P.023IO oOO?OOIO ?OO7 4 D!77 5 . ` 1\U7UD//(conLrasL)as opposod Lo, In conLrasL Lo - /- 2DJ17!1/1/`/177/178 7118 /D1.UU`JJ771'N N 1\ 6 7For Everyone Who Uses this DictionaryObjectives Whenwerunintoawordwedontknow,welookitupinadictionary.Wecan learnthemeaningsofmostwordsbycheckingaJapanese-languagedictionary. Therearewords,however,thatlearnersofthelanguagecannotndinadictionary. Herearesomeexamples:bakariandwakeniwaikanai.Thereareanumberof dictionaries in which these expressions cannot be found.This dictionary is designed tohelpJapaneselanguagelearnersfindpatternsthatarenotinJapaneselanguage dictionaries.Theobjectiveofthisdictionaryistoenablestudentsofthelanguagetolearnthe meanings and usage of patterns that cannot be found in a general Japanese dictionary, ratherthantoprovidethebasicsofgrammar.Wehaveincludedsentencepatterns ranging from elementary to advanced levels, indicated their meanings, functions, and usageineasy-to-understandexamples,andincludedexplanations.Theexplanations are translated into English, Chinese, and Korean for the convenience of those studying Japanese.Structure and Use of This Text 1)For Everyone Who Uses this Dictionary:2)Notes on using the dictionary.StructureofEachEntry ExampleConjugationsandParticleSymbolsVerb Forms and Entries in this BookMeaning of Various Marks and Symbols etc.3)Body of dictionary = Cross-referencesCross-references:For example, when trying to nd , the user can access thephrasefromorfrom .Thecross-referencefortheentry indicates the main entry with an arrow.When there is more than one of the same entry,explanationsinbracketsdistinguishingthedifferencesinmeaningofeach pattern are provided.Multiples of the same entry are listed according to frequency of basic meaning and general use.4)Verb conjugation chart, lists of special honoric and humble expressions5)Japanese syllabic index6)Lists of meanings and functionsThemeaningandfunctionlistsintheindexindicatewhatpatternshavesimilar meanings and usage.They are included for the users reference.8Structure of Each Entry1)Levels.Numberstotherightoftheindicatethelevelofdifficultyofthe patternorfunctionwordaccordingtostandardsoftheJapaneseLanguage Prociency Examination.2)Examples.First,typicalexamplesareprovided.Asmanyexamplesaspossible are given of connective particles, tense, situation and topic to elucidate usage and provide a balanced presentation.Simple vocabulary is used in level four sentence patterns,difficultvocabularyinleveloneexamplesentences.Insomecases specialsituationsaredescribed.Informallanguagehasalsobeenincorporated into the examples.3)Connectives.The types of forms taken by connectives are indicated.4)Explanations.Theminimumnecessarywordmeaning,usage,andgrammatical notes have been provided.*Examples of mistakes.In the explanations, examples of only the most common mistakes are listed, accompanied by an X.Correct sentences are indicated by an arrow.*Marks.Marksareusedtoindicatewritten,formal,orspokenformsforword usage and when to use what expression.*Reference.Similar expressions are listed at the end of the explanations. Example:Thisindicatesthatwordsconnectdirectlytonouns(Example1)orappendto 1\U7UD//(conLrasL)as opposod Lo, In conLrasL Lo - /- 2DJ17!1/1/`/177/178 7118 /D1.UU`JJ771'N N 1\ 9after the plain form (Example 3).In the case of -adjectives ( -A ) or nouns (N ), connectives follow after -A- , -A , N , or N patterns. (Example2).Byfollowingtheserulesyouwillbeabletoconstructsentences correctly.

Examples: In contrast to my older sister, who is lively, my younger sister is the quiet type. nconiiusiiomvvouncoisisioi.vloisiloquioiivpo.mvoldoisisioiis livolv. IncontrasttotheJapanSeaside,wherealotofsnowfallsinthewinter,onthe Pacic Ocean side, it is often sunny. In comparison with last year, which saw a succession of hot days, this summer is cool.10Conjugations and Particle Symbols Examples Noun Dictionary form of verb form of verb Negative of verb form of verb form of verb form of verb Volitional form of verb Subjunctive form of verb form of verb + form of verb + Dictionary form of -adjective Stem of -adjective Stem of -adjective + Stem of -adjective Suru verb Nominal of suru verb -u verb -ru verb Irregular verb Plain formVerb -adjective-adjectiveNounPolite formVerb-adjective-adjectiveNoun11 1 12 1\U7UD//(conLrasL)as opposod Lo, In conLrasL Lo - /- 2DJ17!1/1/`/177/178 7118 /D1.UU`JJ771'N N 1\ 13 14 , . . . , . . , , ( ) , . ( ) , . , , . + : , , . , . , . , 50 ( ), .15 .( ), , , , , , . , 4 , 1 , ., .. . , , . , . . , , , . .16 , ( ), . , ( ) ,, . . ( , .) ( , .) ( (or ) , .) ( , .) 1\U7UD//(conLrasL)as opposod Lo, In conLrasL Lo - /- 2DJ17!1/1/`/177/178 7118 /D1.UU`JJ771'N N 1\ 17 - - - - - - = - 18Verb Forms and Entries in this BookCioup VoiLs (-u voiLs)5 Cioup VoiLs (-iu voiLs)1 Cioup VoiLs iiocului VoiLs 89I 1I? \lon lookinc up Voliiionul oim. soo. (puco 89I).\lon lookinc up Iussivo. soo. (puco 1I?).1IO \lon lookinc up Ioioniiul. soo. (puco 1IO).IO7 \lon lookinc up Commund oim. soo (puco IO7).n isi und socond-lovol puiioins. voids ilui ulvuvs iuko coiiuin puiiiclos uppoui viil iloso puiiiclos.!xumplos. . . oic.19 VoiL oims !niiios in ilis Book Voliiionul oim 89I Commund oim IO7 IioliLiiion ?oG Ioioniiul 1IO Iussivo 1I? Kospoci 1Io Cuusuiivo 98 IOI Cuusuiivo Iussivo 97 , 391 , 412 ,89I ,1I? , 410 ,1IO , 107 ,IO7 , , , . : .20Meaning of Various Marks and Symbols Usuullv usod us viiiion loim Usuullv usod us loimul oxpiossion Usuullv usod us spokon loim oim usod io connoci puiioins G Iluin loim (Soo.Coniucuiions und Iuiiiclo SvmLols) puco IO 13 I7 G Ioliio loim (Soo.Coniucuiions und Iuiiiclo SvmLols) puco IO 13 I7 !xcopiion Koloionco oxumplo sonionco loi poison ioudinc iiunsluiion Koloionco oxumplo loi luiiloiinc undoisiundinc Coiioci sonionco ` ncoiioci sonionco Noi incoiioci. Lui noi olion usod , 22 ilioucloui (ilo iimo) - /- 3/J7D!1/.J7711JJ7J!!7/J77v`./ c\1 J71D/17J!1.!1D/7J!1J!!17J!1.! .ppondsiooxpiossi onsolii mo. i . o. . iliouclouiilooniiioiimo. \oids oxpiossinc coniinuinc uciion und condiiions lollov. , . . duiinc. vlon - /- 3/J7'.J7`/.J/J7!.1/v'7J7/ c\1 J7 1D/17J!1.!1D/J77J!1J!1/D/1'/ 81 881 (!rom ^ucusL 1 sLraIcLL LLroucL ^ucusL 81) 81 831 8/18/31.ppondsiooxpiossionsinvolvincloncil oliimomounincLoloioiloiimoinioivul onds. !xpiossionsolmomoniuiinoss lollov., . . 210 J!.ulioi muclondod up,- 277``7!./7`7D1U1//7J1//71D/`//`J//D/``/./D/1/D7'JV !`1N J!/1/DD DDDD/1D/`.!D`1D1D/'/!'/ 81 881 8/18/?8/3181 831 2324Joiivmunvilincs.Luiondupviil udvoisoiosuli. Olionusodviil ompluiicssuclus..oi iuiloiilunuLouisomoilincilui lupponsonlvoncooilusinsicnilicuni iosuli. Jlopliuso insonioncoisunidiom.is similui. . , . . . civo / 3J1.7/1U^D BD1'!/`.JJD1/1111/./71^1.!177 B1./. J7'!1.11D7J7'!

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'!"JD!1.JD1./D7D'!/Da porson on mv sIdo 25!xpiossionoliocoipiinvliclsuLioci iscivoi. Civoiisspoukoioisomoono psvclolocicullvclosoiospoukoi. JlovoiL isusodvlon iocipioni is sociullv supoiioi. us in sonioncos und.JlovoiLisusodiovuid unimuls. us in sonionco . und is ulso usod iovuidonosovnlumilvvlonspoukincio pooploouisidoolonosinnoiciiclo.usin sonionco ., . . , . . . 283 315 284 /7compiisod ol. indisponsuLlo io - /- 1J./1DJ7`1.!`/71.1J1./.1N NIN?D7NI N? 1`'/!mpluii coxpiossi onmouni nc NIi s ioulizod Locuuso iloio is N?.I ?1 2 . . 26 cIvorrocoIvor 26 ulioi - ( ) 411J!.//77v7J!v7J!D7J!.vJ!/V N c!J!D7.7.17J!J!1.17.1D/`J!.17J!1./JJ!DJ!D`7/J!/`Onoucii onoicondi ii onsuccoods ilooiloi. Soconducii onoicondi ii on comosulioiiloisi.\lonuciionoi condiiionisconiinuinc.usinsonioncosund . is usod iuiloi ilun . , ( . . , . so ilui - / 27D7`711//7D/7.D1`Dv1/7J!!1/1./Dv1D/..71DU1/17/1DJ/1/1 A N `\!\ D7!`7/.17D'/D/1J!1.!JJ27Coiiuinlimiisuiooxiiomosoiosulivill LooiiloiuLnoimuloinocuiivo. Olion oxpiossionsolomoiionpiocodo.us in sonioncos und ., . . so ilui / 2.!1/J171.!7/!`!`D1.1

!D N !`7/7//.D'/1./1.D/JJ\luilollovspuiioinisoxiiomoin docioo.cuusincunusuuliosuli..sin ilooxumplos.olionudiociivosiom= lollovs puiioin.. . + . 27 7in uccoidunco viil. is coniinconi on / 11'/1"D7

