50771880-surfactants

7/27/2019 50771880-SURFACTANTS

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S U R F A C T A N T SS U R F A C T A N T S³IN A NUT SHELL´³IN A NUT SHELL´

By Tom SchoenbergBy Tom Schoenberg

SCHOENBERG CONSULTINGSCHOENBERG CONSULTING

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SURFACTANT CLASSESSURFACTANT CLASSES

ANIONICSANIONICS

AMPHOTERICS/BETAINESAMPHOTERICS/BETAINES

CATIONICSCATIONICS

NONIONICSNONIONICS

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Definition: The anion portion of the Definition: The anion portion of the

molecule is lipophilic. molecule is lipophilic.

Example: Sodium Lauryl Sulf ate:Example: Sodium Lauryl Sulf ate:

Cation: Sodium (hydrophilic)Cation: Sodium (hydrophilic)

Anion: Laurylsulf ate (lipophilic)Anion: Laurylsulf ate (lipophilic)

ANIONICSANIONICS

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LipophilicLipophilic HydrophilicHydrophilic

SODIUM LAURYL SUFATESODIUM LAURYL SUFATE

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MOST COMMONLY USED MOST COMMONLY USED ANIONICSANIONICS

1.1. Alcohol Sulf ates.Alcohol Sulf ates.2.2. Ethoxylated Alcohol Sulf ates.Ethoxylated Alcohol Sulf ates.

3.3. Sulfosuccinates.Sulfosuccinates.

4.4. Linear Alkylbenzene Sulfonates.Linear Alkylbenzene Sulfonates.5.5. Alpha Olefin Sulfonates.Alpha Olefin Sulfonates.

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ALCOHOL SULFATESALCOHOL SULFATES History: Commercial usage began in the History: Commercial usage began in the

mid 1940¶s.mid 1940¶s.

Made by the reaction of a f atty alcohol Made by the reaction of a f atty alcohol (C8(C8--C18) with sulfur trioxide.C18) with sulfur trioxide.

The alcohol sulfuric acid is neutr alized The alcohol sulfuric acid is neutr alized with sodium or ammonium hydroxide, or with sodium or ammonium hydroxide, or an amine.an amine.

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CHARACTERISTICS OFCHARACTERISTICS OF

ALCOHOL SULFATESALCOHOL SULFATES1.1. C12 (Lauryl) provides the highest foam.C12 (Lauryl) provides the highest foam.

2.2. Hydrolyzes at pH < 4.5.Hydrolyzes at pH < 4.5.

3.3. Can be readily thickened when combined Can be readily thickened when combined with alkanolamides, betaines, amine oxides with alkanolamides, betaines, amine oxides etc.etc.

4.4. Thickening can be greatly enhanced by the Thickening can be greatly enhanced by the addition of electrolytes addition of electrolytes

5.5. (NaCl, KCl etc.).(NaCl, KCl etc.).

6.6. Light color.Light color.

7.7. Bland odor.Bland odor.

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ShampoosShampoos

Body WashBody Wash Liquid Hand SoapLiquid Hand Soap

Bath ProductsBath Products

Facial CleansersFacial Cleansers Syndet BarsSyndet Bars

MAJOR APPLICATIONSMAJOR APPLICATIONS

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ETHOXYLATED ALCOHOLETHOXYLATED ALCOHOLSULFATESSULFATES

History: Commercial usage began in the History: Commercial usage began in the

early 1950¶s.early 1950¶s. Made by the sulf ation of an ethoxylated Made by the sulf ation of an ethoxylated

f atty alcohol.f atty alcohol.

Typically, the alcohol is lauryl (C12) and Typically, the alcohol is lauryl (C12) and

ethylene oxide is in the r ange of 2ethylene oxide is in the r ange of 2--3 3 moles.moles.

The salts are typically sodium or The salts are typically sodium or ammonium.ammonium.

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SODIUM LAURETH SUFATESODIUM LAURETH SUFATE

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More soluble than alcohol sulf ates.More soluble than alcohol sulf ates.

