adgi­lisa da naTesaobis gamocvla qalebis cxovrebaze. mesame, axali CarCo gvacnobs dedis Zmis rols Cero­kis indielebSi, romlebic aSS­s samxreT­aRmosavleT nawilSi cxovrobdnen.

Tavi 22: asociaciebi da saerTo interesTa mqone jgufebiaq vmsjelobT msoflios sxvadasxva kuTxeSi arse­

buli asociaciebis, kerZod, nebayoflobiTi asocia­ciebis Sesaxeb, romelTa ricxvi ganuxrelad izrdeba. erTi qveTavi exeba periodul sakredito asociaciebs da maTi muSaobis princips _ rogor awvdian isini did Tanxas garkveul pirebs, rogori gansakuTreb­uli mniSvneloba aqvs amas qalebisTvis da ramdenad ufro met mniSvnelobas iZenen isini sacxovrebeli adgilis Secvlisas. pirveli CarCo pasuxobs kiTxvas, Tu ramdenad axerxebs qalTa organizaciebi maTi md­gomareobis gaumjobesebas da Zalauflebis zrdas. meore CarCoSi mocemulia msjeloba imis Sesaxeb, Tu ratom warmoiSva quCis bandebi da ratom mimarTaven isini zogjer Zaladobas. bolo, axali CarCo ganixi­lavs eTnikuri asociaciebis rols CrdiloeT ameri­kis CainaTaunebSi (Cinur ubnebSi).

Tavi 23: politikuri cxovreba:socialuri wesrigi da uwesrigobaCven vakvirdebiT, ramdenad gansxvavdebian sazo­

gadoebebi erTmaneTisgan politikuri organizaciis doniT, im gzebs, romelTa saSualebiTac adamianebi liderebi xdebian, imas, Tu ramdenad monawileoben isini politikur procesebSi da rogor wyveten kon­fliqtur situaciebs, mSvidobianad Tu Zaladobis gamoyenebiT. vmsjelobT imaze, Tu rogor Secvala kolonizaciam samarTlebrivi sistema da gadawyve­tilebebis miRebis meTodebi, rogor SeiZleba kon­fliqtebis mSvidobianad mogvareba da rogor badebs

kulturaTaSorisi gamokvleva eWvs, rom omebis mizezi aradasavlur samyaroSi, umTavresad, qalebi arian. davamateT axali masala popularul politi­kur mimarTulebebSi gaerTianebis mizezebze. axali CarCo mogviTxrobs irokezebis konfederaciaze. meore CarCo exeba erovnebaTaSoris da kulturaTa­Soris urTierTobebs ekonomikis ganviTarebasa da demokratiaSi. mesame CarCoSi mocemulia masala imis Sesaxeb, rom axali gvineis abelamis tomSi adgilo­brivi sasamarTlo uflebas aZlevs qalebs, gaasaCiv­ron seqsualuri Zaladoba.

Tavi 24: fsiqologia da kulturaam TavSi ganxilulia fsiqologiuri ganviTarebis

zogierTi universaluri magaliTi, fsiqologiuri gansxvavebebi sazogadoebaTa Soris da maTi mizezebi, pirovnebis gansxvavebuli aRqma sxvadasxva sazoga­doebis adamianebis mier (mag. sakuTari pirovnebis aRqma), rogor SeiZleba fsiqologiuri procesebis codna dagvexmaros kulturuli sxvadasxvaobis ga­gebaSi. zogierTi didi procesis gamosayofad, rom­lebic gansakuTrebul gavlenas axdens pirovnebaze, ori axali qveTavi davamateT. pirveli Seexeba bavS­vis garemomcveli pirobebis mniSvnelobas, meore ki im zemoqmedebas, romelsac bavSvze sxvadasxva kul­turisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli `mSobliuri Teoriebi~ (eTnoTeoriebi) axdens. pirvel, axal CarCoSi ganxi­lulia, ramdenad mniSvnelovania mozardebis cneba marokoSi. meore CarCoSi Sedarebulia dawyebiTi skolebi iaponiaSi, CineTsa da aSS­Si da ganixileba, ramdenad SeuZliaT skolebs cnobierad Tu qvecnobi­erad gadascen bavSvebs adamianisTvis umniSvnelova­nesi faseulobani. mesame CarCoSi gadmocemulia azri, qalebsa da mamakacebs sakuTari Tavis gansxvavebuli aRqma, ris gamoc maTi moralic gansxvavebulia.

Tavi 25: religia da magiamas Semdeg, rac vimsjelebT imaze, Tu ratom aris

religia msoflios yvela kulturisTvis damaxasi­aTebeli, davakvirdebiT gansxvavebul konfesiebs. vnaxavT, rogor cdiloben adamianebi micvalebulTa gacocxlebas, agreTve amoucnobi movlenebis asax­snelad maTTvis adamianuri Tvisebebis miniWebas. SevecadeT gagvego, ratom vardebian qalebi eqstaz­Si ufro xSirad, vidre mamakacebi. pirveli CarCo mogviTxrobs niu inglendis meTevzeebze, romelTac sxvadasxvagvari tabu an `ubedurebis acilebis~ rit­ualebi SiSis grZnobas uqarvebda. meore, axali CarCo aRwers Samanizms meqsikis ̀ siera otomis~ tomSi. bolo CarCoSi moTxrobilia axali religiebis warmoSobis Sesaxeb da miuTiTebs, rom msoflioSi TiTqmis yvela religia mcire seqtebidan da kultebidan warmoiSva.

TAavi 26: xelovnebamas Semdeg, rac vimsjelebT xelovnebis arsze,

ganvixilavT saxviTi xelovnebis, musikisa da folk­loris gansxvavebul tipebs da SevecdebiT zogierTi maTganis axsnas. droTa ganmavlobaSi xelovnebis cvlilebasTan dakavSirebiT vimsjelebT mcdar war­modgenaze, TiTqos `primitiuli~ xalxebis xelovne­ba dros ar eqvemdebareba; agreTve, evropasTan kon­taqtis Semdeg xelovnebaSi momxdar cvlilebebze.

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vnaxavT, ra adgili ukavia xelovnebaSi eTnocen­trizms da rogor ganixilaven dasavluri muzeumebi da xelovnebaTmcodneebi saxviT xelovnebas nakle­bad ganviTarebul kulturebSi. erTi CarCo aRwers, rogor zemoqmedebas axdens sxvadasxva politikuri sistema xelovnebaze. meore CarCo ganixilavs sim­bolizms msoflio xelovnebaSi da mogviTxrobs niR­bebze asaxuli emociebis Sesaxeb bolodroindel gamokvlevebze. bolo, axali CarCo aRwers CrdiloeT amerikis Crdilo­dasavleT sanapiroze mcxovrebi nimpkiSis tomis cekvebis gamomsaxvelobas.

Tavi 27: kulturaTa cvlilebebida globalizaciaes Tavi mniSvnelovnad aris ganaxlebuli da Se­

icavs axal qveTavs globalizaciis Sesaxeb. Cven davamateT axali gamokvleva im sazogadoebebze, romelTac droTa ganmavlobaSi mravali inovacia SeiTvises da nebayoflobiT ganicades kulturuli cvlilebebi. gamovikvlieT, agreTve, ra SeiZleba mo­hyves CrdiloeT amerikaSi emigrantTa kulturuli donis zrdas da eTnogeneziss an axal kulturul warmonaqmnebs. kulturuli cvlilebebis wyaroebze – aRmoCenasa da inovaciaze _ msjelobis Semdeg gan­vixilavT zogierT garemoebas, romlebic inovaciis miRebas ganapirobebs. vnaxavT amiT gamowveul xar­jebsa da mogebas, gareSe da Sida pirobebs, romlebic kulturul cvlilebas iwvevs da agreTve, kulturu­li mravalferovnebis zrdis SesaZleblobebs moma­valSi. pirvel, axal CarCoSi naCvenebia kulturuli cvlilebebis SerCeviTi xasiaTi aliaskis eskimoseb­Si. imis saCveneblad, rom kulturul cvlilebebs xSirad biologiuri Sedegi mohyveba, meore TavSi ga­nixileba simsuqne, hipertenzia da diabeti, rogorc modernizaciis Sedegebi. mesame CarCo Seiswavlis kulturul cvlilebebs komunistur CineTSi – ra Seicvala da ra gadarCa kulturul cxovrebaSi sax­elmwifos Carevis Sedegad.

Tavi V: anTropologiis gamoyeneba

Tavi 28: gamoyenebiTi da praqtikuli anTropologiaam TavSi ganixileba anTropologTa saqmianoba aka­

demiis gareT, gamoyenebiTi anTropologiis istoria da tipebi aSS­Si, eTnikuri sakiTxebis gaTvaliswineba adamianTa yofis gasaumjobeseblad, siZneleebi, rom­lebic warmoiSva ama Tu im problemis Sefasebisas da gzebi dagegmili cvlilebebis gansaxorcieleblad. vaCvenebT, rogor asruleben sul ufro mzard rols gamoyenebiTi anTropologiis warmomadgenlebi gamom­dinare cvlilebaTa programebis dagegmvaSi da ara mx­olod programebis adgilebze Sesacvlelad konsul­taciebis warmarTvaSi. sasamarTlo anTropologiis qveTavSi ganvrcobilad aris ganxiluli kulturuli anTropologiis monawileobis sakiTxi. pirvel or Car­CoSi daxasiaTebulia anTropologTa daxmarebis Sesa­Zleblobebi biznesisa da tyeebis gaCexvis sakiTxebSi. bolo, axal CarCoSi aRwerilia, rogor aRudga win garkveul cvlilebebs axali meqsikis taos tomi.

Tavi 29: samedicino anTropologiaam TavSi ganxilulia janmrTelobisa da avadmyo­

fobis, maTi mkurnalobis (ufro biokulturuli, vidre biosamedicino TvalsazrisiT) kulturuli koncefcia, politikisa da ekonomikis gavlena janmr­Telobaze da samedicino anTropologiis wvlili, rogorc janmrTelobis sxvadasxva mdgomareobis, aseve daavadebaTa gamomwvevi sxvadasxva garemoebis SeswavlaSi. es garemoebebi da daavadebebi moicaven Sidss, fsiqikur da emociur aSlilobebs, gavrcele­bul daavadebas saxelad `susto~, depresias da or­ganizmis arasakmarisi kvebiT gamowveul gamofitvas. pirvel, axal CarCoSi aRwerilia ekvadoris Temis – saragurosis rwmena imisadmi, rom gancdebi da emo­ciebi iseve iwvevs dasneulebas, rogorc gadamdebi daavadebebi da infeqciebi. meore CarCo exeba dar­Rvevebs sakvebis miRebaSi da sxvadasxva kulturaTa Sexedulebas `silamazeze~.

Tavi 30: globaluri socialuri problemebies Tavi exeba damokidebulebas ZiriTad da gam­

oyenebiT kvlevebs Soris, Tu ra saxis Sedegebi Sei­Zleba gamoiRos sxvadasxva globaluri socialuri problemebis kvlevam iseT sakiTxebSi, rogoricaa stiqiuri ubedurebebi da SimSiloba, usaxlkaroba, danaSauli, ojaxuri Zaladoba da omi. axali qveTavi ganixilavs terorizms. qveTavebi ojaxuri Zaladobi­sa da omis Sesaxeb ganaxlebulia. sami CarCodan erTi axalia: pirveli exeba globalur daTbobas da Cvens damokidebulebas navTobze; meore – eTnikur kon­fliqtebs (ramdenad gardauvalia isini), mesame, bolo CarCoSi aRwerilia ra safrTxe Seuqmna omma samxreT­dasavleT kavkasiaSi mdebare afxazeTis kulturas.

aRweriloba

rukarukebi. imisaTvis, rom Segveqmna damxmare saSu­

aleba, romelic teqstSi mocemul statiebs gaaS­uqebda, ganvaaxleT is rukebi, romelTa original­uri versia dorling qinderslim mogvawoda. Cveni mizani iyo, am 7 rukis saSualebiT sruli warmodgena Segveqmna iseT mravalferovan sakiTxebze, rogori­caa hominidebis winaprebi, paleoliTis xelovneba, miwaTmoqmedebis gavrceleba da a.S.

TandarTuli CarCoebiTanamedrove gamokvlevebi da daskvnebi. Car­

CoebSi moTavsebulia Tanamedrove gamokvlevebi iseT Temebze, romelTa Sesaxeb studentebs SeiZleba gagonili hqondeT axal ambebSi an kamaTs iwvevs anTropologiaSi. Tanamedrove gamokvlevebis saga­nia, magaliTad, Semdegi sakiTxebi: sworxazovani mi­marTulebebis arseboba kulturul evoluciaSi; na­marxi hominidebis axali aRmoCenebi; col­qmrul urTierTobaSi arsebuli gansxvavebebi iseT sa­kiTxebSi, rogoricaa siyvaruli, intimuroba da eW­vianoba; erTmSobliani ojaxebis raodenobis zrda; niRbebze asaxuli emociebis universaluroba. axal ambebSi gaSuqebulia iseTi problemebi, rogoricaa,

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magaliTad, iyvnen Tu ara neandertaleli adamiane­bi Tanamedrove adamianTa winaprebi; izrdeba Tu ara uTanasworoba qveynebs Soris; aris Tu ara eT­nokonfliqtebi uZvelesi droidan SemorCenili si­Zulvilis Sedegi da Aa.S. profesionalTa amJamindeli kamaTis sagania Semdegi sakiTxebi: erTi Tu meti saxeobis ganviTarebis Sedegia Homo erectus; _ welgamarTuli adamiani mecniereba humanurobis winaaRmdeg; adamianis uflebebi kulturuli fardobiTobis winaaRmdeg.

sqesis kvlevis axali perspeqtivebi. aq Sesu­li sakiTxebi sqessa da sqesobriv urTierTobebs exeba rogorc anTropologiis, ise yoveldRiuri cxovrebis TvalsazrisiT (mag: seqsizmi enaSi; qalTa sazogadoebebi da qalis statusi da Zalufleba; qa­lisa da kacis moralis dapirispireba; cvlilebebi, romlebic ganicada qalis rolma preistoriul sa­zogadoebebSi).

anTropologiuri pirvelwyaroebi: am gamocema­Si studentebisTvis gasacnobad Semotanili siaxlea CarCoebi, romlebic Seicavs nawyvetebs sxvadasxva mecnierTa originaluri statiebidan.

saintereso sakiTxavi: Cvenma koleqtivma didi siamovneba miiRo saintereso gamokvlevebis da aR­moCenebis aRwerisas, Tanac im saxiT, rom damwyebi studentebisTvis advili gasagebi yofiliyo. Sevec­adeT Segvemcirebina teqnikuri Jargoni da mxolod is terminologia gamogveyenebina, romlis codnac studentisTvis aucilebelia anTropologiis miR­wevebis Sesafaseblad da Semdgomi, ufro rTuli kursebis Casawvdomad. Cveni azriT, aucilebelia, wigni Tavisuflad ikiTxebodes, ara mxolod imi­tom, rom mkiTxvelma gaigos, razea saubari, aramed imitomac, rom anTropologiis Seswavlis procesi ufro saintereso gaxdes. axali terminebi, romelTa Semotana zogjer gardauvalia, teqstSi muqi Srift­iT aris gamoyofili (asevea wignis bolos arsebul leqsikonSi).

terminebis leqsikoni: yoveli Tavis bolos CamoTvlilia teqstSi Sesuli axali terminebi, rom­lebic muqi SriftiT aris gamoyofili. Tavis bolos Segnebulad ar vimeorebT terminebis ganmartebebs, raTa studentebs sakuTari Tavis Semowmebis saSu­aleba mivceT, miT umetes, rom ganmartebebi mocemu­lia wignis bolos moTavsebul leqsikonSi.

umniSvnelovanesi kiTxvebi. TiToeuli Tavis bolos mocemulia oTxi kiTxva, romlebic moiTxovs studentebis azrovnebis gaaqtiurebas TavSi ganxi­lul masalasTan dakavSirebiT. kiTxvebi ar moiTxovs teqstSi mocemuli masalis gameorebas. gvinda, rom avamoqmedoT studentebis warmosaxvis unari, raTa imaze Sors wavidnen, rac ukve cnobilia an gvgonia, rom cnobilia.

Sejamebebi da SemoTavazebuli literaturaA. yo­veli Tavis bolos mocemulia detaluri Sejameba, romelic students daexmareba, gadaxedos ganxi­luli aRmoCenebis ZiriTad koncefciebs. SemoTava­zebuli literatura moicavs zogad an ufro vrcel informacias TavSi ganxiluli sakiTxebis Sesaxeb.

wignis bolos moTavsebuli sruli leqsikoni. rogorc zemoT aRvniSneT, yoveli Tavis bolos mo­Tavsebulia terminebis CamonaTvali (ganmartebis gar­

eSe). am leqsikonis saSualebiT studentebs SeuZliaT swrafad Seafason sakuTari Tavi. sruli leqsikoni mocemulia wignis bolos, raTa studentebma SeZlon am terminebis mniSvnelobis moZebna wignSive.

wignis bolos moTavsebuli SeniSvnebi. mtki­ced gvjera, rom dokumenturi dasabuTeba Zalian mniSvnelovania mkiTxvelisTvis, raTa icodes, Tu ra masalas emyareba wignSi gakeTebuli daskvnebi. ase­Ti masalis safuZveli yovelTvis gamoqveynebuli gamokvlevebia. Sesabamisi masalis miTiTebebi moce­mulia wignis bolos moTavsebul SeniSvnebSi (Tavebis mixedviT).

wignis bolos moTavsebuli bibliografiA. sqo­lioebSi aRniSnuli literatura Sekrebili da mo­Tavsebulia wignis bolos.

danarTebi

instruqtorisaTvis (pedagogisaTvis)instruqtorisaTvis saWiro wyaroebi da masa-

lebi testirebisaTvis. instruqtorisaTvis saWiro masala Seicavs Tavebis mokle mimoxilvas, wyaroebsa da sadiskusio sakiTxebs, Temebsa da sakvlev pro­eqtebs, internet­wyaroebs, saswavlo filmebs, daax­loebiT 1600 kiTxvas SesarCevi pasuxebiT da sworia/arasworia SefasebiT, narkvevebs da a.S. yovel test­kiTxvas miTiTebuli aqvs Sesabamisi gverdi wignSi.

test-generatoriEQ. es programa aadvilebs tes­tebis Seqmnas da gvTavazobs sxvadasxva arCevans maTi organizebisa da testis bankebisa da testebis war­mosadgenad. am programiT gaTvaliswinebuli SemTx­veviTi numeracia da teqstis generatori idealur gamosayenebels xdis mas testebis sxvadasxva vari­antis Sesaqmnelad. Ziebisa da daxarisxebis Zlieri funqcia aadvilebs kiTxvebis lokalizacias da maT ganlagebas Tqveni survilis mixedviT.

rigi IV, anTropologiuri diapozitivebi. 50 diapozitivi gadaRebulia teqstSi mocemuli gra­fikebidan, diagramebidan da tabulebidan da xels uwyobs studentis mier saleqcio Temebis ukeT aRq­mas.

videomasalaA. prentis holi gTavazobT or axal video serias. `amerikeli indielebis Secvla ameri­kis SecvlasTan erTad: amerikeli indieli xalxebis videoistoria~ da `ritualebi: afrikis tradiciuli mosaxleobis videoistoria~. garda amisa, maRali xarisxis, sxvadasxva jildoebiT aRniSnuli video­filmebi `filmmeiqers laibreris~ koleqciidan. gTxovT, daukavSirdeT `prentis holis~ warmomad­genels damatebiTi informaciisTvis.

Anthropology Central: xelmisawvdomia mxolod `anTropologiis~ meTerTmete gamocemis myidvel­TaTvis. paroliT daculi es internet–wyaro sa­Sualebas aZlevs instruqtorebs CamotvirTon `instruqtoris saxelmZRvanelos~ sruli versia, leqciebi da naxazebi, Power Point-is slaidebi, aseve `anTropologiis swavlebis strategia~. daukavSir­diT `prentis holis~ warmomadgenels damatebiTi informaciisTvis.

12

qerol r. emberi antioqiis kolejSi Tavdapir­velad qimiis specialobaze swavlobda, mas Semdeg ki, rac pedagogebis moTxovnis Sesabamisad, soci­ologiis leqciebze daswreba daiwyo, am sagniT Za­lian dainteresda. mecnierebis Mam dargSi mravali upasuxo kiTxva Cndeboda, ramac momaval mecniers sociologiaSi kvleviTi muSaobis survili gauCina. man erTi weli kornelis aspiranturaSi gaatara da sociologias swavlobda harvardSi gadasvlamde, sadac jon da beatris uaiTingebTan anTropolo­giis Seswavla daiwyo.

sadoqtoro disertaciaze qerol r. emberi kenia­Si, luos tomis garemocvaSi muSaobda. iq cxovrebi­sas SeniSna, rom bevr biWs `gogos saqmis~ keTebas avalebdnen. maT bavSvebis mixedva da yoveldRiuri saojaxo saqmis keTeba imis gamo uxdebodaT, rom dedebs (romlebic sasoflo­sameurneo saqmianobiT iyvnen dakavebulni) saxlSi sakmarisi raodenobis damxmare gogonebi ar hyavdaT). emberma gadawyvi­ta, Seeswavla Sromis amgvari ganawilebis SesaZlo Sedegebi biWebis socialur qcevaze. sistematuri dakvirvebis Sedegad mecnierma aRmoaCina, rom qa­lis saqmiT zedmetad datvirTuli biWebi, danarCen biWebsa da gogonebTan SedarebiT, socialuri qce­vis mraval aspeqtSi saSualo monacemebs avlendnen. mogvianebiT man Caatara kroskulturuli gamokv­leva qorwinebis, ojaxebis, memkvidruli jgufebis, omisa da mSvidobis sxvadasxva formis Sesaswavlad. am gamokvlevebs igi ZiriTadad, melvin emberTan er­Tad atarebda, romelTanac 1970 wels iqorwina. ase­Ti kroskulturuli gamokvlevebi iZleoda im Teor­iebis gadamowmebis saSualebas, romlebic msoflioSi arsebuli sazogadoebebis Sesaxeb arsebobs.