UJJD!17D11``/1.111/711D7DJ./!1/JD.D/D728 1!1J!1.7JD`D7J/./7D77J/D71`D7 Muinlvuppondsiooxpiossionsol dilloioncoinlovoloiivpo.ndicuiosilui somoili ncvi l l cluncooiLodoci dod dopondinc on N.n sonionco . lussumomounincundusuco..i ondolsonioncoLocomos.usin sonionco.Mounincundusucouio similui io . Lui is moio loimul. , , , . , . . , . Jin cuso ol / 1`7./`11`1/`/

U1...1/.1J 1!1J!1.JD.Dv1/D'!!JvD77J/ 7J/D71`D7 29Muinlvuppondsiovoidsoxpiossinc docioooiivpoioindicuiosomoinsiuncos umoncucuiocoiv.spuiiolilousuco.undsiuiossomoilincispossiLlo umonc u vuiioiv ol ilincs.n sonionco .lussumomouninc undusuco.Usucoissimiluiio. Lui is moio loimul., , .. . . , . D/doosni muiioi vloiloi 1D1/!U!.1./`/11`/`/1 D7D/J!17J!1777J/ NomuiioivluiislupponincLoloio puiioin. iosul ivi l l occuiiocuidl oss. Usucoundmounincuionouilvilo sumo us loi . , . . 27 2830 D/doosni dopond on vloiloi 1111`1`1/D1/.1.1177!1/.1`D/.1 D7D/J!17J!1777J/ NomuiioivluiislupponincLoloio puiioin. iosul ivi l l occuiiocuidl oss. Usucoundmounincuionouilvilo sumo us loi . . . 339so lonc us - ( )/ - ( )217J.1.711/`7 A N \1.`1D7!1//'!/7/'//'!/7/.J!1D7J7!D7`/1DSpoukois i udcmoni . doc i s i ons . oi iocommonduiion (sincoilon nuiuiullv). Iliusos oxpiossinc ilo spoukois iudcmoni undvoliiion. oiuppoulioilolisionoi. iocommonduiions.oipioliLiiionsolion lollov ( )., , , . , , , .31 387 284 285 324 285 286 44on ilo ono lund - ( )2J`U1'!UD/JJ`!1/171!1./`1JJ1/JD17J1717 \O`.7"/7'1"J./.J./vDConiiusis ivo uspocis. sucl us in sonioncos und..lsousodioslovivouciions occuiiinc in puiullol. us in sonioncos und . , . vill iusi coniinuo , 2!D1D!771/.11`J`/`71/`.1O 1/J7/D//71732V \O`1`/D'!.J!1/DJ!1!11Cluncoincondiiionvillconiinuoio piocoodinonodiiociion.Connocisio voiLs oxpiossinc clunco. . . 388 168on iop ol ilui ,( ) - 277J".7/`DD/7/.7DD1/1//`'!D N `7.!!J/..!!`1J!"1`/1!D/UJ7!./..ddsloolincol ulsoiopliusos oxpiossi ncoccuiioncosvi i lsumo diiociionuliivusinupiovioussiiuuiion (posiiivosviilposiiivos.nocuiivosviil nocuiivos).Communds.pioliLiiions. ioquosis.oisoliciiuiionsdonoilollov( ).( , ) ( , ) . , , , . 1ulioi luvinc - / - 21"1"1.71DD7`71/1/7/`'!/D/1/`D33V !`1N `D7J!!`.!71/.!11!1.lioiliisidoinconoilinc.unoiloi ucii onLusodonilol i isivi l l occui. VoiLs ol voliiion piocodo oi lollov . , . . 1=loi. in oidoi io - /- 2./!`D1.`'171``1.7U`1DJ/D`../`71'//`V !`1N `D71```1"J!`''71v./.J!1./.`/1DD.lioiindicuiincucouliouciivolvvoik iovuid.socondpliusooxpluinsvluiis nocossuiv oi impoiiuni io ucliovo ilui coul oi oLiociivo. oos noi iuko voiLs ol uciion. , , . . 32534 sinco ilincs luvo iouclod sucl u puss - /- 217/1/1.1./1/U'1/D11/J!/1./D. A N `D7!1/711D.'/1`/D.!/..!DD7DD'/ Mouni nc si ncoilonol couiso. oxpiossosspoukoi siosoluiionoi iosicnuiionIliusoslollovincindicuio coiiospondincuciionsoliosponsiLiliivoi iosicnuiion.Olionusodviil. .... oicSimilui io . . . , ., . . . 1L/lJ7Loloio vou knov ii - /- /- 271/1/1D1!7//D7v717/D7J7v1D/!7`J".7 1J!1.17J7/DJ!1J!1J!./17/DJ!1./35Linksiopliusosolconiinuuiion.oxpiossos noiioniluiduiincpoiiodolconiinuuiion. somounloiosooncluncooccuiiod.Cluuso lollovinc indicuios clunco in condiiion. , . . 1/1`vlilo - /- 2!1/1D/`/`D!71.!.1/v!`/11//71.!'J!DV V A A N 7v/7171/!D7DUnloss somoono doos somoilinc Loloio vlui comosuloudol .ilosuLsoquoni opposiiosiuiovillmukoioulizuiionolilo uciion diculi. , . Dv1cun / / 21.!1.D/

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1./'D11//36V ` 11.7D7V Dv17V Dv17v`7DJvo ioudincs ol ilo diciionuiv loim. und . \lon viil ilo . - . oi - loims. ioud us . . und iospociivolv.V mounsiluicun Lo dono. ilui is possiLlo. V mouns somoilinccunnoiLodonooiisimpossiLlo. Noiusodioindicuiosomoilincis impossiLlo Locuuso ol luck ol uLiliiv. , , , . , ,, . . 35 35poliio nominul und udiociivul pioxos - / - ( )31/1D7//`7/D77/1UD J71J./771JD//1`J!11.JJD/.JJ37Iioxosunduppondioilincs oiuciions(loiiois.inviiuiions)concoininc unoiloipoisonioindicuiounlonoiilic oipoliiouiiiiudoiovuidsiluipoison. Iiox mosi olion upponds io voids olTupunosooiicin.vlilouiiuclosio voids doiivinc liom Clinu ), .( ) , ( ) . 39 286 420 287 287 37 7ilunks io / / 2`/J7!1//`71.!!.1J1./1711`11.!1/1`U1!^11` B A A N N D77DD/1`D//D1/D/.!D38Ciuiiiudovlonuposiiivoiosulioccuis ovinc io somoonos lolp. n sonionco . ii isdilliculiiodiscoinvloiloiiloiouson siuiodisiloonlvpossiLlocuusoolilo posiiivo iosuli. in sonionco is u common ciooiinc., . , . . plouso- /- 3`J.`1/1../7U/D711O ./77 DV !`1N JJ1D11D/D71./!D`1/1.//J1/1.//J!D7`7I 1!17`1D7D`11/711/!/Conci sopliusool succosii onoi diiociionsolionusodinpuLlicplucos.Noi usod loi spoukois ovn ioquosisinsonioncoisuspociul loim ol .Cunnoi Lo usod viil voiLs . . oi ono-cluiucioi -iu voiLs sucl us . . . oi (co oui). . . ,. . 28639 ilo spoukoi lumLlv (doos voiL) - 311/11/111/1J//1/1./1`11/1/17//11`1 J7/`J!1/'!1././/1J!1JDD7J.D/J!D`' ! C `' ! C `J//D/.JJoolovuioilooiloipuiiv.spoukoi usoslumLloluncuucoloilisovnuciions. oscii Losucii onsdonoloioiloi puiivNoiusodloiucii onsvi iloui iocipioniiluicunLoolovuiod. oi voids ol Clinoso oiicin. sucl us insonionco .ilopuiioincluncosio oi . ( ) . . . . 1/iloio is loui ilui - 211//7.11117v1.1`.D1.1D1/.JD!71/7/.`J740 1JDv1DDD7'/SomoilincLudislikolvioluppon. oimuloxpiossionolionusodinnovs und iopoiis. . . ilo lonoiuLlo lisionoi doos (voiL) - 2D!`/D`7/D771/ /D7D/D77Honoiic loim ol V . Conciso loim olV .Jlo in sonionco mouns .. . . somoono doos (voiL) lonoiicullv - 3D1O 8DD1/1J/1111/./1/141 J7/1/`J!1DD7/.J!1!1.!D7DSlovs iospoci iovuid oilois und iliid puiiios.Cunnoi Lo usod loi uciions loi vlicllonoiicsuioinuppiopiiuio.suclus oi.undloiinloimulvoids sucl us oi . oic. 3 . ( .`Dvlonovoi iloio is un occusion - ( )/- 2./!"J1/1/D!J1/!D1!7J/JJ777!`UJD!771 1'`D7J!./.!!`7.//1uvoiuLlooccusion. nocuiivopliusinc usuullvdoosnoilollov..lsousodussoi pliuso in loiiois. sucl us in sonionco ., . . 34042 nislod ( ) - 3/7J./DJ'!.J`.vJ1 11J!J7J!1.1/D/!1'!!JJJ1/D/!1 Comploiionolconiinuousuciionoi opoiuiioniluilusLocinnincundond. oosnoiusuullvuppondiovoiLsol momoniuiinoss. Luiincusosoluciions oiopoiuiionsolmunvilincs.suclusin sonionco . links io sucl voiLs. .,, . =Lui - 41O JUJ7!1D7111! `777./Linkspliusosolopposiiomounincoi coniiusis. .43 =1^1oxcuso mo. m soiiv. Lui - 31/1.!7J1/17/D```^' ! v BJ .7./DD7/17JDDD7D71/v.D7Hoiosimplvconnocisivocluusos. Olionusodiopiolucodiscouiso. usin sonioncos . . und .n sonionco . civos suLduod. solionod impiossion. 2 .. . 43 .Dooii olpuid o - 2771O 1/1/U...1"J/!J`U7/1!11111D/D1D!J`".!.J1JJ1!1!1/1!111..

