* GB785513 (A)

Description: GB785513 (A) ? 1957-10-30

Improvements in electric cables for fire protection systems

Description of GB785513 (A)

PATENT SPECIFICATION 785,513 Date of Application and filing Complete Specification: March 1, 1956. Complete Specification Published: October 30, 1957 Index at accentance:-Classes 36, A 6 S; and 118 ( 1), D 7. International Classification:-GO Sd H 01 b. COMPLETE SPECIFICATION Improvements in Electric Cables for Fire Protection Systems We, MATHER & PLATT LIMITED, a British Company, of Park Works, Manchester, 10, do hereby declare the invention communicated by Grinnell Corporation, Providence, 1, Rhode Island, United States of America, a Corporation organised under the Laws of the State of Delaware, for which we pray that a patent may be granted to us, and the method by which it is to be performed, to be particularly described in and by the following statement: - This invention relates to improvements in cables suitable for use in an electrical rateof-rise fire protective system employing a Wheatstone bridge circuit, which responds to heat from a fire and actuates an alarm or sets in operation fire extinguishing agencies. One of the desirable features of a rate-ofrise fire protective system is that it is unaffected by slow variations of the ambient temperature of the air in the enclosure in which it is installed and responds only to rates of increase in that ambient temperature which exceed a predetermined rate This feature is desirable because it has been found that while space heating equipment and industrial equipment and even sunlight can achieve very high temperatures within the enclosure, they usually cannot effect a rate of temperature increase which approaches that produced by a fine. The rapid increase in air temperature typically produced by a fire can be utilised in rate-of-rise systems by exposing to it two electrical,

current-carrying conductors which are distributed in the enclosure and are so designed that their temperatures, and hence their resistances, are increased at different rates by the increase in air temperature A circuit which includes these conductors, together with other elements, and which is in electrical balance when the air temperature is not changing, can be arranged so that this difference in the rates of resistance change in the two conductors results in the flow of an unbalance current in certain of these other elements to actuate an alarm device Rates of temperature increase which are produced by the normal operation of such equipment or by sunlight will also cause the flow of 50 unbalance currents, but when the circuit is properly adjusted these are not large enough to give an alarm. Heretofore the conductors have been installed in the enclosure to be protected in 55 spaced relationship or simply twisted together so that both were equally exposed to a rising temperature and attained unbalanc E by having diverse thermal properties by reason of dissimilar materials, sizes 60 or degrees of insulation A cable according to the invention comprises a conducting core adapted to form one arm to the Wheatstone bridge circuit, and a wire or wires adapted to form another arm of the bridge circuit, 65 wrapped round and insulated from the core, so as to shield at least part of the core from exposure to the air in the region in which fires are to be detected, while being itself shielded from exposure to the air to a less 70 extent than the core. The conductors forming the cable may conveniently be identical in size, material and insulation The invention, however, is not limited to this feature but has others as 75 will be pointed out later. When the circuit of a rate-of-rise system is adjusted so that the rates of air temperature increase which will give alarms are relatively low and approach those rates pro 80 duced by the operation of space heating equipment or sunlight, the system is said to be very sensitive In other words if a fire should start a signal would be given while the fire was still very small Sensitivity, as 85 thus defined, is very desirable, but there is a limit to the degree of sensitivity which can be successfully employed Thus, while it is important that the circuit be sufficiently unbalanced to produce an alarm when the 90 No 6507/56. i A',,, i 1 785,513 rate of air temperature increase indicates the occurrence of a small fire, it is equally important that the circuit balance be restored quickly after the termination of air temperas ture increases which are not caused by a fire and accordingly do not produce signals individually If such restoration is not made quickly it might be found that a series of air temperature increases will build up a circuit signal condition even though any one of these

increases is insufficient for that purpose A rate-of-rise system is said to lack stability when circuit balance is not quickly restored. We have discovered that when the different rates of temperature and resistance change in the two distributed conductors are at least partially achieved by so forming these conductors into a cable that they are close together and one shields the other from changes in air temperature, system stability for any given degree of sensitivity is unusually good. We have further discovered that stability for any given degree of sensitivity is improved by compactly associating the distributed conductors so that heat can be readily exchanged between them. We have also discovered that system stability for any given degree of sensitivity is still further improved when, in addition to having one conductor shield the other in a cable comprising both, the shielded conductor is arranged so that it partially shields itself from air temperature changes and thereby contributes to the achievement of the different rates of temperature and resistance change in the conductors. We have also discovered that system stability for any given degree of sensitivity is even further improved when the distributed conductors comprising a cable have the same thermal capacity, and the entire difference in rates of temperature and resistance change therein is achieved in each instance by the shielding of one conductor by the other or by the other and by itself. In addition to having good stability, it is desirable that rate-of-rise systems employ distributed conductors which are as free as possible from variations throughout their lengths Such variations can be troublesome because they may either exaggerate the difference in the rates of conductor temperature and resistance change and cause a signal to be given when the air temperature increase is not caused by a fire, or they may detract from such difference and delay the giving of a signal when the air temperature increase is caused by a fire. We have discovered that when the entire difference in rates of conductor temperature and resistance change is achieved in each instance by the shielding of one conductor by the other or by the other and by itself, the conductors may be formed of identical wires with the result that variations throughout the conductor lengths are kept at a minimum. We have further discovered that the undesirable effects of those conductor varia 70 tions which do exist are minimised when the conductors are so arranged in a cable that they are doubled back therein one or more times, and if each such conductor is doubled back an odd number of times this arrange 75 ment has the additional

advantage that currents induced in the conductor by external magnetic fields cancel out and cannot unbalance the system. In rate-of-rise systems of the kind under 80 consideration it is desirable to employ for the distributed conductors wires which have low thermal capacities, because the temperatures and resistances of such wires are quickly changed by air temperature increases, 85 and a signal which should be given is given at the earliest moment In general wires of small size have low thermal capacities and therefore we prefer to employ them for the distributed conductors Such wires, however, 90 will not individually withstand rough treatment by installers. We have discovered that when the small size conductor wires are formed into a cable these wires are not easily broken or other 95 wise damaged with rough treatment. We have further discovered that when a cable is provided in which the conductors are doubled back one or more times the various strands of each conductor may be connected 100 together at the ends of the cable to cause some or all of these strands to be in parallel with each other This is advantageous because the resistance of the cable as a whole may be varied by such selective connections 105 to suit particular cable length requirements without having to alter the cable construction but merely by changing the cable and connections. Referring to the accompanying drawings: i 10 Figure 1 is a side elevation view of a portion of a form of the improved cable; Figure 2 is a diagrammatic view showing the cable of Figure 1 connected to other elements of a satisfactory circuit; 115 Figure 3 is a side elevation view of a portion of the preferred form of the improved cable; Figure 4 is a cross sectional view of the cable taken as on line 4 4 of Figure 3; 120 Figure 5 is a diagrammatic view showing how the various strands which form the two conductors of the preferred form of the cable may be connected at the ends of the cable: Figure 6 shows the preferred form of the 125 cable connected to the other elements of a circuit like that shown in Figure 2; Figures 7 and 8 show other ways of connecting the preferred form of the cable into satisfactory circuits; 130 785,513 Figure 9 is a diagrammatic view of another form of the improved cable shown with a portion of a circuit similar to that of Figure 2 to which it is connected; S Figure 10 is a diagrammatic view, similar to that of Figure 9 showing still another form' of the improved cable; and Figure 11 is a diagrammatic view similar to that of Figure 9, showing yet another form il O of the improved cable. Referring now more particularly to the drawings, the preferred form of the cable shown in Figures 3 to 8 comprises what may be termed a core and a helical wrapping The l 5 core consists of four wire strands 12