1970­1996 wlebSi igi aswavlida niu­iorkis uni­versitetis hanter kolejSi, agreTve, iyo kros­kulturuli kvlevebis sazogadoebis prezidenti da samer kolejis erT­erTi direqtori SedarebiTi anTropologiis, romelsac mecnierebis nacional­uri fondi afinansebda. amJamad muSaobs ielis uni­versitetis arakomerciul kvleviT saagentoSi `hi­umen rileiSenz eria failz~.

kolumbiis universitetis damTavrebis Semdeg melvin emberi sadoqtoro disertaciis dasacavad ielis universitetSi gadavida. ielSi misi maswav­lebeli iyo anTropologi piter merdoki, umniS­vnelovanesi figura kulturaTaSorisi kvlevebisa da msoflio kulturaTa farTomasStabian monacem­Ta bazis SeqmnaSi. misi kvleviTi muSaobis mizani iyo kulturaTaSorisi hipoTezis Semowmeba. monacemTa es baza cnobili gaxda, rogorc `hiumen rileiSenz earia failzi~, imis gamo, rom Tavdapirvelad ielis adamianTa urTierTobebis institutma daafinansa. `hiumen rileiSenz earia failzis~ monacemTa baza yovelwliurad izrdeba da axla ukve eleqtronuli failebis saxiT vrceldeba. amJamad misi gamokvleve­bi moicavs msoflios 385 Zvelsa da axal kulturas.

savele samuSaoebi disertaciisaTvis melvin em­berma amerikul samoaSi Caatara. man sami sofeli

Seadara erTmaneTs politikur cxovrebaze komer­cializaciis gavlenis Sesaswavlad. garda amisa, gamoikvlia memkvidruli jgufebi da maTi cvlileba yidva­gayidvis ganviTarebis Sesabamisad. mis mier Catarebuli kulturaTaSorisi gamokvlevebi Ta­vidan daqorwinebulTa sacxovrebelsa da STamomav­lobiT jgufebs exeboda. igi agreTve Seexo damokide­bulebas ekonomikursa da politikur ganviTarebas Soris, incestze tabus warmoSobasa da ganviTarebas, mravalcolianobis mizezebs da imas, Tu rogor gvex­mareba socialuri wes­Cveulebebis arqeologiuri korelatebi warsulis SeswavlaSi.

fsiqikuri janmrTelobis nacionalur institut­Si Catarebuli oTxwliani kvleviTi muSaobis Sem­deg, igi pedagogiur muSaobas eweoda jer antioqiis kolejSi, Semdeg ki niu­iorkis universitetis hant­er kolejSi; iyo kulturaTaSorisi gamokvlevebis sazogadoebis prezidenti, xolo 1987 wlidan ielis universitetis arakomerciuli kvleviTi saagentos `hiumen rileiSenz earia failzis~ prezidentiA.

piter n. peregrini anTropologiiT inglisur enaSi diplomis dacvis Semdeg dainteresda. man ada­mianTa Sesaswavlad anTropologiis sociologiuri midgoma ufro misaRebad CaTvala, vidre humanistu­ri, romelic Seiswavla rogorc inglisuri enis spe­cialistma.

magistris xarisxis dasacavad eTnoistoriuli TvalsazrisiT iezuiti misionerebisa da aborigeni amerikelebis urTierTdamokidebuleba gamoikvlia da mixvda, rom aborigeni amerikelebis iezuitebTan kontaqtamde arsebuli kulturuli urTierTobebis Sesaswavlad arqeologiis Seswavla dasWirdeboda.

perdius universitetSi sadoqtoro disertaci­aze muSaobisas piter peregrinma Seiswavla samxreT aSS­s _ misisipis preistoriuli kulturebi da aR­moaCina, rom jgufebs Soris arsebuli urTierTo­bani aborigeni amerikelebis kulturas saukuneebis manZilze ayalibebda. maT iezuitebTan iseve mar­tivad daamyares kontaqti, rogorc sxva danarCe­nebTan amyarebdnen kulturaTaSorisi urTierTo­bebis mTel periodSi. yuradReba miaqcia imasac, rom aborigeni amerikelebis urTierTobebze naklebi kvleva iyo Catarebuli da gadawyvita SedarebiTi gamokvlevis Catareba. 1990 wels monawileoba mi­iRo SedarebiT anTropologiur kvlevaSi, romelic samer institutma Caatara. aq Sexvda qerol r. ember­sa da melvin embers.

piter peregrini aswavlida xuanitas kolejSi, am­Jamad ki lourensis universitetis (epltoni, viskon­sini) asocirebuli profesori da anTropologiis ganyofilebis Tavmjdomarea. aris, agreTve, `hiumen rileiSenz earia failzis~ arqeologiuri komisiis mecnier­TanamSromeli da melvin emberTan erTad gamocemuli naSromis `preistoriuli enciklope­diis~ Tanaavtori; agrZelebs arqeologiur kvlevas da axlaxan aRniSna anTropologiisa da arqeologiis

avtorTa Sesaxeb

13

dargebSi pedagogiuri moRvaweobis 10 wlisTavi.

1ra aris anTropologia?

ra aris anTropologia?

Tavebis Sinaarsi

anTropologiis sagani

erTiani midgoma

anTropologiuri cnobismoyvareoba

anTropologiis sferoebi

gamoyenebiTi anTropologia

anTropologiis aqtualoba

14

anTropologia aris disciplina, romelic adami­anuri yofis Sesaxeb dausrulebeli cnobismoyvareo­biT gamoirCevaA. TviT termini warmodgeba berZnuli sityva anthropos­isgan (rac ~adamians~ niSnavs) da lo-gos­isagan (romelic aRniSnavs `moZRvrebas~). anTro­pologebi cdiloben, pasuxi gascen uamrav kiTxvas: rodis, sad da ratom warmoiSvnen adamianebi dedami­waze; rogor da ratom Seicvalnen mas Semdeg, da ro­gor da ratom icvleba Tanamedrove adamianis esa Tu is niSan­Tviseba. anTropologebs ainteresebT, agreTve, rogor da ratom icvleboda da icvleba adamianTa wes­Cveulebebi da qceva. arsebobs anTro­pologiis praqtikuli mxarec. yofiTi problemebis gadasawyvetad, gamoyenebiTi anu praqtikosi anTro­pologebi erTdroulad iyeneben anTropologiur meTodebs, informaciasa da miRweul Sedegebs.

anTropologiis, rogorc mxolod adamianTa Sem­swavleli mecnierebis gansazRvra, sruli ar iqnebo­da, radganac igi moicavs iseT disciplinebs, rogori­caa: sociologia, fsiqologia, politika, ekonomika, istoria, adamianis biologia da iseT humanitarul mecnierebebsac, rogoricaa filosofia da litera­tura. saWiro ar aris imis aRniSvna, rom adamianTan dakavSirebuli mravali sxva disciplinis warmomad­geneli ukmayofilebas gamoTqvamda, Tuki mis dargs anTropologiis nawilad warmoadgendnen. miT umetes, rom am disciplinaTa umetesoba anTropologiaze met xans arsebobda da TiToeul maTgans mecniere­baSi garkveuli adgilic ukavia. aqedan gamomdinare, anTropologia Taviseburad unikaluri dargia da swored es aris mizezi imisa, rom igi damoukidebel disciplinad Camoyalibda da ukve 100 weliwadze me­tia gansakuTrebul mdgomareobas inarCunebs.

anTropologiis saganianTropologebis Sesaxeb, ZiriTadad, iseTi

warmodgena arsebobs, TiTqos isini dedamiwis na­klebad cnobil kuTxeebSi mogzauroben egzoti­kuri xalxebis Sesaswavlad an Txrian miwas namarxi cocxali organizmebis da didi xnis win mcxovrebi adamianebis iaraRisa da WurWlis aRmosaCenad. es Sexedulebebi maTi stereotipulobis miuxedavad, naTlad aCvenebs, rogor gansxvavdeba anTropolo­gia sxva disciplinebisgan. mas ufro farTo masStabi aqvs rogorc geografiuli, ise istoriuli Tval­sazrisiT. anTropologiis interesis sferos yvela periodis adamianebi warmoadgenen, dawyebuli ada­mianis Soreuli winaprebidan, romlebic ramdenime milioni wlis win cxovrobdnen, Tanamedrove ada­mianamde; misi interesis sagani ki dedamiwis yoveli nawilia, sadac ki adamians odesme ucxovria.

anTropologebi yovelTvis ise globalurad da mravalmxrivad ar ganixilavdnen problemebs, ro­gorc dRes. tradiciulad, isini met yuradRebas ara­dasavlur kulturebs uTmobdnen da dasavluri civi­lizaciebis istorias sxva disciplinebs utovebdnen Sesaswavlad. Tumca, ukanaskneli wlebis manZilze disciplinaTa Soris `Sromis aseTma ganawilebam~ gaqroba daiwyo. amJamad anTropologebi Seiswavlian rogorc sakuTar, ise sxva rTul sazogadoebebs.

ratom airCies anTropoloebma Sesaswavlad aseTi vrceli sagani? nawilobriv, amis mizezi is iyo, rom yvela SemoTavazebuli ganzogadebuli azri adamianis kulturuli da biologiuri arsebobis Sesaxeb misT­vis damaxasiaTebeli zogierTi niSan­TvisebiT, mra­valjer unda yofiliyo dadasturebuli mTeli misi arsebobis manZilze dedamiwis sxvadasxva nawilSi. Tu

amgvari ganzogadebis an axsnis dadastureba SeuZle­beli iqneba, maSin sruli ufleba gveqneba da valdebu­lic ki viqnebiT, masSi eWvi SevitanoT. sando damamt­kicebeli sabuTebis ararsebobis SemTxvevaSi gaCenili skeptikuri damokidebuleba xels SeuSlis adamianebis Sesaxeb araswori mosazrebebis gaziarebas.

magaliTad, 1960­ian wlebSi amerikelma pedago­gebma aRmoaCines, rom afro­amerikeli moswavleebi iSviaTad svamdnen rZes. es fulis naklebobas an gaunaTleblobas miaweres, magram anTropologi­uri monacemebis safuZvelze, am problemas sul sxvagvari axsna moeZebna; msoflios bevr nawilSi, ZiriTadad iq, sadac mewveli Sinauri cxovelebi hy­avT, adamianebi rZes ar svamen. isini rZes amJaveben an misgan yvels amzadeben. amis mizezi axla ukve cno­bilia. bevri adamiani ganicdis ferment laqtazis naklebobas, romelic aucilebelia laqtozis (rZe­Si arsebuli Saqris) dasaSlelad. rZe xels uSlis sakvebis monelebas. ferxdeba ara mxolod laqtozis, aramed sxva sakvebis gadamuSavebac. xSir SemTxvevaSi, rZis daleva iwvevs krunCxvebs, gazebis dagrovebas, diareasa da gulisrevas. gamokvlevam uCvena, rom rZesTan SeuTavsebloba msoflios mraval nawilSia gamovlenili. aseTi mdgomareoba aRiniSneba moz­rdil azielebSi, samxreT evropelebSi, arabebsa da ebraelebSi, dasavleT afrikelebSi, inuitebSi (eski­mosebSi) da Crd. da samx. amerikis indielebSi, aseve afro­amerikelebSi. imis gamo, rom anTropologebi kargad icnoben adamianTa cxovrebas rogorc geo­grafiuli, aseve istoriuli TvalsazrisiT, maT Seu­ZliaT safuZveli Seuryion araswor Sexedulebas adamianTa gansxvavebul jgufebze.

erTiani midgomagarda imisa, rom anTropologia moicavs adamianis

ganviTarebas rogorc geografiuli, ise istoriuli TvalsazrisiT, mas axasiaTebs, agreTve, adamianis Ses­wavlisadmi erTiani, mravalmxrivi midgoma. anTrop­ologebi Seiswavlian ara mxolod gansxvavebuli ti­pis adamianebs, aramed maTi gamocdilebis sxvadasxva aspeqtsac. magaliTad, adamianTa jgufis aRwerisas anTropologi iTvaliswinebs im adgilis istorias, sadac isini cxovroben, bunebriv pirobebs, ojaxuri cxovrebis organizacias, enis ZiriTad Tvisebebs, dasaxlebis tipebs, politikur da ekonomikur siste­mebs, religias, xelovnebis stilsa da tansacmels.

warsulSi calkeuli anTropologebi cdilobdnen sxvadasxva sakiTxis erTdroulad ganxilvas. dRes ki, iseve, rogorc mraval sxva disciplinaSi, imdenad didi informacia dagrovda, rom anTropologebSi gaCnda tendencia erT viwro Temaze an sferoSi imuS­aon. ase rom, erTma anTropologma SeiZleba gamoi­kvlios zogierTi preistoriuli winapris fizikuri niSnebi, meorem – garemos gavlena mosaxleobis gan­viTarebaze xangrZlivi drois manZilze, mesamem ki _ adamianTa garkveuli jgufis wes­Cveulebebi. amgvari specializaciis miuxedavad, anTropologia mainc erTian orientacias inarCunebs, rac imas niSnavs, rom mravali gansxvavebuli dargis saSualebiT er­Toblivad Seiswavlis adamianis arsebobis sxvadasxva aspeqts warsulsa da awmyoSi.

anTropologiuri cnobismoyvareobaCven anTropologia davaxasiaTeT, rogorc isto­

riuli da geografiuli TvalsazrisiT ufro farTo speqtris mqone disciplina, romelic sxvadasxva sakiTxis Seswavlis mimarT ufro erTiani midgomiT

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xasiaTdeba, vidre adamianis SeswavlasTan dakav­Sirebuli sxva disciplinebi. magram es gancxadeba gulisxmobs imas, rom anTropologia aris yovlis­momcveli mecniereba adamianis Sesaxeb. maS, riT gan­sxvavdeba anTropologia sxva, danarCeni mecniere­bebisgan? albaT cnobismoyvareobiT, romelsac is iwvevs.

anTropologebs mravali kiTxva UuCndebaT. magal­iTad: sad warmoiSva pirvelad qalaquri cxovreba? ratom aqvs zogierTs ufro muqi feris kani, vidre sxvebs? ratom Seicavs zogierTi ena feris aRmniS­vnel met sityvas, vidre sxva enebi? ratom aqvT ama Tu im sazogadoebaSi qalebs meti xma politikaSi? ratom aqvs sxvadasxva sazogadoebas gansxvavebuli damokidebuleba Sobadobis kontrolis mimarT? mar­Talia, yvela es sakiTxi adamianis arsebobis gansxvave­bul aspeqtebs ganixilavs, magram maT erTi saerTo niSani aqvT: yoveli maTgani romelime mosaxleobisT­vis damaxasiaTebel gansakuTrebul niSans (Tvisebas, wes­Cveulebas) ikvlevs. es SeiZleba iyos kanis Sedar­ebiT muqi feri, ena, romelSic feris aRmniSvneli bevri terminia, qalebis monawileoba politikaSi an Sobadobaze kontrolis daweseba. anTropologiis gansxvavebulobis mTavari mizezi albaT sxvadasxva xalxisTvis damaxasiaTebeli niSnebis mimarT misi

daintereseba unda iyos. magaliTad, maSin, rodesac ekonomistebi samoneto sistemas Cveulebrivad aRiq­vamen da mis moqmedebas Seiswavlian, anTropologebs ainteresebT, ratom daiwyo zogierTma sazogadoe­bam bolo aTaswleulebSi fulis gamoyeneba. anTro­pologebs ainteresebT adamianTa sazogadoebebis tipuri damaxasiaTebeli niSnebi da is, Tu rogor icvleboda isini saukuneTa manZilze.

anTropologiis sferoebisxvadasxva anTropologebi sazogadoebaTa sx­

vadasxva damaxasiaTebel niSnebs Seiswavlian. zog maTgans adamianTa sazogadoebebis biologiuri an fizikuri niSan­Tvisebebis Seswavla ainteresebs, sxvebs _ kulturulisa; amgvarad, arsebobs anTrop­ologiis sagnis ori ZiriTadi mimarTuleba: biolo-giuri (fizikuri) anTropologia da kulturuli anTropologia. es ukanaskneli sam ZiriTad nawilad iyofa: arqeologia, lingvistika da eTnologia. eT­nologia Seiswavlis uaxles kulturebs da bolo dros moixsenieba, rogorc kulturuli anTropo­logia (ix. sur. 1­1). am oTx sferos aerTianebs mexuTe – gamoyenebiTi, anu praqtikuli anTropologia. -

anTropologiis Semadgeneli nawilebi

anTropologiis oTxi mTavari Semadgeneli nawilis (aRniSnulia muqi SriftiT) klasifikacia SeiZleba mox­des sferos (biologiuri an kulturuli) da TiToeuli maTganis periodis (axlo warsuli an awmyo) mixedviT. aq warmodgenilia anTropologiis oTxive qvedisciplinis gamoyenebis sqema.

warsuli uaxlesi warsuli da awmyo

anTropologiuri lingvistikaistoriuli lingvistika aRweriTi an struqturuli lingvistikakulturuli anTropologia

arqeologia eTnologia

biologiuri anTropologia

(kulturuli anTropologia)

adamianis paleontologia

adamianis cvlileba

ZiriTadi kvleva

praqtikuli anTropologia

kulturuli anTropologia

biologiuri anTropologia

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biologiuri anTropologiis specialisti nadin pikoki, zairis efes tomSi reproduqciisa da janmrTelobis sakiTxebze muSaobis procesSi.

biologiuri anTropologi

biologiuri (fizikuri) anTropologia eZebs pa­suxebs kiTxvaTa or gansxvavebul jgufze: pirveli jgufi Seicavs kiTxvebs adamianTa warmoSobis da maTi Semdgomi evoluciis Sesaxeb (am sferos ewo­deba adamianTa paleontologia, anu paleoanTro-pologia). meore jgufSi Semavali kiTxvebi exeba Tanamedrove adamianTa Soris mimdinare biologiur cvlilebebs da maT mizezebs (am sferos adamianTa cvalebadoba ewodeba).

adamianTa evoluciis rekonstruqciisaTvis pa­leontologebi eZeben namarx adamianTa an maT wi­naparTa da maTTan dakavSirebul cxovelTa uZveles naSTebs an maT anabeWdebs. magaliTad, aRmosavleT afrikaSi muSaobisas paleoanTropologebma aRmoa­Cines daaxloebiT 4 milioni wlis win mcxovrebi ada­mianis msgavsi arsebebis naSTebi. am aRmoCenis saSu­alebiT SesaZlebeli gaxda Cveni winaprebis or fexze siarulis, xelebis ukeT gamoyenebisa da tvinis zomis matebis miaxloebiTi TariRebis dadgena.

evoluciisdroindeli urTierTobebis dasadge­nad anTropologebi iyeneben ara mxolod ganamarxe­bul naSTebsa da qvis masalas, aramed geologiur in­formaciasac klimatisa da garemos, aseve mcenareTa da cxovelTa populaciebis Sesaxeb; ufro metic, adamianTa warsulis rekonstruqciisaTvis paleon­tologebi ikvleven ZuZumwovarTa Soris Cveni uax­loesi naTesavebis – adamianis msgavsi maimunebisa da sxva saxeobis maimunebis qcevasac, romlebic Cvensav­iT primatebis jgufs miekuTvnebian. primatebis Sem­swavlel anTropologebs, fsiqologebsa da biolo­gebs primatologebi ewodebaT. isini akvirdebian sxvadasxva saxeobis primatebs rogorc bunebriv, ise laboratoriul pirobebSi. Seswavlis gansakuTreb­uli sagania Simpanze, romelic Zalian hgavs adami­ans fizikurad Tu qceviT, mis sisxls aqvs adamianis sisxlis msgavsi qimiuri Semadgenloba da isini erTi da imave seniT avaddebian. uaxlesma gamokvlevebma gviCvena, rom Simpanzesa da adamianis genebis 99 pro­centi identuria.

primatebis Seswavlisas anTropologebi cdilo­ben, aRmoaCinon is niSan­Tvisebebi, romlebsac aSkara adamianuri xasiaTi aqvT da ganasxvavon im Tvisebebis­gan, romlebic maT primatul fesvebs ukavSirdeba. am informaciis saSualebiT isini SeZleben daadginon, rogorebi iyvnen Cveni winaprebi. primatebis Seswav­liT miRebul daskvnebs arqeologiur masalas adare­ben anu nawil­nawil Segrovil masalas Cvens uaxlo­es naTesavebze mecnieruli dakvirvebebis Sedegebs ukavSireben. mokled, biologiuri anTropologebi agroveben sxvadasxva wyarodan miRebul informacias da qmnian Teoriebs, romlebic gvaZlevs ganamarxebul organizmebSi arsebuli cvlilebebis axsnas, Semdeg ki am Teoriebs amowmeben sxvadasxva damamtkicebeli sabuTis erTmaneTTan Sedarebis gziT. amgvarad, ada­mianis anTropologia moicavs iseT disciplinebs, rogorebicaa: geologia, xerxemlianebis (kerZod, primatebis) paleontologia, SedarebiTi anatomia da primatebis qcevis SedarebiTi kvleva.

biologiuri anTropologiis meore ZiriTadi mi­marTulebaa adamianTa cvalebadobis (nairsaxeobis) Seswavla. es mimarTuleba ikvlevs adamianTa Taname­drove populaciebs Soris arsebul gansxvavebebs biologiur anu fizikur TaviseburebebSi. yvela Ta­namedrove adamiani miekuTvneba erT saxeobas – Homo sapiens­s, radgan SeuZliaT erTmaneTTan Sejvareba. magram amasTanave, maT Soris mniSvnelovani gansx­vavebebic arsebobs. adamianTa Soris arsebuli gansx­vavebebis gamokvlevisas mecnierebs uCndebaT kiTxva: ratom aris zogierTi xalxi sxvebze maRali? rogor Seegua zogi populacia Tavis saarsebo garemos? aqvs Tu ara zog xalxs, magaliTad, inuitebs (eskimosebs), iseTi damaxasiaTebeli niSnebi, romlebic xels uwy­obs maT ukeT Seguebas sicivesTan? ukeT icavs Tu ara tropikuli mzisgan zogierTi xalxis kanis muqi pig­mentacia?

Tanamedrove adamianTa Soris arsebuli biolo­giuri gansxvavebebis ukeT gagebisaTvis biologi­uri anTropologebi iyeneben sami sxva discipli­nis principebs, koncefciebsa da teqnologiebs. es disciplinebia: adamianis genetika (mecniereba im

1�

damaxasiaTebel niSan­TvisebaTa Sesaxeb, romlebic STamomavlobiT gadaecema), populaciebis biologia (mecniereba, romelic Seiswavlis garemo pirobebis zemoqmedebas ama Tu im populaciis damaxasiaTe­bel niSan­Tvisebebze) da epidemiologia (mecniere­ba, romelic Seiswavlis, rogor da ratom moqmedebs daavadebebi sxvadasxvanairad gansxvavebul popula­ciebze). adamianTa Soris arsebul gansxvavebaTa kv­leva moicavs mecnierebis sxva sferoebsac, Tumca biologiuri anTropologebis kvlevis umTavres sagans adamianTa populaciebi da maTi biologiuri cvalebadoba warmoadgens.

kulturuli anTropologia

kulturuli anTropologiis sagania populaci­ebisa da sazogadoebebis cvalebadobis niSnebis Ses­wavla. ra aris kultura? imis gamo, rom kulturis arss anTropologebisTvis Zalian didi mniSvneloba aqvs, am sakiTxs mTel Tavs vuTmobT. anTropolo­gebisTvis termini kultura aRniSnavs azrovnebi­sa da qcevis gansakuTrebul normebs, romlebic gansazRvrul populacias an sazogadoebas axasi­aTebs. socialuri jgufis kultura moicavs mis enas, religiur rwmenas, sqesTa rols, bavSvebis aRzrdas, saxlebis mSeneblobas da sxvadasxva ideasa da qce­vis normas, romlebic farTod aris gavrcelebuli da miRebuli am jgufSi. kulturuli anTropologi­is sami ZiriTadi mimarTulebaa arqeologia (mec­niereba, romelic Seiswavlis warsul kulturebs, ZiriTadad, maTi materialuri naSTebis safuZvelze), anTropologiuri lingvistika (anTropologiu­rad Seiswavlis enebs) da eTnologia (Seiswavlis Ta­namedrove da axlo warsulis kulturebs), romelsac amJamad kulturul anTropologias uwodeben.

arqeologiaA. arqeologebi ara mxolod war­sulSi mcxovreb adamianTa yoveldRiuri cxovrebi­sa da wes­Cveulebebis aRdgenas cdiloben, aramed ikvleven kulturul cvlilebebsac da cdiloben am cvlilebebis axsnas. es sfero TiTqos istor­ikosebis saqmianobis msgavsia, magram arqeologebs ufro Soreul warsulTan Sexebis saSualeba aqvT. istorikosebs ufro xSirad saqme aqvT im sazogadoe­bebTan, romlebmac werilobiTi wyaroebi datoves da maTi kvleva adamianis istoriis daaxloebiT 5000 wliT Semoifargleba. adamianTa sazogadoebebi ki, rogorc cnobilia, milion welze metia, rac arse­boben da mxolod bolo 5000 wlis manZilze SemoiRes damwerloba. yvela im sazogadoebis kvlevisTvis, romelTac damwerloba ar gaaCndaT, arqeologebi is­torikosebis rols asruleben. werilobiTi wyaroe­bis ararsebobis gamo, arqeologebi istoriis aRdge­nas adamianis kulturuli memkvidreobis Zeglebis Seswavlis safuZvelze cdiloben. zogierTi Zegli iseTi grandiozulia, rogorc maias kulturis taZ­rebi, romlebic CiCen icaSi (iukatani, meqsika) aR­moCnda, ufro xSirad ki es Cveulebrivi Tixis Wur­Wlis natexebi, qvis iaraRebi an nagvis grovebia. arqeologebis umravlesoba ikvlevs preistoriul xanas, rodesac damwerloba ar arsebobda. magram ar­sebobs arqeologiis dargi, romelsac istoriuli arqeologia ewodeba da igi ikvlevs axlo warsulis adamianebs, romelTac werilobiTi wyaroebi dato­ves. es specialoba iyenebs rogorc arqeologebis, ise istorikosebis muSaobis meTodebs.

imisaTvis, rom Caswvdnen, ra da rogor iwvevda

cvlilebebs xangrZlivi drois manZilze msoflios sxvadasxva nawilSi mcxovreb adamianTa sazogadoe­bis cxovrebaSi, arqeologebi agroveben sxvadasxva masalas adamianTa sacxovrebeli adgilebidan. Cveu­lebriv, es adgilebi gaTxras saWiroebs. gaTxridan amoRebuli an Segrovili masalis safuZvelze Cndeba kiTxvebi, Tu sad, rodis da ratom gaCnda pirvelad iaraRis damzadebis mxolod adamianisaTvis damaxa­siaTebeli Tviseba? sad, rodis da ratom ganviTarda pirvelad miwaTmoqmedeba? sad, rodis da ratom dai­wyes adamianebma pirvelad qalaqebSi cxovreba?