Hydrolyze at pH < 4.5.Hydrolyze at pH < 4.5. Enhance foam stability of LAS (Linear Enhance foam stability of LAS (Linear

Alkylbenzene Sulfonates).Alkylbenzene Sulfonates).

More mild than alcohol sulf ates. More mild than alcohol sulf ates. Mildness is significantly improved when Mildness is significantly improved when

blended with a sulfosuccinate.blended with a sulfosuccinate.

PROPERTIES OF ETHERPROPERTIES OF ETHERSULFATESSULFATES

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EFFECT OF BLENDS ON IRRITATIONEFFECT OF BLENDS ON IRRITATION

15% ACTIVE15% ACTIVEMEANMEAN

SCORESCORE

6.06.0

4.04.0

2.02.0

00

00 2525 5050 7575 100100

SLESSLES

AOSAOS

SLSSLS

PERCENT DISODIUM OLEAMIDO MEA SULFOSUCCINATEPERCENT DISODIUM OLEAMIDO MEA SULFOSUCCINATE

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LINEAR ALKYLBENZENELINEAR ALKYLBENZENE

SULFONATE (LAS)SULFONATE (LAS)

Prepared by the sulfonation of alkyl Prepared by the sulfonation of alkyl

(typically C12) benzene with sulfur (typically C12) benzene with sulfur

trioxide.trioxide.

Salts are typically sodium, Salts are typically sodium,

ammonium or amines.ammonium or amines.

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SODIUM DODECYLBENZENE SUFONATESODIUM DODECYLBENZENE SUFONATE

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APPLICATIONS OF LASAPPLICATIONS OF LAS

Primary surf actant used in Primary surf actant used in

household and industrial household and industrial

products: liquid dish wash, car products: liquid dish wash, car wash, laundry, etc.wash, laundry, etc.

Rarely used in personal care.Rarely used in personal care.

Stable in acidic products.Stable in acidic products.

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Sulf ates Hydrolyze More Readily Sulf ates Hydrolyze More Readily Than Sulfonates Due to the Than Sulfonates Due to the

Weaker RWeaker R--OO--S BondS Bond

Sulfonate:Sulfonate:

Sulf ate:Sulf ate:

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ALPHA OLEFIN SULFONATESALPHA OLEFIN SULFONATES

Made by the sulfonation of C14Made by the sulfonation of C14--16 16

alpha olefin.alpha olefin.

Product is actually a mixture of NaProduct is actually a mixture of Na

2,3 alkenylsulfonate and Na 32,3 alkenylsulfonate and Na 3--

hydroxyhydroxy--alkanesulfonate.alkanesulfonate.

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ALPHA OLEFIN SULFONATESALPHA OLEFIN SULFONATES

Sodium 2,3 alkenylsulfonateSodium 2,3 alkenylsulfonate

Sodium 3Sodium 3--hydroxyhydroxy--alkanesulfonatealkanesulfonate

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PROPERTIESPROPERTIES

Excellent foamer.Excellent foamer.

Difficult to thicken.Difficult to thicken. Stable in acid.Stable in acid.

Used in both personal care Used in both personal care

and house hold cleansers.and house hold cleansers. More mild than LAS.More mild than LAS.

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APPLICATIONSAPPLICATIONS

Liquid dish wash.Liquid dish wash.

Acid cleaners.Acid cleaners.

Car wash.Car wash.

Liquid hand soap.Liquid hand soap.

Sulf ate free cleansers.Sulf ate free cleansers.

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SULFOSUCCINATESSULFOSUCCINATES

Monoesters are primarily used in Monoesters are primarily used in

personal care cleansers.personal care cleansers.

Diester Diester

(sodium dioctylsulfosuccinate) is the (sodium dioctylsulfosuccinate) is the most cost effective wetting agent most cost effective wetting agent

available.available.