a, 12 b, 12 c and 12 d As a practical matter each of these strands of the core may come from a different wire spool when the cable is being made (though we prefer to use wire from the -20 same spool), but when a particular length of cable is installed in a rate-of-rise circuit some of the ends of the strands are so connected together that the core as a whole constitutes a single conductor which, in effect, has been J Sloubled back along itself three times The outer wrapping 14 consists of two strands 14 a and 14 b whose ends are connected together at one end of the cable so that the wrapping also constitutes one conductor :3 O which, in effect, has been wrapped along the core and then wrapped back in the spaces of the first wrap. Preferably all the wires are of the same size and material and are covered uniformly with the same insulation 16 The core strands 12 a, 12 b, 12 c and 12 d (hereinafter when reference numerals of the several wire strands are used they are to be taken as referring to the wire plus its insulating covering) are laid parallel, although it is within the scope of the invention to twist them somewhat along the axis of the cable about one another if desired The strands 14 a and 14 b of the wrapping wire 14 are wound helically around the core with sufficient tightness thereagainst to give appreciable firmness to the cable Nevertheless, the latter can be bent readily around and laid along such uneven supports as may be encountered where it is installed. The cable can be made up in one section or, if additional length is required, in several sections by connecting the corresponding strands of one such section to those of another However, when a cable of proper -55 length has been selected or made up from several shorter sections, it is necessary in the preferred arrangement, as has been previously indicated, to so connect the ends of certain strands that the cable as a whole constitutes two conductors 12 and 14 This manner of connection is shown in Figure 5. The left end of strand 12 aof the core 12 is shown free and its right end connected by a suitable connector 18 to the' right end of 657 strand 12 b The left end of the latter strand is joined with the left end of strand 12 c by another connector 20 The right end of strand 12 c is connected by a connector 22 to the right end of strand 12 d, and the left end of the latter is shown free Thus the strands 70 of the core, though perhaps made up in the cable from different spools, when connected as just described provide a single conductor from the left end of strand 12 a to the left end of strand 12 d 75 Similarly the left end of helical strand 14 b is shown free and its other, or right, end is connected by a connector 24 to the right end of strand 14 a Thus these two strands also provide a single conductor from the left end 80 of strand 14 a to the left end of strand 14 b.

There are undoubtedly a considerable number of circuits with which the improved cable may be associated to form a rate-ofrise system We have found none, however, 85 which are more satisfactory than those which operate on the principle of the Wheatstone bridge, and accordingly we have shown the preferred form of the cable in three such bridge circuits in Figures 6, 7 and 8 90Referring now particularly to Figure 6, the bridge circuit shown there has for two of its arms fixed resistors 26 and 28 connected together at a junction point 30 The remaining end of fixed resistor 26 is connected to 95 core strand 12 a of the cable at a junction point 32, and similarly the remaining end of fixed resistor 28 is connected to wrapped strand 14 a of the cable at a junction point 34 The cable's core strand 12 d and wrapped 100strand 14 b have their free ends, connected together at a junction point 36 A battery 38 or other source of electromotive force is connected between junction points 30 and 36 and a galvanometer relay 40 which can be 105 adjusted to respond to a current therethrough of any particular magnitude is connected between junction points 32 and 34. It will be seen from the diagrammatic showing of the cable in Figure 6 that the 110 core 12 constitutes a bridge arm connected between junction points 32 and 36, and the wrapping 14 also constitutes a bridge arm connected between junction points 34 and 36 As has been noted, the cable is distri 115 buted throughout the enclosure to be protected from fire The remaining circuit elements are customarily housed, as, for example, in a wall box. When the rate-of-rise system in Figure 6 is 12 a installed it is set for normal, or what may be called stand-by, conditions under which the bridge circuit is in balance This balance condition is attained by adjusting the resistance of one or more arms until no current 125 is flowing in the galvanometer 40 Thereafter if the air temperature increases in the neighbourhood of the cable the bridge will become electrically unbalanced and current will flow through the galvanometer The 130 785,513 higher the rate of air temperature increase the larger the galvanometer current, and the galvanometer is adjusted to respond and give a signal when the magnitude of current S through it indicates that the air temperature increase is caused by a fire. An increase in air temperature results in a galvanometer current because there is exposed to fluid currents a greater proportion of the etxernal surface area of the wrapping conductor 14 than of the core conductor i 2 thus causing the temperature of the former to increase at a faster rate than the rate of temperature increase of the latter Stated is another way the temperature, and hence the resistance, in the core conductor follows but lags behind the increasing temperature in the wrapping conductor As a result the ratio of resistances of

these two bridge arms whi h existed in the balance condition is changed by the air temperature increase, and if this ratio is changed enough, as it would be with a rapid air temperature increase caused by a fire, the galvanometer current is large enough to give a signal. The disposition of the core strands so that the conductor, in effect, partially shields itself contributes to the difference in rates of temperature increase in the two conductors for a given rate of air temperature increase. Since the shielding of the core conductor by the wrapping conductor and the shielding of the core conductor by itself are sufficient to achieve the different rates of temperature increase in the two conductors, we are not required to use wire in one conductor which has a different thermal capacity than the wire in the other conductor in order to achieve these different rates In fact, we prefer to use for the two conductors wires which have substantially the same thermal capacity, and, accordingly, we find that wires of the same material and size and having the same insulation are very satisfactory in the cable. In addition to having substantially the same thermal capacity, we prefer that the two conductors in the cable have substantially the same resistance for any given length of the cable itself One reason for So this preference is that the auxiliary circuits (not shown) usually associated with the main Wheatstone bridge circuit are simple and inexpensive when the distributed conductors have the same resistances As a practical matter these auxiliary circuits are necessary to give trouble signals in the event of broken wires, power failures and other mishaps. Furthermore, when the two distributed conductors have the same resistance it is possible to obtain properly paired commercial resistors for the two fixed bridge arms 26 and 28. In the preferred form of the cable we make the resistances of the two distributed conductors equal by using therefor wires identical in every respect and by so choosing the number of wrapping strands and the number of turns made thereby for a given number of core strands that in any selected section or in all of the cable the total length 7 Q of the wrapping strands will be approximately the same as the total length of the core strands. Figures 7 and 8 illustrate additional Wheatstone bridge arrangements employing 75 the improved cable Figure 7 is identical to Figure 6 except that the battery and galvanometer have been interchanged Figure 8 is identical to Figure 6 except that another length of the improved cable has been substi 80 tuted for the fixed resistances 26 and 28. Although it has been pointed out in the foregoing description of the preferred form c: the cable that the use of identical wires is

desirable, that the provision of a cable in 85 which the two conductors have the same length is also desirable and that doubling back of the conductors within the cable has advantages, it will be appreciated that the shielding of one conductor by the other may 90 be achieved in other arrangements, the most simple of which is shown in Figures 1 and 2. In these latter Figures the cable comprises a single strand core conductor 12 around which there is disposed by helical wrapping 95 another single strand conductor 14. Operation. Consider now the operation of the preferred form of the cable Good practice in the installation of electrical rate-of-rise 10 l systems dictates the proper lengths of the conductors which are to be distributed in a protected enclosure of any particular size. Assume, as an example, that such practice is observed when 400 feet of the preferred 10 $ form of the cable is uniformly distributed in a given enclosure. Assume, further, that this cable is located in the enclosure where electrical rate-of-rise conductors are usually located, that is, near _ 110 the ceiling If the cable is then connected into a bridge circuit such as that shown in Figure 4 and the bridge is balanced the system is ready to detect fires. When a fire starts somewhere in the en 115closure the air in the immediate vicinity of this fire is heated well above the normal room temperature, and convection currents promptly carry this heated air to other parts of the room including the parts where the 120 cable is located As would be expected with the cable uniformly distributed, the heated air does not arrive at all sections of the cable at the same instant, but instead first reaches only a small portion of the total length of 125 400 feet At this portion heat from the heated air initially flows into the wrapping conductor and into the core conductor through the spaces between the turns of the wrapping conductor strands Since the two conductors 130 ( L 785,513 have substantially the same thermal capacity c in this preferred form of the cable, the fact e that the wrapping conductor is more exposed c to the heated air than the core conductor a obviously causes its temperature and resist t I ance to increase faster than the temperature and resistance, respectively, of the core con e ductor E Though the conductor temperatures and c resistances are thus increased at different rates only over the portion of the cable en c countered by the heated air, an alarm will f be given if the difference in these rates at l this portion results in a sufficient difference t in the total conductor resistances for the en-1 tire cable. One advantage of the structure of the preferred form of the cable is