44!`1 `J./1`..D1D7 v1DJD7D 71!1./Dv1D1/7"1DDD71Iosiiivoiosuliuiisincliomvilllul uciionviilcoiiuinoLiociivo. l undosiiuLloiosulioccuis.usinsonioncos und . iukos nocuiivo loim. . nsonioncosundispuiiol unounpliusosincooniiiocluusoioloisio posiiivo ouicomo ol voliiionul voiL n ilis usuco. ulvuvs ioud . ., , . , . . Losi - /- 3/D/D/DD1`/D/1D1/112 J1DU"'! //D.'/'D77`JD1//D/DD'!'!11/7/DD745SomoilincisconsidoiodLosiviilin coiiuin conioxi. \lon ilioo oi loui concioio iiomsuiocompuiod.usinsonioncos und . inioiiocuiivo . is usod in quosiion.\lonoxpiossincsomoilinc Losiumoncvuiioivoliioms. is usod\lonoxpiossincsomoilincLosi umoncindivisiLloiioms. isusod.usin sonionco . . 3 4 , . . , . , . 43 288 288 289 289 2901.`!//\17J7(iunco ol condiiions) so lonc us - 2D!71.J1DD!//711D/J11...DD`1 7D`DJ1 D717J717D1/.1D/`'/46!xpiossionsoliompoiulLioudiluiousod Loloio und ulioi vlon indicuiinc ilui ilosiuioconiinuincLoloio ulso coniinuos ulioi ii. ,. . \/L\/Dus mucl us possiLlo - 2/7!D1J771771/D!7.7J/ /D'/D/'/1o somoilinc io ilo limii. Somoiimos usod us idiom. us in sonionco .. . 257 290 .D/uLsoluiolv. oxiiomolv / 1J D11/D1D'!1.1711.!D17..A A N /1./'1D/..17J!111`J!1.!/1./D47Spoukoinovloolssomoilincvoiv siioncl v. Boi ncunoxpiossi onol spoukois loolincs. is iuiolv usod in ilo iliid poison. . , 3 . /D`us lui us cun Lo doducod liom- 2

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U1//D1DJ./D/7D/.1 /7/1//1.7`1!.!1olimiisiuncoolinloimuiionnoododio muko coiiuin iudcmoni. Connocis io voids iluiindicuiouciionsuiiuinincinloimuiion. sucl us . . oi . . . 420 291 47 291 !puiiiullv. in ilo piocoss ol - 2D1/JU1//1177J.48 !`.!1!7/D'/ "1JDSomouciionoiovonilusLocunund isunnislod.Somoiimoslundlodus noun. us in . ,, . . 141 lool. loui. smoll. iusio ( ) /( ) /( ) 3/.////J!D1.J117U"D/ J!.J1DJD/D/DJ!1D7Sonsosolsound. voico. iusio. smoll. oi loolinc., , , , , . !Ddiculi io - /- 2/`U`1/1vU.J/./D1749V !D.Dv71/UD

!1D.D7D/`D1JJv`7D`!DD`/J/1D/JSl i clil vol d- lusli onodoxpiossi on mouninciluidoincsomoilincvouldLo diculi oi impossiLlo.Olion usod viil voiLs (Loliovo). (loicivo). (undoisiund).(imucino).und (uccopi)Olion usod us idiom Noi usod io moun somoilinc cuni Lo dono Locuuso ol luck ol uLiliiv,. .. . . !1Lv vuv ol. vlilo lupponinc io. ulso 1`/`1/7`/`.1/17D1`77D17!`1N D7'!..7`J./'/J!7"/1//D/"/D/1`!D/!1D11.D/`D50Onouciionsoivosioucliovoivo coulsOlionusodonloimuloccusions oiininioipoisonulioluiionsinLusinoss soiiincsVoiLs ol moiion. sucl us . olion lollovOlion usodinidiomssuclus.. . oic., . . . . 292 !on uccouni ol - - 2.!19J 7/`!1!1U`1/!24 7//17/17/D7Dv11.!.!77`N N N N D7J/"1DN !v1./U'/Bviopouiincilonoun.oxpiossosnoiion iluiLocuusoilonounisspociul.iloiois umplo iouson loi vluiovoi lollovs ilo .,, , . us u sidolino. Losidos , , - ( )1D1117!.1//.J17/D`/.!`DD'!7//`11D51V !`1N D7.'/!`D/D1`7JD'!/!Coniinuoiodoonoilincvlilodoinc unoiloiiniundom.Compuiodio- . usod loi uciion coniinuod ovoi u lonc inioivul.OlionusodvlonLuluncincvoik undsopuiuioiolo.Iliusopiocodinc- indicuios poisons muin uciiviiv.,, .,. . . 17liuLlo io. piono io 21.1/1D!71.7/D/1JJ./1/``'D/`D/71./717!D/1/ D717.1JDJJD7J.DD7D1/7/U`J1Jondoncviovuidsomosiuio.licl piopoiiion. oilioquoncv. Usuullvusod loiudvoisoiondoncios.Olionusod inpuiioin.Oiloioxumplos includo (loicoilul). (sloillul).(sicklv).und (iond io Lo luio). , , . . . , .52 Diuko ilo oppoiiuniiv io. on ilo sumo occusion - / 1`D.///UU/`Dv1/1/!/D.` J/1O .//`'/!JV !`1N D7'!..7`7'!D.77DJ!D/!1D.ccomplislincivooLiociivosviu onouciion.Cunulsomouniopioducoivo iosulis Lv doinc u sinclo uciion.VoiLs olmovomoni.suclusoi.olion lollov. . , ., . no soonoi ilun - /- 2!'DJJJJ!1"/U./`1J..DJJV 11JD7J.JDJ/1U11`.J!1./1./"1./'./J!1./D`.DJ/`J7J/ !7'/`53Onoovonidiiocilvlollovsunoiloi Iliuso ( ) dosciiLos uciuulovoni.Cluusosoxpiossincvoliiionul uciion oi voids ol voliiion. sucl us oi . communds. oi nocuiivos cunnoi lol- lov.CunnoiLousodloiilospoukoi. n sonionco . lus ilo sumomounincundusucoIuiioins viil similui mounincs oi usuco uio. , , . , ,,., . , . , . soilui - 2U`!7UU`J"7717.JDD/D7/JJJJJ!U"J 1`7/17D/!JJ'U'/Moiuploimouninciluisomoilinclooms luicousunoxiiomosiiuuiionilouclin uciuuliiv ii is noi. , . 5254 !1iusi Luiolvvlon - /- 2.1!D11//`1!7D1'!/7D``J7!/7JV V V D7J.JD/1U11`.J!1./1./"1./'./J!1./D`.D1/1!7'/`Onoovonilupponssloiil vulioi unoiloi.Iliuso dosciiLosuciuulovoni.Iliusosoxpiossinc voliiionuluciionoivoidsolvoliiion.sucl us oi . communds. oi nocuiivos cunnoilollov.CunnoiLousodloispoukoi. Iuiioinsviilsimiluimounincs oi usuco uio. , , . , , , . , . . could - /- 2!///1.J117/!D!7.1`/D1!!D/'!`55V 11D/U`1DDv1DSpoukoiuppiolondsiosulioicouisool ovonis us luvinc poioniiul ol Loinc udvoiso. , . cunnoi doul viil - /- 2J`D/./1/7`.71`7777D11DU71/`.`U'.`//1DD`71"171/!V `.!D7J!1```J/`1J!7"/D1SomoilincisdilliculioiimpossiLlo iodoLocuusoolomoiionuliosisiunco. Sonionco is usod in soivico indusiiv us soli vuv io suv ilo compunv cunnoi mooi cusiomois domunds. Sonionco is usod in loimul Lusinoss siiuuiions. , . . . 5656(sooms) us il - /- 277//`7/11/7D!/71U`..U!7/D/1D11DJ/!1 1/`D7/7D/`D!mpluiicoxpiossionusodususimilo. mounssomoilincisiusilikosomoilinc olsoovonilouclinuciuuliiviloivouio dioioninsonionco .is idiomuiicoxpiossionmounincvluiovoi piocodos puiioin oi somoilinc Loloncinc io similui cuiocoiv. , ., , . !1no soonoi ilun - /- 1J71/1/`1.1/1vD/!J//77JV ^D7J.!D/1U11`.J!1./1./"1./'./J!1./D`/1`!7'/`57Somoucii onoccuissloiil vulioi unoiloi.IliusodosciiLos uciuulovoni.Cluusosoxpiossincvoliiionul uciionoivoidsolvoliiion.suclus oi.communds.oinocuiivoscunnoi lollov.CunnoiLousodloispoukoi. Iuiioinsviilsimiluimounincsoi usuco uio. , ,. , , , , . , . . () vuni - /- 4J7!1D.7^7// B11D//1/!^ BDN /1``J!1J```JD"'!1D1/1/1/1/"J1J/D8/11.././7D'`/1/!58osiiosundvislosiniloisipoison. Usodiouskdosiiosundvislosoloilois. LuiisLosiiouvoidusincdiiocilviovuid sociulsupoiiois. Coniucuiosliko udiociivos.CunnoiLousoduiilo ondolsonioncosinvlicluiliidpoison isilosuLioci.MusiLoconsiiuciodusin sonionco . viil oi . . , . .3 . . 376 poilups. ii muv Lo ilui - /- 3U`'7J.`U``11.7771/1 77771./1!/771/1`/!.U`./ Dv17DDv1//J7DJ7/JDv1`7JDIossiLiliiv. vloiloi liv-liv. us in sonionco .voivlicl.usinsonionco .oiquiio lov.usinsonionco .Usodvlonoiiloi lookinc loivuid io oi dioudinc un ovoni . ,, . , .59 \/\/'N`so. sinco - /- /- 4J`/!7`17!J.U..J!D //UD./7/'!1J!1./7!./JJ!.!1`D11171117CuusooiiousonOlioncl uusos oxpiossinc spoukois voliiion. oic.oi oxloiiuiion. . oic.como uiondolsonioncoBosinoiiouso in ioquosis oi iolusuls Locuuso sounds ioo siionc. ., . . \/\///liom. on uccouni ol - /- 2'.17D11/.1.J//7/1DJ.U1/!1`/'!.!Dv1D1N D7//D60Slovs somoilinc is u cuuso ol u iosuli. , , . . 1oxionds liom, - 1..12O 1JDD7/v7/D 81O 77JD`/1OO 77!`1``7J/