amgvar kiTxvebze pasuxis gasacemad saWiro mo­nacemebis Sesagroveblad arqeologebi iyeneben sxva mecnierebebisgan aRebul teqnologiebsa da aRmoCenebs, iseve, rogorc iyeneben Tanamedrove da axlo warsulis kulturebis anTropologiuri Ses­wavlis Sedegebs. magaliTad, imis gamosacnobad, Tu ra adgili unda gaiTxaros adreuli iaraRis damza­debis keris sapovnelad, arqeologebi ukavSirdebian geologebs, raTa maT miuTiTon, sad ufro mosalod­nelia adreuli adamianis saqmianobis keris povna miwis eroziisa da awevis gaTvaliswinebiT, mis zeda­pirTan axlos. imisTvis, rom daadginon, sad ganvi­Tarda pirvelad miwaTmoqmedeba, arqeologebi Ses­abamis gaTxridan amoRebul masalas qimikosebis mier aRmoCenili meTodiT ikvleven. imis gasagebad ki, ra­tom gaCnda Tavdapirvelad qalaqebi, arqeologebma SeiZleba gamoiyenon informacia, romelsac isto­rikosebi, geografebi da sxva mecnierebi miawvdian imis Sesaxeb, Tu ra saxis ekonomikuri da politikuri kavSirebi aqvT Tanamedrove da axlo warsulis qa­laqebs TavianT Sida raionebTan. im SemTxvevaSi, Tu SevZlebT gavigoT, ra aerTianebT Tanamedrove da axlo warsulis qalaqebs, SevZlebT im mizezis dad­genasac, ramac maTi warmoSoba gamoiwvia. amgvarad, arqeologebi arsebul informacias Tanamedroveo­bisa da axlo warsulis Sesaxeb Soreuli warsulis amosaxsnelad iyeneben.

anTropologiuri lingvistika. anTropo­logiuri lingvistika kulturuli anTropologiis erT­erT sferos warmoadgens. lingvistika anu en­ebis Seswavla, arqeologiaze Zveli mecnierebaa, ma­gram misi adreuli formebi koncentrirebuli iyo mxolod arsebuli enebis Zveli werilobiTi for­mebis Seswavlaze. anTropologiuri lingvistikis specialistebma savele samuSaoebi iseT adgilebSi daiwyes, sadac damwerloba ar arsebobda. es imas niS­navs, rom maT ar hqondaT saSualeba, gamoeyenebinaT leqsikoni an gramatikis saxelmZRvanelo. piriqiT, maT pirvelebs unda SeeqmnaT leqsikonic da grama­tikac da mxolod amis Semdeg SeZlebdnen enis struq­turisa da istoriis Seswavlas.

biologiuri anTropologebis msgavsad, lingv­istebi Seiswavlian xangrZlivi drois manZilze momx­dar cvlilebebs da maT Tanamedrove variantebs. anTropologiuri lingvistikis zogierTi warmomad­geneli dainteresebulia enebis warmoSobiT da aTa­sobiT wlis manZilze maT Soris warmoSobili gansx­vavebebiT. droTa ganmavlobaSi enebis cvalebadobisa da maTi urTierTkavSiris Semswavlel mecnierebas istoriuli lingvistika ewodebaA. anTropologi­uri lingvistebis interesis sagania, agreTve, gan­sxvavebani Tanamedrove enebs Soris, gansakuTrebiT ki is gansxvavebani, romlebic maT konstruqciaSi arsebobs. lingvistikis am sferos, zogadad, aRweri-lobiTi anu struqturuli lingvistika ewodeba. mecnierebas, romelic socialur konteqstSi enis gamoyenebas Seiswavlis, sociolingvistika hqvia.

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adamianTaA Semswavleli paleontologebisa da ar­qeologebisgan gansxvavebiT, romelTac xelT aqvT materialuri masala warsulis aRdgenaSi dasaxmare­blad, istoriul lingvistebs saqme aqvT mxolod enebTan – da Tanac, xSirad iseTTan, romelTac dam­werloba ar gaaCniaT (gavixsenoT, rom damwerloba mxolod 5000 wlisaa, bevr enas ki dResac ar gaaCnia damwerloba). damwerlobis armqone enebis Seswavla gansakuTrebiT rTulia, radgan SeuZlebelia im enis kvalis aRdgena, romelze molaparake xalxic aRar arsebobs. lingvistebma, romlebic dainteresebul­ni arian maTi istoriiT, muSaoba unda daiwyon Ta­namedrove enebis erTmaneTTan SedarebiT. am enebis Sedarebis safuZvelze isini gamoitanen daskvnebs cvlilebaTa Sesaxeb, romlebic SeiZleba warsulSi momxdariyo da gamoewviaT is erTgvarovnebani Tu gansxvavebani, romlebic amJamadac gvxvdeba. isto­rikos lingvistebs, ZiriTadad, Semdegi tipis kiTx­

vebi uCndebaT: SeiZleboda Tu ara momxdariyo ori an meti Tanamedrove enis warmoSoba erT winapar enaSi momxdar cvlilebaTa safuZvelze? xolo Tu isini erTmaneTTan dakavSirebulni arian, rodis da ram­deni xnis win daiwyo maTSi gansxvavebebis gaCena?

istorikosi lingvistebisgan gansxvavebiT, aR­werilobiTi anu struqturuli lingvistebi, Ziri­Tadad, im principebis aRmoCeniTa da CaweriT arian dainteresebulni, romlebic ganapirobebs enaSi bgerebisa da sityvebis erTianobas. magaliTad, erTi gansazRvruli enis struqturulma aRwerilobam SeiZleba mogvces informacia imaze, rom bgerebi t da k SeiZleba uTierTSemcvleli iyos sityvaSi misi mniSvnelobis Secvlis gareSe. amerikul samoaSi yve­laze did kunZuls SeiZleba uwodon rogorc tutu­ila, aseve kukuila da axlad Casuli anTropologis garda, albaT, yvela mixvdeba, rom saubaria erTsa da imave kunZulze.

sqesis kvlevis axali perspeqtivebielizabeT m. bramfili

albionis kolejis anTropolo­giis profesori elizabeT m. bram­fili socialuri uTanasworobis problemiT ukanasknel kursze swav­lisas dainteresda. arqeologebis azriT, gvarebs Soris mniSvnelovani socialuri uTanasworoba mxolod axlaxan (arqeologebis enaze rom vTqvaT) gaCnda, anu daaxloebiT 6000 wlis win. amis arqeologiuri niSnebi savsebiT gasagebia – rTuli konstruqciis samarxebi Zvirfasi SigTavsiT zogierTi gvaris warmo­madgenelTaTvis da didi sxvaoba saxlebsa da qonebas Soris. magram am uTanasworobis gaCenis mizezi cnobili ar iyo. rodesac momavali mecnieri miCiganis universite­tis diplomirebul specialistTa skolaSi swavlobda, mas ar akmayo­filebda am sakiTxis sayovelTaod miRebuli axsna, TiTqos uTanas­woroba sasargeblo iyo sazoga­doebisaTvis (magaliTad, adamianTa umravlesobis cxovrebis done gaumjobesdeboda winamZRolebis gamdidrebasTan erTad). SemdgomSi, centralur meqsikaSi sadoqtoro disertaciaze muSaobisas man dai­wyo am Teoriis gadamowmeba teri­toriaze, romelic Tavdapirvelad politikurad damoukidebeli iyo, Semdeg ki actekTa imperiis nawilad iqca. Seiswavla zedapiruli masala da istoriuli dokumentebi, Sedge­nili rogorc evropelebis, ise ac­

teki didebulebis mier. mecnieris aRmoCenebi ewinaaRmdegeboda so­cialuri uTanasworobis `sasarge­bloobis~ ideas; man aRmoaCina, rom mas Semdeg, rac es teritoria ac­tekTa imperiam SeierTa, mosaxleo­bis cxovrebis done mxolod umniS­vnelod gaumjobesda.

bramfilis kvlevis meore, mniS­vnelovani sagani iyo qalebis cxo­vrebis Seswavla. rogor imoqmeda maTze actekebis imperiis eqspan­siam? Seicvala Tu ara maTi samuS­ao? rogor aisaxebodnen qalebi

xelovnebaSi? actekebis dedaqalaq tenoCtitlanis xelovnebaSi me­omarTa da mamakacTa Tema imperiis zrdasTan erTad prioritetul mniSvnelobas iZenda. skulptureb­Si asaxulia qalTa damokidebuli mdgomareoba (magaliTad, daCoqil pozaSi asaxva). magram im terito­riaze, romelsac bramfilis kvleva moicavda, qalTa gamosaxulebebi Sinaarsobrivad ar Secvlila. mag­aliTad, skulpturebis umetesoba actekebis gamarjvebis Semdegac qals fexze damdgars da ara daCoq­ils gamosaxavda.

mravali anTropologis msgav­sad, bramfili sakuTar Tavs ekiTxe­boda, rogor SeeZlo daxmarebis gaweva im sazogadoebisaTvis, sa­dac cxovrobda savele samuSaoebis periodSi. man gadawyvita, moewyo gamofena, raTa am adgilas 1200 wlis manZilze mcxovrebi xalxis warmatebebi warmoeCina. gamof­ena qsaltoCanis mkvidrebs im aR­moCenebis Sesaxeb mouTxrobda, rac mecnierma maT miwaze gaakeTa. bramfili agrZelebs kvlevas qal­Ta mdgomareobaSi uTanasworobis warmoSobis Sesaxeb da imedi aqvs, adamianebi mixvdebian, rom igi `win aRudga imas, rasac arasworad miiC­nevda da mTel cxovrebas dauTmobs arqeologiur kvlevas, raTa kiTx­vebze sakuTari pasuxebi ipovos~.

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sociolingvistis interesis sferos enis soci­aluri aspeqtebi warmoadgens: raze saubroben ada­mianebi da rogori urTierToba aqvT saubrisas, maTi damokidebuleba sxva enebsa da dialeqtebze molaparake adamianebis mimarT, agreTve, gansxvaveba sxvadasxva socialuri fenis warmomadgenelTa sau­bris maneraSi. inglisSi Sexvedrisas yvela adamians erTnairad ar mivmarTavT, magaliTad ise, rogorc megobars mivmarTavT xolme. albaT uxerxuli iqne­ba Sexvedrisas eqims saxeliT mivmarToT. mas, Cveu­lebriv, Semdegnairad mimarTaven: `dila mSvidobisa, eqimo braun~. enis gamoyenebis aseTi variantebi, gan­pirobebuli im pirovnebis socialuri statusiT, romelsac mimarTaven, sociolingvistisTvis Zalian mniSvnelovaniaA.

eTnologia (kulturuli anTropologia). eTnologebi cdiloben, Caswvdnen, E riT da ratom gansxvavdebian axlo warsulSi mcxovrebi da Taname­drove adamianebi erTmaneTisgan azrovnebiT da qce­viT. eTnologia, romelsac Cveulebriv, moixsenieben rogorc kulturul anTropologias, Seiswavlis adamianebis azrovnebisa da qcevis iseT formebs, ro­goricaa qorwinebis adaT­wesebi, naTesaobis struq­tura, politikuri da ekonomikuri sistemebi, relig­ia, folklori da musika, Semdeg ki am Zvel formebs Tanamedroves adareben. eTnologebi Seiswavlian, agreTve kulturis dinamikas anu mis ganviTarebasa da cvlilebas droSi. garda amisa, maTi interesis sferos warmoadgens TiToeuli kulturisaTvis da­maxasiaTebeli damokidebuleba rwmenasa da ritu­alebs Soris. amgvarad, eTnologebs TiTqmis igive mizani aqvT, rac arqeologebs, Tumca eTnologebi, ZiriTadad, Tanamedrove adamianebze dakvirvebisa da maTi gamokiTxvis meTodebs iyeneben, arqeologebi ki warsul kulturaTa materialur Zeglebs Seiswavlian da daskvnebi preistoriuli adamianebis wes­Cveule­bebis Sesaxeb am monacemebis safuZvelze gamoaqvT.

eTnologebis erTi nawili – eTnografebi, TiTq­mis mTeli wlis ganmavlobaSi cxovroben, esaubrebian da akvirdebian im xalxs, romlis wes­Cveulebebsac Seiswavlian. amgvari savele muSaobis Sedegad isini agroveben monacemebs da Semdeg am xalxis wes­Cveule­bebisa da azrovnebis detaluri aRwerisaTvis (eTno-grafiisaTvis) iyeneben. eTnografebs Soris arsebobs zogierTi gansxvaveba maTi obieqtis kulturuli da socialuri Seswavlis mravalmxrivobis Tvalsaz­risiT. adre isini ama Tu im xalxis arsebobis yvela aspeqtis erToblivad Seswavlas cdilobdnen, Taname­drove eTnografebi ki ufro viwro specializacias, erT konkretul mimarTulebas irCeven, magaliTad, ritualur mkurnalobas, garemosTan urTierTobas, modernizaciisa da globalizaciis gavlenas an sqes­Tan dakavSirebul sakiTxebs. eTnografebi xSirad mxolod aRweriT ar kmayofildebian da kulturis zogierTi aspeqtis asaxsnelad Tanamedrove anTro­pologiur gamocemebs mimarTaven xolme.

imis gamo, rom mravalma kulturam uaxloes war­sulSi seriozuli cvlilebebi ganicada, Zalze mniSvnelovania eTnologiis kidev erTi dargi – en-Toistoria. eTnoistorikosebi Seiswavlian, rogor icvleba droTa ganmavlobaSi adamianTa gansazRvru­li jgufis cxovreba. isini Seiswavlian werilobiT dokumentebs da SeiZleba mravali weli dauTmon ise­Ti dokumentebis Seswavlas, rogoricaa misionerTa, vaWarTa da mkvlevarTa Canawerebi, samTavrobo do­kumentebi da Seecadon im kulturuli cvlilebebis aRdgenas, romlebic xangrZlivi drois ganmavlobaSi gaCnda. gansxvavebiT eTnografebisgan, romlebic ZiriTadad, sakuTar dakvirvebebs eyrdnobian, eT­

noistorikosebi kvlevas sxvebis mier datovebuli an mowodebuli cnobebis mixedviT awarmoeben. maT xSirad gafantuli da aSkarad urTierTsawinaaRm­dego informaciis Segroveba da damuSaveba uxde­baT. amgvarad, eTnoistorikosis samuSao Zalian emsgavseba istorikosisas im gansxvavebiT, rom eT­noistorikosi, Cveulebriv, im adamianTa istorias ikvlevs, romelTac werilobiTi dokumentebi Tavad ar dautovebiaT. isini cdiloben xalxebis uaxlesi istoriis aRdgenas da im cvlilebaTa Seswavlas, romlebic am xalxebis cxovrebis wesma ganicada.

kroskulturuli kvleva (cross-cultural research) iy­enebs eTnografebisa da eTnoistorikosebis mier da­muSavebul monacemebs. am dargis mkvlevarTa mizania kulturul niSan­TvisebaTa ZiriTadi saxeebis dad­gena – romeli maTgania universaluri, romeli gan­icdis cvlilebebs, ra iwvevs maT da am cvlilebebis Sedegebi. ratom aris, magaliTad, zogierT sazoga­doebaSi sqesTa Soris meti uTanasworoba, vidre sxva sazogadoebebSi? damokidebulia Tu ara ojaxuri Zaladoba cxovrebis sxva sferoebSi arsebul agre­siasTan? ra gavlenas axdens moulodnelobebiT aR­savse garemo pirobebi adamianTa cxovrebaze? amgvar kiTxvebze pasuxebis gasacemad, kroskulturuli mkvlevarebi iyeneben zogierTi kulturisTvis dam­axasiaTebel niSan­TvisebaTa nimuSebs. kroskultu­ruli Sedegebi mniSvnelovania arqeologebisTvi­sac, gansakuTrebiT ki im SemTxvevaSi, rodesac maT aRmoCenebSi cvlilebebis garkveuli materialuri dadastureba aRiniSneba.

imis gamo, rom eTnologebi adamianTa wes­Cveule­bebisa da qcevis mravali sferoTi arian daintere­sebulni – dawyebuli politikuri da ekonomikuriT, damTavrebuli xelovnebiT, musikiTa da religiiT – es sagani bevr iseT disciplinas moicavs, romelic adamianis arsebobis sxvadasxva aspeqts exeba, magali­Tad, sociologia, fsiqologia, ekonomika, politika, xelovneba, musika da SedarebiTi religia. kulturu­li anTropologiis damaxasiaTebeli niSania, daadgi­nos, rogor icvleboda adamianTa arsebobis yvela es sfero sazogadoebidan sazogadoebamde yvela isto­riul periodSi da msoflios yvela nawilSi.

gamoyenebiTi anTropologiAa

yovelgvari saxis codna saWiroa da gamosadegi. fizikasa da biologiaSi kargad aris cnobili, rom iseTi didi aRmoCenebi, rogoricaa dnm­is splaisingi, kosmosuri xomaldebis kosmosSi Sepirapireba, kom­piuteruli miniskularuli mikrosqemebis Seqmna, ar moxdeboda fizikisa da biologiis samyaroSi Ca­tarebuli farTomasStabiani gamokvlevebis gareSe. fundamenturi principebis Cawvdomis gareSe, SeuZle­beli iqneboda im teqnologiuri aRmoCenebis gakeTe­ba, romlebiTac kacobrioba ase amayobs. mkvlevrebs zogjer ubralo cnobismoyvareoba amoZravebT da ar fiqroben imaze, Tu sadamde SeiZleba miiyvanos isini dawyebulma kvlevam. swored amitom, amgvar kv­levas ZiriTadi kvleva ewodeba. igive SeiZleba iTq­vas socialur mecnierebebze. Tu mecnieri aRmoaCens, rom sazogadoebebi, romelTac sabrZolo sportis meti saxeoba aqvT, metad arian midrekili omisken, es gamoiwvevs kidev ufro met kiTxvas, agresiis sx­vadasxva tipebs Soris arsebuli kavSirebis Sesaxeb. miRebuli codna sabolood im gzebis aRmoCenamde migviyvans, romlebic saSualebas mogvcems, gamovas­woroT iseTi socialuri problemebi, rogoric aris ojaxuri Zaladoba da omi.

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Tanamedrove gamokvlevebi da problemebimkvlevari muSaobis procesSi: terens e. heisi

wignebsa da statiebSi xSirad problemis pirdapiri gadmocema xdeba: mocemulia problema, mocemulia pasuxi – es aris da es. rogorc mravali mecnierisTvis sakuTari gamoc­dilebiT aris cnobili, codna yovelTvis pirdapiri gziT ar moipoveba. rod ailendis kole­jis profesori terens heisi mogviTxrobs Tavisi savele muS­aobis im daxlarTuli gzebis Sesaxeb, romelTa gavlac axali gvineis aRmosavleT maRalmTian provinciebSi ndambas tomSi cxovrebisas mouxda. Tavidan misi Seswavlis sagani iyo ar­sebuli gansxvaveba adamianTa sxvadasxva tipebs Soris (magal­iTad, kacebis da qalebis) mcena­reebis Sesaxeb arsebul codnaSi da gansxvavebulad axdendnen Tu ara isini mcenareTa klasifika­cias (daintereseba mcenareTa da cxovelTa klasifikaciiT, eTnobiologia, mWidrod aris dakavSirebuli lingvistur kvlevasTan). 1972 wels, Tavisi pirveli savele muSaobis peri­odSi igi daeswro 10­12 wlis biWebis iniciaciis ceremonias. es iyo dramatuli da travmat­uli `gadasavlis~ rituali, ro­melic mamakacobaSi gadasvlas ukavSirdeboda. igi Seicavda fizikur travmas ­ cxviridan sisxldenas, aseve socialur travmas ­ ~Tavdasxmas~ qalebis mxridan da tyeSi ganmartoebiT datovebas. ceremonias hqonda simboluri datvirTva, ro­melic gulisxmobda imas, rom sxvadasxva sqesis warmomadgen­

lebi erTmaneTs unda moridebodnen. sanam mecnieri agrovebda Tqmule­bebsa da miTebs eTnobiologiaSi Ta­visi gamokvlevisTvis, paralelurad ecnoboda istoriebs im safrTxis Ses­axeb, romelic mamakacebs qalebTan urTierTobisas emuqrebodaT.

am ceremoniebma da miTebma heisis cnobismoyvareoba gaamZafra. ram­denad didi mniSvneloba aqvs miTebs kulturuli movlenebis arsebobis gaxangrZlivebaSi? aris Tu ara sxva sazogadoebebSic, romelTac mamak­acebisTvis calke saxlebi aqvT, ms­gavsi miTebi? savele samuSaoebidan saxlSi dabrunebis Semdeg igi mixvda, rom sxvadasxva sazogadoebas Sei­Zleba erTmaneTis msgavsi gadmocema da miTi hqondes. ukavSirdeba Tu ara zogadad es gadmocemebi iniciaciis ritualebs da sqesTa izolacias? am kiTxvebze pasuxis gasacemad aucile­

beli iyo Sedareba. amitom man daiwyo miTebisa da Tqmule­bebis Segroveba kolegebs So­ris, romlebic axali gvineis maRalmTiani regionebis sxva sazogadoebebTan muSaobdnen. Sesadarebeli masalis Seg­rovebis procesSi mecnieri mixvda, rom ar gaaCnda saWiro eTnografiuli informacia, romlis mosapovebladac velze dabrunda. heisi aRniSnavda: `rogorc eTnografs, yovelT­vis miCndeboda kiTxva: saidan ici, rom es mosazreba sworia? da Tu didi wvalebis Semdeg mividodi garkveul daskvnamde ndambas tomis Sesaxeb, Cndeboda meore kiTxva: saidan ici, rom es sworia, Sedarebis gareSe?~

maSin, rodesac bazisurma kvlevam sabolood Se­iZleba mxolod daxmareba gagviwios praqtikuli problemis gadawyvetaSi, gamoyenebiTi kvleva praq­tikuli TvalsazrisiT ufro TvalsaCinoa. dRes profesional anTropologTa naxevari gamoyenebiTi anu praqtikuli anTropologiis mimdevaria. gamoy­enebiTi anu praqtikuli anTropologia cdilobs, anTropologiuri codna ufro advilad gamosayene­beli gaxados. am dargis warmomadgenlebs SeuZliaT praqtika anTropologiis nebismier an yvela sfero­Si miiRon. bazisuri anTropologiis mkvlevrebisgan gansxvavebiT, romelTagan TiTqmis yvela kolejebSi, universitetebsa da muzeumebSia dakavebuli, gamoy­enebiTi anTropologiis mimarTulebis warmomadgen­lebi, umTavresad, tradiciuli akademiis gareT moR­

vaweoben samTavrobo da saerTaSoriso ganviTarebis organizaciebis, kerZo sakonsultacio firmebis, sxvadasxva biznesis, sazogadoebrivi jandacvis, sa­medicino saswavleblebis, samarTlebrivi ofisebis da sazogadoebis ganviTarebisa da saqvelmoqmedo organizaciebis CaTvliT.

biologi anTropologi SeiZleba gamoiZaxon sa­samarTloSi Cvenebis misacemad, man SeiZleba imuS­aos sazogadoebrivi jandacvis sferoSi an Seqmnas adamianis anatomiisTvis Sesaferisi tansacmeli Tu aparatura. arqeologebma SeiZleba daakonser­von da muzeumebSi gamofinon eqsponatebi, SeiZleba kontraqtiT gaTvaliswinebuli samuSao Seasrulon, raTa aRmoaCinon da daicvan arqeologiuri Zegle­bi iseT adgilebSi, sadac maT mSeneblobis an sxva

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gamoyenebiTi anTropologiaganviTarebis programebis Seqmna soflis meurneobaSi qalTa wvlilis aRsaniSnavad

rodesac 1970­ian wlebSi anita springi pirvelad atareb­da savele samuSaoebs zambiaSi, mas soflis meurneobis mimarT gansakuTrebuli interesi ar hqonda. misi interesis sferos samedicino anTropologia war­moadgenda, samuSao ki samkurna­lo wes­Cveulebebis SeswavliT Semoifargleboda, romelSic, ZiriTadad, qalebi da bavSvebi iyvnen CarTuli. mis gakvirvebas sazRvari ar hqonda, roca wlis bolos masTan qalebis delega­cia mivida da ganucxada, rom mas warmodgena ar hqonda, ras niSnavda `yofiliyo qali~. `qa­loba fermerobas niSnavs~, _ uTxres maT. mecnieri aRiarebs, rom iqamde did yuradRebas ar aqcevda qalebs, rogorc fer­merebs, amis Semdeg ki maTTvis teqnikuri daxmarebis gaweva daiwyo. qalebis ganviTarebiT dainteresebuli sxva mravali piris msgavsad, springic mix­vda, rom ganviTarebis agentebi xSirad arasakmaris yuradRebas uTmobdnen qalTa wvlils sof­lis meurneobaSi.

rogor unda Seicvalos ma­makacze koncentrirebuli da­

mokidebulebebi da meTodebi? erTi saSualebaa, dokumenturad dafiq­sirdes, Tu faqtobrivad ra wvlili miuZRviT qalebs soflis meurneo­baSi. esTer boserapis mniSvnelovani wignis `qalis roli ekonomikur gan­viTarebaSi~ (1970) gamocemis Semdeg, mecnierebma daiwyes am sakiTxis Ses­axeb monacemebis gamoqveyneba. gairk­va, rom afrikaSi, saharis udabnos samxreTiT, karibis zRvis sanapiroze, aseve, samxreT­aRmosavleT aziaSi, qalebi mTavari fermerebi da soflis meurneobis muSakebi iyvnen, ufro metic, soflis meurneobis garTule­basTan erTad mindorSi muSaoba met dros moiTxovda, ris gamoc, qalebis roli kidev ufro gaizarda. garda amisa, mamakacebis umravlesoba samuS­aod sxvagan wavida, aman ki gamoiwvia is, rom fermaSi kacis gasakeTebeli saqmec qalebs daawvaT mxrebze.