that the various strands of the two distributed conductors therein may be connected at the ends of the cable to achieve parallel arrangements of these strands rather than the series arrangement of the preferred form Several such parallel arrangements are possible including those illustrated in Figures 9, 10 and 11 and generally have the advantage that they enable us to provide longer cable lengths for a given circuit This is because the parallel connection of the strands makes the total resistances of conductors for a unit length of cable less than the corresponding resistances in the series connection of the preferred form These parallel arrangements may result in a decrease in sensitivity of the system, but in many installations the sensitivity afforded by use of the parallel arrangements, is entirely satisfactory. Referring particularly to the parallel arrangement of Figure 9 the left ends of strands 12 a and 12 b are shown connected together and to the junction point 32 Similarly the left ends of strands 12 c and 12 d are connected together and to the junction point 36. At the right end of the cable of Figure 9 strands 12 a and 12 d are connected together as are the remaining core strands 12 b and 12 c As to the wrapping conductor, the strands 14 a and 14 b thereof are connected in series at the right end of the cable as in the preferred form. In Figure 10 the strands of the core conductor 12 are connected as in Figure 9, but the wrapping conductor strands 14 a and 14 b are connected in parallel In this latter manner of connection it is convenient to so dispose the cable in the protected area that both ends of the cable terminate at the wall box or other mounting for the remaining elements of the circuit Thus in Figure 10 the cable itself is shown with its "remote" end returned to these elements so that the parallel strands 14 a and 14 b are connected directly to the junctionpoint-34 In Figure 11 the arrangement is the same as in Figure 10 as far as conductor 14 is oncerned, the strands thereof being in paralle, and in addition all of the strands of core onductor 12 are likewise in parallel In this arrangement it is again convenient to locate he cable in the protected area so that the 70 remote" end is returned to the other circuit lements, because with this disposition the parallel strands 12 a, 12 b, 12 c and 12 d may be lirectly connected to junction point 36. In any of the arrangements herein dis 75 closed of a cable embodying the inventive features extended lead-in wires may of course be used to connect the cable conductors to he other circuit elements When such extension lead-ins are employed their resist 80 Q ances should be small relative to the resistance of the cable conductors. One advantage of the invention is that system stability for any given

degree of sensitivity is very good when the distributed con 85 ductors are so arranged that they are close together and one shields the other from air temperature changes Formation of the conductors into a cable wherein one conductor is exteriorly disposed and the other is in 9 G teriorly disposed results in such shielding. By such close relationship of the distributed conductors with respect to each other heat exchange therebetween is facilitated to the extent that greater stability results for any 95 given degree of sensitivity The conductors need not have the same thermal capacity or comprise wires identical in all respects to realise that advantage if the conductor wires actually chosen operate properly with respect 100 to each other and the other parts of the rateof-rise system circuit when formed into a cable as above. Another advantage is that system stability for any given degree of sensitivity is still fur 105 ther improved when, the shielded conductor is arranged so that it partially shields itself from air temperature changes Doubling back of the shielded conductor along itself within the cable results in such an arrangement 110 Another advantage is that system stability for any given sensitivity is even further improved when the wires selected for the conductors have substantially the same thermal capacity, such wire selection being made pos 115 sible by the fact that the entire difference in rates of conductor temperature and resistance change in the presence of an air temperature increase may be achieved by the shielding of one conductor by the other or 120 by the other and by itself. Another advantage is that by forming the conductors into a cable installation is simplified and there is little likelihood that the individual conductor strands will be broken by 125 rough treatment. -Because the -wires -employed for the two conductors in our -improved cable can have the same, thermal capacity they can be identical in every respect It is an advantageto em 130 785,513 ploy such wires because they can be taken from the same spool and as a practical matter the chances of there being serious variations in the temperature coefficient of resistance at points therealong attributable to manufacturing errors are smaller when the wire employed for both conductors has been drawn through the same wire-making die. The variations above-mentioned which usually take the form of non-uniformity in wire diameter, are undesirable because they may result in the giving of a signal where no signal should be given or in the delay of a signal which ought to be given Thus is it may happen that a portion of one of the conductors has a wire diameter slightly greater than the wire diameter of the remainder of that conductor At the same time it may happen that the corresponding portion of the

other conductor has a wire diameter slightly smaller than the wire diameter of the remainder of that conductor It would follow that along these portions the ratio of resistances of the two conductors in the balance condition would differ from the ratio of the total resistance of the conductors Depending on whether this difference were in a direction to exaggerate or detract from the effects of heated air reachingthese portions simultaneously, a signal might be given where no signal was warranted or a proper signal might be delayed. Another advantage of the invention is that when the conductors are doubled back along themselves a number of times the undesirable effects of any variations along the wires thereof are further minimised Both conductors may be doubled back along themselves in the cable The larger the number of times each is so doubled back the more likely the variations will cancel each other out If each conductor is doubled back an odd number of times (so that there are an even number of strands of each conductor in any portion of the cable), there is the additional advantage that any current induced in one strand of a conductor by external magnetic fieldsis cancelled out by an equal opposite current induced in another strand of that conductor Consequently, the danger of false alarms caused by current's being induced in the distributed conductors is reduced. A further advantage of that form of the invention wherein a plurality of strands of each conductor are employed is that these strands may be variously connected at the ends of the cable in series of parallel arrangements or in a combination of these to achieve different characteristics without effecting the structure of the cable itself. It will be understood, of course, that while the cable arrangements particularly described hereinbefore have had certain definite numbers of strands for each conductor, larger or smaller numbers of such strands obviously may be provided without departing from the spirit of the invention. The following are values of an exemplary system that has been found very satisfactory using the preferred cable arrangement in the 7 G circuit of Figure 6 in a system in which the fluid surrounding the cable is air, it being understood, of course, that such values are merely illustrative and in no way are meant to limit the scope of the invention: 75 1 Cable length-400 feet 2 Conductor wire size, material and insulatioin-No 22 pure electrolytic copper with 1164 inch vinyl plastic insulation 8 s 3 Voltage on system of Figures 6-25 volts 4 Current through cable-1 O amperes Resistors 26 and 28 of Figure 6-25 ohms each 85 With this arrangement resistance of each distributed conductor is approximately 25 ohms.

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* GB785514 (A)

Description: GB785514 (A) ? 1957-10-30

Improvements in or relating to bucket-carrying wheels for excavating earthand the like

Description of GB785514 (A)

PATENT SPECIFICATION Date of Application and filing Complete Specification: March 26, 1956. 785,514 No 9350/56. A C E D Application made in Germany on July 18, 1955 Complete Specification Published: October 30 1957 Index at acceptance:-Class 68 ( 1), F 3 A 2. International Classification:-E 21 c. COMPLETE SPECIFICATION Improvements in or relating to Bucket-carrying Wheels for Excavating Earth and the like We, ORENSTEIN-KOPPEL UND LUBECKER MASCHINENBAU AKTIENGESELLSCHAFT, of Karlstrasse 60-92, Lubeck, Germany, a German Company, do hereby declare the invention, for which we pray that a patent may be granted to us, and the method by which it is to be performed, to be particularly described in and by the following statement:- Wheels for excavating earth and the like are known wherein a plurality of buckets are fixed one after the other on the body of the wheel, the interior whereof forms a chuteway down which the material dis1 S charged by the buckets slides laterally when the buckets are lifted to a considerable height, the material being deposited on to a conveyor belt arranged adjacent to the bucket wheel. Bucket wheels have also been proposed wherein the inwardly open buckets are secured to a pair of annular bodies Located within the

lower portion of the annular bodies is a cylindrical guide plate which, as the buckets ascend, prevents the material excavated by the buckets from being discharged therefrom When the buckets move beyond the upper end of the guide plate, the material falls into the interior of the bucket wheel and is delivered therefrom in different ways It has been proposed to employ a rotating plate arranged within the bucket wheel It has also been proposed to carry away the material which falls into the interior of the bucket wheel by means of belts disposed in the axial direction within the interior, or inclined with respect to the plane of rotation of the bucket wheel. The known bucket wheels have the disadvantage that, owing to the cutting pressure exerted thereon, the excavated material is forced against the walls of the buckets, so that the material adheres to such walls As a result, the discharge of the material carried up by the buckets is rendered difficult, especially where heavy loam or clay is being excavated Therefore the known types of bucket wheels can only operate at a relatively slow speed. The object of the invention is to obviate 50 the disadvantages of the known bucket wheels According to the present invention there is provided a wheel for excavating earth or the like, said wheel carrying a plurality of excavating buckets around the 55 rim thereof, wherein one or more, preferably two, cutting teeth are interposed between each of two successive buckets on each side of the wheel rim, the said teeth being so arranged that, during an excavat 60 ing operation, they can free the excavated material in advance of its engagement by, and entry into, the buckets Thus the material passes into the buckets without any substantial pressure being exerted thereon, 65 and accordingly the material does not adhere to the buckets The bucket wheel empties rapidly and can therefore rotate at high speed. In a simple constructional form of the 70 bucket wheel, the bases of the teeth on each side of the wheel lie in the same plane In this manner the bucket wheel can be of simple construction, since the teeth on each side of the weel, being situated one behind 75 the other in one plane, can be fixed to the wheel body A plurality of successively arranged teeth can advantageously be made in one piece This affords substantial rigidity and enables the teeth to be satisfactorily 8 s fixed to the wheel body, so that the working pressure is effectively taken up by the wheel body without difficulty. The cutting edges of the teeth can be disposed in, or substantially in, the plane of 85 rotation of the bucket wheel, or in a plane parallel thereto The cutting edges of the teeth are advantageously outwardly offset in the axial direction laterally beyond the bases of the teeth or the ring to which the 90 785,514 teeth are secured This renders it easier for the bucket wheel to swing laterally, since the