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TWO TYPESTWO TYPES

MONOESTERMONOESTER(GOOD FOAMER, MILD)(GOOD FOAMER, MILD)

DIESTERDIESTER(POOR FOAMER, LOW SOLUBILITY)(POOR FOAMER, LOW SOLUBILITY)

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MONOESTERS ARE FROM TWO SOURCESMONOESTERS ARE FROM TWO SOURCES

MONOALKANOL AMIDESMONOALKANOL AMIDES

FATTY ALCOHOLS, OR ETHOXYLATED ALCOHOLSFATTY ALCOHOLS, OR ETHOXYLATED ALCOHOLS

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GENERAL DIFFERENCES BETWEENGENERAL DIFFERENCES BETWEEN

SULFOSUCCINATE TYPESSULFOSUCCINATE TYPES

AMIDEAMIDE

Mild to skin and eyes.Mild to skin and eyes.

Thicken and condition.Thicken and condition.

FATTY ALCOHOLFATTY ALCOHOL

Mild to skin.Mild to skin. Foams better.Foams better.

Water white color.Water white color.

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PROPERTIESPROPERTIES

Will hydrolyze in acid or alkaline Will hydrolyze in acid or alkaline

conditions.conditions.

Should be for mulated in a pHShould be for mulated in a pH

r ange of 5.0r ange of 5.0--7.0.7.0.

Are mild to skin and eyes.Are mild to skin and eyes.

The most cost /effective mild The most cost /effective mild

surf actants available.surf actants available.

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EFFECT OF BLENDS ON SKIN IRRITATIONEFFECT OF BLENDS ON SKIN IRRITATION

SLES/DSLSS*SLES/DSLSS**SLES: Sodium Laureth Sulf ate*SLES: Sodium Laureth Sulf ate

DSLSS: Disodium Laureth SulfosuccinateDSLSS: Disodium Laureth Sulfosuccinate

5.05.0

4.04.0

3.03.0

2.02.0

1.01.0

00

4.74.74.04.0

1.51.5

0.90.9 0.90.9

100 /0100 /0 75 /2575 /25 50 /5050 /50 25 /7525 /75 0 /1000 /100

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EFFECT OF BLENDS ON FOAMEFFECT OF BLENDS ON FOAM

350350420420450450

FOAMFOAM

HT. HT.

(ml.)(ml.)

500500

400400

300300

200200

100100

00

100 /0100 /0 25 /7525 /75 0 /1000 /100

SLES/DSLSS*SLES/DSLSS**SLES: Sodium Laureth Sulf ate*SLES: Sodium Laureth Sulf ate

DSLSS: Disodium Laureth SulfosuccinateDSLSS: Disodium Laureth Sulfosuccinate

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AMPHOTERICS/BETAINESAMPHOTERICS/BETAINES

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AMPHOTERICS ARE DERIVITIVES OFAMPHOTERICS ARE DERIVITIVES OF

FATTY IMIDAZONESFATTY IMIDAZONES

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AMPHOTERICSAMPHOTERICS

Zwitter Ion (Isolectric For m)Zwitter Ion (Isolectric For m)

Cationic (Acid For m)Cationic (Acid For m) Anionic (Alkaline For m)Anionic (Alkaline For m)

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PROPERTIES OF AMPHOTERICSPROPERTIES OF AMPHOTERICS

FOR HI&I APPLICATIONSFOR HI&I APPLICATIONS

Stable in alkaline and acid conditions.Stable in alkaline and acid conditions.

The propionate and dipropionate type are The propionate and dipropionate type are excellent for HI&I cleaners.excellent for HI&I cleaners.

Low and high foaming is dependant on the Low and high foaming is dependant on the

molecular weight of the f atty moiety.molecular weight of the f atty moiety.

A C8 will be a low foamer, whereas, a C12 A C8 will be a low foamer, whereas, a C12

is a high foamer.is a high foamer.