1980­ian wlebSi malaviSi springma Seqmna da saTaveSi Caudga proeqts `qalebi soflis meurneobis ganvi­TarebaSi~, romelsac `SeerTebuli Statebis saerTaSoriso ganviTarebis saagentosTan~ arsebuli organizacia `qalTa ofisi~ afinansebda. proeqtis muSaoba ara mxolod qalTa sakiTxe­bze iyo koncentrirebuli, aramed agrovebda monacemebs soflis meur­

neobaSi rogorc qalebis, ise mamakacebis rolisa da maTTan ganviTarebis agentebis urT­ierTobis Sesaxeb. proeqtma bevrad meti gaakeTa, vidre mx­olod informaciis Segroveba iyo. Seiqmna mini­proeqtebi, romelTa saSualebiT xdeboda ganviTarebis agentebis momza­debis teqnologiebis gadacema sxva regionebSic. springi aRni­Snavs, rom programis warmateba mxolod proeqtis damsaxureba ar yofila. warmatebaSi didi wvlili miuZRoda Tavad mala­vis mosaxleobas, romelic cv­lilebisken iswrafvoda. mniS­vnelovani iyo agreTve gaeros da sxva donori organizaciebis mzardi yuradReba qalebis problemebis mimarT. nebis­mier saqmeSi Ecvlilebis Setana mravali adamianis Zalisxmevas moiTxovs. gamoyenebiTi anTro­pologiis sul ufro meti war­momadgeneli, iseTi, rogoric anita springia, Tavdauzogavad muSaobs Tavidan bolomde – proeqtis Seqmnis etapidan mis ganxorcielebamde da Sefase­bamde.

mizeziT dazianeba emuqrebaT. lingvistebs SeuZli­aT monawileoba miiRon orenovan saganmanaTleblo treningebSi an imuSaon urTierTobaTa gasaumjobe­seblad. eTnologebma SeiZleba imuSaon sxvadasxva saxis gamoyenebiT proeqtSi, romlebic exeba: sazoga­doebis ganviTarebas, qalaqis dagegmarebas, jandac­vas, soflis meurneobis gaumjobesebas, mosamsax­ure personalisa da organizaciis menejments, aseve gacvliTi programebis adamianTa cxovrebaze zegav­lenas. gamoyenebiT anTropologiaze ufro vrclad vimsjelebT TavSi `anTropologiis gamoyeneba~.

specializacia

disciplinebis zrdasTan erTad xdeba maT mier sx­vadasxva specialobasTan dakavSireba. es tendencia, rogorc Cans, gardauvalia, radgan codnis dagrove­basTan da meTodebis winsvlasTan erTad Cndeba zR­vari, romlamdec erT pirovnebas SeuZlia muSaobis gagrZeleba. amitom, garda adre mimoxiluli ZiriTa­di mimarTulebebisa, calkeuli anTropologebi cdiloben sxvadasxva specialobis SeZenas. magali­Tad, anTropologebisTvis Cveulebrivi ambavia spe­cializacia geografiaSi, romelic SeiZleba iyos ise vrceli, rogorc axali an Zveli samyaro, an imdenad

viwro, rogorc samxreT­dasavleTi aSS. mecnierebi­sTvis, romlebic warsuls Seiswavlian (arqeologebi an adamianis Semswavleli paleontologebi), mis­aRebia specializacia drois sxva periodebSi. eT­nologebi, erT an or kulturul sferoSi muSaobis garda, xSirad iZenen damatebiT specialobas kidev ufro specifikur dargebSi. am wignis Tavebis umete­soba sxvadasxva specialobas exeba. zogi eTnologi warmogvidgeba, rogorc ekonomist­anTropologi, politikos­anTropologi an fsiqolog­anTrop­ologi. sxvebi icvlian Teoriul orientacias da warmogvidgebian, rogorc kulturuli­ekologe­bi, romelTa interesis sfero moicavs erTierTo­bas kulturasa da rogorc fizikur, ise socialur garemoTa Soris; Tumca, es specialobebi erTmaneTs ar gamoricxavs. kulturul­ekologs, magaliTad, SeiZleba ainteresebdes garemo pirobebis zegavlena ekonomikur an politikur qcevaze an Tundac bavS­vebis aRzrdaze. iwvevs Tu ara specializacia anTro­pologis izolacias sxva saxis kvlevisgan? yovelT­vis ara. zogi specialoba informaciis, rogorc anTropologiis SigniT, aseve mis gareT arsebuli sxvadasxva sferodan mozidvas moiTxovs. magaliTad, eqimi­anTropologebi Seiswavlian adamianis janmr­Telobisa da avadmyofobis kulturulsa da biolo­

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giur konteqstebs. amgvarad, isini unda icnobdnen ekonomikas, kvebis racions, socialuri urTierTo­bebis modelebs, aseve damokidebulebebs da warmod­genebs avadmyofobasa da janmrTelobaze. garda ami­sa, maT sWirdebaT gamokvlevebis Catareba adamianTa genetikis dargSi, sazogadoebriv jandacvasa da me­dicinaSi.

anTropologiis aqtualoba

anTropologia SedarebiT axalgazrda disci­plinaa. anTropologebma mxolod 1800­iani wlebis miwuruls daiwyes cxovreba Soreul teritoriebze mosaxle xalxebTan maTi Seswavlis mizniT. bunebis fizikuri kanonebis codnasTan SedarebiT, Cven nak­lebad vicnobT adamianebs, maTi qcevis normebis war­moSobasa da gansxvavebebs. anTropologiisa da adami­anis SeswavlasTan dakavSirebuli sxva mecnierebebis SedarebiT gviani warmoSoba ar aris sakmarisi mizezi am sferoSi Cveni codnis dabali donis asaxsnelad. sxva sferoebis mimarT cnobiswadilis miuxedavad, ratom vicdidiT amden xans, rom dagvewyo sakuTari Tavis Seswavla? lesli uaiTis azriT, am fenomenis Seswavla, miuxedavad misi Soreuli fesvebisa da TiTqosda naklebi mniSvnelobisa, pirvel rigSi unda moxdes. is miiCnevs, rom adamianebi sakuTar Tavs Ta­visufali nebis citadelad warmoidgenen, romelic bunebis kanonebs ar emorCileba da fiqroben, rom swored amitom ar aris saWiro Cvens Tavs, rogorc Sesaswavl obieqtebs, ise SevxedoT.

mizezebi, romelTa gamoc, mecnierTa azriT, SeuZ­lebelia adamianis qcevis mecnieruli axsna, Semde­gia: Cveni qcevebi da warmodgenebi Zalze individu­alisturi da rTulia da adamianis gageba mxolod ~im qveynad~ iqneba SesaZlebeli. es erTmaneTis Semavse­beli debulebebia. Cven verasodes vipoviT Teoriebs, romlebic adamianis qcevas axsnis, Tu ar virwmunebT maT arsebobas an Tavs ar SeviwuxebT maT mosaZeb­nad. Sedegi Tavidanve garantirebulia. adamianebs, romelTac ar sjeraT aseTi meTodebis arsebobisa, kidev ufro ganumtkicdebaT maTi ararsebobis rw­mena, rodesac verafers ipovnian, magram Tu gvinda adamianis arss CavwvdeT, unda davijeroT, rom es SesaZlebelia.

Tu Cveni mizania adamianis arsis gageba, aucile­belia maTi Seswavla yvelgan da yovelTvis. unda

SeviswavloT rogorc uZvelesi, aseve Tanamedrove adamianebi; unda SeviswavloT maTi kultura da bio­logia. sxvagvarad rogor unda gavigoT simarTle zogadad adamianebis Sesaxeb, rogor unda gavigoT, ramdenad eqvemdebarebian isini cvlilebebs? Tu mx­olod Cvens sazogadoebas SeviswavliT, miviRebT Cveni kulturiT SemosazRvrul da ara zogad Sede­gebs, romlebic adamianTa umravlesobisTvis dam­axasiaTebeli ar iqneba. anTropologia mxolod maSin aris mniSvnelovani, rodesac gvexmareba zogadad adamianebis arsis gagebaSi.

amasTan, anTropologia aqtualuria, radgan igi xels uwyobs xalxTa Soris gaugebrobaTa Tavidan acilebas. Tu gvecodineba, ratom gansxvavdeba xalx­Ta zogierTi jgufi Cvengan, naklebi mizezi gveqneba ganvsajoT isini CvenTvis gaugebari saqcielis gamo. garda amisa, mivxvdebiT, rom mravali gansxvaveba adamianTa Soris gamowveulia maTi sxvadasxva garemo pirobebTan SeguebiT.

magaliTad, kalaharis udabnoSi mcxovrebi kun­gis tomis wevrebi, erTi SexedviT, vinmes SeiZleba velurebad moeCvenos, radgan maTi sxeuli naklebad aris Semosili, qoneba TiTqmis ar gaaCniaT, cxovro­ben Raribul qoxebSi da ar sargebloben araviTari teqnikiT. magram Tu warmovidgenT, rogor moiqceo­da nebismieri Crdilo­amerikuli sazogadoeba erT mSvenier dRes imave pirobebSi rom gaRviZeboda, ro­gorSic kungis tomi cxovrobs, naxavda, rom urwyavi miwa SeuZlebels xdis rogorc soflis meurneobas, ise mecxoveleobas da iZulebuli gaxdeboda, mom­Tabareobaze efiqra. amis Semdeg Tavidan moiSorebda qonebis umetes nawils, raTa ufro advilad emogza­ura da wylisa da sakvebis maragis tarebis saSualeba hqonoda. autaneli sicxisa da sarecxisaTvis wylis naklebobis gamo ki, SeiZleba SiSvlad siaruli ufro praqtikulad CaeTvalaT, vidre tansacmlis tare­ba. ueWvelad, mouxerxeblad CaTvlidnen, agreTve, rTuli konstruqciis saxlebis mSeneblobasac. sazo­gadoebis usafrTxoebisaTvis SeiZleba daewyoT motanili sakvebis ganawileba. amgvarad, Crdilo­amerikelebi Tu saerTod gadarCebodnen, albaT bolos iseve moiqceodnen, rogorc kungis tomis warmomadgenlebi da ara rogorc tipiuri Crdilo­amerikelebi.

rogorc Cans, fizikuri gansxvavebebic sxvadasx­va garemosTan Seguebis Sedegia. magaliTad, Cvens

arqeologebi qalaq niu iorkSi istoriul adgilas muSaobisas. ori maTgani cris niadags momcro nivTebis sapovnelad.

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sazogadoebaSi mowonebiT sargebloben maRali da gamxdari adamianebi. Tu aseTi garegnobis adami­anebi iZulebulni gaxdebodnen arqtikul zonaSi ecxovraT, isini siamovnebiT gacvlidnen TavianT maRal da gamxdar sxeulebs dabalsa da mkvrivze, radgan amgvari tipis sxeuli siTbos ukeT inarCunebs da metad aris Seguebuli civ klimatur pirobebs.

anTropologiam SeiZleba axsnas zogierTi gauge­broba, romelic mcire mizezebis gamo, sxvadasxva kulturuli jgufebis warmomadgenelTa Soris qvec­nobier doneze warmoiSoba. magaliTad, sxvadasxva kulturas aqvs Jestebisa da adamianebs Soris dis­tanciis arsebobis sxvadasxva normebi sxvadasxva situaciaSi. arabebisTvis misaRebia imdenad axlos dadgnen sxva adamianebTan, rom maTi sunis SegrZneba SeeZloT. rogorc amerikaSi deodorantebis popu­laroba gviCvenebs, amerikelebi piriqiT, adamianTa urTierTobaSi ynosviT ganzomilebas gamoricxaven. Cven vgrZnobT, rom adamiani, romelic Zalian axlos modis CvenTan, zedmetad intimuri xdeba. am dros unda gaviTvaliswinoT, rom mas aseTi saqcieli SeiZ­leba, Tavisi kulturuli Sexedulebebis gamo, am situaciaSi mizanSewonilad miaCnia. Tu sxvaTa mimarT Cveni Seuwynareblobis mizezi, nawilobriv, imis bra­

lia, rom ar viciT, ratom gansxvavdebian adamianebi erTmaneTisgan, anTropologebis mier dagrovili codna dagvexmareba mis SemcirebaSi.

warsulis codna dagvexmareba Tavmdablobisa da srulyofilebis grZnobebis SeZenaSi. Tu gadavw­yvetT msoflio problemebis mogvarebas, jer saku­Tari susti wertilebi unda gavacnobieroT da ar unda gvegonos, rom Cveni problemebi TavisTavad gadawydeba. amasTan, sakuTar miRwevebzec unda vi­fiqroT da gvwamdes, rom aucileblad mivagnebT sakuTari problemebis gadawyvetis gzas. usiamovne­baTa umetesoba, romlebic Tavs gvatydeba, gamowveu­lia sakuTari mniSvnelobis gadametebuli SefasebiT da imiT, rom Cveni Tavi zedmetad daculi gvgonia – mokled rom vTqvaT, Tavmdabloba gvaklia. Cveni evoluciisdroindeli warsulis codna daxmarebas gagviwevs, vipovoT Cveni adgili biologiur samyaro­Si. iseve, rogorc nebismier cocxal organizms, arc erT konkretul xalxs an Tundac mTel kacobrio­bas, ara aqvs imis garantia, rom SeZlebs ukvdavebas miaRwios. dedamiwa icvleba, icvleba garemomcveli buneba da icvlebian Tavad adamianebi da is, rac Sei­Zleba gadarCes da yvaodes dRes, momavalSi SeiZleba daiRupos.

magram es ar niSnavs imas, rom Cvenma dRevandelma daucvelobam Tavi ususurad gvagrZnobinos. mra­vali mizezi arsebobs imisTvis, rom momavlis rwmena gvqondes. warmoidgineT, ras mivaRwieT dRemde. qvisa da xis iaraRebiT vnadirobdiT Cvenze bevrad didsa da Zlier cxovelebze, viswavleT cecxlis danTeba, siTbos SenarCuneba da sakvebis momzadeba. mcenare­Ta gaSenebiT da cxovelTa moSinaurebiT sakvebis mo­maragebaze meti kontroli movipoveT da SevqmeniT myari sacxovrebeli saxlebi; maRaroebSi sxvadasxva liTonebis mopovebisa da maTi Senadnobebis Seqmnis Semdeg ufro magari da gamZle iaraRebis damzadeba daviwyeT. avaSeneT qalaqebi da sarwyavi sistemebi, arqiteqturuli Zeglebi da xomaldebi; SesaZlebeli gavxadeT erT dReSi erTi kontinentidan meoreze gadaadgileba. davamarcxeT bevri avadmyofoba da gavzardeT adamianis sicocxlis xangrZlivoba.

mokled, adamianebi da maTi kultura istoriis ganmavlobaSi mniSvnelovnad Seicvala. mosaxleoba xSirad axerxebda cvalebad pirobebTan Seguebas, amitom, imedi viqonioT, rom amas awmyosa da momaval­Sic SevZlebT.

anTropologiuri pirvelwyaroebiyovel Semdgom Tavs daerT­

vis nawyvetebi am wignis avtor­Ta statiebidan. originaluri statiebis mizania, warmogvidgi­non, ras fiqrobs esa Tu is anTropologi Tavis muSao­baze. am statiaTa erToblioba aSuqebs anTropologiuri kvle­vis mravalferovnebas. TavebSi, romlebic fizikur anTropo­logiasa da arqeologias exeba,

mowveuli avtorebi gansxvavebuli qvedisciplinebis sazRvrebze msj­eloben. kulturuli anTropologi­isadmi miZRvnil TavebSi adamianTa kulturis mravalferovnebas aSuqe­ben. mravali mecnieruli portreti gadmogvcems eTnografebis velze muSaobis pirad gamocdilebas. es Cveni gansakuTrebuli mizani iyo. gvinda studentebs davanaxoT gan­sxvaveba ara mxolod anTropologi­

uri kvlevis meTodebs, aramed TviT anTropologebs Sorisac. amgvarad, CarCoebSi `anTrop­ologiuri pirvelwyaroebi~, romlebic Semdgom TavebSi SegxvdebaT, gadmocemulia Ta­namedrove anTropologiuri azrovnebisa da kvlevis mTeli simdidre da masStabi.

sanam gamoCndeboda maRalteqnologiuri samedicino mecniereba, xalxs mTeli samyarodan aRmoCenili hqonda, Tu rogor SeiZleboda gamoyenebuliyo mcenare rogorc efeqturi samedicino saSualeba. aq aris zogi samedicino mcenare, romelic gamoiyeneba adgilobriv amerikelebsa da arizonaSi.

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Sejameba

1. anTropologia, ZiriTadad, adamians Seiswavlis. is adamianis Semswavleli sxva disciplinebisgan imiT gansxvavdeba, rom ufro farTo Tvalsawieri aqvs. igi moicavs msoflios sxvadasxva nawilSi mcxovreb xalxebs (ara mxolod CvenTan axlos mcxovrebT) da Tvals adevnebs adamianTa evolu­ciasa da kulturul ganviTarebas milioni wlis winandeli droidan moyolebuli dRemde.

2. anTropologiis meore damaxasiaTebeli niSania adamianis Seswavlis mimarT erTiani (holiste­riuli) midgoma. anTropologebi Seiswavlian ara mxolod adamianTa yvela saxesxvaobas, aramed am adamianTa gamocdilebis yvela aspeqtsac.

3. anTropologebis kvlevis sagania garkveuli mosaxleobis tipuri damaxasiaTebeli niSnebis (Tvisebebi, wes­Cveulebebi) identificireba da axsna.

4. biologiuri anu fizikuri anTropologia am disciplinis ZiriTadi nawilebia. biologiuri anTropologia adamianis warmoSobasa da mis Sem­dgom fizikur evolucias Seiswavlis (am mimar­Tulebas adamianTa paleontologia ewodeba). igi aseve Seiswavlis, rogor da ratom icvlebian Ta­namedrove adamianTa populaciebi (am mimarTule­bas adamianTa cvalebadoba ewodeba).

5. anTropologiis erT­erTi dargia kulturuli anTropologia. mas sami ganxra aqvs: arqeologia, anTropologiuri lingvistika da eTnologia (romelsac axla xSirad kulturuli anTropolo­giis saxeliT moixsenieben). TiToeuli maTgani Seiswavlis adamianTa kulturas anu ama Tu im sazogadoebisaTvis damaxasiaTebel azrovnebas da maTi qcevis wesebs.

6. arqeologebi cdiloben aRadginon istoriamdel adamianTa ara mxolod yoveldRiuri cxovreba da wes­Cveulebebi, aramed Tvali gaadevnon kul­turul cvlilebebsac da axsnan maTi mizezebi. maSasadame, arqeologebi aRadgenen istorias sxvadasxva kulturaTa materialuri naSTebis mixedviT.

7. anTropologi lingvistebi enebis warmoSobiT da droTa ganmavlobaSi maT Soris gansxvavebaTa warmoqmnis kvleviT arian dakavebulni (am sagans istoriuli lingvistika ewodeba). isini Seiswav­lian agreTve gansxvavebebs Tanamedrove enebs Soris, rogorc konstruqciuli TvalsazrisiT (aRwerilobiTi, anu struqturuli lingvistika), ise metyvelebaSi (sociolingvistika).

8. eTnologebi (amJamad moixseniebian, rogorc, ubralod, kulturuli anTropologebi) Seiswav­lian, rogor da ratom gansxvavdebian erTmane­Tisgan axlo warsulisa da Tanamedrove adami­anebi azrovnebiTa da qceviT. eTnologTa erTi mimarTuleba – eTnografebi, Cveulebriv, TiTq­mis mTel wels romelime gansazRruli xalxis wreSi atareben, maTTan saubrisa da wes­Cveule­bebis Seswavlis mizniT. mogvianebiT, isini am xalxis kulturuli da socialuri cxovrebis mraval aspeqts detalurad aRweren. eTnologTa meore tipi, eTnoistorikosebi, ikvleven werilo­biT wyaroebsa da dokumentebs imis gasarkvevad, Tu rogor icvleboda xalxis garkveuli jgufi droTa ganmavlobaSi. eTnologTa mesame tipi – kros­kulturuli mkvlevarebi, Seiswavlian eT­nografebisa da eTnoistorikosebis mier Sekre­bil monacemebs da cdiloben, Caswvdnen, garkveul wes­CveulebaTa romeli ganmarteba gamoadgebaT

ganzogadebisaTvis. 9. anTropologiis oTx qvedisciplinas Soris erT­

erTia gamoyenebiTi anTropologia. am dargis war­momadgenlebi anTropologiur codnas praqtiku­li miznebis misaRwevad umTavresad tradiciul, akademiur farglebs gareT iyeneben.

10. anTropologia adamianebs meti tolerantobis miRwevaSi exmareba. misi saSualebiT vigebT, ratom arian sxva adamianebi iseTebi, rogorebic arian kulturuli Tu fizikuri TvalsazrisiT. zogi wes­Cveuleba da qceva, romelic iqneb uCveulod da Seuracxmyofeladac mogveCvenos, SeiZleba maTi gansakuTrebul garemo an socialur piro­bebTan SeguebiT iyos gamowveuli.

11. warsulis codnam SeiZleba meti Tavmdabloba da Tanac, sakuTari srulyofilebis SegrZneba mogvces. rogorc sxva romelime cocxal orga­nizms, arc Cven gvaqvs imis garantia, rom adami­anTa romelime garkveuli populacia samudamo ukvdavebas moipovebs. Tumca, warsulis codna gvaniWebs sakuTari Tavis rwmenas momavlis prob­lemebis gadawyvetaSi.

gamoyenebuli terminologia:

anTropologiuri lingvistikaanTropologiagamoyenebiTi (praqtikuli) lingvistika arqeologiabiologiuri (fizikuri) anTropologiakros­kulturuli mkvlevarikulturuli anTropologiakulturaaRwerilobiTi (struqturuli lingvistika)eTnografieTnografiaeTnoistorikosieTnologiagaTxrisas aRmoCenili cxovelebi da adamianebi an maTi anabeWdebiistoriuli arqeologiaistoriuli lingvistikaerTiani midgoma (holisturi midgoma)Homo sapiensadamianis paleontologiaadamianTa nairgvarobapaleoanTropologiapreistoriaprimatebiprimatologebisociolingvistebi

ZiriTadi kiTxvebi:

1. ras Seiswavlis anTropologia?2. riT gansxvavdebian anTropologebi TqvenTvis

cnobili sxva mecnierebisagan?3. ras fiqrobT imaze, rom anTropologia adamianis

Semswavleli umTavresi disciplinaa?