projecting teeth carry away the material, and pressure of the material against the side surface of the bucket wheel is thus prevented. The cutting edge portions of the teeth can advantageously be bent over outwardly in the direction of rotation This enables the teeth themselves to effect a satisfactory free cut In addition, the angled setting of the cutting portion of the teeth results in a lateral stressing of the material, so that the latter breaks off to the desired granular form During severing and breaking-off, the movement of the material is also accelerated towards the interior of the bucket wheel so that it is projected towards the middle of the buckets. If a plurality of teeth are employed, the cutting edge portion of each tooth immediately in front of a bucket expediently forms an angle of about 300 with respect to the plane of rotation of the bucket wheel. On the other hand, the cutting edge portion of each tooth immediately behind a bucket can form an angle of about 25 with respect to the plane of rotation of the bucket wheel. The different angular disposition of the cutting portions of successive teeth facilitates smooth guiding of the material to the buckets. The cutting edges of the teeth preceding the buckets can also be offset outwardly to a greater extent than the cutting edges of the other teeth The result of this arrangement is that when the bucket wheel pivots about its axis, the side surfaces of the buckets do not have to perform any cutting operation It is also an advantage that the teeth project in the radial direction to a further extent than the buckets Thus the upper edges of the buckets are not employed for cutting purposes. In addition to being provided with the front, preferably angled cutting portion, the teeth can also be carried by a support, this latter may expediently be disposed in the same plane as the bases of the teeth. The cutting edges of the teeth can be radially disposed In one advantageous constructional form, the cutting edges of the teeth are rearwardly inclined relatively to the radius as viewed in the direction of rotation. The buckets may be constructed in a variety of ways and they may be connected to a chute element It is advantageous to employ a bucket wheel wherein the chutes are arranged to be open towards the interior in order to deliver the material into the interior of the wheel. The side walls of the buckets, which are arranged as collecting plates, can be so formed at their front portions as to constitute cutters This ensures that the material coming within the range of the buckets can be severed The cutting edges of the side walls may project radially beyond the upper horizontal edges of the buckets This results

in the upper edges of the buckets being 70 freed from carrying out any cutting operation. The collecting plates of the buckets which are provided with cutting edges can be forwardly inclined in the direction of rotation, 75 thereby facilitating the collecting operation performed by the buckets For the same purpose, the side walls of the buckets can be inwardly inclined in the radial direction. This inclination of the side walls of the 80 buckets also facilitates the emptying operation, especially since the material in the buckets is continually kept in motion The side walls of the buckets can be disposed at an angle of about 60-70 to the horizontal 85 The buckets can also be so constructed that the upper edge of the collecting plates which are provided with cutting edges and which are arranged in advance of the buckets, is bent outwards in the forward 90 direction so that the side walls of the buckets form an obtuse angle with respect to the collecting plates which lead the buckets and which are provided with cutting edges In this manner the buckets can be given the 95 desired form and at the same time they can be provided with front collecting plates having cutting edges This arrangement also prevents a bridge of material from forming in the part in front of the buckets 100 The lower portion of the tooth fixed to the buckets is arranged in substantially the same plane as that of the heel or base of the preceding tooth, the cutting edge being inclined forwardly in the radial direction 105 The cutting and collecting plates of the buckets can be formed in various sizes and conveniently they are about half the length of the buckets. The upper or radially outer horizontal 110 edge of each bucket expediently merges, not in an arc but at an obtuse angle, into the upper edge of each of the associated collecting plates which are arranged in advance of the bucket and which carry cutters Material 115 is thus prevented from adhering to these parts. An intermediate wall can be interposed between the lower part of each side wall of each bucket and the rear wall of the bucket, 120 each intermediate wall being arranged at an angle of 450 with respect both to the lower part of the adjacent side wall and to said rear wall This provides a free space behind the bucket so that when the bucket wheel 125 is operating, the material can be cut by the tooth situated behind the bucket and moved towards the centre of the bucket wheel. As already indicated, the bucket wheel can be so constructed that the buckets slide 130 785,514 over a cylindrical guide element whose upper part is cut out so that the material conveyed can fall into the interior of the bucket wheel A rotating plate can also be arranged within the bucket wheel for the purpose of discharging the material. In the region where material is discharged from the bucket wheel, a

guide plate fixed to the jib of the bucket wheel is expediently l 10 arranged directly above the upper edge of the buckets This guide plate comes into contact with any material projecting above the upper edge of the buckets and diverts it into the buckets In order to facilitate a S guiding of the material, the front part and preferably also the side parts of the guide plate can be bent over upwards and outwards. The front end of the guide plate can :20 advantageously extend over the path of the buckets to a point before the zone in which the material is discharged, so that, as the bucket wheel moves, the motion of the material is already accelerated in the direc2,5 tion towards the discharge point. For a better understanding of the invention and to show how the same may be carried into effect reference will now be made to the accompanying drawings which illustrate diagrammatically one embodiment of the invention and in which:Figure 1 is a side elevation, Figure 2 a plan view, Figure 3 a sectional view of the bucket taken on the line A-A of Figure 1, Figure 4 is a sectional view of the bucket taken on the line B-B of Figure 1. Fixed to the shaft 1 of the bucket wheel, which shaft is mounted in a bucket wheel jib (not shown), is the body 2 of the bucket wheel to the rim whereof are fixed annular elements 3 and 5 to which the buckets 4 are fixed by fastening means, the annular elements 3 and 5 being spaced apart axially and disposed in substantially parallel relation to define, at opposite sides of the bucket wheel, side planes which are parallel to each other and to the plane of rotation of the wheel The buckets are formed with side :50 walls 6 which are inwardly inclined in the radial direction and the edges whereof merge into a back plate 7 The latter terminates at its front in the radially outer or upper edge 8 of the bucket Connected to the rear part 9 of each bucket is a lateral carrier 10 which connects the annular elements 3 and together and at the same time forms the rear end of each bucket 4 In the lower region this rear end of each bucket travels over a cylindrical guide plate 11 which, when the bucket wheel is operating in the direction indicated by the arrow 12, causes the material to be carried along by the buckets as far as the upper edge 13 of the cylindrical guide plate 11 and the material then falls at that point into the interior of the bucket wheel It is possible to arrange a rotating plate 14 within the bucket wheel which plate rotates about a shaft 15 and delivers the material from the interior of the 70 bucket wheel onto a conveyor belt (not shown) situated adjacent the bucket wheel. The side walls 6 of the buckets 4 are extended in the forward direction and form collecting plates 16 which are provided with 75 cutting edges and which are outwardly inclined obliquely in the