D'/1O 7//`'.` 11/ J!1.!JJ`D7J/7D17/JD!mplusizosluicoumounis..ddodio voids oxpiossinc quuniiiv.Usod nouilv ilo sumo vuv us . us in sonionco . Bocomos vlonusodviil piicos. us in sonioncos und .,.. . "//7/iudcinc liom- /- /- 21.!7/D717v7/D.11/11/1/771./1D77D1`/1.`171/JJ61 1/J/7/'!1/'DDD77J/ Usodvlonlookinclovsomoilinc vould Lo uppiuisod liom coiiuin viovpoini oiiudcodliomunindividuulssiundpoini. .lso in loim . us in sonionco . und . us in sonioncos und .Sumomounincundusucous. , ., . , . 60 60 60 ii is piocisolv Locuuso. ilui - /- / 2/'!D1.11`.D1/111.77J.J`UJ"J"'U .7DD7D7'!U`DD7DJJ7D11`/UU!DD762Jvousos.Onoomplusizosiousons sololviosponsiLloloisomoilinc. usin sonioncosio.Olionloundinpuiioin . Noi usod mucl io siioss nocuiivouspocis.Socondusucousin sonioncos und . vlon somoono vunis iosiiossiousoniluicoosucuinsicommon sonso.. , . . ., . 71ovon 211D/7'!JJ1.1D/1D/777v71./`/J/.v !`/`./7!JD'DJJJukos up issuos ilui uio mosi lundumoniul oi noi noimullv pioLlomuiic (ovon is sucl. soolcouisoovoivilincolsois).Olion usod in nocuiivo uppiuisuls. , , . . 63 63 6063 7D//liom ilo siundpoini ol - 2."vD/J/1/7/..!!1/1/`/1D1717!1D/1/D11/.7v1/11U`J /7/'D7//J!177D/'/7J/D7 Tudcmonis.posiiionsliomvliclio mukouppiuisuls.oilocusolsomoilinc. Slovslovi ouppioucli ssuol iom puiiiculuisiundpoini.Sumomounincund usuco us ..lso iukos loims . us in sonionco . und . us in sonioncos und , , . ( ) .,., . 63 63 174 !1/D///iusi Locuusodoosni nocossuiilv moun - 27D/!`.D`J`/DD!77^'!D1`. BD1`.D`64 D7!1/D/7J!1./7''/D`../'JJ/'!/7/'/DD1Dilloioniliomvluiisconsidoiodnoim. Nocuiivoloimsuiousuullvlounduiilo ondolsonioncoOlion.nocuiivoondincs suclus..oilollovOlionoxpiossos spoukoisiudcmonioiciiiicism.Bocomos in inloimul spoocl., . . . . . J7liomiill - 2197O 1/7198O 1/7.J1/1/1./`J !D/!."./`.11!.!`/1717 1J/J!1//1/`7/`D1JJ7J/17J!1J!./D1/``````/!`/DJ77/DJ7J".65KuncoviiluvucuoLocinnincund ondSuccossivosiuiooloiiloiconiinuiiv oiinioimiiioncvviilinuiunco.Similuiio.ulilouclluiioilusdoniio Loci nni ncundondi ncundoxpiossos coniinuuiion ol coiiuin condiiion ilioucloui iompoiuloiplvsiculiunco.Cluusos lollovinculsoindicuioconiinuuiioniuiloi ilun ono-iimo discioio ovonis. , , . , . , . nov iluiilon nuiuiullv - / 21`/./`/`11./'!7!1.! D7!1/'/.!7JJ111J!1D7J7!D7DSi ncoilonnuiuiul l v. Iliuso lollovincolionmounsiocuiivsomoilinc iliouclioond.Iliusosolvoliiionoi ol uppoul. sucl us . . . . oi olion lollov. , ., ., , . 6066 (lo. slo. ii is) oucoi io. ionds io - /- 3JD/J!!7`/./1/D/D171!'!JJ..A A V 7/1//1`1/7`D/DD/1J!1!1J/DJ11DN J!!N .D7D/`.JD7D1."'!JD1/171/17Jliid poisons dosiios. vislos. plvsicul sonsuiions. oiomoiionsUsospliusos suclus(vuni).V- (vuniio). (luii).(luppv).oi (iooLud).Coniucuiosliko-uvoiLs \lonuiiuclodio.puiiiclo Locomos. !xumplos. NN Usuullv iniloloim- .Luiisusod io oxpioss conoiul iionds. us in sonionco . BosinoiiousovlonsuLiociissociul supoiioi. ,3,,.., . , . . 420 29267 1\1.`71ilo oiloi sido is. in oxclunco. in liou ol - 2/71/1DD`D!D11/D/Dv./D11/U7`.J1DD1/.J1J!1/./D1 L/"/`7DJJ71DD7V DV V DV .D/Olion usod us in sonioncos und io sloviluisomoilinclusLoilmoiiisund domoiiis.oiiluiiloissuolusunopposiio sido..lsousodusinsonioncosund. in vlicl somoilinc is dono in componsuiion loisomoilincolso.nsonionco . muiuul ioluiionslips uio coniiusiod usinc V. V (in oxclunco loi luvinc somoilinc dono loi mo. vill doloisomoono).oiV .V(inoxcluncoloidoincsomoilinc loi somoono. vill luvodono loi mo) , , , . , , , . . 1\'7in pluco ol - ( )/- 21DDD`D.vJ".1/1D7111./DJ1D`'/7DV N L'!v7'!v7.768nsonioncosund .upioxvoi suLsiiiuioucisonLolullolsomoonooi somoilincolso.nsonioncosilioucl . mouns io do somoilinc oiloi ilun onos luLiiuul uciion. , . 293 293 421 293 .D/Lo u liiilo. luvo u ioucl ol 2`D1`7D`/1.!.D`7/J".1J`711``7 =7!.'/JDJJ.!`7.`7JJ`7.DJ`71Somoili ncdoosnoiluvosiionc docioo. Luiiloioisiondoncviovuid somoilinc. Olionusodloiunplousuni siiuuiions..lsousodinsuclpliusos us (sliclilv lui). (ionds io luck). (ionds io coi clockod Lv ilo oiloi ioum). (piicos iond io iiso). oic. , . . .69 .Lo liuLlo io. Lo inclinod io - 1'!/1JJ1/J7!`7'!1./`77`/1/`!'D 11/.'/`D//1`11DD7DCiiiicismoxpiossinciluisomoilinc nui uiul l vlusui ondoncvi ovuidu nocuiivocondiiion.Usodnoiloioxioinul uppouiuncos Lui loi lundumoniul ossonco ol un issuo.Olion lound in ilo puiioin. . . . . liom ilo iimoluvonisinco - /- 2.J1D.1/7/D1O 1/71Dv1`1/!J.7V JJJV D7J!./`J17./J..70Usodinilonocuiivoinmunvcusos. Iliusolollovincindicuiossomosiuio oxpociodnoxidoosnoioccui.Iliuso (suvoncoundonlvonco)in sonionco is colloquiul. , . . 69 1/.omploiolv. nisl ilo vlolo / 2D//11/1/..11,OOO J11/1/D117!11/7/D!1!1//JDD.7V V D7!11/..'171.dds io voiL nuuncoio do ull. do uniil ilo ond. ( us i ns oni oncos und ) . siioncilon. (sonionco ). oi muko oxiiomolv(sonionco ). , . 70 1/.(do) ull / 21'//`!1

DvDDD.D7/71V V V D7!11/.D/1/71.ddsnuuncoiovoiLol Loi ncuLl oincupuLlo ol doinc ull (sonioncos und ). oi comploiolv uLloincupuLlo us in sonionco . , . 71uiioilv. inoxcusuLlv 1/1/D7`/1Dv7!1.UD`17!.`1!"J!.11`1A =1`1`1D7'17/'!D/1`D7DJJ.D7nloims . . mounsnoili nci smoioilun. oi oxiiomolv.Olionusodinomoiionul spoocl Old-luslionod oxpiossion. , . .. 325 42172 on. muko- ( )4 71D.. 7 ..'.7D!.!/J.JJ/./ '!1`17D17J!17!1Somoono villlullv cluncos coiiuin condiiion iociouiodilloionisiiuuiion(Jiunsiiivo voiL) ( ). 72 dospiio ilo luci ilui - /- 27/!17./!1'!1/1/D1/!!71J11.// A A N N D7`17J!1'!1/'//``.7/J!1D1/../1.J/D1D73.dvoisuiivoconiunciion.Ciiiicizos somoonosluulis.loolssupoiioiiounoiloi. lusunoxpociodloolincs. oioxpiossos disconioni.Iliusos Loloio und ulioi luvosumosuLioci.in sonionco is usod in inloimul discouiso.,. , . .. 422 422 76 Locomo - 41`./1.!71.!J.J7/7/`/71/1 '!17D17J!11!1Condiiionolpoisonoiilinccluncosio Locomo somoilinc olso. (niiunsiiivo voiL) ( ). \!!ulmosi 2.D1/.DJJ.77.JUD!DD/1174 11\/\!\ 17!`D 111J!1!1!1D7JJ 7J/ !7DJ'JD \!!xioniolcondiiion.omplusizosilui oxioni.OlionuppondodiovoiLloim .undvoiLsiluidonoioxpioss spoukoisvoliiion.Mounincundusucouio similui io . Lui is usod loi Loil licl und lov docioos ol somoilinc., . , .,, . !\1DD/7/ui lousi / 2.v17`71..1./1./11./' ! /J'!JJDJ'!N A D77DD/D.!`/`"1JD.JD/7Somoilincisiloucliliclilvoloi unimpoiiuniConoiullv. Locomos vlonuppondodionounsundviilvoidsiluiconiucuio.Luiisnoi iionclud iulo.,., . 73 7475 il ond up. ilon. vould soonoiilun - 21U1!1//177!/1"/!`D1./ 11J.!7!J!./17./Spoukoivislosioiukousunoxumplo unuciioniluiloconsidoisospociullv uLloiioniioi ndi cuioiluivluiovoi lollovsilopliusovouldLoluiLoiioiLv compuiison. , , . 75 .iloios noilincno ono moio- 2D1"U1.J/`/7v1D/`.DN A J"1D7/'!1D/`.D/`DDD7`D/`11D`D'171D'!D'17/1D 76Muinlvuppondsionouns.Usodvlon spoukoisuLiocii vol vlool siluivlui piocodosisinsupoiluiivodocioo. und vislosioomplusizoiloluci.Iuiioin cun Lo usod in pluco ol . Cunnoi Lo usod loi oLiociivo lucis. , . . . 294 civos io spoukoi 37/1U`v!^J//1 B`JJ71/1!./1/17771 J7'!1.