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rogor aRmovaCenT warsuls

Tavebis Sinaarsi

warsulis nivTieri sabuTebi (Zeglebi)

warsulis nivTieri sabuTebis Zieba

masalis Seswavla

masalis daTariReba

arqeologiuri kvlevis Sedegebi

2rogor aRmovaCenT

warsuls

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rogor igeben arqeologebi da paleoanTropo-logebi imis Sesaxeb, ra xdeboda aTasobiT da mil­ionobiT wlis win? ar arsebobs am periodebis Sesaxeb raime werilobiTi wyaro, saidanac informaciis miRe­ba iqneba SesaZlebeli. miuxedavad amisa, Cven gvaqvs warsulis amsaxveli sxva mtkicebulebani da maTi ~wakiTxvis~ saSualeba da sakmaod did informacias viRebT Cveni winaprebis evoluciisa da cxovrebis Sesaxeb.

warsulis nivTieri sabuTebi

arqeologebi da paleoanTropologebi warsu­lis Sesaswavlad oTxi tipis faqtebs eyrdnobian: artefaqtebs, ekofaqtebs, adamianTa da cxovelTa naSTebs da komponentebs. rogorc vnaxavT, TiToeu­li maTgani iZleva unikalur cnobebs warsulis Sesa­xeb. yvela erTad ki gvaZlevs detalur informacias adamianis xangrZlivi cxovrebis ganvlil etapebze. Tumca, amgvari monacemebis ~wasakiTxad~ codna da gamocdilebaa saWiro.

artefaqtebi

yvelafers, rac adamianis mier aris Seqmnili an sax­eSecvlili, artefaqtebi ewodeba. wigni, romelsac axla kiTxulobT, skami, romelzec zixarT, kalami, romelic ramis Casawerad giWiravT, artefaqtebi. faqtobrivad, Cven artefaqtebis garemocvaSi varT, romelTa umetesobasac vkargavT an vyriT. amgvarad xvdeba nivTebi arqeologiur nusxaSi. dafiqrdiT, ramden nagavs qmniT dRis ganmavlobaSi? ramdeni saxis nivTs yriT nagavSi? umetesad qaRalds, magram albaT xesac (magaliTad, lanCze mirTmeuli nayinis joxs), plastmass (kalams, romelSic wina saRamos melani gaTavda) da iqneb liTonsac (dablagvebuli samarTebeli Tqvens saparsSi). nagvidan es nivTebi nagavsayrelSi, Semdeg ki miwaSi xvdeba. Sesaferis pirobebSi am nivTebis umetesoba gadarCeba, raTa mo­mavalSi arqeologebma ipovon. nivTebis umetesoba, romelTac arqeologebi Seiswavlian, swored nagavia – yoveldRiuri cxovrebis Sedegad dagrovili da ga­dayrili, romelsac Semdeg arqeologebi pouloben da Seiswavlian warsulis yoveldRiuri cxovrebis aRsadgenad.

Soreuli warsulis aqamde aRmoCenili arte­faqtebis umetesoba qvis iaraRebia da maT arqeolo­gebi liTosebs (lithics) uwodeben. liTosebi erTad­erTi saxeobis artefaqtebia, romlebic adamianis istoriis 99 procentisTvis aris damaxasiaTebeli. adamianebma qvis iaraRis gamoyeneba pirvelad ornax­evari milioni wlis win daiwyes da zogierTi maTgani dResac gamoiyeneba (magaliTad, safqvavi da sapri­alebeli qvebi). qva gamoiyeneboda nebismieri dan­iSnulebiT, risi mofiqrebac ki SeiZleba, saWreli iaraRebiT dawyebuli da zeTis lamprebiT damTavre­buli. Tumca, isini Cveulebriv, nadirobisas, sayasbo saqmesa da tyavis damzadebaSi gamoiyeneboda. arte­faqtebis meore, gavrcelebul tips keramika war­moadgens (gamomwvari Tixisgan damzadebuli jamebi da sxva WurWeli). misi warmoeba adamianebma pirve­lad daaxloebiT 10000 wlis win daiwyes. keramikuli nakeTobani, sakvebis Sesanaxi da dasamzadebeli Wur­Weli, farTod gamoiyeneboda. imis gamo, rom Tixis WurWeli erTdroulad msxvrevadicaa da advilad dasamzadebelic, xSirad aRmoCndeboda nagavSi da ar­qeologiuri Seswavlis sagani xdeboda. xisa da Zvlis artefaqtebic sakmaod gavrcelebuli iyo da gamoiy­eneboda tyavis damuSavebaSi, samzareuloSi, nadiro­

basa da sayasbo saqmeSic ki. xisa da Zvlis iaraRebic iseve didi xania gamoiyeneba, rogorc qvis, magram maTgan gansxvavebiT, ise kargad ar aris Semonaxuli arqeologiuri SeswavlisaTvis. zog adgilas xSirad gvxvdeba liTonisa da minis artefaqtebi. isini kar­gad inaxeba da amitom SemorCenilia TiTqmis yvelgan, sadac ki gamoiyenebodaA.

ekofaqtebi

ekofaqtebi aris bunebrivi sagnebi, romlebsac iyenebdnen adamianebi an adamianebis zemoqmedebis kvals atareben. amis kargi magaliTia cxovelebis Zv­lebi, romlebic Cvens winaprebs Wamis Semdeg rCebo­daT. es Zvlebi erTi SexedviT raRaciT artefaqtebs hgavs, magram isini ar aris adamianis mier damzade­buli an saxecvlili, ubralod, maTgan gamoyenebuli da gadagdebulia. sxva magaliTia arqeologiur ub­nebze aRmoCenili mcenareTa mtveri. imis gamo, rom adamianebs sxvadasxva mcenare saxlSi mihqondaT, arqeologebi xSirad pouloben maT mtvers. is yov­elTvis erTi da imave adgilidan motanil mcenareebs ar ekuTvnoda da erTad imitom moxvda, rom adami­anebs sxvadasxva adgilidan erTgan mihqondaT. ada­mianTa sacxovreblebTan xSirad pouloben agreTve iseTi mwerebisa da mavneblebis naSTebs, rogore­bicaa tarakanebi da Tagvebi. maT naSTebs adamianis sacxovreblebTan axlos imitom pouloben, rom isini adamianTa mier Seqmnili pirobebiT sargeblobdnen. maTi arseboba adamianTa arsebobiT aris gamowveuli, amitom isinic ekofaqtebad iTvleba.

namarxebi

namarxebi (cocxal organizmTa naSTebi) ufro iSviaTad gvxvdeba, magram adamianTa biologiuri evoluciis SeswavlisTvis gansakuTrebuli mniSvn­eloba eniWeba. am rigs miekuTvneba talaxian zeda­pirze mweris an foTlis gaqvavebuli anabeWdebic. ganamarxebul bioss miekuTvneba agreTve cxovelis gaqvavebuli ConCxebic. cxovelis sikvdilis Semdeg organuli qsovilebi, romelTaganac misi sxeuli

keramikuli Tasi CineTidan. TariRdeba am teritoriaze miwaTmoq­medebis Camoyalibebis periodiT _ daaxloebiT 6000 wlis win.

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Sedgeba, nadgurdeba. kbilebi da ConCxi, umTavresad, araorganuli mineraluri marilebisgan Sedgeba da amitom daRupuli cxovelebisgan es rCeba. xSiria SemTxvevebi, rodesac garemo pirobebis zegavleniT es nawilebic nadgurdeba. zogjer, aTasSi erTxel, xdeba ise, rom am nawilebis dasakonserveblad Ses­aferisi pirobebi iqmneba – magaliTad, roca vul­kanuri ferfli, kirqva an mineraluri marilebiT gajerebuli gruntis wylebi kbilis an Zvlis struq­turas uerTdeba da maT gamagrebas iwvevs, rac maT ganadgurebas xels uSlis.

magram Cven ar gvaqvs warsulSi arsebuli yvela cocxali organizmis gaqvavebuli naSTebi. samwuxar­od, Cvens xelT mxolod mcire raodenobis individebis SemorCenili fragmentebia. am saxis masalis nusxa arasrulia. robert martinis azriT, dedamiwaze pri­matebis daaxloebiT 6000 saxeoba arsebobda, napovni ki am raodenobis mxolod 3% naSTia. amitom, ra Tqma unda, gasakviri ar unda iyos is faqti, rom paleon­tologebs Zalian uWirT evoluciuri kavSirebis dad­gena maTi primatebis adreulsa da gviandel formebs Soris. es Zalian Zneli amocanaa mcire zomis ZuZum­wovrebTan mimarTebaSic, romelTa naSTebi gaqvave­buli saxiT ufro naklebad aris Semonaxuli.

komponentebi

komponentebi artefaqtebis msgavsi cnebaa da maTgan imiT gansxvavdeba, rom arqeologiuri ub­nidan maTi advilad gadaadgileba SeuZlebelia. amis kargi magaliTia kerebi. rodesac kera pirdapir SiS­vel miwaze mdebareobs, miwa Tbeba da icvleba – mis SemcvelobaSi arsebuli mTeli wyali Sreba, miwis kristaluri struqtura iSleba da formas icvlis: xdeba myari, mowiTalo da odnav damagnitebulic ki (amaze Semdgom visaubrebT). rodesac arqeologebi keras pouloben, xedaven gamagrebul, mowiTalo niadags, romelic naxSiriTa da nacriT aris garSe­mortymuli. es artefaqtia – adamianis mier Seqmnili obieqti. magram Zalian Zneli, SeuZlebelic ki iqneba arqeologisTvis, qvis iaraRis an keramikis msgavsad, misi miwidan amoReba da laboratoriaSi gadatana ga­mosakvlevad. kera arqeologiuri ubnis ganuyofeli nawilia da swored amitom miekuTvneba `komponent­Ta~ jgufs.

kerebi gavrcelebuli parametrebia, magram kidev ufro gavrcelebulia e.w. ormoebi. ormoebi adami­anebis mier aris amoTxrili, Semdgom periodebSi ki isini nagviTa da erozirebuli niadagiT ivsebaA. maTi amocnoba advilia, radgan nagavi da niadagi, romle­biTac aris isini amovsebuli, feriTac da faqturi­Tac gansxvavdebian im niadagisgan, romelSic aris

amoTxrili. komponentebis sxva tips warmoadgens sacxovreblis iatakebi. es is adgilia, sadac adamian­ebi cxovrobdnen da Sromobdnen. aq niadagi adamian­ebis mier aris datkepnili da savsea maTi saqmianobis amsaxveli narCenebiT, rogoricaa, magaliTad: mcena­reTa Teslebi, qvis patara natexebi, mZivebi da Aa.S. aseTi namtvrevebis da narCenebis yvelaze didi ra­odenoba nagavsayrelebze gvxvdeba. ufro xSirad es nagavsayrelebi gamoqvabulebia, romlebic am mizniT didi xnis ganmavlobaSi mravaljeradad gamoiyene­boda. dabolos, arqeologiur ubnebze yvelaze me­tad gavrcelebuli kompopnentebia Senobebi. maT ricxvs miekuTvneba rogorc qvis wreebi, romlebic odesRac karvebis kedlebs akavebda, ise erTmaneTze kargad morgebuli naTali qvebisgan nagebi sasaxlee­bi. garemo pirobebis wyalobiT, zogan xis Senobebi an maTi nawilebic ki aris SemorCenili. komponentebi moicavs didi raodenobis mravalferovan masalas, romelic uamrav saintereso informacias gvawvdis warsulis Sesaxeb.

nivTieri sabuTebis aRmoCena

warsulis amsaxveli nivTieri masala yvelgan aris Cvens garSemo, magram maTi aRmoCena yovelTvis advi­li ar aris. arqeologebi da paleontologebi, Cveu­lebriv, krZalaven aseTi adgilebis moZiebas. es iseTi adgilebia, sadac arsebobs an eWvi aqvT, rom SeiZle­ba arsebobdes Zveli drois adamianTa cxovrebisa da saqmianobis kvali. SeiZleba aq adamianebi mxolod erTi dRiT iyvnen dabanakebulni an mravali aseuli weli cxovrobdnen. miuxedavad TavianTi zomisa da konstruqciis sirTulisa, am adgilebs yovelTvis didi mniSvneloba aqvs warsuli cxovrebis aRdg­enisTvis.

rogor iqmneba Zeglebi?

Zeglebi iqmneba, rodesac adamianis saqmianobis narCenebi raime bunebrivi procesebis gamo, ifareba an imarxeba. yvelaze dramatuli movlenaa vulkanuri amofrqveva _ sul raRac wamebis ganmavlobaSi sru­liad imarxebian adamianebi maTi qcevisa da saqmiano­bis amsaxvel pirobebSi. amis yvelaze STambeWdavi magaliTia Zv. w. 79 wels momxdari vulkan vezuvis amofrqveva, romlis drosac daimarxa qalaqi pompei. Tanamedrove arqeologebs gaTxrebis dros uZvelesi qalaqi zustad im mdgomareobaSi daxvdaT, rogor­Sic amofrqvevis momentSi iyo. naklebad dramatulia adamianTa arsebobis amsaxveli Zeglebis damarxva bunebrivi pirobebis – nagvis dagrovebis an eroziis gamo. wylisa da qaris zemoqmedebis wyalobiT, miwam da nagavma SeiZleba ubani dafaros swrafad (wyal­didoba) an Zalian nela da xelSeuxeblad Semoinaxos adamianis mier datovebuli artefaqtebi, ekofaqte­bi da parametrebi. dabolos, Tavad niadagis warmo­qmnis procesmac SeiZleba gamoiwvios artefaqtebis, ekofaqtebis, cxovelTa/mcenareTa naSTebisa da max­asiaTeblebis damarxva imgvarad, rom arqeologebma SeZlon SemdgomSi maTi aRmoCena. magaliTad, tyeebSi Camocvenili foTlebi faravs adamianebis sadgoms. droTa ganmavlobaSi es foTlebi lpeba da iqceva niadagad, romelic am adgils TandaTanobiT, wlebis manZilze mTlianad faravs.

kembriuli periodis trilobitis 500000 wlis winandeli anabeWdi qvaze.

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imis gamo, rom cxovrebisa da muSaobisTvis mosax­erxebeli adgilmdebareoba adamianis mier ramden­jerme gamoiyeneba, mravali Zegli adamianTa ramden­ime sxvadasxva dasaxlebis amsaxvel masalas Seicavs. arqeologebisaTvis da paleoanTropologebisaTvis gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovania is Zeglebi, romelTa dafarvis procesi swrafad xdeboda ise, rom Zeglis yoveli axali dasaxleba mkveTrad gamoiyofoda wi­nasgan. aseT Zeglebs stratigrafiuli Zeglebi ewo­deba. yoveli fena – stratum – erTmaneTisgan isea gamo­yofili, rogorc namcxvris fenebi. stratigrafiuli Zeglebi ara mxolod uadvilebs arqeologebsa da paleoanTropologebs gamoyon dasaxlebebis Tanmim­devroba, aramed iZleva TiToeuli fenis miaxloe­biTi daTariRebis saSualebas – ufro adrindeli fenebi danarCenebis qveS aris moqceuli.

taponomia

mniSvnelovania vicodeT, rom Tavad Zeglebis Se­qmnis procesma SeiZleba maTi dazianeba an ganadgure­ba gamoiwvios. zogi arqeologi da paleoanTrop­ologi amtkicebs, rom iseTi bunebrivi procesebi, rogoric qari da wylis eroziaa, ara mxolod marxavs adamianebis mier datovebul masalas, aramed maTze ise moqmedebs, rom Semdeg Zalian didi sifrTxile sWirdeba garkvevas, Tu ra nivTia aRmoCenili aseT Zeglze. magaliTad, harold dibli da misi kolegebi amtkicebdnen, rom safrangeTSi gaTxrili qveda pa­leoliTis Zegli qagni­l’epineti (Cagny-L’Epinette) sinamdvileSi ar Seicavda qveda paleoliTis adamian­ebis cxovrebis damadasturebel fenas, rogorc amas winaswari gaTxrebis mixedviT varaudobdnen; metic, dibli da misi kolegebi amtkicebdnen, rom is, rac adamianis saqmianobis kvalis Semcvel stratigrafi­

ul fenad miaCndaT, sinamdvileSi iyo wylis kvali, romelic Zegls kveTda da artefaqtebs ufro qvemoT mdebare adgilas agrovebda. magram es imas ar niSnavs, rom aseTi Zeglebidan araviTari daskvnis gamotana ar SeiZleba, ubralod, saWiroa, arqeologebma da paleoanTropologebma gansakuTrebuli sifrTxile gamoiCinon warsulis interpretaciis dros.

rogor xdeba Zeglebis aRmoCena?

Zeglebis aRmoCenis raime erTi, gansakuTrebuli meTodi ar arsebobs. uamravi Zegli SemTxveviT aris aRmoCenili. mravali artefaqtis an zogjer kom­ponentis aRmoCena SemTxveviT, miwis Txris dros xdeba. arqeologebisa da paleoanTropologebis mier Zeglebis specialuri Zebna – dazverva _ ori ZiriTadi meTodis gamoyenebiT xorcieldeba: 1. ad­gilis fexiT Semovla 2. Soridan dakvirveba.

adgilis fexiT Semovla (dazverva) niSnavs imas, rasac saxeli gveubneba – fexiT siaruls da Zeglebis Zebnas. magram arsebobs mravali meTodi, romelsac arqeologebi da paleoanTropologebi meti efeq­turobisTvis iyeneben. esenia nimuSebis Segrovebisa da sistematizaciis meTodebi. maT fexiT gasavleli manZilis Sesamcireblad iyeneben. meore meTodi, romlis gamoyenebiTac arqeologebs dasazveri far­Tobis Semcireba SeuZliaT, aris maTi Zebnis foku­sireba iseT adgilebze, romlebic adamianis binad­robis adgilebs waagavs. paleoanTropologebi, Cveulebriv, mxolod iseT adgilebze amaxvileben yuradRebas, sadac Cans namarxis kvali, isini imave periodiT TariRdeba, romliTac maTi Zebnis sagani _ preistoriuli adamiani an maimuni. adgilis fex­iT Semovla, marTalia, dabalteqnologiuri, magram Zeglebis moZiebisTvis Zalian efeqturi meTodia.

Soridan dakvirveba Zeglebis aRmoCenis ufro maRalteqnologiuri meTodia. misTvis damaxasiaTe­belia iseTi teqnologiebis gamoyeneba, romlebic saSualebas aZlevs arqeologebsa da paleoanTro­pologebs arqeologiuri Zeglebis arseboba Sori manZilidan, miwis safaris qveS daadginon. zogjer mineralebis an navTobis depozitebis gamosavlen ufro Zlier, mgrZnobiare aparaturas geologebi­sgan Txouloben. dedamiwis magnituri anu mizidu­lobis velis, eleqtruli denis cvlilebebis dasa­dgenad an dedamiwis centrisken mimarTuli energiis pulsis gasazomad, Cveulebriv, iyeneben wuTobriv cvlilebaTa azomvis meTods. rodesac am mcire cv­lilebebis anu anomaliebis lokalizacia moxdeba, SesaZlebeli iqneba maTi ufro dawvrilebiT datana rukaze miwis siRrmeSi mdebare arqeologiuri de­pozitebis siRrmisa da farTobis gaTvaliswinebiT.

arqeologiuri Zeglebis aRmoCenis yvelaze gavrcelebuli teqnologiuri meTodia geomagni­turi meTodi. igi emyareba faqts, rom dedamiwas Zlieri magnituri veli aqvs, romelic imis mixedviT icvleba, Tu ra aris miwaSi Camarxuli. iseTi kompo­nentebi, rogoricaa kerebi, qvis kedlebi da organu­li narCenebiT savse ormoebi, iseve, rogorc liTo­nisa da keramikis artefaqtebi, dedamiwis magnitur vels cvlis. dedamiwis magnituri velis yuradRebiT gazomvis Sedegad arqeologs SeuZlia am nivTebis aR­moCena. arqeologebi iyeneben maRali mgrZnobelobis mqone instruments – magnitometrs, raTa rukaze daitanon dedamiwis magnituri velis monacemebi did farTobze. rodesac rukaze muSaoba damTavrdeba, anomaliurad maRali an dabali maCveneblebis mqone punqtebi miuTiTebs komponentebis an artefaqtebis mdebareobas. xSir SemTxvevaSi, es anomaliebi yal­

`Zegli~ aris adgili, sadac arqeologiuri masala Cndeba Tavis kon­teqstSi. im SemTxvevaSic ki, Tu Zegli iseTi didi zomisaa, rogorc am suraTze asaxuli qalaqi pompei, is SeiZleba daimarxos da aseT mdgomareobaSi Semoinaxos.

2�

ibdeba kanonzomierebad, romelTa amocnoba advili xdeba. geomagnitur meTods xSirad `pasiur~ meTods uwodeben imis gamo, rom arqeologi, ubralod, ar­sebul geomagnitur vels zomavs. arsebobs Soridan dakvirvebis `aqtiuri~ teqnologiebi, romlebic iTvaliswinebs energiis pulsis miwis siRrmeSi gag­zavnas da damarxuli obieqtis mier gadmocemuli signalis Caweras. erT­erTi teqnologia, romelic gansakuTrebiT xSirad gamoiyeneba, aris niadagis radari (soil interface radar SIR). am mowyobilobis mo­qmedebis principi imaSi mdgomareobs, rom radgan sxvadasxva saxis niadagi radaris energiaze sxvadasx­vanairad reagirebs, radaris pulsis niadagSi gaS­vebisas da radarebis reagirebis Cawerisas arqeolo­gebs SeuZliaT rukaze daitanon miwis safaris qveS sxvadasxvagvari niadagis arseboba. rac mTavaria, maT saSualeba eZlevaT rukaze miuTiTon miwis qveS arsebuli iseTi komponentebis arseboba, rogori­caa, magaliTad, qvis kedeli. radaruli kvlevisa­Tvis arqeologi miwaSi amagrebs antenas, romlis zoma damokidebulia gasaTxreli obieqtis siRrmeze. antena agzavnis da iRebs radaris pulss, radaris mier miRebuli signalebi ki qaRaldis lentze an kom­piuteris failSi iwereba. es Canawerebi arqeologs miwis qveS arsebuli suraTis warmodgenis saSuale­bas aZlevs.

rogor xdeba artefaqtebis, ekofaqtebisa da komponentebis miwidan amoReba?

miuxedavad imisa, rogor iqneba aRmoCenili ar­qeologiuri depoziti _ adgilis fexiT Semov­lis Tu Soridan dakvirvebis gziT _ miwidan maTi amoRebis erTaderTi saSualeba gaTxrebia. gaTxrebi, TavisTavad, rTuli procesia, mas ori mizani aqvs: 1. Zeglis (an statistikuri aRnusxvisTvis vargisi nimuSis) yoveli natexis povna 2. aRmoCenili nivTis horizontaluri an vertikaluri mdebareobis zus­ti Cawera. arqeologebma da paleoanTropologebma TavianTi miznebis misaRwevad gaTxrebis mravali strategia da teqnologia SeimuSaves da yoveli maT­gani arqeologiuri depozitebis, artefaqtebis, ekofaqtebis, ganamarxebuli naSTebisa da komponen­tebis miwidan frTxil amoTxras da maTi mdebareobis detalur Caweras iTvaliswinebs.

gaTxrebi ormoebis ubralo amoTxra ar aris, Tundac maT swori kvadratebis forma hqondeT. imis

gamo, rom mxolod Zalian mcire raodenobis Zeglis gaTxraa SesaZlebeli mTlianad (moiTxovs Zalian did xarjebs, amitom arqeologTa umravlesoba am­jobinebs zogierTi arqeologiuri depozitis xe­luxleblad Senaxvas im dromde, rodesac SesaZle­beli gaxdeba axali teqnologiebis gamoyeneba), arqeologiuri gaTxrebi didi yuradRebiT unda daigegmos imgvarad, rom gamoyenebul iqnas nimuSebis Segrovebis meTodi. es meTodi saSualebas iZleva Se­grovdes yvela saxis arqeologiuri masalis nimuSebi mTliani Zeglis gaTxris gareSe. amisTvis arqeolog­ma zustad unda dagegmos Zeglis gaTxra ise, rom misi yvela nawili Tanabrad Semowmdes.

dRemde veravin SeZlo moefiqrebina artefaqtebis, ekofaqtebis, ganamarxebuli masalisa da komponen­tebis gaTxris iseTi gza, romelic Zeglis dazianebas ar gamoiwvevda. es arqeologiuri kvlevisTvis dam­axasiaTebeli ucnauri ironiaa. mokled rom vTqvaT, gaTxrebis dros irRveva urTierTkavSiri ganaTxar obieqtebs Soris. amitom profesionali arqeolo­gebi gaTxrebis umetesobas im obieqtebze atareben, romelTac ganadgureba emuqrebaT, Tanac mxolod maRalprofesiuli TanamSromlebisa da umaRlesi donis teqnikis gamoyenebiT.

arqeologebi da paleoanTropologebi monace­mebs TiTqmis erTnairi meTodebiT agroveben, mx­olod erTi mniSvnelovani gansxvavebiT: arqeolo­gebis interesis sferos metwilad dauzianebeli nivTebis mopoveba warmoadgens, paleoanTropolo­gebisas ki _ dauzianebeli gaqvavebuli cxovelebisa da mcenareebis naSTebis aRmoCena. amas mivyavarT zo­gierT gansxvavebamde, rogorc monacemTa Segrove­baSi, aseve maTi moZiebis adgilebSic.

arqeologebi eZeben xeluxlebel Zeglebs, sadac dauzianebeli masalis mopoveba SeiZleba. paleo­anTropologebi ki _ im periodiT daTariRebul Zeglebs, romelSic maTTvis saintereso saxeobebi cxovrobdnen da SesaZloa, gaqvavebuliyvnen. xSir SemTxvevaSi, dazianebuli Zeglebis povna momgebian­ic ki aris paleoanTropologebisTvis, radgan aseT Zeglebze ufro advilia gaqvavebili naSTebis povna, radgan eroziis gamo, isini SeiZleba miwis zedapirze gamoCndnen da gaTxrebis Catareba saWiro aRar gax­des. es imas ar niSnavs, rom arqeologebi arasodes Txrian dazianebul Zeglebs. aseve, paleoanTro­pologebic mniSvnelovan aRmoCenebs zogjer da­zianebuli Zeglebis gaTxrisas akeTeben.

masalis analizi

mas Semdeg, rac arqeologebi da paleoanTro­pologebi aRmoaCenen Zegls da amoTxrian arte­faqtebs da sxva masalas, iwyeben mis `wakiTxvas~ war­sulis Sesaswavlad. arqeologiuri Canawerebis aseT `wakiTxvas~ analizi ewodeba. gaTxrebis msgavsad, arqeologiuri analizi mravalferovani da rTuli procesia, romelsac aq mokled SevexebiT. arqeolo­giuri nusxebis Sesaxeb saubrisas aRvniSneT, rom bevri ram, rasac kargaven an yrian adamianebi, nad­gurdeba; agreTve, bevri ram, rac gadarCeba, Cvenamde fragmentulad an dazianebuli aRwevs. amitom, ana­lizis gakeTebamde arqeologebi monapovar masalas akonserveben da aRadgenen.