transverse direction. The front edges 17 of the cutting and collecting plates 16 are forwardly inclined with respect to the direction of rotation of the 80 wheel This ensures satisfactory filling of the buckets The collecting plates provided with the cutting edges project beyond the upper edges 8 of the buckets 4. Arranged at each side of the wheel be 85 tween each pair of buckets are teeth 18 and 18 a, the teeth 18 being disposed immediately behind a bucket and the teeth 18 a being disposed immediately in front of a bucket. The teeth 18, 18 a have front cutting edges 90 19 and 19 a respectively, which cutting edges are substantialy radially disposed Alternatively, the cutting edges 19, 19 a may be rearwardly inclined with respect to the direction of rotation The teeth 18, 18 a are 95 so constructed that, as shown more particularly in Figure 2, the cutting edges 19, 19 a are offset outwardly in the axial direction beyond the bases of the teeth, the teeth expediently being so arranged that the por 100 tions thereof formed with the cutting edges 19, 19 a are bent over into axially outwardly inclined positions so that the angle 21 between the cutting edge portions of each tooth 18 a and the adjacent side plane of the 105 bucket wheel, is greater than the corresponding angle 22 between the cutting edge portion of each tooth 18 and the adjacent side plane of the bucket wheel Preferably, the angle 21 is about 30 and the angle 22 110 can be approximately 20 to 25 . The cutting edges 19 a of the teeth 18 a immediately preceding the buckets can also be offset outwardly to a further extent than the cutting edges 19 of the other teeth 18 115 which immediately follow the buckets This ensures that the side walls 6 and the collecting plates 16 which are provided with cutting edges are not at all subjected, or only slightly subjected, to the pressure of 120 the material when the bucket wheel operates and moves pivotally. The successive teeth may expediently be formed in one piece in the interests of rigidity and satisfactory mounting 125 By the bending over of the portions of the teeth formed with the cutting edges 19 and 19 a, the material upon being encountered by such portions, becomes detached and is moved lateraly so that the material is 130 785,514 crushed and, in addition, is projected towards the centre of the bucket wheel. The teeth at each side of the bucket wheel are carried by heels or supports 23 and such heels or supports on each side of the wheel are disposed in co-planar relation The collecting plates 16 provided with cutting edges and disposed at opposite sides of the bucket wheel, do not project outwardly beyond the planes of the tooth heels 23. The side walls 6 of the buckets, which are inwardly inclined in the

radial direction, may advantageously form an angle of 60 to 70 ' relatively to the horizontal As a result, the material which is kept in constant movement in the buckets is held together and is fed in a suitable form towards the discharge point. The upper edges 24 of the collecting plates 16 which precede the buckets a-d which are provided with cutting edges, may be bent forwards and outwards so that the side walls of the buckets form an obtuse angle with respect to the collecting plates which precede the buckets and which are provided with cutting edges (as shown more particularly in Figure 4). The collecting plates 16 having cutting edges are approximately half the length of the buckets 4 Arranged above the bucket wheel is a guide plate 25 whose front end 26 is bent over outwards and upwards and projects beyond the edge 13 of the inner chute 11 The side edges 27 of the guide plate 25 are also bent over outwards and upwards and are adapted to the inclination of the top edges 24 of the collecting plates 16 which are provided with cutting edges. The guide plate 25 is situated immediately above the upper edge 8 of the buckets 4. The guide plate is resiliently fixed to the bucket wheel jib The guide plate 25 and its side surfaces 27 remove the material which may project beyond the upper edge of the buckets and laterally projects any such material towards the interior of the bucket wheel This ensures that the material can be discharged from the buckets without difficulty. As shown in Figure 3, each side wall 6 merges, at the rear part of the bucket, at an angle of about 450 with an intermediate wall 28 which in turn again merges with the rear plate 7 at an angle of 45 ' The spaces behind the ends of the buckets are kept free so that, as the buckets rotate, the material cut by the following teeth can fall towards the middle. As will be seen from Figure 3 at the front part the side walls 6 of the buckets merge CO with the rear plate 7 at an angle. The construction provided by the invention affords the advantage that the material will not adhere to the buckets and thus can fall therefrom rapidly For this reason, the bucket wheel can be rotated at a relatively high speed, substantially greater than the rotational speed normally employed in known apparatus Likewise, by virtue of the arrangement of the guide plate the discharge of material is accelerated, and this further 70, contributes to the ability of the speed of rotation of the bucket wheel being increased. The guide plate 25 can be mounted in such manner as to be resiliently movable in the circular plane of the bucket wheel 75

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* GB785515 (A)

Description: GB785515 (A) ? 1957-10-30

Improvements in safety-pins

Description of GB785515 (A)

PATENT SPECIFICATION 785,515 No 9917/56 Application made in Germany on April 2, 1955 Complete Specification Published: October 30, 1957 43, RI. -A 44 b. COMPLETE SPECIFICATION Inprovements in Safety-pins I, REINHOLD HOLZE, of 23, Eylauerstrasse, Berlin SW 61, Germany, a German National, do hereby declare the invention, for which I pray that a patent may be granted to me, and the method by which it is to be performed, to be particularly described in and by the following statement:- This invention relates to a safety-pin. Safety-pins are pins which offer a safeguard against accidental displacement of the pin shank from an associated catch, the latter enclosing the end of the pin to prevent annoyance from pricks and accidental loss of the pin. Such known safety-pins consist substantially of a stationary leg carrying a catch in the form of a closing cap, and a movable leg made in one piece with the stationary leg and constituting a shank forming the pin proper, the latter being adapted to be hooked into the closing cap Conventional safety pins have hitherto been formed of a wire, one end of which is provided with a shallow catch or cap into which the point of the other leg, forming the pin, is inserted Such a

construction of safety-pin has the essential disadvantage that the point of the pin is only protected insufficiently and can easily be unhooked, and the projecting cap is troublesome and can often cause scratches It has therefore been proposed to provide the end of one leg with a fixed closing cap and to insert the point of the pin into this cap from one side, through a slot provided in said cap, so that a safety-pin was formed having flat surfaces on opposite sides It has been found, however, that the movable pin leg may also easily escape even from a cap of this form in consequence of tensile strains or of movements of the article to which the pin is fastened, so that said pin may be lost or may cause scratches. To avoid such disadvantages it has already been suggested to secure the point of the pin in the catch or cap by a locking member lPrice 3 s 6 d l displaceable on the stationary leg Thus, an elongated, coiled spring has, in one construction been wound, e g around the stationary leg, said spring serving for pressing a slide into the cap This construction, SQ however, was not successful because the spring, moving over the material into which the safety-pin was inserted, was compressed in consequence of unavoidable friction and hence released the locking slide, so that it 55 could not prevent the pin point from being pulled out Other suggestions have had the disadvantage that the locking members projected laterally from the plane of the pin, thereby assisting the undesired unlocking 60 According to the present invention, the leg of the safety-pin carrying the closing cap is provided with a locking member adapted to clamp itself and the pin within the locking cap by its own elasticity 65 According to a further feature of the invention the locking member may consist of a resilient ring wound e g of resilient wire, or of an exchangeable slide manufactured of resilient sheet-metal, and adapted to hold 70 itself within the closing cap by its own elasticity, thereby clamping and locking the point of the pin within said cap. The invention will be described further, by way of example, with reference to the 75 accompanying drawings, in which:Fig 1 is a side elevation of a safety-pin in the open condition, and having an elastic ring in accordance with the invention, Fig 2 is a similar elevation, but showing 80 the safety-pin in its closed condition, Fig 3 is a detail showing a pin provided with another embodiment of locking member comprising a slide consisting of elastic sheet-metal, 85 Fig 4 shows end views of two embodiments of said slide. The safety-pin shown in the drawings consists in known manner of a movable leg 1 made in one piece with the usual spring 90 Date of Application and filing Complete Specification: March 29, 1956. Index at acceptance:-Class International Classification:2 " 5,515 hinge 2 and stationary leg 5 The leg 1 is provided with the usual pin

point 3, while the leg 5 carries a closing cap or catch 4. An elastic ring 6, provided with some turns wound around the stationary leg 5, may slide along said leg 5 If the pin is closed. i.e if its point 3 is inserted into the cap 4 the ring 6 may be turned from the position shown in Fig 1 into that shown in Fig 2 and may be moved into the cap, within which it remains automatically in consequence of its elasticity, thereby locking the movable leg. Fig 3 and 4 show modified embodiments of slidable locking members Here the locking member consists of a slide 7 of elastic sheet-metal mounted on the leg 5 The side walls of the slide 7 may be flat, as in the upper part of Fig 4, or may be somewhat curved as in the lower illustration in Fig 4. These walls serve for elastically holding the slide in the closing cap after being moved into the closing position, thereby locking the point 3 of the pin or the leg 1 respectively.