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EXAMPLES OFEXAMPLES OF

CAUSTIC SOLUBILITYCAUSTIC SOLUBILITY

CompoundCompound

Coco Dipropionate Coco Dipropionate Caprylic (C8) Dipropionate Caprylic (C8) Dipropionate

Caprylic (C8) Propionate Caprylic (C8) Propionate

Caprylic (C8) Diacetate Caprylic (C8) Diacetate

Coco PropionateCoco PropionateOctyl Betaine Octyl Betaine

Sodium Xylene Sulfonate Sodium Xylene Sulfonate

%NaOH%NaOH

41413838

3030

2828

25252323

2222

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COMPARATIVECOMPARATIVE

FOAM HEIGHTSFOAM HEIGHTS

Foam Ht.Foam Ht.

210210

155155

145145

5050

3030

1010

CompoundCompound

Cocamidopropyl BetaineCocamidopropyl Betaine

Coco PropionateCoco Propionate

Coco DipropionateCoco Dipropionate

Octyl (C8) BetaineOctyl (C8) Betaine

Capryl (C8) amidopropyl BetaineCapryl (C8) amidopropyl Betaine

Caprylic (C8) DiacetateCaprylic (C8) Diacetate

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PROPERTIES OF AMPHOTERICSPROPERTIES OF AMPHOTERICS

FOR PERSONAL CLEANSINGFOR PERSONAL CLEANSING

Stable over a wide pH r ange.Stable over a wide pH r ange.

Mild to skin and eye.Mild to skin and eye.

Reduce irritation of ether Reduce irritation of ether

sulf ates.sulf ates.

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EFFECT OF BETAINE AMPHOTERIC WITH SODIUMEFFECT OF BETAINE AMPHOTERIC WITH SODIUM

LAURETH SULFATE ON EYE IRRITATIONLAURETH SULFATE ON EYE IRRITATION

DRAIZEDRAIZESCORESCORE

4040

3030

2020

1010

00

100100

00

7575

2525

5050

5050

2525

7575

00

100100

SLESSLES

AMPHO/BETAINEAMPHO/BETAINE

COCAMIDOPROPYLCOCAMIDOPROPYL

BETAINEBETAINE

DISODIUMDISODIUM

COCOAMPHODIACETATECOCOAMPHODIACETATE

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BETAINESBETAINES

TWO TYPESTWO TYPES

1. Alkyl1. Alkyl

2. Alkylamido2. Alkylamido

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REASONS FORREASONS FOR

BETAINE GROWTHBETAINE GROWTH

1.1. For mulators Became Familiar WithFor mulators Became Familiar With

the Advantages.the Advantages.2.2. Recently Used In Household and Recently Used In Household and

Institutional Cleaners.Institutional Cleaners.

3.3. Favored Replacement for Favored Replacement for DiethanolamidesDiethanolamides

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BETAINESBETAINES

Cationic (Acid For m)Cationic (Acid For m)

Zwitter Ion (Isoelectric For m)Zwitter Ion (Isoelectric For m)

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BETAINES ARE BETTERBETAINES ARE BETTER

VISCOSITY BUIDERS THANVISCOSITY BUIDERS THANAMPHOTERICSAMPHOTERICS

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MODEL FORMULAMODEL FORMULA

Sodium Lauryl Sulf ateSodium Lauryl Sulf ate

Amphoteric or BetaineAmphoteric or BetaineWater Water

pH=7.0pH=7.0

Wt.%Wt.%

8.08.0

2.02.090.090.0

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COCAMIDOPROPYL BETAINECOCAMIDOPROPYL BETAINE

COMPARATIVE VISCOSITY BUILDINGCOMPARATIVE VISCOSITY BUILDING

DISODIUMDISODIUM


CPSCPS(0000)(0000)

6.06.0

5.05.0

4.04.0

3.03.0

2.02.0

1.01.0

2.02.0 3.03.0 4.04.0 5.05.0 6.06.0

PERCENT NaClPERCENT NaCl

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AMPHOTERICS ARE MORE MILD AMPHOTERICS ARE MORE MILD THAN BETAINESTHAN BETAINES

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EFFECT OF FREE AMINE ON EYE IRRITATION:EFFECT OF FREE AMINE ON EYE IRRITATION:

BETAINE VS. AMPHOTERICBETAINE VS. AMPHOTERICDRAIZEDRAIZE

SCORESCORE

4040

3030

2020

1010

00

1.01.0 2.02.0 3.03.0 4.04.0 5.05.0

PERCENT FREE AMINEPERCENT FREE AMINE

COCAMIDOPROPYLCOCAMIDOPROPYL

BETAINEBETAINE

DISODIUMDISODIUM


5050 ACTIVES:ACTIVES: 15.0%15.0%

pH:pH: 7.07.0

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EFFECT OF BLENDING BETAINE WITHEFFECT OF BLENDING BETAINE WITH

AMPHOTERIC ON EYE IRRITATION:AMPHOTERIC ON EYE IRRITATION:

DRAIZEDRAIZE

SCORESCORE

4040

3030

2020

1010

00

100100

00

2525

7575

00

100100

PERCENTPERCENT

COCAMIDOPROPYL BETAINECOCAMIDOPROPYL BETAINE

DISODIUM COCOAMPHODIACETATEDISODIUM COCOAMPHODIACETATE

ACTIVES:ACTIVES: 15.0%15.0%

pH:pH: 7.07.0

7575

2525

5050

5050

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GENERAL DIFFERENCESGENERAL DIFFERENCES

Mild to SkinMild to Skin

Mild to EyesMild to Eyes

Foam BoostingFoam Boosting

Viscosity BuildingViscosity Building

BetainesBetaines AmphotericsAmphoterics

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CATIONIC SURFACTANTSCATIONIC SURFACTANTS

Definition: The cation is the lipophilic Definition: The cation is the lipophilic

portion of the molecule.portion of the molecule.

Types:Types:

Quaternary Ammonium Compounds Quaternary Ammonium Compounds

Amine SaltsAmine Salts

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CATIONICSCATIONICS

Amine Salt:Amine Salt:


Quaternary:Quaternary:


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PROPERTIES OF QUATERNARYPROPERTIES OF QUATERNARY

AMMONIUM COMPOUNDSAMMONIUM COMPOUNDS

Lower molecular weight are typically Lower molecular weight are typically used as biocides.used as biocides.

Higher molecular weight (C18) are Higher molecular weight (C18) are excellent hair conditioners.excellent hair conditioners.

Most are incompatible with anionic Most are incompatible with anionic surf actants.surf actants.

Low foaming.Low foaming. Extremely sensitive to hard water and Extremely sensitive to hard water and

usually require a chelant.usually require a chelant.

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MAJOR USES OF ³QUATS´MAJOR USES OF ³QUATS´

Biocides.Biocides.

Fabric Softeners.Fabric Softeners.

Hair Conditioners.Hair Conditioners. Antistatic Agents.Antistatic Agents.

³Cheater ́ Wax.³Cheater ́ Wax.

Corrosion Inhibitors.Corrosion Inhibitors. Leather Softening.Leather Softening.

Pigment Dispersants.Pigment Dispersants.

Sewage Flocculants.Sewage Flocculants.

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BIOCIDESBIOCIDES

The most commonly used for The most commonly used for

household and industrial household and industrial

applications:applications:

Lauryl Dimethyl Benzyl Lauryl Dimethyl Benzyl

Ammonium ChlorideAmmonium Chloride

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BIOCIDAL ³QUATS´BIOCIDAL ³QUATS´

MODE OF ACTIONMODE OF ACTION

1.1. Reduce surf ace tension at interf ace.Reduce surf ace tension at interf ace.

2.2. Attr acted to negatively char ged surf aces, Attr acted to negatively char ged surf aces, including microor ganisms.including microor ganisms.

3.3. Denature protein of bacterial or fungi Denature protein of bacterial or fungi cells.cells.

4.4. Affect the metabolic reactions of the cell.Affect the metabolic reactions of the cell.

5.5. Vital substances leak out.Vital substances leak out.

6.6. Causes death.Causes death.

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FABRIC SOFTENERSFABRIC SOFTENERS

Most widely usedMost widely used

Distearyl dimethyl ammoniumDistearyl dimethyl ammonium

chloride.chloride.