'!11D7

'!.1//D7`7/D77J7'!"'!JDa porson on mv sIdo 77VoiLoliocoipi.Kocoivoiisspoukoi. civoiissuLioci.Kocoivoiisusuullv.momLoisolilospoukoislumilvoiciiclo olliionds. JlovoiLis usod vlon ilo civoi is u sociul supoiioi. us in sonioncos und . , ( ) . ,. . 295 slov sicns ol. look - /- 2DJ`.D/DJ17!7D1/1`77!!D`J!D1.7/DJ L1!'!J!1'!`7J!1JD.D7"'!DJ1111/71D7.J/.!DJJ cIvorrocoIvor 78oscii Losupoison suppouiunco. Slovsloolincs. Sliclilvold-luslionod. Noi usuullv usod io dosciiLo uppouiunco ol sociul supoiiois.Muinlv connocis io -udiociivos.oi -udiociivos.undusod ovoiullliko -udiociivos.lsosoonin oxpiossions.(mouninclul).(sudlv).(slvlv).(unousilv). (visilullv).oic. Olion usod viil . . oic. . .. . ,,. . . 423 78 79=uliloucl. novoiiloloss. Lui - 3!1"1DD7J7!17D `777.7.//.!1DLi nksivocl uusosolopposi iooi coniiusiincimpoii.nspoocl.oi ilo coniiuciion is usod iuiloi ilun ..( ) .79=1^1(pioluco. solioninc) uciuullv. oxcuso mo. Lui - 3D///^.1J/` B7`J/`^/../! BJ .7./D7/.!DD/17JD/v.1D7Connocisivocluusosoi uioolionusodinspooclinsioudol iosolionspoocl.Olionusodus pioluco io siuiomoni. us in sonionco ..susodinsonionco .isusodiolouvo lincoiinc impiossion. . . . . 36 295 ii is (ilis iimo. mo. ii. oic.) ilui- 2.!17/`^.11 B1`.D//1/.7/D80N 1.1 71`D7`DD7`7J/`!mplusi zosdi l l oioncoLoi voon somoilincimpoiiuniundoiloiluciois Noi usod io omplusizo domoiiis. . . 344 296 296 (vou) slould - 21!JO D11 /!J JD/U111 7D1O 1`71.V V !`1 ./7D.7/711`D7'/./.D!`7Usodinscloolsoicioupsioonloico iulosunddiiociivos(vouslould.vou cunnoi) Lvuppondi nciosonionco ondincs.\iiiiononLluckLouidsund in piiniouis. Somoiimos convovod voiLullv.,. , .81 U1Hov| - 217.

.J '!D'71O 1/1.!D!D1J//U1v/1/=1/1 A A N D7!7D.!7J!1D7DSomoilincLoloio isolsucl unusuullvlicllovol.spoukoicunnoiovon imucino ii.Olion usod in puiioins ... , . . iloio uio iimos - /- 3D1D1/1/`!/`!1D//`JD1JJU`/1J'!/1!U D82Somoilincisniulvuvsucoiiuinvuv.Lui Locomos so occusionullv. , , .cun - 37/./`/!.1.!1/17//`/D/!19 D'!./!J7.7`/ Dv7J!1`1`1/7`vJ!1`1`.1/DvJ!1!1"1/1/1.."1DvJ/DD7D/1/..!!17/1/D7JDDJD/1D1/'!/`D17 Lv`IossiLiliiv.Sonioncos io slov ioclniculoiplvsiculuLiliiv.Sonioncos io sloviluiioulizuiionolunuciion ilioucl ioculuiions oi condiiions is possiLlo. Jlo N in N is nominul ol voiL. sucl us . . oi u noun sucl us numo ol loioicn luncuuco oi spoii.Cun Lo usod in nouilv sumo vuv us . Lui sounds moio loimul. \lon oiloi voids uio uppondoduspiolixosoisullixosundilo voiL is noi in iis puio loim. is olion usod. .,,., . , . , . , , . 83 U!Uliom ilo luci ilui - /- 2/!`JJ!`1Dv1DJ1'/JDv1.1/!!7!v.//!J/7/ A A N /7U!/7/./`U`1U!U/7/./`J!1Oii ci nol ili nc snumo. oiLusi sl oi iudcmoni.Nuuncoiluiiloiouiooiloi oxioinuliousonsisuddodvloninpuiioin Sonioncoslovsoiicin. sonioncosund.iouson.sonionco. Lusis loi iudcmoni. , . . , . liko. us - /- /- 1!!/U1/J'!.J"'!`'D1U1'!1"D

.D/D.!117711"D7J!"1D784Somovluiold-luslionodviiiionloim. Nuunco in sonioncos io is ilui iloucl iouliivisdilloioni.similololdsiiuo.n sonioncosund . isusodio indicuio oxumplos.Iuiioin is N vlon lollovinc nouns. und N in ull oiloi cusos. . , . ., . 84 liko. us - /- 1!.71/D7D!1/1/`71./1!1//D/1`vD1/``/1DJ./

!/'!!/ J//J!17J/.D.!1``7 !`J`ndicuiosmuiclincconioni.Sumomouninc undusucous.Oldviiiionloim.n sonionco . lus connoiuiion olus viiiion uLovo.sonionco mounsu sclodulo liko vlui lollovs.. . , . 83 L/L\U1(doop omoiion) lov voiv| - 2J!!!1!1D.1`111`JJO 1/7/1J.J/!/1/85A A 1111D/J!D/!D/1.'/D/1J!11JJSpoukois loolincs ol suipiiso oi impiossions uLoui somol uci . Ol i onuppondsi o udiociivos ilui oxpioss omoiions. . . 1.\/!+`(udvico. udmoniiion) (vou) musi 2'!71./U/v1`!D71/./V V '!17'!.1///7/1/.D7"'!7DUsodLvsoci ul supoii oisioolloi iosociulinloiioispoisonulopinionsoi uppiuisuls us udvico on vlui io do oi uvoid. Noi usod iovuid sociul supoiiois. , . . 326 326 sinco - /- 2J".1J7../!.7v!!D1/11DD!71.!1/1/86 A A N N DUJ!1D7UD/D71U`D7ndi cuiosi nsi cni li cuniiousons. Ci vos impiossioniluiiloiouiooiloiiousons loisomoovoniusvoll.Similuiio .Lui sliclilv moio poliio und ompluiic. . . , . lov| 2`J!v/7v../D1J1'UJ7!A A D7..D/D/`D/1.'/1/1J!11Dn ..slovs spoukoissiioncloolincsuLouisomoilinc. .diociivosoxpiossincomoiionsinsoiiod Loivoonund..lsousod viil...(ull mouninclov)., . . . on uccouni ol ilo luci ilui - /- 11/11DvU7/D!!1!./`/ A N J!7.D7D71UvU!/.1187oimulundsliclilvoldoxpiossion.Olion usodiocivoiousonsloiupolociosoiio sook loicivonoss. .lso lound in oxpiossions. (onuccouniolnoiLoinc uccusiomodio)und(on uccouni ol Loinc oldoilv). . . . 89 17vlon ii comos io. vlon ilo suLioci iuins io- /- 27D1"D/.7`/`.'!D'1 17/7.7!J!1D!111D7.iiiiudodioisliomilousuulconcoininc coiiuiniopicoiissuo.Somoiimosupponds io diciionuiv loim ol voiL. us in sonionco . , . . viiloui - 2/`1`JD11D`17!`1171!D1/1!7/.`.88V .J7J!1D7.!1`D`()usuullvdo(oi)ondupdoinc.Lui in ilis cuso () didni. oimul puiioin. noi usod viil ovoivduv oxpiossions. , , , . . 276U1ioiiiLlv. oxiiomolv - /- 2J!11!D1/1!!1//D.1`//1/7D``.!17/.1J7!1/A .!!11D/77D/`D77D/1J!1.!J!111J!1./.`!1/D.!`'/Spoukoi somoiionsuioindoicuiod Lol oio . iloi nvoisi onpuiii nc o mp l u s i s o n s p o u k o is l o o l i n c s . \oidsoxpiossi ncomoii onscomo Loloio.nooxpiossionsolspoukois inioniions lollov. Somovlui moio common in viiiion luncuuco. ., . .89 muko up onos mind io - 3!`17'1/`/v!` 1/`1//1./D!/DD`./D1/DJ 1/ 1./1.`D`ndicuiosvloiloispoukoilusdocidodio undoiiuko u coiiuin uciion. Cun ulso suv. V. V . , . . `1D/ilo cuso ilui. ilo cusiom ilui- 2D11/1/D/.1/7/

/..1./.'!//.D.1/./DD1.../DD11.1O ./JD1`J`90V V `1D/`7J!7D7`vD71DSomoili ncmusiLocoiiui nvuv Locuusooluvuiioivoliulos.cusioms.oi sclodulos.oimul voision. .Olion usod iocoiloi viil .. vlon dosciiLinc iulos. , , . . . !\(docision)lus Loon docidod ilui - (- ) 311`//D//`1/11./D"U!.J`./1/1.!17D./D1../..DJ./ 1./1D/`J!11./1`/``D S o mo i l i n c l u s L o o n d o c i d o d indopondoniolspoukoisvoliiion.Cun ulsoLousodouplomisiicullvvloniiis spoukoivlolusdocidodsomoilinc.usin sonionco ..,, .91 !=.vill ond up - /- 21..1111/7/1/J/D1/11/D11!`7J1/7'!D1D`DD 111`D/!1/D.vD.DD7J/7 Somoilinc lus Loon docidod indopond-oni ol ilo poisons voliiion.n sonioncos undudmonislosucuinsilikoliloodol undosiiuLlo iosuli n sonioncos und lus nouilv sumo mouninc us (mouns ilui). . , . 258 iis iiuo iluiLui - 2../D7/711D''.7./`1D/ A N D71/.J/DDJ7!7'/D.J1/.11D792Sumo pliuso is iopouiod Loloio und ulioi ioindicuiospoukoiucknovlodcos luciLuidoosnoiconsidoiiipuiiiculuilv impoiiuni.\lon spoukinc uLoui pusi. somoiimos ionso Loloio und ulioi diois. us in sonionco .. , , , . . Uno nood io. slouldni - 2D/7/111/7/.1D!7JJ1117!J`D.7JD1/D7'!1!`7/7J.V '1/'!'1/1/.D7D7D'7/'//7DKosponsoi osomoono sconcoin iluisomoilincmusiLodono.Kosponso consiiiuiosudvicoiluiiloioisnoiouson loiuciionioLoiukon.Olionusodin puiioins(coiiuinlvno noodio)oi(no nood io co io ilo iiouLlo ol).Kosponso olnonoodiocunsliliiniouciiiicism vlon usod us in sonioncos und .? ,. . , . 259 42393vlon. on ilo occusion ol - /- 2'1DD7/1/71///.