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* GB785516 (A)

Description: GB785516 (A) ? 1957-10-30

Improvements in or relating to template switching arrangements for copyinglathes and like machines

Description of GB785516 (A)

ATENT SPECIFICATION Date of Application and filing Complete Specification: December 7, 1955. Application made in Switzerland on December 7, 1954 Complete Specification Published: October 30, 1957 7859516 No 35195/55, Index at acceptance:-Class 83 ( 3), D 4 A 3

(F:JI:J 2:J 5), D 4 B 13. International Classilication:-B 23 b. COMPLETE SPECIFICATION Improvements in or relating to Template Switching Arrangements for Copying Lathes and like machines We, GEORG FISCHER AKTIENGESELLSCHAFT, a Company organised under the Swiss Laws, of Schafihausen, Switzerland, do hereby declare the invention, for which S we pray that a patent may be granted to us, and the method by which it is to be performed, to be particularly described in and by the following statement: This invention relates to a template switching arrangement for use with a copying machine, such as a copying lathe which employs a pair of alternately usable templates for regulating the characteristics of operations carried out on a workpiece. Generally, such lathes or like machines are provided with a pivotally arranged carrier on which the templates are arranged in spaced relation with respect to one another, such carrier being pivoted in one direction or another to position the templates alternately in operative relation to a feeler member controlling the cutting, turning or other action of the tool of the machine. A number of different constructions are already known, which effect swinging or pivoting of the template carrier in such a manner as to enable a plurality of cutting, turning or like operations to be performed one after the other on one and the same workpiece Such known arrangements are either manually actuated or they constitute parts of hydraulic or electric control means frequently used in combination with automatically operating multi-cut machines In all of these arrangements, however, the shifting of the templates occurs independently of the shape or form of the workpiece being machined. It is an object of the present invention to provide means facilitating variation of the operation of a copying lathe or like machine by means of a pair of templates of diverse contours in such a manner that the shift from one template, corresponding to one operation of the lathe tool or like t Price 3 s 6 d l element, to another template, corresponding to another operation of said lathe tool or like element, is effected substantially automatically upon retraction of the tool or like element from the workpiece 503 Another object of the present invention is to provide means ensuring complete safety. during shifting from one template of a multi-operation lathe to another, both for the tool of said lathe and for the workpiece 55 being machined thereby, thus reducing material wastage and production costs while enhancing the useful life of said tool, and to prevent accidental and undesired displacement of one template from its tool 60 regulating position and substitution of another template in such

tool-regulating position as long as the workpiece is being machined, yet to permit substantially automatic switching from one template to 65 another during interruptions in the machining operations in direct accordance with the shape or form of the workpiece and with the type of operation to be performed thereon. According to the present invention there 70 is provided a template switching arrangement for use with a copying lathe or like machine intended to perform successively two different turning or like machining operations on one and the same workpiece 75 in accordance with respective control contours of a pair of templates, the workpiece being repositioned in the machine between the operations, wherein the control contours of each template correspond to the contour 80 to be produced at a desired portion of the workpiece, there being a feeler arranged for operative connection to a movable tool holder of the machine, and arranged to engage one, or other of the templates, so as to 85 guide a tool, when the machine is operating, in such a way as to perform a machining operation at the desired portion of the workpiece, and wherein switching means is provided for moving, into an operation 90 lP controlling position, that one of the templates the contours of which it is desired to reproduce at said portion of the workpiece in the machine, there being sensing means, for sensing the position of a part of the workpiece operatively connected with the switching means, and arranged to actuate the switching means in dependence upon the position of said part of the workpiece in the machine. For a better understanding of the invention, and to show how the same may be carried into effect, reference will now be made to the accompanying drawings in which: Figure 1 is a diagrammatic front elevational view of a copying lathe, a workpiece, arranged thereon, being in a position for a first machining operation, Figure 2 shows the workpiece in a position for a second machining operation, Figure 3 is a diagrammatic illustration, partly in section, of a template switching arrangement, t 25 Figure 4 is a diagrammatic illustration of a modification of the arrangement shown in Figure 3, and Figure 5 is a diagrammatic illustration of a further modification of the arrangement. Referring now to Figures 1 to 3 of the drawings, there is shown in Figure 1 a copying lathe having standards or legs 1 and 2, an upper cross arm 3 and a bed 4, the latter supporting a carriage or saddle 6 arranged to be displaceable in a direction parallel to the axis of rotation 5 of a workpiece 10 The workpiece 10 is supported at one end of a headstock 7 by means of a chuck 9 and at the other end on a tailstock 8 longitudinally displaceable along the upper cross arm 3. A copying tool slide 11 is displacebaly mounted on the carriage 6 and supports a tool 12, e g a cutting or turning tool, displacement of the

tool slide 11 being effected by means of a suitable hydraulic or electric control system To this end, there is provided a feeler lever 13 connected at one end to a control valve (not shown) and provided at its other end with a feeler 14 for sensing the contours of one of two templates 15 and 25 (Figure 3), during longitudinal movements of the carriage 6. The templates 15 and 25 are held in a tiltable template holder or carrier 17, pivotally mounted, by means of oppositely extending pins or like pivots 16, in bearings (not shown) arranged in the standards 1 and 2. The template carrier 17 is arranged for pivotal or tilting movement between two operating positions for the templates 15 and 25, so that the feeler 14 can co-operate with either of the templates. As shown in Figure 3 a pump 18 is arranged to draw oil, or like pressure fluid, from a reservoir 19 and to feed the oil through a conduit 20 into a valve housing 21 A slide-valve member 22 is longitudinally and reciprocally displaceable in the housing 21, displacement of the slide-valve 22 being 70 effected, respectively, by electromagnets 23 and 24 arranged adjacent to opposite ends of the slide-valve. A tiltable lever 26, pivoted at one end and acting under the biassing force of a spring 75 27, extends into a groove or channel 26 ' formed in the slide-valve 22, and retains the slide-valve in either one of its two end positions to which it may be moved by the corresponding electromagnet 23 or 24 A 80 stop or abutment 28 located centrally within the valve housing 21 limits the extent of movement of the slide-valve 22. A conduit 29 leads from the valve housing 21 into one end of a cylinder 30 in which a 85 piston 32 is reciprocally displaceable A spring 31 bears on that face of the piston 32 which is remote from that end of the cylinder 30 into which the conduit 29 leads, and biasses the piston towards that end A 90 piston rod 33 is connected to the piston 32, and extends out of the cylinder 30 in a direction away from that end of the cylinder into which the conduit 29 leads, the end of the piston rod 33 remote from the cylinder 95 being connected to a bell-crank lever 34 oscillatably mounted on an axle 35 and connected to the tiltable template carrier 17 by means of a stud link 36. A switch housing 37 is arranged on the 100 upper cross arm 3 of the lathe and may be adjusted vertically and horizontally along the arm 3 by any suitable means (not shown). A guide rod 38 extends through the housing 37 and carries at its lower end an operation 105 sensing element constituted by a contact roller 39, the rod 38 being located vertically above the axis 5 of the workpiece 10 and being vertically displaceable relative thereto.

Also located in the housing 37 is a re 110 versible micro-switch 40 having an actuating element 40 ' which is displaceable by means of a cam surface formed on an abutment ring 45 fixed to the rod 38 and biassed toward the bottom of the housing 37 by a 115 spring 44 The micro-switch 40 constitutes one portion of the control or adjustment system for the templates, the system further including micro-switches 41 and 42, a relay 43 a and a relay-operated switch 43, all 120 capable of being operatively connected to the electromagnets 23 and 24, and to tche terminals of a power line. As may be seen from Figures 1 and 2, the workpiece 10 has a collar 46 and is to be 125 subjected to two different machining operations, diagrammatically represented by two boxes I and II outlined by heavy lines and arrows In the operation of the template switching arrangement described with refer 13 Q 785,516 785,516 ence to Figures 1 to 3, it will be assumed i that the operation I is to be carried out and that the operation II has just been completed on a previous workpiece The tool slide 11 :5 has been moved to its retracted position shown in Figure 3, but the tiltable template carrier 17 is still in a position (not shown) in which the template 25 is operatively located above or otherwise adjacent and aligned with the feeler 14. At this time the left-hand contact of the micro-switch 42 is closed, and the slide-valve 22 is in its right-hand position Concurrently, an abutment 47 provided on the tool slide X 5 11 has moved the micro-switch 41 to the left and closed it, thus energising the relay 43 a, as shown in Figure 3. The work-piece 10 is now placed into the position shown in Figure 1 As a result, the :20 contact roller 39, which senses the position of the workpiece relative to the tool, does not engage the collar 46, and the spring 44 biasses the abutment ring 45 and rod 38 downwardly in the housing 37, thus closing 2 S the left-hand side of the micro-switch 40. The roller 39 is located above the rotational axis 5 of the workpiece 10, but does not contact the latter (Figures 1 and 3). Accordingly, an electric circuit is completed from the positive terminal of the power line through the left-hand contact of the micro-switch 40, the coil of the electromagnet 23, the left-hand contact of the micro-switch 42 and the relay-operated -5 switch 43 to the negative terminal of the power line. The completion of this circuit energises the electromagnet 23 which draws the slidevalve 22 to the left, overcoming the biassing force of the retaining spring 27, so that oil is passed through the conduit 20, the valve housing 21 and the conduit 29 into the righthand end of the cylinder 30 to displace the piston 32 to the left against the force of