Dialkyl imidazolinium methyl Dialkyl imidazolinium methyl

methoslf ate.methoslf ate.

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MOST WIDELY USED ³QUATS´MOST WIDELY USED ³QUATS´

USED IN HAIR CONDITIONERSUSED IN HAIR CONDITIONERS

Cetrimonium ChlorideCetrimonium Chloride

Stear alkonium ChlorideStear alkonium Chloride

Distearyldimonium ChlorideDistearyldimonium Chloride

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FATTY AMINE SALTSFATTY AMINE SALTS

Compatible with anionic Compatible with anionic surf actants.surf actants.

Do not depress foam.Do not depress foam.

Excellent thickeners.Excellent thickeners.

Insoluble in alkaline media.Insoluble in alkaline media.

Some are very mild to skin and Some are very mild to skin and eyes.eyes.

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MOST COMMONLY USEDMOST COMMONLY USED

Alkyamidopropyl DimethylamineAlkyamidopropyl Dimethylamine

Alkyamidopropyl Mor pholineAlkyamidopropyl Mor pholine

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COMPARATIVE EYE IRRITATIONCOMPARATIVE EYE IRRITATION

Isostear amidopropyl Isostear amidopropyl

Mor pholine LactateMor pholine Lactate

DistearyldimethylammoniumDistearyldimethylammonium

ChlorideChloride

Stear alkoniumStear alkonium

ChlorideChloride

CetrimoniumCetrimonium

ChlorideChloride

44

4040

58587575

00

2020

4040

6060

8080

100100

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NONIONICSNONIONICS

Alkanol Amides.Alkanol Amides.

Amine Oxides.Amine Oxides.

Ethoxylated Nonyl Phenol or Ethoxylated Nonyl Phenol or Alcohols.Alcohols.

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PREPARATION OFPREPARATION OFALKANOL AMIDESALKANOL AMIDES

Made by the reaction of a mono or Made by the reaction of a mono or

diethanol amine with a f atty acid, diethanol amine with a f atty acid,

methylester or f atty glyceride, (e.g., methylester or f atty glyceride, (e.g.,

coconut oil).coconut oil).

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REACTIONREACTION(DEA Amide)(DEA Amide)

Diethanolamine + Fatty Acid Fatty Diethanolamide + Water Diethanolamine + Fatty Acid Fatty Diethanolamide + Water

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ALKANOL AMIDESALKANOL AMIDES

Most cost /effective thickener and foamMost cost /effective thickener and foamstablizer available.stablizer available.

History: Commercially available in the History: Commercially available in the mid 1940¶s.mid 1940¶s.

Diethanolamides are being phased out of Diethanolamides are being phased out of for mulas due to reported ³cancer link´.for mulas due to reported ³cancer link´.

They are being replaced by: Betaines, They are being replaced by: Betaines, Amine Oxides, Monoethanolamides and Amine Oxides, Monoethanolamides and Monoisopropanolamides.Monoisopropanolamides.

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MONOETHANOL AND MONOETHANOL AND

MONOISOPROPANOL AMIDESMONOISOPROPANOL AMIDES Both are solid at room temper ature.Both are solid at room temper ature.

Both are used as replacements for diethanol Both are used as replacements for diethanol

amides.amides. For clear products the level should be low, or For clear products the level should be low, or

the product can haze due to the low solubility the product can haze due to the low solubility

of the amides.of the amides.

The monoethanol amides have tr ace amounts The monoethanol amides have tr ace amounts of DEA which is not accepted by some of DEA which is not accepted by some

customers. The MIPA is a better choice since customers. The MIPA is a better choice since

DEA does not exist in MIPA.DEA does not exist in MIPA.

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AMINE OXIDESAMINE OXIDES

Prepared by the oxidation of a f atty tertiary Prepared by the oxidation of a f atty tertiary amine with hydrogen peroxide.amine with hydrogen peroxide.