30

konservacia da rekonstruqcia

konservacia aris artefaqtebis, ekofaqtebis da zogjer komponentebis damuSaveba imgvarad, rom Sea­Ceros maTi daSla, lpoba an Tu SesaZlebelia, gamoi­wvios ganadgurebis ukuprocesic ki. konservaciis

zogierTi saxe Zalian martivia da mxolod sagnis gaw­mendas da gaSrobas iTvaliswinebs. arsebobs konser­vaciis Zalian rTuli saxeebi, romlebic xangrZliv qimiur damuSavebas da zogjer gansakuTrebul piro­bebSi moTavsebasac ki moiTxovs.

anTropologiuri pirvelwyaroebiwinaparTa Tayvaniscema dablobSi mcxovreb maias tomSi

religiuri rwmena­warmod­genebis kvleva arqeologiuri samuSaos erT­erTi urTulesi nawilia. Tu adamianTa arse­bobisa da socialuri yofis damadasturebeli masala arqe­ologiur angariSebSi advili amosacnobia, rwmena­warmod­genebis amsaxvel masalasTan dakavSirebiT piriqiT xdeba. amitom preistoriuli adami­anebis rwmena­warmodgenaTa sistemebSi gasarkvevad da maT Sesaswavlad mecnierebs bevri Sroma uxdebaT. patrisia make­nanma aRmoaCina, rom imis gas­agebad, Tu rogor iyenebdnen miwas maias uZveles tomSi, jer unda garkveuliyo, rogori damokidebuleba arsebobda adamianebs, maT winaprebsa da miwis gamoyenebas Soris. magram rogor unda moexerxebina yove­

live es, rodesac saqme 1000 wlis wi­nandel kulturasTan hqonda? make­nani amtkicebs, rom preistoriuli adamianis religiuri rwmena­warmod­genebis dadgena SesaZlebelia, Tu mkvlevars eqneba gamokveTili Sexed­uleba, romelic eTnografiul an is­toriul kanonzomierebebze iqneba damyarebuli.

arqeologebi ar agroveben ma­salas uZvelesi adamianebis qcevis Sesaxeb, isini agroveben materialur masalas. arqeologiis erT­erTi udidesi gamowveva, faqtobrivad, im azridan gamomdinareobs, rom ar­qeologebi fizikur masalas (dam­tvreul keramikas, nagebobaTa nan­grevebs da A.S.) im mizniT Seiswavlian, rom warsulis Sesaxeb abstraqtuli warmodgena (magaliTad, ratom da ro­gor warmoiSva winaparTa Tayvanisce­mis socialuri instituti) Seafason. CemTvis ufro advilia adamianTa qce­

vis Sesaxeb mecnieruli kiTxvebis dasma da sxvadasxva tipis arqe­ologiuri nimuSebis warmosaxva, rac SeiZleba pirvelive eTno­grafiuli wignebis wakiTxvis Semdeg dasruldes. maias saxelm­wifo, romelic iukatanis naxe­varkunZulze da meqsikaSi, Ciapa­sis zeganze da aseve, gvatemalaSi mdebareobs, safuZvlianad aris Seswavlili, gansakuTrebiT maTi kosmologia da ritualebi – ori mTavari Tema, romelic gansa­kuTrebiT kargad miesadageba wi­naparTa Tayvaniscemis sakiTxze arqeologiur kvlevas. maias Seswavlis meore mniSvnelovani wyaro, romelic uSualod warsu­lidan modis, aris misi ierogli­furi damwerloba da elituri ikonografia (mmarTveli wris warmomadgenelTa gamosaxule­bebi).

mas Semdeg, rac mkvlevrebis sagangaSod aRmoCnda, rom 1993 wels italiis alpebSi aRmoCenili daaxloe­biT 5000 wlis winandelma egreT wodebulma `Tov­lis kacma~ gaTbobis Semdeg obiT dafarva daiwyo, is mudmivi gamyinvarebis msgavs pirobebSi moaTavses. arqeologebma mas obi moaciles da gadawyvites, rom imave pirobebSi unda SeenaxaT, romelTa wyalobiTac Cvenamde moaRwia. amitom, SeimuSaves rTuli mowyob­iloba, romelSic yinulovani garemo Seqmnes.

rekonstruqcia Tavsatexis awyobasaviT Zneli saqmea. Cveulebrivisgan gansxvavebiT, es samganzo­milebiani Tavsatexia da ar ici, romeli natexebi ekuTvnis aRsadgen sagans da yvela natexi aris Tu ara adgilze. Tavdapirvelad, unda moxdes masalis msgavs tipebad daxarisxeba. magaliTad, erT Zeglze mopove­buli keramikis aRsadgenad unda moxdes natexebis daxarisxeba erTnairi feris, dekoraciisa da formis mixedviT. Semdeg erTnairi natexebis SedarebiT unda dadgindes, SesaZlebelia Tu ara, isini erTsa da imave WurWels ekuTvnodes. mas Semdeg, rac Segrovdeba erTi WurWlis savaraudo natexebi, unda moxdes Wur­Wlis awyoba. rekonstruqcia xangrZlivi da rTuli procesia, romelic zogjer wlebsac ki moiTxovs.

ras vswavlobT artefaqtebisgan?

rekonstruqciisa da konservaciis Semdeg arqe­ologi da paleoanTropologi iwyeben artefaqtebis Seswavlas. arqeologebs SemuSavebuli aqvT arte­faqtebis analizis mravali specifikuri da xSirad

unikaluri meTodi. qvis iaraRi keramikisgan gansx­vavebulad Seiswavleba, orive maTgani ki _ Zvlisgan gansxvavebulad. miuxedavad imisa, Tu ra masalisgan aris artefaqtebi damzadebuli, mainc arsebobs dax­arisxebis mravali msgavsi meTodi.

tipologiis pirveli meTodia artefaqtebis dax­arisxeba formis mixedviT. yvelaze gavrcelebuli artefaqtebis formebi, rogoric aris liTonis an keramikis nawarmi, sakmaod kargad aris Seswavli­li imisTvis, rom SesaZlebeli gaxdes maTi tipebis mixedviT dajgufeba. artefaqtebis garkveul ti­pebad daxarisxeba formuli analizis ZiriTadi miza­nia. tipologia saSualebas aZlevs arqeologebs, garkveuli artefaqti imave konteqstSi ganixilon, rogorc sxva, msgavsi artefaqtebi, romlebic sxva Zeglze an zog SemTxvevaSi, sxva Zeglebzea aRmoCe­nili. tipologia xSirad artefaqtebis Sesaxeb did informacias iZleva, magaliTad, TariRis, kulturis tipis, romelsac igi ganekuTvneba da zogjer imis Sesaxebac, Tu rogor damzadda, gamoiyeneboda an raze icvleboda es nivTi warsulSi. magaliTad, sur. 2­1 gamosaxulia tenesiSi mdebare Zeglze napovni is­ris pirebis tipologia, romelic daaxloebiT Zv. w. 7300­5000 wlebs moicavda. droTa ganmavlobaSi isris pirebis formebi Seicvala. (f) da (g) isris pirebis fuZeebi gansxvavdeba (c),(d) da (e)­s fuZeebisgan, yve­la maTgani ki gansxvavdeba (a) isris piris fuZisgan. aseTi tipologiis daxmarebiT arqeologs SeuZlia gamoiTvalos isris piris miaxloebiTi TariRi mx­olod misi fuZis formis mixedviT.

31

meore meTodia artefaqtebis zomebis mixedviT daxarisxeba. arqeologebi maT zomaven da monace­mebs mkacrad gansazRvruli wesebis mixedviT iweren. amgvari metruli analizi, formuli analizis ms­gavsad, artefaqtebis tipologiuri jgufebis mixed­viT dasaxarisxeblad gamoiyeneba. sur. 2­2 gviCvenebs, rogor xdeba isris pirebidan standartuli zomebis aReba. am zomebiT mecniers SeuZlia imuSaos tipolo­giaze imgvarad, rogorc naCvenebia sur. 2­1­ze. am­jerad, mecnieri yuradRebas aqcevs isris piris ara formas, aramed zomas. marTlac, isris pirebis (a), (d) da (f) fuZeebis sigane suraTze 2­1 gansxvavdeba is­eve, rogorc gansxvavdeba maTi formebi. metruli an­alizis ZiriTadi mniSvneloba is aris, rom masze da­myarebuli tipologia naklebad subieqturia, vidre formebze damyarebuli. garda amisa, zomebis aReba SeiZleba moxdes gatexili artefaqtebidan an maTi nawilebidan, romelTa klasificireba formuli ana­lizis saSualebiT SeuZlebelia.

mesame meTodia teqnologiuri analizi. arqe­ologebs xSirad ainteresebT, rogor aris arte­faqti damzadebuli. misi damzadebisas gamoyeneb­uli masalisa da misi damuSavebis wesis mixedviT, arqeologebs SeuZliaT gaigon misi damamzadebeli xalxis teqnologiis, ekonomikisa da gacvla­gamocv­lis sistemebis Sesaxeb. magaliTad, Tu raime masala im adgilas xelmisawvdomi ar aris, niSnavs imas, rom is vaWrobis Sedegad aris iq mitanili. arqeologebi zogjer akvirdebian, rogor amzadeben imave arte­faqtebs Tanamedrove adamianebi da maT magaliTze igeben uZvelesi artefaqtebis damzadebis teqnolo­gias. en anderhili dainteresebuli iyo longSanis

periodis Cinuri keramikis (Cinelebi Txelkedliani, natifi WurWliT iyvnen cnobilni) damzadebis te­qnologiiT. anderhili, garda imisa, rom Seiswavlida longSanis keramikas da aTvalierebda Zeglebs, rom­lebzec igi aRmoCnda, akvirdeboda agreTve msgavsi keramikis mwarmoebel Tanamedrove meTuneebs. mec­nierma aRmoaCina, rom keramikas amzadeben meTuneebi, romlebic am saqmianobas mTel dRes uTmoben da aseve isinic, romlebic naxevar dRes muSaoben. magram ase iyo Tu ara warsulSic? anderhilma azoma am meTunee­bis mier damzadebuli keramika da Caatara misi me­truli analizi. Tavisda gasakvirad, aRmoaCina, rom is meTuneebi, romlebic am saqmianobas mTel dRes uTmoben da isinic, romlebic naxevar dRes muSaoben, Tanabrad xarisxian da msgavs WurWels amzadeben.

dabolos, arqeologebi cdiloben, gaarkvion, rogor gamoiyeneboda artefaqti. amis codna ar­qeologs uxsnis sarkmels uZvelesi cxovrebisken. imis gamo, rom es informacia Zalian mniSvnelova­nia, artefaqtebis daniSnulebis gasarkvevad Seiqmna urTulesi meTodebis mTeli rigi. qvis, Zvlisa da xis iaraRebisTvis arsebobs meTodi, romelsac cve­Tis analizi ewodeba. misi saSualebiT, yuradRebiT Seiswavlian iaraRis kideebis gacveTilobas, raTa daadginon, ra daniSnulebiT xdeboda am sagnebis gamoyeneba. am meTodze Semdgom TavebSi SevCerdeb­iT. keramikuli WurWlis daniSnulebis gasarkvevad ikvleven masSi CarCenil narCenebs, raTa gaigon, ra iyo masSi moTavsebuli. magaliTad, arqeologma patrik makgovernma da qimikosma rudolf mitCelma gaakeTes TurqeTSi, grodin Tefeze aRmoCenil Tixis WurWelSi CarCenili Ria yviTeli nivTierebis ana­lizi. aRmoCnda, rom es iyo qeris ludis narCenebi, ramac ludis warmoebis uZvelesi keris dadgenis sa­Sualeba mogvca (es WurWeli Zv.w. 3500­3100 wlebiT TariRdeba).

magram ras aZlevs realurad arqeologebs masa­lis tipologia maTi formisa da zomis analizis saSu­alebiT an imis codna, Tu rogor mzaddeboda da raSi gamoiyeneboda artefaqtebi? _ Zalian bevrs. tipo­logia arqeologebs saSualebas aZlevs gamoiyenon SedarebiTi daTariReba (razec mogvianebiT visau­brebT) maTi sxva, ukve daTariRebuli artefaqtebis

-5000

-5800

-6300

-6700

-6900

-7000

-7300

32

rigSi moTavsebiT. tipologia exmareba arqeologebs, gaigon, romeli jgufebi ukavSirdebodnen erTma­neTs warsulSi, rogor xdeboda informaciis gacvla am jgufebs Soris, zogjer ki socialuri urTierTo­bebis amsaxvel informaciasac ki iZleva (Sromis or­ganizacia, vin visTan vaWrobda da A.S.).

magaliTad, karla sinopoli samxreT indoeTSi mdebare rkinis xanis Zeglis _ vijaianagaras _ keramikas Seiswavlida. adre Catarebulma gaTxrebma am Zeglis teritoriaze adreuli samosaxloebis mka­

sur. 2­2 qvis iaraRis standartuli azomva

fiod gamoxatuli adgilebi gamoavlina. maT Soris iyo `warCinebulTa kvartali~, romelic maRali kas­tis warmomadgeneli indoelebis sacxovreblebisgan Sedgeboda, `aRmosavleTis veli~, romelic dabali kastis indoelTa saxlebisgan Sedgeboda da `islam­uri kvartali~, sadac, rogorc fiqroben, muslimani vaWrebi cxovrobdnen. rodesac sinopolim samive ubnis keramika erTmaneTs Seadara, mniSvnelovani gansxvavebebi aRmoaCina: magaliTad, `islamuri kvar­tlis~ keramikaSi bevrad meti sufris WurWeli iyo, vidre danarCen orSi. es gansxvaveba sinopolim axsna, rogorc Tixis WurWelSi sakvebis Senaxvis akrZal­vis indusTa wesis zemoqmedeba. hindus zogierTi tomi krZalavs sakvebis Sesanaxad Tixis WurWlis xelmeored gamoyenebas, ris gamoc, WurWels xSirad erTjeradi masalisgan (mag. foTlebi) amzadebdnen. keramikas arqeologisTvis ara mxolod socialuri organizaciis Sesaxeb SeuZlia informaciis mocema, aramed religiuri rwmena­warmodgenebisa da sqesTa rolebis Sesaxebac.

imis codna, Tu rogor aris damzadebuli arte­faqti, arqeologs saSualebas aZlevs, gaigos uZve­lesi adamianebis teqnologiuri SesaZleblobebi. magaliTad, Tomas uinma gaaanaliza Homo Erectus­is mier 300000 wlis win damzadebuli qvis iaraRis rogorc saboloo formebi, aseve maTi damzadebis adreuli uxeSi meTodebi da aRmoaCina, rom am iara­Ris Seqmna mravaletapiani procesi iyo, romelic ramdenime erTmaneTisgan gansxvavebul safexurs da teqnologias aerTianebda. mopovebuli informacia mecnierma Seafasa Jan piaJes mier Seqmnili adamianis SemecnebiTi SesaZleblobebis Teoriis mixedviT da daaskvna, rom am iaraRis Semqmnel adamianebs iseTive organizaciuli SesaZleblobebi unda hqonodaT, ro­goric Tanamedrove adamianebs.

genderuli kvlevis axali perspeqtivebiqalebi “Shell Mound Archaic”-is kulturaSi (~niJaris yrilis arqauli~ kultura)

arqeologebis interesis erT­erT sferos warmoadgens genderuli sakiTxi: rogor unda gamovikvlioT preisto­riul xanaSi arsebuli gender­uli urTierTobebi? arqeolo­giur konteqstSi sqesTaA Soris urTierTobebis gamokvleva, erTi SexedviT, SeuZlebelic SeiZleba mogveCvenos. ra in­formacia arsebobs sqesTa Ses­axeb arqeologiur angariSebSi? rogor SeiZleba informaciis mopoveba sqesTa rolebis Ses­axeb? amgvari informaciis mop­oveba SesaZlebelia, Tu gaviT­valiswinebT sqesTa romelime garkveul rolTan dakavSire­buli eTnografiuli masalis

cvlilebas droTa ganmavlobaSi. ar­qeologebi amtkiceben, rom amgvari codna dagvexmareba ara mxolod sqesis cnebis raobis gansazRvraSi, rogorc es preistoriul xanaSi esmo­daT, aramed zogadad preistoriuli kulturis ukeT gagebaSi.

amisi kargi magaliTia Seril klaasenis Sroma, romelic exeba md. tenesis dablobze mdebare ~Shell Mound Archaic~­is (niJaris yrilis arqaul) kulturas. es Zegli ekuT­vniT adamianebs, romlebic am teri­toriaze daaxloebiT 5,500­3000 wlis win cxovrobdnen. isini, ZiriTadad, monadireobas da Semgroveblobas eweodnen, patara soflebSi cxov­robdnen da rogorc Cans, sezonu­rad icvlidnen adgil_samyofels.

am kulturis mTavari dam­axasiaTebeli niSani is aris, rom TavianT micvalebulebs moluskebis niJarebis maRali grovebis qveS marxavdnen. aseTi gorakebis asaSeneblad, aTiaTa­sobiT niJara gamoiyeneboda. ma­gram daaxloebiT 3000 wlis win moluskebis mopoveba da maTgan samarxi gorakebis ageba uecrad Sewyda. klaaseni amisma mizezma daainteresa.

gaCnda ramdenime mosazreba: klimatis Secvla, moluskebis gadametebuli mopoveba da moluskebis mompovebeli xalxis emigracia; magram am mosazrebaTagan savsebiT dam­akmayofilebeli arc erTi ar

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aRmoCnda. Tanamedrove kul­turebSi moluskebis mopoveba, ZiriTadad, qalebisa da bavS­vebis saqmea. klaasens aintere­sebda, SeiZleboda Tu ara es saqmianoba, romelic rolebis genderul ganawilebas iTval­iswinebda, ufro metad nayofi­eri yofiliyo. man gadawyvita es problema qalTa datvirTvis TvalsazrisiT ganexila, Tun­dac isini sulac ar yofiliyvnen moluskebis SegrovebiT dakave­bulni. moluskebis Segrovebis Sewyveta niSnavda imas, rom qa­lebs meti dro gauTavisufl­debodaT sxva saqmianobisaTvis. ras SeiZleboda gamoewvia is, rom qalebs moluskebis Seg­roveba SeewyvitaT? ra unda yofiliyo iseTi mniSvnelovani, rac qalebis Sromas metad moiTxovda?

qalebis Sroma SeiZleba mar­cvleulis moyvanis mimarTule­biT Secvliliyo. arsebobs daax­loebiT 3000 wlis winandeli

arqeologiuri masala, romelic adasturebs, rom am droisaTvis gavr­celda ramdenime uxvmosavliani, ma­gram amave dros Zalian Sromatevadi kultura. magaliTad, chenopodium, erT­erTi yvelaze uxvmosavliani da sasargeblo kultura, romelsac wvr­ili marcvali aqvs da romlis aReba, gasufTaveba da damuSaveba mZime Sro­mas moiTxovs. rogorc Cans, es Sroma qalebs daawvaT mxrebze. maT ara marto mosavali unda aeRoT, aramed unda daemuSavebinaT, Semdeg ki mis­gan sakvebi moemzadebinaT. amgvarad, miwaTmoqmedebis damkvidrebam qa­lebisgan sakvebis warmoebasa da da­muSavebaSi axali samuSaos aTviseba da Zvelis mitoveba moiTxova.

sasoflo­sameurneo saqmiano­bam cvlilebebi Seitana ritualebsa da ceremoniebSic. niJarebidan age­buli samarxi gorakebi (yorRanebi) Shell Mound Archaic­is (niJaris yrilis arqaulis) dakrZalvis ritu­alis mTavari damaxasiaTebeli niSani iyo, romelic mniSvnelovan Sromas moiTxovda niJarebis Segrovebisa da

gorakis agebis TvalsazrisiT, rasac ZiriTadad, qalebi as­rulebdnen. ufro gviandeli sazogadoebebi TavianT micva­lebulebs ukve miwayrilebis qveS krZalavdnen. SeiZleboda, rom es soflis meurneobaSi miwis mzardi mniSvnelobis ga­momxatveli yofiliyo? Tu asea, ra rols asrulebdnen qalebi gardacvalebisa da dakrZalvis ritualebSi? SeiZleboda Tu ara maTi statusi sazogadoe­baSi Semcirebuliyo imis gamo, rom dasamarxad saWiro nedleu­lis momwodeblebi aRar iyvnen?