the spring 31 (the position shown in Figure 3). This causes a clockwise pivoting of the bellcrank lever 34 about the axle 35 and, accordingly, causes an anti-clockwise tilting of the template carrier 17 about the pivot -50 16 so as to bring the template carrier into the position shown in Figure 3, so that the template 15 is now located above (or otherwise adjacent to) the feeler 14. The retaining lever 26, due to the biassing force of the spring 27, now holds the slidevalve 22 in its newly attained position, while the micro-switch 42 is moved by the carrier 17 to the position shown in Figure 3. The tool slide 11 is then advanced, from the position shown in Figure 3, towards the workpiece 10, and the actuating element of the micro-switch 41 is released from the abutment 47 and moves to the right, thereby opening the micro-switch 41, de-energising the relay 43 a and opening the switch 43. Consequently, no current can now flow to the electronganet 24 and, since movement of the slide-valve 22 is prevented, accidental tilting of the template carrier 17 from its position is likewise prevented as long as the 70 tool slide 11 is in its working position, i e. during performance of the machining operation 1. The system, thus, acts as a safety arrangement which remains unimpaired even if 75 splinters, chips or other foreign bodies become lodged between the workpiece 10 and the contact roller 39. The machining operation I having been completed, and it being desired to perform 80 the operation II, the tool slide 11 is retracted to close the micro-switch 41, thus energising the relay 43 a and closing the switch 43 The workpiece 10 is now moved to the position shown in Figure 2, in which the collar 46 of 83 the workpiece contacts the sensing roller 39 and displaces the latter upwardly, simultaneously displacing the ring 45 upwardly against the force of the spring 44 in the switch housing 37 90 The actuating member 40 ' of the microswitch 40 is thus moved to the right by the ring 45 and closes the right-hand contact of the micro-switch 40 An electric circuit is now completed from the positive terminal 95 of the power line through the right-hand contact of the micro-switch 40, the coil of the electromagnet 24, the right-hand contact of the micro-switch 42 and the switch 43 to the negative terminal of the power line 100 The completion of this electric circuit energises the electromagnet 24 so that the slide-valve 22 is displaced to the right thus permitting the oil to be forced, under the action of the spring 31 on the piston 32, 103 from the cylinder 30, through the conduit 29, the valve housing 21 and the return conduit 20 ' into the reservoir 19 As the piston 32 and piston rod 33 move to the right under the action of the spring 31, the bell 110 crank lever 34 is pivoted in an anti-clockwise direction and tilts

the template carrier 17 in a clockwise direction to locate the template above the feeler 14. Simultaneously, the right-hand contact of 115 the micro-switch 42 is opened to de-energise the electromagnet 24 The lever 26 is now tilted to the right and, due to the biassing force of the spring 27, retains the slide-valve 22 in its right-hand position 120 As soon as the tool slide 11 is advanced towards the workpiece to initiate the operation II, the switch 41 is opened, the relay 43 a is de-energised and the switch 43 is opened. Thus it will be seen, as in the preceding 125 machining operation I, that as long as the tool slide 11 is in its advanced position and the workpiece 10 is being machined, accidental tilting of the template carrier 17 and consequent switching, or shifting, of term 130 785,516 plates in mid-operation are rendered impossible. Referring now to Figure 4 of the drawings, there is shown a modification of the switchS ing arrangement, in which the operationsensing element actuates an electric switch arrangement with the aid of which shifting or inter-changing of the templates may be electromagnetically effected For the purposes of simplicity, those elements of the system shown in Figure 4 which are identical with parts shown in Figures 1 to 3 bear the same reference numerals as those parts. A switch housing 50, which is vertically and horizontally displaceable along the upper cross arm 3 (not shown in Figure 4) of the lathe, supports a tumbler switch 51 which is connected to, and is actuable by a rocker 53 pivotal about an axis 52 At the start of the machining operation II, which is illustrated in Figure 4, the rocker 53 assumes the position shown due to the location, relative to the tool 12, of the collar 46 of the workpiece 10. The tool slide 11 is, at this moment, still in its retracted position (corresponding to the position shown in Figure 3) to which it was displaced when the workpiece was mounted between the chuck 9 of the headstock 7 and a spindle 56 of the tailstock 8, whereby the micro-switch 41 is closed by means of the abutment 47 The template 25 must now be brought to an operative position above the feeler 14. With the tumbler switch 51 in the position shown, an electric circuit is completed from the positive terminal of the power line through the right-hand contact 54 of the switch 51, the coil of the electromagnet 23 and the switch 41 to the negative terminal of the power line The connecting rod 33 ' (corresponding to the piston rod 33 in Figure 3) is moved to the left in Figure 4 by the electromagnet 23, and the template carrier 47 17 is thus tilted through the intermediary of the bell-crank lever 34 in a counter-clockwise direction to position the template 25 operatively adjacent to the feeler 14.

When the tool slide 11 is thereafter advanced towards the workpiece 10, the switch 41 is opened and the coil of the electromagnet 23 is de-energised The spring 27 holds the carrier 17 in its adjusted position Consequently, as long as the workpiece is being cut, turned or otherwise machined, accidental tilting or shifting of the template carrier 17 is prevented. It will be appreciated, by reference to Figure 4, that for the performance of machining operation 1, the workpiece 10 is re-arranged between the chuck 9 and spindle 56 in the manner shown in Figure 1 The rocker 53 will then be tilted in a direction opposite to that shown and, when the tool slide 11 is retracted, an electric circuit is completed from the positive terminal of the power line, through the left-hand contact 55 of the switch 51, the electromagnet coil 24 and the switch 41 to the negative terminal of the power line This will cause 70 the rod 33 ' to be drawn to the right, tilting the carrier 17 in a clockwise direction and disposing the template 15 operatively above, or adjacent to, the feeler 14 Here, too, as soon as the tool slide 11 is advanced, acci 75 dental shifting of templates is prevented. Referring now to Figure 5 of the drawings, there is shown a further modification of the arrangement which is substantially like that shown in Figure 4 but which is actuated in 80 response to the position of the tailstock spindle 56 The tumbler switch 51 employed in this modification is identical with that illustrated in Figure 4. In the modification shown in Figure 5, a 85 cam or abutment 58 is arranged on the tailstock spindle 56 for engagement with a switch 57 When it is desired to position the template 15 above the feeler 14 to carry out the illustrated machining operation I, the 90 tailstock spindle 56 is moved to a righthand position (not shown in Figure 5), whereby the switch 57 is closed by the abutment 58 provided on the tailstock spindle 56 The rocker 53 is positioned, as shown in 95 Figure 5, for the machining operation I, and closes the left-hand contact 55 of the switch 51. An electric circuit is thus completed from the positive terminal of the power line, 100 through the left-hand contact 55 of the switch 51, the coil of the electromagnet 24 and the switch 57 to the negative terminal of the power line The template carrier 17 is, therefore, tilted in a clockwise direction 105 through the intermediary of the connecting rod 33 ' and the bell-crank lever 34 so that the template 15 is moved into an operative position above the feeler 14 As before, the spring 27 retains the template carrier 17 in 110 its adjusted position. Upon subsequent movement of the tailstock spindle to the left, into the position shown in Figure 5, to support the workpiece 10 for

turning or cutting by the tool 115 12, the switch 57 is opened and the circuit broken Again, it is not possible, by virtue of the action of the safety arrangement, to shift the template carrier 17 as long as the workpiece 10 is gripped between the head 120 stock and the tailstock of the lathe. Should it now be desired to carry out machining operation II, the spindle 56 is again retracted to close the switch 57 Upon tilting of the rocker 53, in response to the 125 location of the collar 46 of the workpiece 10, to a position such as shown in Figure 4, the coil of the electromagnet 23 will be energised, by closing of the right-hand contact 54 of the switch 51, to shift the template 130 ' J 785,516 to its operative position above the feeler 14 Thereafter, gripping of the workpiece between the chuck 9 and spindle 56 will prevent accidental displacement or shifting of the template carrier 17 due to the opening of the switch 57.