They are weakly cationic on the acid side.They are weakly cationic on the acid side.

The alkyl amine oxides are stable in the The alkyl amine oxides are stable in the presence of sodium hypochlorite and are presence of sodium hypochlorite and are excellent surf actants for bleach cleaners.excellent surf actants for bleach cleaners.

Not widely used in personal care.Not widely used in personal care.

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REACTIONREACTION(Amine Oxide)(Amine Oxide)

Fatty Tertiary +Fatty Tertiary +

AmineAmine

HydrogenHydrogen

PeroxidePeroxideFatty Amine +Fatty Amine +

OxideOxide

Water Water

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ETHOXYLATED ALCOHOLSETHOXYLATED ALCOHOLS

AND NONYL PHENOLSAND NONYL PHENOLS

CHARACTERISTICSCHARACTERISTICS

Fatty end of molecule is lipophilic and Fatty end of molecule is lipophilic and

ethoxylatated end is hydrophilic.ethoxylatated end is hydrophilic.

Excellent deter gent and wetting properties.Excellent deter gent and wetting properties.

Poor foamers.Poor foamers.

Can not be thickened with other surf actants.Can not be thickened with other surf actants.

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MANUFACTURED BY:MANUFACTURED BY:

Ethoxylation of a natur al derived str aight Ethoxylation of a natur al derived str aight

chain f atty alcohol.chain f atty alcohol.

Ethoxylation of synthetic br anched chain Ethoxylation of synthetic br anched chain alcohol.alcohol.

Ethoxylation of nonyl phenol.Ethoxylation of nonyl phenol.

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REACTIONREACTION(Ethoxylated Alcohol)(Ethoxylated Alcohol)

Ethoxylated AlcoholEthoxylated AlcoholFatty Fatty AlcoholAlcohol Ethylene Ethylene OxideOxide++

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REGULATORY STATUS OFREGULATORY STATUS OF

ETHOXYLATED NONYL PHENOLSETHOXYLATED NONYL PHENOLS

Banned in Europe.Banned in Europe.

Banned in some states.Banned in some states.

Will eventually be banned in the Will eventually be banned in the U.S. and Canada.U.S. and Canada.

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H I & I APPLICATIONSH I & I APPLICATIONS

OF NONIONICSOF NONIONICS

Commercial Dishwash.Commercial Dishwash.

Home Floor Car pet Care.Home Floor Car pet Care.

Dairy and Food.Dairy and Food.

Hard Surf ace Cleaning.Hard Surf ace Cleaning.

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OTHER INDUSTRIESOTHER INDUSTRIES

Paints and Coatings.Paints and Coatings.

Agrochemicals.Agrochemicals.

Electroplating.Electroplating.

Textiles.Textiles.

Pulp and Paper.Pulp and Paper.

Oil Field.Oil Field.

Metal Working.Metal Working.

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SOME NEW GUYS ON THE BLOCKSOME NEW GUYS ON THE BLOCK

³NATURAL SURFACTANTS´³NATURAL SURFACTANTS´

Decylglucoside: Derived from sugar and Decylglucoside: Derived from sugar and coconut oil.coconut oil.

Cocoyl Glutamate: Derived from glutamic Cocoyl Glutamate: Derived from glutamic acid (amino acid) and coconut oil.acid (amino acid) and coconut oil.

Cocosulf ate: Derived from coconut oil.Cocosulf ate: Derived from coconut oil.

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CURRENT TRENDSCURRENT TRENDS

AND LIMITATIONSAND LIMITATIONS

Natur al.Natur al.

Certified Or ganic.Certified Or ganic.

Animal friendly.Animal friendly.

DEA Free.DEA Free.

For maldehyde Free.For maldehyde Free.

Nitrosamine Free.Nitrosamine Free. Sulf ate Free.Sulf ate Free.

Low Dioxane.Low Dioxane.

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THAT¶S IT ³IN A NUTSHELL´THAT¶S IT ³IN A NUTSHELL´

50771880-surfactants

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