CvenTvis zustad ar aris cnobili rodis gaqra Shell Mound Archaic (~niJaris yri­lis arqauli~ kultura) an ram­denad Seicvala qalis Sroma da sazogadoebaSi misi roli, magram, rogorc klaaseni aRniS­navs, genderuli sakiTxebisTvis yuradRebis midevneba gvaZlevs axal mimarTulebebs, raTa vupa­suxoT gaCenil kiTxvebs.

dabolos, imis codna, Tu rogor aris artefaq­ti damzadebuli, arqeologs saSualebas aZlevs gaerkves uZvelesi adamianebis saqmianobasa da qcev­ebSi. lorens qilim Caatara aCeulis xelculebis cveTis detaluri analizi, romlebic Homo erectus­is mier iyo damzadebuli da aRmoaCina, rom isini sx­vadasxva daniSnulebiT gamoiyeneboda. zogi maTgani aSkarad xorcis saWrelad gamoiyeneboda, zogi _ xis saWrelad, zogi ki _ miwis saTxrelad (rogorc Cans, saWmelad vargisi fesvebis amosaTxrelad). zo­gierTi xelculis erTi mxare erTi saqmianobisTvis gamoiyeneboda, meores ki sxva daniSnuleba hqonda. xelculi Homo erectus­ebis winaprebisTvis mraval­daniSnulebiani iaraRi iyo, rogorc Svicariuli armiis dana, romelsac mudam Tan atarebdnen. amgvari codna imdroindeli adamianebis saintereso suraTs gvixatavs: isini flobdnen sakmaod rTul teqni­kas mravaldaniSnulebiani iaraRis dasamzadeblad, romelsac Tan atarebdnen da sxvadasxva daniSnule­biT iyenebdnen. es Cveni uZvelesi winaprebis qcevis amsaxveli suraTia, romlis aRdgenac SeuZlebeli iqneboda romelime sxva wyarodan.

ra SegviZlia SevityoTekofaqtebidan da ganamarxebulimasalidan?

ekofaqtebi mravalferovania iseve, rogorc is informacia, romlis miRebac SeuZliaT maTgan arqe­ologebsa da paleontologebs. am TavSi ganmarxebul masalaze SevCerdebiT, Semdeg TavSi ki, romelic zeda paleoliTis samyaros eZRvneba, vnaxavT, rogor iy­eneben arqeologebi ekofaqtebs uZvelesi bunebrivi pirobebis aRsadgenad; qvemoT, TavSi, romelic kul­turuli mcenareebisa da cxovelebis moSenebas exeba,

gavigebT, rogor iyeneben ekofaqtebs arqeologebi gareuli da Sinauri mcenareebisa da cxovelebis gas­arCevad da imis gasarkvevad, Tu rogor moxda maTi moSinaureba.

paleontologebs (romlebic Seiswavlian adamian­ebsa da sxva saxeobebs) bevri ramis moyola SeuZliaT gadaSenebuli cxovelebis Sesaxeb maTi ganamarxebu­li Zvlebisa da kbilebis mixedviT, magram es codna mxolod maT aRwerilobaze rodia dafuZnebuli. Con­Cxis dakarguli nawilebisa da Zvalze mimagrebuli qsovilebis aRsadgenad, paleontologebi SedarebiT anatomias emyarebian. axali teqnologiebi, rogori­caa eleqtronuli mikroskopia, kompiuteruli to­mografia da kompiuteruli biomeqanikuri modeli­reba, gvawvdis informacias organizmis moZraobis, Zvlisa da kbilis mikrostruqturisa da organizmis

aCeulis xelculi. lorens qilim Seiswavla misi pirebis cveTa, raTa gaego, rogor iyenebdnen maT.

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ganviTarebis Sesaxeb. ganamarxebuli Zvlis qimiuri analizi gviCvenebs, riT ikvebeboda cxoveli. pale­ontologebi dainteresebulni arian, agreTve ga­namarxebul organizmTa saarsebo garemoTi. geolo­giaSi, qimiasa da fizikaSi SemuSavebuli meTodebiT organizmis sikvdilis drois dasadgenad ikvleven garemomcvel qvebs. garda amisa, organizmTan dakav­Sirebuli florisa da faunis Seswavlis safuZvelze ikvleven uZveles garemomcvel bunebriv pirobebs.

primatebis evoluciis amsaxveli masalis umete­sobas warmoadgens kbilebi. sxeulis nawilebidan swored igi aris umetesad Semonaxuli (ybebTan erTad). cxovelebi erTmaneTisgan gansxvavdebian denticiiT – kbilebis raodenobiT, tipiT, zomiTa da ganlagebiT. denticia gvaZlevs evoluciuri damokidebulebis gasaRebs, radgan erTnairi evolu­ciuri istoriis mqone cxovelebs xSirad kbilebis msgavsi struqtura aqvT. magaliTad, arc erT mai­muns, Tanamedrovesa Tu gadaSenebuls, ara aqvs or saWrel kbilze meti ybis TiToeul meoTxedSi. es niSani, sxvebTan erTad, ganasxvavebs primatebs dan­arCeni ZuZumwovrebisgan, romelTac ybis TiToeul meoTxedSi sami saWreli kbili aqvT. denticia infor­macias gvaZlevs agreTve cxovelis zomasa da imaze, Tu riT ikvebeboda igi. magaliTad, Tanamedrove pri­matebis erTmaneTTan Sedareba gveubneba, rom xilis mWamel primatebs kbilis brtyeli da momrgvalebu­li gvirgvinebi aqvT, gansxvavebiT foTlisa da mwer­is mWamelTagan, romelTa kbilebi ufro wawvetebu­lia. tomografia exmareba paleontologebs kbilis struqturis (sisqe da minanqari) aRdgenaSi. amgvari gamokvleva cxovelTa sakvebis dadgenis saSualeba­sac iZleva: (Teslebisa da Txilis mWamel cxovelebs ufro sqeli minanqari aqvT). eleqtronuli mikros­kopia Zvlis zrdis kanonzomierebaTa dadgenis saSu­alebas iZleva: sxvadasxva saxeobas Zvlis zrdis gan­sxvavebuli kanonzomiereba axasiaTebs.

paleontologebs SeuZliaT bevri ram gviTxran cxovelis dgomis manerisa da gadaadgilebis Sesaxeb maTi ConCxebis fragmentebis mixedviT. xeze mcxovreb oTxfexebs wina da ukana fexebi daaxloebiT erTi sigrZisa aqvT. SedarebiT mokle fexebis gamo, maTi simZimis centri axlos mdebareobs im totebTan, romlebzec gadaadgildebian. amasTan, maT grZeli, mWide TiTebi aqvT rogorc wina, ise ukana fexebze. miwaze mosiarule cxovelebi metad arian Segueb­ulni swraf gadaadgilebas. amitom maT ufro grZeli fexebi da mokle TiTebi aqvT rogorc wina, ise ukana fexebze. araproporciuli kidurebi ufro verti­kalurad mcocavi, mxtomeli da totebze moqanave cxovelebisTvis aris damaxasiaTebeli. vertikalu­rad mcocavsa da mxtomel saxeobebs ufro grZeli da Zlieri wina kidurebi aqvT, totebze moqanave saxe­obebs ki _ grZeli ukana kidurebi. marTalia, rbili qsovilebi Cvenamde ver aRwevs, magram ganamarxebuli masalidan mainc SeiZleba mniSvnelovani daskvnebis gakeTeba. magaliTad, xSirad Zvals emCneva kunTis mimagrebis adgili. Tavis qalis Sida nawili gvaZlevs informacias tvinis proporciebis anu im nawilebis zomebis Sesaxeb, romlebic gankuTvnilia mxedvelo­bis, ynosvis an mexsierebisaTvis. Tavis qala xSirad informacias ynosvisa da mxedvelobis xarisxis Ses­axebac iZleva. magaliTad, im cxovelebs, romelTaT­visac ynosva ufro mniSvnelovania, vidre mxedvelo­ba, ufro didi nestoebi aqvT, Ramis cxovelebs ki _ Tvalis mozrdili budeebi.

ra SegviZlia gavigoT komponentebisgan?

komponentebis analizi odnav gansxvavdeba ar­tefaqtebis, ekofaqtebis da ganamarxebuli masa­lis analizisgan, radgan SeuZlebelia laborato­riebSi maTi gadatana (ix. Cven mier adre ganxiluli kerebis SemTxveva). amitom maT iseTive analizs ver CavutarebT, rogorsac artefaqtebs, ekofaqtebsa da ganamarxebul masalas. miuxedavad amisa, arqe­ologebma SeimuSaves mTeli rigi saSualebebisa, romlebic maT uflebas aZlevs komponentebi savele pirobebSi Seiswavlon. maT Soris upirvelesia ruka­ze detaluri datana, rac, Cveulebriv, topografis adgilze miyvanis saSualebiT xdeba. TiToeuli kom­ponentis Sesaxeb keTdeba uamravi Canaweri, romle­bic asaxavs ara marto imas, Tu ras warmoadgens kom­ponenti, aramed imasac, Tu masTan dakavSirebuli ra arqeologiuri masala aRmoCnda mis irgvliv. es in­formacia ikribeba geografiuli sainformacio sis­temebs meSveobiT (GIS), romelic saSualebas aZlevs arqeologebs Seadginon Zeglze arsebuli komponen­tebis ruka da gaaerTianon iqve aRmoCenil arqeolo­giur masalasTan. am saxis informaciis gaerTianebis Sedegad arqeologiur oqmebSi SeiZleba gamoaSkara­vdes is kanonzomierebebi, romlebic mogviTxrobs warsulSi adamianTa saqmianobaze.

imis TvalsaCino magaliTi, Tu rogor SeuZlia kom­ponentebSi aRmoCenil kanonzomierebebs mogviTxros uZvelesi adamianis saqmianobaze, aris reinj siTi dasavleT­centralur ilinoisSi. adamianebi iq, aTas welze metia, cxovroben da am xnis ganmavlobaSi maTi dasaxlebis tipi mniSvnelovnad Seicvala. daaxloe­biT 2300 wlis win isini cxovrobdnen patara sax­lebSi, romlebic mrgvali Sida ezos irgvliv iyo aSenebuli. es kanonzomiereba rTuldeboda da TiTq­mis 700 weli arsebobda. Sida ezo sazogadoebrivi saqmianobis centrs warmoadgenda da SeiZleba sari­tualo daniSnulebisac iyo. daaxloebiT 1000 wlis win es kanonzomiereba dairRva. saxlebi ufro myari gaxda da ukve swor xazze, rigebad iyo ganlagebuli. es gulisxmobs radikalur cvlilebas adamianTa so­cialur organizaciaSi. kulturaTaSorisi kvlevi­dan (SedarebiTi kvleva eTnografiuli monacemebis gamoyenebiT) CvenTvis cnobilia, rom iq, sadac mrgva­li samosaxloebia aRmoCenili, sazogadoeba moq­medebs rogorc erTiani politikuri da ekonomikuri organizmi, xolo sadac isini sworxazovnad aris gan­lagebuli, xSirad piriqiT xdeba. reinj siTiSi momx­dari cvlilebebi asaxavs ZiriTadi socialuri da ekonomikuri RerZis dasustebas da sazogadoebrivi gaerTianebidan individualur meurneobaze gadasv­las. es cvlileba, rogorc Cans, qahokiaSi, romelic reinj siTidan 15 km. manZilze mdebareobda, didi, centralizebuli sazogadoebrivi erTeulis warmo­qmnas ukavSirdeboda. am gaerTianebis gavlenas re­inj siTis msgavs sazogadoebebze SeiZleba dramatu­lic daerqvas, radgan Sedegad TiTqmis aTaswliani istoriis mqone social­ekonomikuri struqturis gardaqmna mohyva.

informaciis konteqstSi moTavseba

Cveni msjelobis Semdeg, SeiZleba iseTi STabe­Wdileba SegeqmnaT, TiTqos arqeologebi da pa­leoanTropologebi artefaqtebs, ekofaqtebs, ganamarxebul masalas da komponentebs ise Seiswav­lian, rogorc individualur da erTmaneTTan kav­

3�

Siris arqmone, ganyenebul obieqtebs. es Zalian Sors aris simarTlisgan. sinamdvileSi reinj siTis aRwera ufro tipuri arqeologiuri analizis msgavsia. is drois paralelurad aerTianebs informacias kom­ponentebis Sesaxeb da midis ganzogadebamde, Tu ro­gor Seicvala iq mcxovrebi sazogadoebis social­uri da ekonomikuri struqtura. Cven amas masalis konteqstSi moTavsebas vuwodebT. konteqsti aris mimarTebebi artefaqtebsa da sxva masalas Soris. konteqstis analizi aris is, razec arqeologebi da paleoanTropologebi muSaoben. artefaqtebi, ekofaqtebi, ganamarxebuli masala da komponentebi cal­calke, TavisTavad, SeiZleba Zalian lamazi da saintereso iyos, magram maTi ~wakiTxva~ istoriis aRsadgenad mxolod maTi sxva masalebTan konteqst­Si moTavsebiT xdeba SesaZlebeli.

amis sailustraciod warmovidginoT, rom moce­muli gvaqvs calkeuli asoebis nakrebi: abevilmnnoS. es asoebi aq anbanuri TanmimdevrobiT aris ganlage­buli iseve, rogorc mSvenieri artefaqtebi SeiZleba ganlagdes vitrinaSi – wonisa da rigis mixedviT. ma­gram es ganlageba rames gveubneba? _ arafers. sam­agierod, ra moxdeba, Tu gvecodineba raime zogierT am asos Soris mimarTebis Sesaxeb – maTi konteqsti? ra moxdeba, magaliTad, Tu gvetyvian, rom pirveli aso, romelic vipoveT, aris m, rom Semdeg ipoves i da n, magram ukuRma TanmimdevrobiT, rom o ipoves l­sa da b­s Soris da rom i n­sa da S­s Soris iyo? imis codna, Tu ra konteqstSi iyo napovni TiToeuli aso, gvkarnaxobs, rom asoebi unda ganlagdes Semde­gnairad: mniSvneloba. swored mniSvnelobas aniWebs konteqsti artefaqtebs, ekofaqtebs, ganamarxebul masalas da komponentebs.

masalis daTariReba

artefaqtebisa da sxva masalis konteqstSi Cadebis umniSvnelovanesi nawilia maTi swor qronologiur CarCoSi moTavseba. magaliTad, primatebis evolu­ciis istoriis rekonstruqciisaTvis aucilebelia primatebis ganamarxebuli naSTebis asakis codna. adre daTariRebis erTaderT meTods SedarebiTi daTariReba warmoadgenda. ukanaskneli 45 wlis ganmavlobaSi daiwyo mniSvnelovani winsvla abso­lutur daTariRebaSi, rac primatebis evoluciis adreuli fazebis masalis daTariRebisaTvis saWiro teqnologiebis ganviTarebas mohyva. SedarebiTi daxasiaTeba aRniSnavs calkeuli nivTis an masalis daTariRebas sxva nivTebTan an masalasTan Sedarebis gziT. absoluturi anu qronometruli daTariReba gamoiyeneba calkeuli nivTis an masalis realuri asakis dasadgenad.

SedarebiTi daTariRebis meTodebi

daTariRebis yvelaze adreuli da yvelaze xSir­ad gamoyenebuli meTodia SedarebiTi daTariReba, romelic stratigrafiazea damyarebuli. strati­grafia Seiswavlis sxvadasxva kldovani an niada­govani fenis ganlagebis Tanmimdevrobas (ix. sur. 2­3). ufro Zveli fenebi, sazogadod, SedarebiT axal fenebze Rrmad anu ufro dablaa ganlagebuli. stratigrafiuli Tanmimdevrobis dasadgenad da axal aRmoCenaTa SedarebiTi daTariRebisTvis in-dikatori artefaqtebi an ekofaqtebi gamoiyeneba. indikatori artefaqtebi an ekofaqtebi warmoad­gens adamianis mier damzadebul nivTebs an adamia­nis mier datovebul cxovelur an mcenareul nar­Cenebs, romlebic drois mokle periodebSi farTod

gavrcelda an romlebic swrafad gaqra an swrafad Seicvala. msoflios sxvadasxva nawilSi SedarebiTi daTariRebisTvis indikatorebad sxvadasxva arte­faqti da ekofaqti gamoiyenebA. magaliTad, afrikaSi stratigrafiuli Tanmimdevrobis aRsadgenad uaR­resad didi mniSvneloba hqonda spiloebs, Rorebsa da cxenebs. sur. 2­3 asaxavs olduvais xeobis strati­grafiul Wrils. es Zalian mniSvnelovani Zeglia, sadac adreuli adamianis ganamarxebuli naSTebi aRmoCnda. am Zeglze stratigrafiuli Tanmimdev­roba, nawilobriv, ganamarxebuli Rorebis monace­mebis mixedviT dadginda. yovel momdevno fenaSi Roris gansxvavebuli saxeoba dasturdeboda, ramac arqeologebsa da paleoanTropologebs saSualeba misca moexdinaT fenebis diferenciacia. mas Semdeg, rac adgilis stratigrafia dadgindeba, unda mox­des ori sxvadasxva ganamarxebuli biosis an kompo­nentis SedarebiTi daTariReba imave an sxva Zeglze aRmoCenili masTan dakavSirebuli indikatori arte­faqtebis an ekofaqtebis saSualebiT. mTavari gadas­vlebi artefaqtebisa da ekofaqtebis indikatorebSi gansazRvraven epoqebs da geologiuri drois did monakveTebs.

drois am monakveTebis sazRvrebis gamoTvla xde­ba absuluturi daTariRebis saSualebiT, romelsac Semdeg seqciaSi aRvwerT.

im SemTxvevaSi, Tu Zegli dazianebulia, srtati­grafiis mixedviT misi daTariReba mizanSewonili ar iqneba, radgan SesaZloa, sxvadasxva periodis masala erTmaneTSi iyos areuli wylis nakadebis an qaris gamo an SesaZloa, mewyerma zemodan ufro gviandeli fena moaqcios. dazianebul Zeglze erTmaneTSi areu­li ganamarxebuli masalis dasaTariReblad SesaZle­belia qimiuri meTodis gamoyeneba.

ganamarxebuli cxovelebis Zvlebis dasaTariRe­blad gamoiyeneba sami saxis qimiuri meTodi: ftoris, uranisa da azotis. es meTodebi zogjer saerTo sax­eliT `F-U-N trio~ moixsenieba. samive meTodi erT ZiriTad principzea dafuZnebuli: Zvlebi da kbile­bi miwaSi yofnis periodSi, qimiuri Semadgenlobis TvalsazrisiT, mcire cvlilebas ganicdis, rac im adgilis gruntis wylebis mineralebis SemcvelobaSi gamoixateba, sadac es cxovelebi arian damarxulni. gruntis wyali ftors Seicavs da amitom, rac ufro Zvelia ganamarxebuli organizmi, ftoris miT ufro meti Semcveloba eqneba. ftoris msgavsad, gruntis wylis SemadgenlobaSi uranic Sedis da am SemTxveva­Sic, rac ufro Zvelia ganamarxeba, miT ufro met urans Seicavs igi. azotis SemTxvevaSi, piriqiT xde­ba: rac ufro Zvelia ganamarxeba, miT nakleb azots Seicavs igi. aqedan gamomdinare, ufro Zveli Zvlebi met ftorsa da urans da nakleb azots Seicavs, vidre SedarebiT axlebi.

magram F-U-N testTan dakavSirebiT SeiZleba war­moiqmnas problema imis gamo, rom Zvlebi asaxavs Ca­marxvis adgilebis gruntis wylebis mineraluri Sed­genilobis suraTs. mineralebis maRali Semcvelobis adgilze aRmoCenil 30 milioni wlis winandel Zvlebs SeiZleba ftoris igive Semadgenloba aRmoaCndes, rac mineralebis dabali Semcvelobis adgilze aR­moCenil 50 milioni wlis winandels. amitom, qimiuri SedarebiTi daTariRebis meTodebis gamoyeneba erT­maneTisgan didi manZiliT daSorebuli ZeglebisTvis misaRebi ar aris. F-U-N testireba Semoifargleba mxolod erTi da imave an mezobel Zeglebze mopove­buli masalis dasaTariReblad.

qimiuri SedarebiTi daTariRebis yoveli meTodi calke gamoyenebisas mxolod calmxriv Sedegs iZl­eva, samive maTganis erTad, SeTanxmebulad gamoy­

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eneba ki Zalze efeqturia. calke yvelaze sarwmuno uranis testia. igi ar miekuTvneba mxolod Sedar­ebiTi daTariRebis meTodebs. sxvadasxva depozitSi aRmoCenil ZvlebSic ki daZvelebasTan erTad radi­aqtiuroba garkveuli TanmimdevrobiT izrdeba. imis gamo, rom urani radiaqtiuri elementia, testirebi­sas misi gazomva ar moiTxovs nimuSis dazianebas. ami­tom amgvar tests, sxvebTan SedarebiT, garkveuli upiratesoba aqvsA.

daTariRebis absoluturi anu qronometruli meTodebi

absoluturi daTariRebis mravali meTodi radi­aqtiuri izotopis daSlazea damyarebuli. imis gamo, rom daSlis siCqare cnobilia, xdeba nimuSis TariRis

arqeologebi aTvaliereben gasaTxrel ke­dels nipurSi, erayi. kedelSi Cayolebuli sqeli TeTri zoli Senobis baTqaSiani iata­kis fena. iatakze aRmoCenili nivTebi imave droiT TariRdeba, mis qveS napovni nivTebi ki ufro adreul periods miekuTvneba. warmod­genili magaliTi stratigrafiis saSualebiT daTariRebis TvalsaCino nimuSia

dadgena SesaZlo cdomilebis gaTvaliswinebiT. radionaxSirbadis meSveobiT daTariReba. ra-

dionaxSirbadis, anu naxSirbad14 (14c) meTodi erT­erTi yvelaze popularulia absoluturi da­TariRebis sxva meTodebs Soris. igi dafuZnebulia principze, rom yoveli cocxali organizmi Seicavs radiaqtiuri naxSirbadis (naxSirbad14 14c) garkveul raodenobas. radiaqtiuri naxSirbadi warmoiqmneba azot­14­is kosmosur sxivebTan urTierTqmedebis Sedegad, haeridan mcenareebis mier Seiwoveba da aqedan cxovelTa organizmSi xvdeba (ix. sur. 2­4). sikvdilis Semdeg, organizmSi meti radiaqtiuri nax­Sirbadi aRar xvdeba, arsebuli raodenoba ki iSleba nela, magram Tanabari siswrafiT da kvlav azot­14­ad gardaiqmneba (daSlaSi vgulisxmobT, rom 14c gascems beta radiaciis gansazRvrul raodenobas wuTSi). naxSirbadis daSlis siswrafe _ misi daSlis periodis naxevari cnobilia – 5730 weli. sxvanairad rom vTqvaT, organul sxeulSi 14c ­is Tavdapirveli raodenobis naxevris daSla xdeba misi sikvdilidan 5730 wlis gasvlis Semdeg. meore naxevris daSlas kidev 5730 weli sWirdeba da a.S. daaxloebiT 50000 wlis Semdeg organizmSi darCenili 14c imdenad mcire raodenobis iqneba, rom mis mixedviT daTariReba Seu­Zlebeli gaxdeba. rom gavigoT, ramdeni xnis mkvdar­

ia organizmi anu ganvsazRvroT, ramdeni C14 darCa organizmSi da aqedan gamomdinare, ramdenad Zvelia igi, an unda gamovTvaloT gacemuli beta radiaciis raodenoba SefardebiT grami/wuTSi an Sesaswavl nimuSSi 14c ­is raodenobis gasazomad nawilakebis amaCqarebeli gamoviyenoT. Tanamedrove 14c erT gram masalaze erT wuTSi daaxloebiT 15 beta radiacias gamoyofs, anu 5730 wlis asakis masala gamoyofs am raodenobis mxolod naxevar (14c ­is daSlis peri­odis naxevari) raodenobas erTi grami masalidan erT wuTSi. ase rom, Tu romelime organizmis nimuSi gamoyofs 7,5 radiacias erTi gramidan erT wuTSi, rac Tanamedrove 14c­is naxevaria, am organizmis asa­ki 5730 weli unda iyos. aseve, imis gamo, rom nimuSSi 14c­is raodenoba droTa ganmavlobaSi klebulobs, misi atomebi SeiZleba gatardes nawilakebis amaCqa­rebeli wonis mixedviT gasacalkeveblad (SedarebiT

msubuqi C12 aqseleracias ufro swrafad ganicdis, vidre ufro mZime C14) da TiToeuli maTganis raode­noba gaizomos. am meTods AMS (aqseleratoris masis speqtrometria) ewodeba da ufro zustia, vidre beta radiaciis meTodi da amasTan, masalis Zalian patara nimuSs saWiroebs da SeuZlia 80000 wlamde asakis ni­muSebis daTariReba.

radionaxSirbaduli meTodis sizuste Semowmda mkvdari zRvis niJarebsa da egvipturi samarxis xis nawilebze, romelTa TariRebi winaswar iyo cnobili. analizis Sedegebi savsebiT daemTxva istoriul in­formacias.

Termoluminescenturi daTariReba bevri min­erali gaTbobisas sinaTles gamoscems (Termolumi­nescencia) zogjer manamdec, sanam Zalian gacxel­deba. es civi sinaTle modis gaTbobis dros `gareSe~ eleqtronebis gaTavisuflebis Sedegad, romlebic mineralebis kristalur struqturaSi iyo momwyv­deuli. Termoluminescenturi daTariReba iyenebs Semdeg princips: Tu obieqts maRali temperatu­ris romelime wartilamde gavaTbobT, magaliTad, Tixis qoTnis gamowvisas, xdeba yvela damwyvdeuli eleqtronis gaTavisufleba, romelsac igi adre Seicavda. droTa ganmavlobaSi sagani kvlav gaagrZe­lebs garemomcveli radiaqtiuli elementebidan

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t1/2 = ca. 5700 years

naxSirbad 14c cikli

eleqtronebis mierTebas (kaliumi, Toriumi, urani­umi). testirebisas obieqtidan gamoyofili Termo­luminescenciis raodenoba mecnierebs saSualebas aZlevs, gamoiTvalon misi asaki im SemTxvevaSi, Tu cnobilia, ra saxis radiacias iRebda igi garemodan (magaliTad, niadagi Tixis qoTnis povnis adgilas).