!1.717J/1/.!1!.1/J./`7U1/1/D1D `\!\ \!1`7J/7J!7D71`.DJoLoinuspociulcondiiionoivlon somoilinclusLocomoucoiiuinsiuio. Sumomounincus.LuiLocuuso ii is u loimul oxpiossion. is noi usuullv usod in ovoivduv spoocl. , ., . 296in ilo middlo ol - ( )/- ( )21/1/.1D`1!1/!`17/!7D/.1 \!+`7JoLoiusiinilomidsioimiddloolsomo uciion. . 9394 ovon - 2//D111Dv11/U/.1' ! .7U7! .1/Dv1`/11..1D/7/7/U`v.1.1 `7/!77D1DJJJCiiosunoxiiomocusoiooxpiossilui nuiuiullviloiouiooiloiluciois.Olion upponds io ilo nominuiivo us . us in sonionco . . . vlonovoi. il onlv - /- 2v/JU`/'J7U7J7U7.'7/1!'!`/'!JJ`/1/.D!7/.J V N V A A D711/1//'7D95oiilosiiuuiionlollovincilopuiioinio occui. condiiions Loloio ilo puiioin musi Lo ioulizod ndicuios ilui noilinc oxioinul is nocossuiv. , , , . 297 297 24 96 loi mo - 311`DJ!!`JD1/11.!V 1.//UJ7vD7!11`DJUD1/JJJ.JUsodiousksomoonoiopoimiiilo spoukoi io do somoilinc. Jukos u cuusuiivo voiL =. n munv cusos ilo spoukoi i scoiiui nlovi l l oLiui npoimi ssi on. Noio vlo doos uciion. . . . . 96 voni vou loi mo: - 277177D `11!711.!'!7v 1.//UJ17vD7D1Ioliiovuviousksomoonoiopoimii ilo spoukoi io do un uciionBocomos ininloimulconvoisuiion. us in sonionco . . . vould vou mind loiiinc mo: - 2/1`./11DJ 97 1.//UJ17vD7.11/J11/Ioliioioquosiiouskpoimissionol somoonoiodosomoilinc.Noiovlo doos uciion. . . Lo mudo io /- 371/.!DD7J`71/1./D1.!77J.7.J/'!J/17/1` J/1O ./7L/=LJ`U.`/1.`1`

7./'!"111

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D1/`DJ11D/'!1/`D'!JJ1.J!198Cuusuiivopussivo. !xpiossosnoiionol somoonoiocoivincucommundoidiiociivo undilonLoinccompollodiodoilouciion. us in sonioncos io . n sonioncos io spoukoi doos noi iocoivo unv diiociivos. Luiiosulioipsvclolociculimpucionds upilosumonoiiloicuso.suLiociis spoukoi oi somoono psvclolocicullv closo io ilospoukoivloloolsunluppvuLouiilo luci. ,, , . ,, . , ( , ) . =.`\1=muko io do / 3`7/!.1.!11/U1.!1/11111D1/1./!11.!JJ.`L/=LJ`U.`/1.`."'!"17'!.`1D"'!7vJD`.1/1/1111!.1/1/1111!Usuul l vusodvlonusoci ul supoii oi compolsoipoisuudosusociulinloiioiio do un uciion. Noi usod io usk somoilinc ol sociul supoiiois. , , . . 99 N`1=induco io - 3 '!/!./1./11!/.1/11/J1/1/77J /.J1/1/71/11/.7L/=LJ`U.`/1.`1`//DD'!1/`/DD/1`!'J7/J!.D/J/1/J.D/1!/!1DSomoili nci sudi iocicuusoolu psvclolociculcluncoinsomoonooidiuvs ouiunomoiionuliosponso..lsousod viiloiloiomoiivovoiLssuclus.. . . . und . , . .100 =.L1/!\1=loi - 3.!.!D1DJ.7J77J7!1J//'!7/`J1/1117/1`J7vJ.JL/=LJ`U.`/1.`'!`U77!'!.J!1.D7.U7ndi cuiosciunii ncpoimi ssi onio somoonoiodovluiilovvisl. iulso indicuioscoodvillonilopuiiolilo poisonmukincilouppoulNoiopoison doincuciion nsonionco . coniinuousuciionisciuniodinilopuiioin V ., ., . . , , .101 =/1=ondod up mukinc - 271.!11.//DD1D17JJ'!77'!71.1L/=LJ`U.`/1.`1.///J.v1`J1`/D/7D7DD`'/Spoukoi lools iosponsiLlo loi Loinc ilo cuusoolsomoudvoisosiiuuiionuiisincloi somoono olso. Olion usod in puiioin V ..lsousodinidioms.usin sonioncos und . . . . 1!`1L1=io cuuso - 2/`D/!J".! U`1/'!U!7v.77v`"D7`!!1/1../1Dv.1'U!102L/=LJ`U.`/1.`1717J171/Jv7!11!11`D77!1DD7.1/1/D/11//!1!1D/.!17Usodvlonspoukoivislosiolocus onmuincompononiolsomocondiiionilui lusuiisonJloioisnoiiunsiiivovoiL. ucoiiospondinciniiunsiiivovoiLisusod iniiscuusuiivoloimiouciusiiunsiiivo voiL.CunulsoLosooninClinoso-doiivodiniiunsiiivovoiLssuclus(impiovo).(dovolop). (udvunco).(comploio).und (ioulizo). , ,,. ( ) . 345 377 Ucunnoi uvoid. luvo no cloico Lui - /- 2D1'!"11.!1/D1!/11`/D'1!7`'!77!V 1\L\11D..!7D/103Usod vlon siiuuiion cunnoi Lo uvoidod ovonilouclpoisoninvolvoddoosnoi vuni io do ilo uciion. is old ioim mouninc(noi).Iuiioin lususiioncoisonsool(musi ovon iloucl doosni vuni io) ilun (no vuv noi io). , . ., . und. Losidos - 3`!!//JJ".'.7`!J/`./ UDD/D/1U'!JU`!xpl ui nsmoioilunonoiouson. Convovs loss ol u cuusul ooci ilun oiiloi oi .!von vlon onlv ono iouson isusod.usinsonionco.ilosonionco impuiis loolinc ilui oiloi iousons do oxisi.. . . 357 /cuni Lui. cun onlv - /- 2!1/.1.1`/1J7J/`.104 `'/ !xpiossos iosicnuiion ilui iloio is no vuv oui ol doinc somoilinc. . us soon us. ilo momoni ilui - /- 2`17111/U17D`1!!!1/!171D!17D1J7V 11\17D7J17DOl ionusodioconvovvol i ii oniodo somoili ncussoonussomoili ncol so luppons. , . ilo cuso ilui - /- 21`7JJD1/.D1/!D`17`1/v!!//117117!1.1/1 A 11\ U111"DD./D7105KosulilusoccuiiodLocuusoolucoiiuin iousonoiciicumsiuncosiluispoukoiisi oxpluins. Bocomos in mid-sonionco. us in sonionco . , . . 105 doponds on - ( )/ - 2.!DD717JJ..'/`17.!`/1

1.!D17 11\1!1J!1.7JD`D17J!.!!J!17J/1`.!./7D7 Mui nl vl i nksi ooxpiossi onsol dioionco in docioo oi ivpo. Convovs noiion ol clunco in iosponso oi docision dopondinc on ilui dioionco. uciois piocodinc docidovluilollovsii.Mounincundusuco uiosumousloi .Lui ismoiocommoninduilvconvoisuiion. Bocomosuiondolsonionco. us in sonionco . , , . . , ,. . Jdopondinc on - 211`177.D717JJJD/D717/`J106 11\1!1J!1.JD.Dv1/D'!!JvD77J/1`.! Li nksmui nl vi ooxpiossi onsol dioionco in docioo oi ivpo io indicuio ilui insomosiiuuiionscoiiuinovonisluppon. UsucoLoloncsioilo puiioin. osciiLosonoinsiuncoouioluvuiioivol possiLiliiios.Sumo mouninc und usuco usloi .Luimoiocommonin duilv convoisuiion. , . . . , , . 297 298 298 299 424 300 299 302 424107 1iuin oui Ludlv. ond up ( ) / / 1.!//!.7.1.1!'D11U1/.D/1/D1`7