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* GB785517 (A)

Description: GB785517 (A) ? 1957-10-30

Improvements in or relating to sash construction

Description of GB785517 (A)

PATENT SPECIFICATION Inventor: THEODORE HAUCK i Rt, Date of Application and filing Complete Specification: Dec 9, 1955. tJ D No 35492/55. Complete Specification Published: Oct 30, 1957. Index at acceptance:-Class 20 ( 3), D 2, J( 1 X: 2 D: 2 J). International Classification:-E 04 f.

COMPLETE SPECIFICATION Improvements in or relating to Sash Construction We, GENERAL BRONZE CORPORATION, a corporation, organised under ithe laws of the State of New York, United States of America, of Stewart Avenue, Garden, City, Long Island S New York, United States of America, do hereby declare the invention, for which we pray that a patent may be granted,to us, and the method by which it is to be performed, to be particularly described in andi by, the following statement: - This invention relates to a sash and weather sealing construction for metallic windows, particularly of the extruded aluminum type. An object of the invention resides in, the 1 S combination of a sash rail and weather sealing member that are so constructed and' related that an effective weather seal will be provided throughout the length of the rail and which will be protected against distortion and the accumulation of foreign matter such as rain, snow or ice between the weather sealing member and the rail. The matter of weather sealing windows, especially those of the type wherein there are relative sliding movements between the sash and the frame, would seem to be relatively simple but actually it is an ever existing problem as attested' to by the numerous patents that have been granted on inventions directed' to the solving of the problem The problem exists because of the need to provide a tight seal between the sash and' the frame which will be effective under all conditions of weather and all wind, pressures and quick changesl of pressures and yet will permit the easy operation of the sash in the frame. The present invention, taking these two factors into consideration, provides an effective weather seal which is protected against inoperativeness under all weather conditions and which will permit the easy sliding of the sash from one position to another. Further, the weather strip and rail are so inter-connected that the strip need not be secured to the rail by screws or other equivalent means, which results in a strip that while effectively connected to the rail, has, nevertheless, spliccd a sliding, floating or adjusting movement on the rail. In accordance with one aspect of the present invention there is provided', in a sliding window construction including a frame having header, sill and jambs each of which is provided with spaced flanges forming sash receiving channels and having sashes comprising upper and lower horizontal and vertical side rails extending into and mounted to slide in said channels, the improvement which comprises a weather sea'ing and 'sash centering device carried by at least one of said rails and movable with the respective sash, said device including a resilient member substantially Ushaped in cross section and extending substantially the full length, of the sash rail by which it is

carried, said resilient member comprising a base portion secured to said last mentioned rail member, leg portions extending across the faces of said last mentioned rail in spaced relation thereto and located between said last mentioned rail and said flanges on said frame, the edge portions of said leg portions being bent back upon themselves to form shoes, seats for said shoes in the adjacent faces of said last mentioned rail member of said sash extending substantially the full length of said last mentioned rail and of greater width than the length of said shoe portions to permit movement of the latter transversely of said last mentioned rail. Among the advantages attained' by the weather sealing and sash centering device herein described over the prior art are that the legs of the U-shaped resilient member center the sash between, the flanges on the frame and seal against the weather between the legs, themselves and said flanges Furthermore, the mounting of the edges of the legs in the seating grooves of the sash in such a manner that they are freely movable transversely of said grooves ensures a constant contact between the weather strip and the sash regardless of the movement of the sash inwardly or outwardly under air pressure or otherwise. In the accompanying drawing: 7 X 55517 b C 2 Figure 1 is an elevation of a window, partly broken away, illustrating the position of the weather sealing members on horizontally slidable sashes, Figure 2 is a section, enlarged, on line 2-2 of Figure 1; and Figure 3 is an enlarged view of a portion of a weather sealing member. In the drawing the window frame is indicated by the reference character F and the sashes by the characters S and S-1, the sashes being horizontally slidable in the frame. The frame F, illustrated, is provided with flanges 10 and, 12 which, with the parting bead 14, provide channels 16 and 18 for the reception of the sashes. The upper and lower horizontal rails of the sashes slide in the channels 16 and 18 of the header and of the sill of the frame as they are moved horizontally The side rails of the sashes S and S-1 i enter and are withdrawn from the corresponding channels of the vertical side members of the window frame Thus the weather sealing members are subjected to the action of different types of forces in normal windowv operations, one of the forces being developed, by, the sliding of the sashes in the horizontal channels 16 and 18 and another by the entry into and withdrawal of the side rails of the sashes into and from the correspcnding vertical channels of the frame. The horizontal and vertical sash rails, one of which is indicated by the reference character R, are preferably of extruded aluminum, and are adapted to enter into and slide within the channels 16, and 18,

between ribs 20 that extend the lengths of the frame members. Each sash rail R is preferably substantially U-shaped in cross-section, comprising a base member 22 and side flanges 24 which are substantially coextensive. Each, of the flanges 24 is provided with depressed seats or grooves 26 that are substantially coextensive, longitudinally, with the sash rail. The sash rails carry weather sealing members designated, generally, by reference characters WS Each of these members is trough-like in form and is generally U-shaped in crosssection, an ld is substantially coextensivelongitudinally with the sash rail These weather sealing members are, preferably, of stainless steel and are resilient. The sealing members WS embrace the base 22 and the flanges 24 of the sash rail The base 28 of the sealing member WS is secured if desired,, to the face of the sash rail R by suitable means, such as screws 30, adjacent the ends of the rail which screws may also be used to secure the rail ends together When so secured, the intermediate portion of the weather sealing member may be free so that upon movements of the sash it will adjust itself to the unevenness in the frame The screws, may, at times, be dispensed with The side walls 32 of the members WS are joined to the base 28 by connector portions 34 that join the base 25 on lines spaced beyond and away from the rail R, as at 36 Because these connector portions 34 diverge or flare from the base 28 70 the side walls, 32 are spaced from the sash rail member as shown at 38 in Figure 3. The outer portions of the side walls 32 converge, as at 40, and terminate in shoe members 42 that are forced into contact with the 75 bases of the grooves 26 in the sash by the inherent resiliency of the sealing members These shoe members' 42 have their ends spaced from the end walls of the grooves at all times thus providing spaces 44 and 46 which will insure 80 freedom of unhampered flexing of the sealing members WS and at the same time will insure that the shoe members, will remain in surfaceto-surface contact with the bases of the grooves in the sash rails 85 When the weather sealing members WS are in the position illustrated in the drawings the side walls 32 will be in forced contact with the ribs 20 on the frame F, the contact being the result of the resiliency of the weather sealing 90 member and the fact that, normally the distance between the ribs 20 is less than the distance between the outer faces of the walls 32. The compression of these walls toward each other will force the shoes 42 into surface-to 95 surface contact with the bases of the grooves 26. When wind pressure is applied to the sash one of the walls 32 will have relative movement toward the face of the adjacent sash rail 100

while the other wall 32 will move away from the face of the adjacent sash rail The movement of the former will be possible because the shoe 42 is free to move in the groove 26 and the connector portion 34 tends to remain 105 substantially parallel to the wall 32 Because of this action the wvall 32 will maintain a surface-to-surface contact with the adjacent face of the rib 20 and the shoes 42 will tend to maintain surface-to-surface contact 110 with the walls of the grooves at 26. The inclination of the connector members 34 facilitates the entry of the vertical rails of the sashes into the channels of the vertical frame members by a camming action, the 115 length of the base member 28 being less than the distance between the opposed faces of the ribs 20. While we have illustrated in Figure 2 the construction of the horizontal rails of a sash 120 and the associated sheather sealing member, it is to be understood that the vertical side rails of the sash may be of the same construction and each may carry a weather sealing member such as illustrated in Figure 2 Various details 125 of the construction may be made without departing from the scope of the appended 'claims as will be obvious to one skilled, in the art.

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