Termoluminescenturi daTariReba efeqturia uZvelesi keramikis, aguris, kramitis, terakotisa da maRal temperaturaze damzadebuli sxva obieqtebis daTariRebisas. am meTodis gamoyeneba SeiZleba, agreTve gamomwvari kaJis iaraRis, keris qvebis, lav­isa da laviT dafaruli sagnebis, meteoritebisa da meteoris kraterebis dasaTariReblad.

daTariReba eleqtronuli spinuri rezonan-sis saSualebiT. eleqtronuli spinuri rezonansi iseve, rogorc Termoluminescenturi daTariReba, aRricxavs garemomcveli radiaqtiuri garemodan mierTebuli eleqtronebis raodenobas, magram Ta­vad meTodi gansxvavebulia. dasaTariRebel masalas gaatareben cvalebad magnitur velSi da pouloben sacdeli masalis mier STanTqmuli mikrotalRebis speqtrs. eleqtronuli spinuri rezonansis meTodi gansakuTrebiT mosaxerxebelia organuli masalis (Zvali, niJara) dasaTariReblad, radgan ar saWiroe­

bs gaTbobas, rac masalisTvis SeiZleba damRupveli aRmoCndes.

paleomagnituri daTariReba. nebismieri mTis qanis formireba miwis uZveles magnitur velze kvals tovebs. Tu am informacias davamatebT imasac, rom dedamiwis magnituri veli bevrjer Seicvala, mi­vxvdebiT, rom kldeebze SemorCenili geomagnituri velis diagramebis daxmarebiT SesaZlebelia kldee­bSi arsebuli ganamarxebuli masalis daTariReba. paleomagnituri daTariReba kldeebis asaks maTSi arsebuli geomagnituri velis diagramebis Tanmim­devrobis mixedviT adgens. paleomagnituri meTodi absoluturi daTariRebis meTodi ar aris, magram drois geomagnituri periodebi absoluturad aris daTariRebuli qvemoT aRweril (kalium­argonis) daTariRebasTan dakavSirebiT. paleomagnituri da­TariRebis saSualebiT SesaZlebeli gaxda primatebis naSTebis daTariReba eocenidan moyolebuli mioce­namde, romelTa asakia 55 milioni wlidan 5 miliard wlamde.

dedamiwis magnituri veli ara marto icvleba, ar­amed misi polusebic mudmivad (Tumca nela) icvlis mdebareobas. dadgenilia Crdilo polusis gadaadg­ileba uaxloes warsulSi, rac arqeologebs zogi­

3�

Tanamedrove gamokvlevebi da problemebiarsebobs Tu ara evoluciaSi sworxazovani mimarTulebebi?

1800­iani wlebis bolos, anTropologiis ganviTarebis adreul safexurze, eduard tailorisa da henri morganis msgavs Teoretikosebs Soris gavrcelebuli iyo Sexeduleba, rom kultura viTardeba erT­gvarovani, progresuli meTo­diT. iTvleboda, TiTqos sazogadoebaTa umetesoba gan­viTarebis erTnair safexurebs gadioda da sabolood msgavs Sedegs aRwevda. adre evolu­ciis mkvlevrebs egonaT, rom evropeli da evropuli warmo­Sobis kulturis qveynebi evo­luciis umaRles safexurze, sxva danarCeni kulturebi ki ufro dabal safexurze idgnen. istoriuli partikularizmis skolis TvalsaCino warmomad­geneli franc boasi uaryofda azrs, rom adamianTa kulturebs universaluri kanonebi mar­Tavda. istoriuli partiku­larizmis warmomadgenlebi amtkicebdnen, rom kulturuli niSan­Tvisebebi im gansazRvru­li sazogadoebis konteqstSi unda Seswavliliyo, romelSic warmoiSvnen. boasi xazs usvamda, rom aucilebeli iyo, rac Sei­Zleba, meti monacemis Segrove­ba calkeuli sazogadoebebis Sesaxeb, rac anTropologiuri saqmianobis mTavar miznad iqca. Tumca, evolucionizmi adreul evolucionistebTan erTad ar momkvdara. magaliTad, 1960­ian wlebSi marSal salinsi da el­man servisi gamoyofdnen evo­luciuri procesis or tips: specifikuri evolucias, ro­melic gansazRvrul sazoga­doebaSi mimdinare gansazRvrul cvlilebebs exeboda da zogad evolucias. zogadi evolu­cia exeba `umaRlesi~ formebis mTavar tendencias – gadaas­wros ufro `dabal~ formebs, magram ar gulisxmobs imas, rom yvela sazogadoeba `umaRlesi~ formebisken moZraobis pro­cesSi zustad erTsa da imave safexurebs gadis. miuxedavad amisa, anTropologebi didad ar iziareben sworxazovani evoluciis ideas, iqneb _ imis gamo, rom es idea jer kidev aso­cirdeba evropelebis upirate­sobis TeoriasTan, romelsac

40

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Date in years before present

10,000 12,000 14,000 16,000

Rsq = 0.2412

adreuli evolucionistebi amtkicebdnen. magram Tu kaco­briobis istorias Tvals ga­vadevnebT, davinaxavT, rom zogi ram myari TanmimdevrobiT icv­leba. magaliTad, mosaxleoba gaizarda, teqnologia garTul­da da adamianTa umravlesoba saxelmwifo sazogadoebebSi cxovrobs. aSkaraa, rom arse­bobs kulturuli evoluciis garkveuli sworxazovani mimar­Tulebebi. asea Tu ara? rogor gavarkvioT?

am saxelmZRvanelos mesame avtori (piter peregrini) am sakiTxs kroskulturuli kvle­vis kuTxiT miudga. man gadaw­yvita, daedgina, sayovelTaod ganviTarda Tu ara droTa ganma­vlobaSi kultura. amisTvis mas sWirdeboda kulturaTa jgufi, romelic asaxavda dedamiwaze arsebuli yvela kulturis gan­viTarebas xangrZlivi drois manZilze. sabednierod, orive maTgani arsebobda. kulturis ganviTarebis donis sazomi Se­muSavebuli iyo anTropolog jorj piter merdokis mier im gansxvavebaTa Sesaswavlad, rom­lebic cnobili eTnografiuli kulturebis ganviTarebaSi ar­sebobda. sazomi emyareba kul­turis aT sxvadasxva damaxasi­aTebel niSans. maT Soris aris: teqnologia, ekonomika, poli­tikuri sistema, mosaxleobis simWidrove da a.S. peregrinma amocana gaamartiva, rom ufro mosaxerxebeli gamxdariyo ar­qeologebisTvis cnobili kul­turebisaTvis gamosayeneblad da Semoifargla Zveli samyaros

im kulturebiT, romlebic ~ar­qeologiuri tradiciebis mi­moxilvis~ mixedviT TxuTmeti aTas welze metis ar iyo. man gazoma kulturaTa ganviTa­rebis done ~preistoriis encik­lopediaSi~ mocemuli informa­ciis mixedviT.

peregrinma moipova imisi Zlieri mtkicebuleba, rom kul­turaTa regularuli ganviTa­reba daiwyo TxuTmeti aTasze meti wlis win. am CarCoSi mo­Tavsebul suraTze es tenden­cia grafikulad aris gadmoce­muli. horizontalur skalaze aRniSnulia kulturaTa Tari­Rebi, dawyebuli Cveni droi­dan (marcxniv), xolo marjvniv gadaadgilebisas mivdivarT warsulisaken. vertikalur ska­laze moTavsebulia kulturis sirTulis maCvenebeli qulebi. suraTidan aSkarad Cans, rom drois msvlelobasTan erTad kulturis sirTulis qulebi matulobs. ra Tqma unda, aseT matebas statistikurad didi mniSvneloba aqvs, Tumca isic gasagebia, rom es zrda ar SeiZle­ba sayovelTao iyos. zog kul­turas qulebis dabali maCvene­beli hqonda warsulSi, zogs ki dabali maCvenebeli dRes aqvs. es imas niSnavs, rom yvela kul­tura erTnairad ar icvleba. magram cifrebi gviCvenebs, rom droTa ganmavlobaSi kacobrio­bis kulturas zogadad ganvi­Tarebis tendencia aqvs. ratom? amaze pasuxs ver gagcemT, magram Cveni azriT, es SesaniSnavi kiTx­vaa, romelze dafiqrebac namd­vilad Rirs am wignis bolomde wakiTxvis Semdeg.

damokidebuleba kulturis ganviTarebasa da dros Soris. ganviTarebis skala

TariRebi wlebis mixedviT dRemde. kulturaTa ganviTarebis masStabi droTa ganmavlobaSi gaizarda.

40

erTi arqeologiuri komponentis daTariRebis sa­Sualebas aZlevs. rodesac miwa, qva an liToni maRal temperaturamde cxeldeba, is dneba da misi Semad­geneli molekulebi dadamiwis magnituri velisken miemarTeba. gacivebis Semdeg molekulebi am mdgo­mareobaSi rCeba, ris Sedegadac Cndeba dedamiwis magnituri polusebisken mimarTuli isrismagvari warmonaqmnebi. rodesac arqeologi poulobs keras, sameTuneo Rumels, liTonis saxelosnos an sxva adg­ils, sadac miwa, qva an liToni dnobis wertilamde xurdeboda da Semdeg iqve civdeboda, SeuZlia am masalis nimuSi aiRos, zustad Caiweros misi mde­bareoba dedamiwis dRevandeli magnituri velis md­gomareobis gaTvaliswinebiT da Semdeg gazomos misi magnituri veli laboratoriaSi. gansxvaveba dedami­wis Tanamedrove magnituri velis mimarTulebasa da masalaSi dacul monacemebs Soris gamoiyeneba masa­lis dnobisa da gacivebis drois amosacnobad.

kalium-argonisa da argon-argonisdaTariRebis meTodebi kalium ­ 40 (40K) warmoad­

gens kaliumis radiaqtiur formas, iSleba dadgeni­li siswrafiT da warmoqmnis argon ­ 40(40Ar)­s. 40K-s daSlis periodis naxevari cnobili sididea, amitom SesaZlebelia kaliumis Semcveli masalis daTari­Reba imis mixedviT, Tu ra raodenobis 40Ar­s Seicavs 40K­s garkveuli raodenoba. kalium 40K­s daSlis pe­riodis naxevari Zalian grZelia – 1330 milioni weli. es niSnavs, rom kalium-argonis (K-Ar) daTariReba 5000 wlidan 3 miliard wlamde asakis nimuSebis da­TariRebisTvis gamodgeba.

K-Ar meTodi gamoiyeneba kaliumiT mdidari kldovani mineralebis dasaTariReblad, magram ar gamodgeba am kldeSi napovni ganamarxebuli bio­sisTvis. Zalian maRali temperatura, rogoric aris vulkanis amofrqvevis dros, masalidan arsebuli argonis srul gamodevnas iwvevs. amitom, argonis mTeli raodenoba, romelic radiaqtiuli kaliumis daSlis Semdeg grovdeba, pirdapir aris dakavSire­buli drois im raodenobasTan, romelic vulkanuri amofrqvevis Semdeg gavida. amgvari daTariReba Za­lze mosaxerxebeli iyo aRmosavleT afrikaSi, sadac vulkanuri amofrqvevebi xSirad xdeboda miocenis Semdeg, romelic 24 milioni wlis win daiwyo. Tu da­saTariRebeli masala kaliumiT mdidari ar aris, an garemos maRali temperaturis gamomwvevi movlenebi ar Sexebia, daTariRebis sxva meTodebi gamoiyeneba.

erT­erTi sirTule, rac K-Ar meTods sdevs Tan, aris is, rom kaliumisa da argonis raodenobebis gazomva sxvadasxva kldovani masalidan unda moxdes. mkvlevrebma unda gaiTvaliswinon, rom kaliumi da argoni erTi da imave fenis yvela nimuSSi erTnairi SemcvelobiT aris mocemuli. mecnierebma SeZles am problemis gverdis avla daTariRebis axali meTodis _ 40Ar­39Ar­is SeqmniT. 40Ar raodenobis gazomvis Semdeg birTvuli reaqtoris saSualebiT xdeba ar­gonis meore tipis _ 39Ar-is kaliumad gardaqmnA. ase, rom kalium­argonis Sefardebis dadgena ukve erTi da imave nimuSiT xdeba SesaZlebeli.

uranis rigis daTariReba ori tipis uranis – 235U da 238U­s sxva izotopebad (rogoricaa 230Th, Toriumi) daSla warmatebiT gamoiyeneba iseT Zeglebze, sadac Homo Sapiens (Tanamedrove adamiani) aRmoCnda, gansa­kuTrebiT ki iseT gamoqvabulebSi, sadac stalagmite­bi da kalcitis sxva formebi warmoiqmneba. imis gamo, rom gamoqvabulebSi mJonavi wyali, Cveulebriv, Sei­cavs urans da ara Toriums, kalcitis warmonaqmnebi iTviseben urans. urani sxva izotopebad (rogoricaa Torium­230, 230Th) daSlas cnobili siswrafiT iwyebs. swored am izotopebis raodenobis uranis izoto­

pebTan Sefardebas iyeneben ganvlili drois dasad­genad. Torium­uranis Sefardeba gamoiyeneba iseTi Zeglebis daTariRebisas, rogoric 300 aTasi wlis winandeli gamoqvebulebia, maTSi kalium­argonis meTodiT daTariRebisTvis aucilebeli vulkanuri qanebi dafiqsirebuli ar aris. evropuli gamoqvab­ulebis (germania, ungreTi da uelsi) binadari Homo sapiens­is daTariReba swored am meTodiT moxda. ar­sebobs uraniumiT daTariRebis sxvadasxva tipi, rac gansazRvruli izotopebis raodenobebis Sefarde­bas ukavSirdeba.

uranis gaxleCis meTodi uranis gaxleCis meTodi ganamarxebuli biosis absoluturi asakis dadgenis kidev erTi saSualebaa. K-Ar meTodis ms­gavsad, es meTodic ganamarxebuli biosis Semcveli depozitis Tanadroul mineralebs aTariRebs da warsulSi maRali temperaturis warmomSobi movle­nis (mag. vulkanis amofrqveva) arsebobas moiTxovs. Mmagram dasaTariRebel nimuSTa tipebi, rogoricaa, magaliTad, broli, mina da uraniT mdidari mravali minerali, ufro mravalferovania, vidre am meTodis gamoyenebiT aris SesaZlebeli. asakobrivi diapa­zoni, romelsac es meTodi, K-Ar meTodis msgavsad, moicavs, Zalze vrcelia _ 20­dan 5 miliard wlamde.

ras gulisxmobs uraniumis gaxleCis meTodi? is zemoT CamoTvlil meTodebs Soris umartivesia da gulisxmobs im xazebis anu bzarebis raodenobas, rom­lebic nimuSze uraniumis atomebis afeTqebis msgavsi gaxleCis Sedegad Cndeba. mecnierebisTvis cnobilia, rom 238U, uranis yvelaze gavrcelebuli izotopi, iSleba nela, magram mudmivi siCqariT. amgvar daSlas spontanuri gaxleCis forma aqvs da yoveli amgvari gaxleCis Semdeg nimuSze Cndeba imdenad patara bza­rebi, romelTa danaxva saTanado qimiuri damuSavebis Semdeg mxolod mikroskopiT aris SesaZlebeli. nimu­Sis asakis dasadgenad unda moxdes bzarebis raode­nobis daTvla da maTi Sefardeba nimuSis uranis Sem­cvelobasTan.

am meTodis gamoyeneba moxda samxreT afrikaSi, tanzaniaSi mdebare olduvais xeobis I Sris daTari­Rebisas, sadac adamianTa winaprebis adreuli naSTe­bi aRmoCnda. am meTodma daadastura K-Ar meTodiT miRebuli adrindeli gamoTvlebi, romlebic Zeglis asaks daaxloebiT 2 milioni wliT gansazRvravda. is, rom uranis gaxleCisa da K-Ar meTodebi sxvadasxva teqnologias iyeneben da Secdomis sxvadasxva xarisxi aqvT, maT mier erTmaneTis Semowmebis saSualebas iZleva. rodesac ori meTodi erTi mizniT moqmedebs, Sedegad sando informacias viRebT.

sxva meTodebi daTariRebis zemoT CamoTvlili meTodebi arqeologiasa da anTropologiaSi yvelaze gavrcelebulTa ricxvs miekuTvneba, magram arsebobs mravali sxva meTodic. amasTan, yoveldRiurad axali meTodebi iqmneba. magaliTad, obsidianis qvis iara­Ris daTariReba zog SemTxvevaSi qvis Txeli fenis (hidraciuli fenis) mixedviT xdeba, romelic droTa ganmavlobaSi zedapirze mdebare da haeris zemoq­medebis qveS arsebul obsidians faravs. Sesabamisad, uZvelesi adamianis kedlis mxatvrobac (kldeze Ses­rulebuli) da kldeze nakveTi an nakawri figure­bic, xSirad patiniT ifareba. Zvlebis daTariReba zogjer dnm­is daSlis siCqaris (romelic, rogorc radiaqtiuli izotopebis daSla, temperaturisa da tenianobis stabilur pirobebSi dadgenili wesiT mimdinareobs) gazomvis safuZvelze xdeba. es da mra­vali sxva meTodi arqeologebsa da paleoanTrop­ologebs daTariRebisTvis saWiro iaraRis arCevanis did saSualebas aZlevs.

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arqeologiuri kvlevis Sedegebi

ra unda gaakeTon arqeologebma da paleoanTro­pologebma kvlevis procesis dasrulebis Semdeg? ra aris arqeologebis mTavari mizani? qvemoT mocemu­lia ramdenime pasuxi am kiTxvebze.

arqeologiuri kvlevis erT­erTi mizania, mogvces warsulis aRweriloba an scados misi rekonstruqcia. am wignSi ganxiluli sakiTxebis umetesoba swored am mizans emsaxureba. arqeologebi cdiloben, aRadgi­non, rogor cxovrobdnen adamianebi garkveul dros, Tu adgilas da rogor icvleboda maTi cxovrebis stili. maTi interesis sagania, agreTve, mocemul adgilze sxva kulturebis Semosvla da arsebuli kulturebis gadaadgileba. sxvadasxva kulturaTa istoriis Camoyalibebas da droTa ganmavlobaSi maTSi momxdar cvlilebebs kulturis istoria ewo­deba. 1950­ian wlebamde swored kulturis istoriis Seswavla iyo arqeologebis ZiriTadi mizani.

arqeologiuri kvlevis meore ZiriTadi mizani, gansakuTrebiT ki 1950­iani wlebis Semdeg, adamianis evoluciisa da saqmianobis Sesaxeb sxvadasxva Teor­iis Seswavla da gadamowmeba gaxda. arqeologebis interesis sferoSi momxdari es cvlileba, nawilo­briv, gamoiwvia warsulis Sesaxeb codnis gafarTove­bam – moxda kulturis istoriis Seswavla mraval sxvadasxva teritoriaze. garda amisa, es cvlileba anTropologiis winsvlamac ganapiroba. 1950­ian wlebamde amerikul anTropologiaSi dominirebda mimdinareoba ~istoriuli partikularizmi~, ro­melic adamianTa Soris kulturul sxvadasxvaobas gansazRvrul kulturebSi momxdari specifikuri istoriuli movlenebiT xsnida. istoriuli parti­kularizmis msgavsad, kulturis istoriis mizanic istoriuli movlenebis Seswavla iyo.

1950­iani wlebis Semdeg anTropologiaSi gaCnda axali mimdinareobebi, romelTa umetesoba iziareb­da azrs, rom kulturaTa sxvadasxvaobis mTavari mizezia garemo pirobebi da adamianis mier maTi gam­oyeneba. arqeologia gaxda gasaRebi imis gasagebad, Tu rogor moqmedebda cvlilebebi adamianze. hipo­TezaTa gadamowmebisa da garemo pirobebis gamoy­enebis Seswavlis erT­erTi mimarTuleba iyo gamokv­leva sasoflo­sameurneo kulturebis warmoSobis Sesaxeb, romelsac ganvixilavT kvebis produqtebis warmoebisa da erT adgilas damkvidrebisadmi miZ­Rvnil TavSi. meore mimarTuleba iyo qalaqebisa da saxelmwifoebis warmoSobis Seswavla. maTma warmo­Sobam radikalurad Secvala adamianis mier garemos gamoyenebis adre arsebuli wesi. am sakiTxs wignSi calke Tavi eZRvneba.

hipoTezebis gadamowmebis garda, arqeologias gansakuTrebuli roli aqvs _ adamianis kulturuli da bilogiuri evoluciis ZiriTadi mimarTulebebi­sa da kanonzomierebebis identificireba da axsna. rogorc wina TavSi vimsjeleT, kulturaTaSorisi gamokvlevis mizanic es aris. magram mxolod arqeo­logias SeuZlia drois ganWvreta da evoluciuri mim­dinareobebis uSualod Semowmeba. CarCoSi ~arsebobs Tu ara evoluciaSi sworxazovani mimarTulebebi?~ gadmocemulia mosazreba, rom arsebobs erTaderTi gza, romliTac arqeologias amgvari xangrZlivi tendenciebisTvis Suqis mofena SeuZlia. am wignis momdevno TavebSi Tvals mivadevnebT adamianisa da kulturaTa evoluciis process maTi saTaveebidan moyolebuli. rogorc davinaxavT, paleoanTropo­logia aqcents swored xangrZliv tendenciebsa da kanonzomierebebze akeTebs, raTa dagvexmaros imis garkvevaSi, rogor da ratom gavxdiT iseTebi, rog­

orebic dRes varT. am mizniT arqeologia da paleo­anTropologia erToblivad cdiloben, upasuxon anTropologiis yvelaze mniSvnelovan kiTxvas: ras niSnavs iyo adamiani?

1. warsuls masalis oTxi ZiriTadi wyaros saSuale­biT Seiswavlian. esenia: artefaqtebi, ekofaqtebi, ganamarxebuli biosi da komponentebi.

2. Zeglebi aris adgilebi, sadac warsulis naSTe­bia aRmoCenili da daculi. Zeglebis aRmoCena xdeba adgilis fexiT Semovlis da Soridan dak­virvebis meTodebiT. artefaqtebis, ekofaqtebis, ganamarxebuli biosisa da komponentebis miwidan amoReba xdeba gaTxrebis saSualebiT.

3. warsulis Sesaxeb informacia moipoveba Zeglebze arsebuli masalis analiziT. mniSvnelovan infor­macias iReben aRmoCenili nivTis zomis, formisa da Semadgenlobis Seswavlis Sedegad. Tavad masa­lis mopoveba Seswavlis TviTmizani ar aris. mniS­vnelovania is konteqsti, romelic arsebobs ar­tefaqtebs, ekofaqtebs, ganamarxebul biossa da komponentebs Soris da romelic arqeologebsa da paleoanTropologebs saSualebas aZlevs, war­suls Suqi mohfinon.

4. arqeologiuri masalis konteqstSi moTavseba xels uwyobs mis zust daTariRebas. am mizniT gamoiyeneba daTariRebis uamravi meTodi. Sedar­ebiTi daTariReba iTvaliswinebs arqeologiuri masalis daTariRebas msgavs, ukve daTariRebul masalasTan SedarebiT. absoluturi daTariRebis meTodebi arqeologiuri depozitebis an masalis damoukidebel daTariRebas iTvaliswinebs.

5. arqeologia iTvaliswinebs, rom kulturis isto­ria jer kidev Sesaswavlia da cdilobs, gadaamow­mos arsebuli hipoTezebi kulturuli cvli­lebebis Sesaxeb. misi mTavari mizania adamianTa fizikuri da kulturuli evoluciis Seswavla – rac am wignis mTavari mizanicaa.

sakontrolo kiTxvebi:

1. ratom aris konteqsti ase mniSvnelovani arqe­ologiur kvlevaSi?

2. ra saxis informaciis miReba SeiZleba qvis isris pirebidan?

3. ra faqtorebis gaTvaliswineba unda moxdes da­TariRebis meTodis SerCevisas?

Sejameba