J1D/J'!1/V 1.1DDJ!./..!DSlovspiocossolovoniscoincliom Ludiovoiso.Olionusodviilvoids sucl us (uliimuiolv). und (in ilo ond). . . 193 185 186 194 1957\1\(commund) do| - 3.'1`!'!.1!!1.//.11/7D108L/=LJ`U.`/1.`"1J./J7/1'!"1D77/117J7DD/11./D1/11./7/1D/D 7\1\\=/1\Sonioncosiluiondi ncommund loimsuiomuinlvsiionccommundssuid Lvmon.Somoiimosusodusinsonionco .loimoninviiincliiondsoimukinc iocommonduiions.UsodLvmonund vomon uliko in diiociions on iosis oi vlon usodinindiiocispooclinilomiddloolu sonionco. us in sonionco . , . .,,, . 300 301 3037\1\\(commund) suid io do- ( )27D!771D1/11D/1/11/J1.77JL/=LJ`U.`/1.`."1D/11D/1"D7."1.!17D!7711/11D/1/J1J1.8 77J77J109Concisolvoxpiossosindiiocispoocl vuinincsoicommunds. iioci commundsoliloindiiocisiuiomonisin sonioncos lisiod uio.sonionco . . Juko cuio ol vouisoll. sonionco . . KoudLooksvlonvouuiovounc.sonionco .Sonioicolloucuo.Novloicoi vluisovoiunddonoviiloicoivluis ovoiunddonoviil|Sonionco . Ciundluiloi.Lookilioosiopsuloud vlonvouvulkLookilioosiopsuloud vlon vou vulk|. oic.8 8 ,., . 303J!.nullv. ui lusi ulioi- 2`.77//D.71D/1/!1J77DD1D/J!`.1UD/71`.7V N J!DD/1D/`.!D !'/ .lioidoincvuiiousilincs. ilisis iosuli.Olionusodviilvoidsol omplusissuclus..und Jlo oxpiossion (ulioi muclondodup)cunulsoLousodinilis puiioin. , ., . . 304110 ioo 3J71O 7//7D7'!V 1\L\!1/.D'DNocuiivoovuluuiionindicuiincudocioo ciossos u lino ilui vus poiloci. . . 71ioiullv immoisod in. ull in- /- 177//./11/`/!`D11`D.D17`J1.D`J 7``J7vD7711D11JJ1`JoLolillodviilsomoilinc.oiono ilinculioiunoiloiluppons. Usodloi ilincs.colois.undovonis.Mosiolionusod vlonupoisonisinunduiodinnicoilincs. Oiloioxumplos.(io iiouiluvisllv). (diippincin iovols).und(immoisodin ucioouLlo ilincs). , . , , . ., .111 ondod up noi- 2J7J7/!``1J!`1`1!/'!`71`1/ 1\L\!1/`1D/`.`11/J71!1JJ1/7"1D `.!D..`'/Somo inioniion vus noi ioulizod Locuuso olupsvclolocicul.iompoiul.oiplvsicul oLsiuclo. Olion upponds io voiLs ol voliiion. Iliuso usod us u noun.Olion usod viilvoidsliko(uliimuiolv).und (ulioi ull).Somovlui colloquiul. ,,, . . . . . viiloui - 3`7J.1.!1/7777`1/D1.//`V 1\L\V V .D7V J/DD717!J!1D7'7J!1112Jlo V ol V is un old loim ol Usod in ilo sumo vuv us V Sonioncosundslovinvlui siuiouciionvusiukonSonioncosund oxpiossmounincolinsioudolund coniiusi. . . . . iusi lud io - /- 27.7/..1J11/'1J..11J'!`//1/V 1\L\1/7`11711../D'1`JJD 11`7D/J!1.!/1D./7'7J/ JoplvsicullvnoiLouLloioLoui somoilinc.!xpiossosiluivlonspoukoi soosusiiuuiion.cunnoisuppiosssiionc loolincolvuniinciodosomoilincuLoui ii..s oxpiossos spoukois omoiions oi plvsiculsonsuiions.nocossuiviouppond suxos . .oivlon usinc ilo iliid poison. us in .Sumo mouninc us . . , 3 . .113 1=J`Ucuni lolp Lui - /- 17'!D/!/D1J!D11/77.D1D77'!.1/D/7 V 1\L\ V 17.!'J7`J!1.!D11/`D77J/. siiuuiion oi uciion is mudo io occui. Bvusincviilvoidsoxpiossincomoiion. sonionco succosis poison nuiuiullv cumo io luvo ilui loolinc.n sonionco . lusilosumomounincund usuco. . , . , . L/kD/!vill mosi coiiuinlv - / - 11J111/1///71'!1/ V 1\L\ V UD/!`1/D7!xpiossosviilsiioncomoiion.dosiio.oi policviloidouiluisomoilincvillnoiLo ullovod io co undono.. , , .114 D/!musi coiiuinlv - / 171.1DD/D11D1J.J7J111!1 V 1\L\ V !`1`1D`D/U1./`D7D7'/Considoiincilosiiuuiion.condiiionsolilo iimoundsociuliulos.spoukoioxpiossos noiionolmusiLvullmouns.oiovn loolinciluimusiLodono. oimul oxpiossion. . =.`!.`ovon - 17D1111D/J/`.117J7`1/711O .!'/'/1/1/..'/1 !`7/1!J7DJ/D./.`'/1DJJJJ115Civosoxiiomooxumploolsomoilincund ilonuddsiluioiloilucioisnuiuiullvulso oxisi.Usodilosumovuvus .Luiis moio liioiuiv. \lon uppondod io nominuls. suclusinsonioncos und . olion Locomos . ., . , . 304 299 115 //on uccouni ol - /- 21``1D//`1`//D/1/1`/D!7J1``DJ17`//1/1/7U`J A A N N D7//1DD//D/116Somoudvoisoconsoquoncoiosulisliom somocuuso.nsonionco . lus nuuncoiluioiloilucioismicliluvo coniiiLuiod io ilo udvoiso consoquoncos. , . , , . 300 301 305 306 307 306 /-/iis suid ilui. loui ilui - 3/`JJJ".J/1/`J!..

1/./7J7!.!7.!1/J/11D /'!`17D71!.J!1'D.`/D7`J`7D`/`JJJ".117Convovsinloimuiionspoukoilouinod uuiul l voil iomioudi nc. Souicool inloimuiionisindicuiodLv..oi.CunnoiLousodviil nocuiivos.pusiionsos.oiinioiiocuiivos.Cunnoi uso . . oi Loloio , . . , . . J`ii uppouis ilui - /- 3'/!7DJ/.JDD!`1 1\L\/'!7/1'/1D"1!17`D/`D``7/"1D7`'!U`!xpiossosuppouiuncossoonoi impiossionsolspoukoi.Coniucuiosliko -udiociivos( =noun= voiL)Noi usod loi ilincs ilui cun Lo undoisioodoLiociivolvuiuclunco Novoi uppondod io nouns. .. . . 118 !./uLoui io (- ) 3!/!J".J//./DJ7!D1`. ! 1!'! 7/JJD7'D7DUsod vlon ii sooms liko somoilinc is uLoui io occui. Nocuiivo loim usuullv Locomos . us in sonionco . , . . J`/1/ii sooms ilui - 3. ! 1/JD7171D!71JD 1\L\/'!/7/D/D7!1'D7D119!xpiossosspoukoisiudcmoni.cuossos. piodiciions.oipiomoniiions.Nocuiivool voiL loim usuullv Locomos . , , , ., . 117 118 307 307 307 iusi us soon us - /- 1.DJ..1.!`1.!7vD!771D./`7/!1V V D7JD.vDJJTusiussoonusonodoossomoilinc. somoilincolsolupponsucuinundvoi ucuin.OlionusodloiundosiiuLlo ovonis.,,. . 348120 () vuni io - 4/.1/v`71!/1JJ"v77J!!77V /'!.``J!1J```JD 1J/D7!1JvvDJJ/1`J!1J./7DJ'1`J"'!1DD/DD/D !xpiossosspoukoisdosiiosundlopos loi uciion .lso usod io usk uLoui dosiios und lopos ol oiloisConiucuios liko un -udiociivoJiunsiiivovoiLs. likoinsonionco .olioniukopuiiiclo iuiloiilun(diinkLooi) (vuniiodiinkLooi) Cunnoi Lo usod ui ilo ond ol sonioncos oxpiossincdosiiosiniloiliidpoison Nocossuiviouppondoxpiossionssuclus in sonionco .. . und.Bosinoi iousodiiocilviovuidsociulsupoiioisoi vlon uskinc somoilinc poliiolv. , . .. ., . . . 308 309 308 309121 L/`() ioullv vuni io| - 2`7.!!J.!1D.1'V `J!1D1vD7V V 7D/.!V !mplusi zosucii onoldosi ii ncoi vuniincsomoilincLvcomLinincund .V mounsV (dioullvlikoio).Olionusod inconiunciionviil (somolov)oi (somolovoioiloi). usin sonioncos und .ncolloquiul luncuuco.olionLocomosV .us in sonionco . ,.. . . 309 309 141 329 /1/.us mucl us - /- /- 277D1!`1/./122 `\!\ 1/!DD7D/`D!1V1o somoilinc io iis limii. .lso usod in idioms. in loim ol . us in sonionco .BosidosuppondinciovoiLs.cun Losooninpuiioinssuclus.V. . oic. V . . . us micli Lo oxpociod - /- / 2Dv1`77.!/`7`!!1O 1/^-.^-.//1^D!J1/ B1D^1O 1/! B/1/71J!"1/ A A NN v!/D/1/D7J!Dv!'D.!DD7./7D7123Us odl oi udmi i i ncoi pi ui s i nc somoono sucliovomoniusLoliiiinclis iul oni. olloii. posi ii on. oioxpoii onco. Us o d vi i l vo i d s i l u i o v u l u u i o iosulis.uLiliiios.oicluiucioiisiics.Olion usodviil.insonionco isinloimul.Bocomosoiuiondolsonioncos.usin sonioncos io . , , , . , , .. . . 122 127 us Loiiinc - /- 2D1JJ71/`!.!!77`/2O 1/`1J1D711.`

./1D1D A A NN D7U1`D1'D/7/JJDJJoioxpluinincsomosuiiuLloiosuli conoiuiodliomoicuossoduLouiLusodon somoiousonoicondiiion.!vuluuiions oi iudcmonis olion lollov.Olion usod viil . us in sonionco ., ,, . . .124 /J`/7piocisolv Locuuso. coniiuiv io oxpociuiions - /- 27/D.7/D!71./J`/71`U1!1!.` A NN D7.1/77DDSomoilinc is coiiuin vuv. moio ilun usuul. oiconiiuiviooxpociuiions.Olionusod viiloiusinsonioncos und , , , , . . !Lo voiil - /- 2D/.1"/`!1/D/!/D,OOO /!DV V ND7!N '/N coiiosponds io ilo uciion. , . 122125 1`ui lousi - /- 2JJ`/D`11.JD71/!D/`JJ". A A 117/1.7/J1`U`D71..`'/Succosis voiso ilincs voio piodiciod. LuiuilousisomoLuiominimumsiunduid vusmoi.undiluiovonilouclspoukoi isdissuiisliod. villloicivooiloipuiiv oisiiuuiion. is -udiociivoviil nuunco ilui ovoni is noi cood. Lui is Loiioi ilun somo oiloi ovoni ilui could luvo Loon lui voiso.Sliclilv colloquiul. , , . , . . !\!/luvo ilo oxpoiionco ol. luvo- /- 31/7!/`.D!7171./'!7J/7J7U`/126 /J!1.7!D17.!DJJDD.!`J!1.!D.!Dndicuios oxpoiionco Olion usod viil pliusossuclus... und.Noiusodviilvoids indicuiinc noui pusi. oi viil . . oi .. . ., . L!^luvo ilo siiuuiion olin ilo pusi - 3117D1'/D1/77D1J!71O 1/7 L!\ D.!7DDD.!`J!1.!D`77Somooxiiuoidinuivsiiuuiionoccuiiodin pusi.Noiusodviilvoidsindicuiincnoui pusi. . . suddonlv Locin io - 3J"!/77`17J.'!/1!7!!`.7127 1'!1J!17J!1`.1DJJ/'!1J!1./D `.!1./!.!1./!1 Somouciionoiopoiuiiondilliculiio coniiolilioucllumunvoliiionlusLocun. OlionusodviiludvoiLssuclus (suddonlv)und(ullolusuddon). oosnoioxpiossspoukoisvoliiion. . . . noi onlvLui ulso 1!`!7/1/.7/./!!11/D/1/D1`1`D1/`./1/1/7!./D7./1/7/7./7!11D.1/7D N /JJJD 1D1/DD D7!D.!`Somoilinc is noi onlv viilin puiiicului sploio. Lui oxionds lui Lovond iloso limiis. nduilvconvoisuiion. .unduiousod. Oiloi similui loims uio.(noimoiolv.Lui). (noiiusiono.Lui).(noi simplvono.Lui).isu puiiiculuilv viiiion loim., . ., . .128 ilo onlv ilinc ilui ( )1!1/`1/11/1/.'!U!`U`7D..D1/1/ /'/D7D.!SoislimiisonsomoilincVoivloimul viiiion oxpiossion.( ) ( ). . 127no muiioi lov - 3D//D/1/1/D/7/.DV A A N 7/.! lussumomounincus. us .nloimul oxpiossion.,. . 200129 ovon il / 2U`.1.!D11J1.///11.!`.111/171/! V A A N D7D1D/1`'/!voni l somoili ncdoosoccui. somo condiiion vill uiiso iocuidloss. , , . Dvlon - / - 2!D177D77/./1.171!J1/7/DJ`D1V J!71"D!.1"D1`J7!DJ!./1D111J!1./.`1/7//`1/7//`7D7130!xpluins loimullv ilui vlon ono ovoni occuis. ilincs Locomo coiiuin vuv. Noi usod iooxpluinvoivuvoiucoplonomonu.Lui io indicuio us u iosuli ol ono ilinc. unoiloi siiuuiiondovolopodoispoukoilouinod somonovluci.Kosuliindicuiodis somoilinciluilupponodLvclunco.und iluscunnoiioocispoukoisvoliiion. \lonoxpiossincouicomoiluidiois liomoxpociuiions.Locomos.us in sonioncos und ., .,, , , , . , . 3) . 235 supposinc. ovon il - /- 171D11D/7J71'!/D11.//77!.D7D1D!1//1

2,OOO v1/1'1//1`'!///DDV D7D1D`/!7!'D11/7/vDJ!./111D/`7/JJ./7D.D `/111DJJ131osciiLosspoukoi siudcmoniilui ovonilsomoilincdoosoccui.iosulivill dolvoxpociuiionsundondinvuin.oilovol ol iosuli cun onlv Lo lov.Olion pliuso lollovincindicuiosspoukoissuLiociivo iudcmonioisuimiso.Iusiionso cunnoi Lo usod ui ond ol sonionco..s in sonioncos io . olion usod viil ...inioiiocuiivos.und numoiicul clussiois., / . , . . .1/D/iusi ui ilo voiv momoni - 2/`7JDv1/7JJ"./1/`7/1V D7J!1`JD7J!7D/JJ/1U11`.J!1./1./"1./'./J!1./D`D./J!7'/`132Somoununii ci puiodovoniLoci ns iooccuiulmosisimuliunoouslvviililo ondincolunoiloi.nmunvcusosiloivo ovonisuioioluiodSinco ( )dosciiLosuciuulovonis.sonionco ondinccunnoiiukooxpiossionsolvilllul uciions.voliiionulvoidssuclus(iiv io)oi (iniondsio).communds.oi nocuiivos. Cunnoi Lo usod loi spoukoi. Iuiioinsviilsimiluimounincsund usuco uio. , , . . , , , . , . . 142 noi ui ull. noi ovon. ovon iusi - 11U"J`J/7/DJO 1/7JJ1'!.D/JV !`1 ./.`D7D/`D7U"JU"JD/D/D/`!17D/`D.l i ioiuivioimusodi ni di oms. Mounincinsonioncois. (novoiovondioumod).sonionco .(novoiovonimucinod). sonionco .(ovoniusi ilinkincuLoui).Usodusidiomviil voiLs (ilink).und (loui)io convov ilo mouninc olovon iusi doinc.us in sonionco . .( ) ( ) ( ) . .133 iusi (nislod. did) 3/.J11/7 7D717/`/.

.`1//`.D !J1D/71D!DV V D7'71`D7.1/1"1D/``1//` Onlvusloiivliloluslupsodsinco uciionondod..sinsonioncos . . und.V- (Locuusoiusi). undV (ovoniloucliusi) oliondosciiLoucondiiion.Similuiin mouninc io V . Lui V onlv indicuios iimo iusi ulioi uciion. V lusvidoiiimoioloioncoilunV . us in sonionco . ., . , . , . ovoiv iimo - 2111'!J/1`."!D JJ/D134\lononoovoniluppons.unoiloiulvuvs luppons ui ilo sumo iimo. , . ii vould Lo Losi io - ( )3`1.7!JJ7/!D`7D.J"..!.!J1D/7D1 7/D.7/DJ.v `1.///`/JJ/D7J/7/`"1D7J"'!17D135Iiopososoiiocommondsiosomoono ilospoukoisovnopinionoiconvoniionul visdom.Oiloipuiivisiodocidovloiloi iodovluiissuccosiod.Luiiloiouio cusos.suclusinsonionco .vlonis nouilvcommund.Noiusuullvusodio civo insiiuciions io sociul supoiiois., ., , , . . 1=in oidoi io - ( )31U1/`./!7/D1JD711O 1.D`11`'!//V N .`D77`J!/1.!1`/1`7/1`7OLiociivoolunuciion.OLiociivois civon Loloio . und uciion io Lo iukon lollovs.uppondsiovoiLsilui includo voliiion. . , . . 1/!\loi - 3/./`'!/7/DD14O 1/D/7!!1DD71"JJ1D '!7/7`7J!1HoposiluiupoisonoicioupvillLonolii liom somoilinc. .136\/\/Locuuso ol - 3`JJU`/1J7/D11`7`7../'!JJ/7DJJ1D/7 .D//D.!D.D.11/./7.117.11/'!1J!1./!'/.`11Cuusooliosuliiluiisuncommon. Olionusodinviiiinc.lusodloinoimul ovonis.soundsunnuiuiul. \oids oxpiossincspoukoisvoliiionundioquosis do noi lollov. ., , .. . . c!ulioi - /- 3/D`!`/1!D7!11/7V D7V !7!D/J!7J!1D7/'!1D//1/J!1./JJDD7!137.lioicomploiionolvoiLuciionoi opoiuiion(luiuio).villdosomoilinc.Jlis V is noi supposiiionul.Olion voiL convovsilospoukoisvoliiion.ilouclis. opinions.oiudvico.Jlisusucois spocic io V . , ( ) , , . . ,, . . 1.`!/il - 3/D`./1D7D'!D.U`1//1J!../7J"7JV A N N 1J1D1/J!1././7/'!1./J7!./D./71/Jlisindicuiossupposiiioniluiil somoilincoccuis.ilonsomoilincolsovill luppon.Sonioncoondincsviil cuniukovoidsoxpiossi ncspoukoi s voliiionoiuppouliooilois.Nolimiiuiions on sonionco ondincs us viil . und . , . , . . 143138il (onlv) - (- )2J`!v.`7./1`71D.V N D711D1//1/``v ./7'/JJ /1L`/1L`Spoukoisupposossomoilincdilloioni liomilouciuulsiiuuiion.undoxpiossos loolincsoliocioioicludnossiluiovoni vusnoiioulizod.Olionpliusossucl us. .undcomo ui ond ol sonionco. , , , . . vlv doni (vou): - /- 3D71.!//1/11/1!.1/7`71/.J1V '!J/1/D1/!JDJ/7'//.!` 139Kocommonds. pioposos. oi civos udvico io somoono. .lso usod us in sonionco io sookudvicoonLosicouiso.Similui consiiuciions uio und . Lui und uio spokon. . . . =`ii vould Lo nico il ( ) - 3/!D7' ^ B/`J./1`'/`11.V A A N `/JD./77/`J!1JJ1/!DD/JJJ/'!1..!.`J 7DDv =`=`osiio oi lopo ilui somo ouicomo vill occui.Olionoxclumuioivuppondsio ondolsonionco.Olionvlonovoni soomsdilliculiioioulizo.usinsonioncos und . . .oiuiousod. \o i d s o x p i o s s i n c s p o u k o is voliiioncunnoipiocodo . IossiLloioinioicluncoviil . und . . . . . 212140 muv : - 3/7117"171/1JO 7/D !.=1/1 J11!D7`/17J/ Spoukoisooksdiiociionliomlisionoi. Iuiioininioiiocuiivo is ulmosi sumo in mouninc und usuco.. . 7covoiod in. lull ol 2.!J.D77/JD1`D`DDDJD7!D 77J/141MunvunplousuniilincsuiovisiLlooion somoilinc.Oiloioxpiossions...... oic. , . , . ililui vill Lo ilo ond ol ii - 1J.!!!1.!!`D1.`.!.`!1'!D1D.D`V \..!1".`D.J/..`oolinciluiilsomoonodoossomo puiii cul uiucii onovoivili ncvi l l Lo losioiovoi.nsonionco.lussumousuco.Luiismoio colloquiul.,,,., . 243 244142vould luvo il - (- ) 2177/DD./D7/!11/!1D./`.1.!.17/D A N V A A N D./11/DJ1`J117D./J/1/J`117DD/1`1D7D7Suppososunovoniconiiuvonincpusi oi piosoni uciuuliiv. succosis somo dioioni siiuuiion vould luvo uiison il coniiuvoniion ludLooniiuo.mpliosiluiilincsdidnoi iuinouiuslopod.loiuio uppondodioondolsonionco.loolincol iocioiissiioncilonod.nsonionco .spoukoiimpliosslocuniLuviloiiom Locuusoiiisuciuullvioooxponsivon poliiospoocl.Locomos. us in sonioncos und . , . . , . . .143 lov uLoui il vou- 3J /J//1`D!7JU/7/ 71O 1'! J! .!JJ/D71`J/D1D7Succosisplunoluciion.smoiodiioci pioposulilunpuiioin.ninloimulspoocl.Locomosoi :. us in sonioncos und ., .. . -``\dound do- 4U/7.`D/!J`1/JJJ".11/J7/././7J''.D!144 J!/!1"D7' ! !J.'!!JDDJ/1D7/`'/DJLisisupivooiilioouciiviiiosoi ovonisumoncsovoiul..sinsonioncos und . dosciiLos ono poison doinc sovoiul ilincs. oi us in sonionco . sovoiul pooplo doinc sovoiul ilincs.\lon onlv ono V is usod implios ilui oiloi uciiviiios uio Loincdonousvoll.usinsonionco.Cun ulso Lo usod ouplomisiicullv. us in sonionco .23 , 2,3 ., , , . , , , . -\somoiimosund somoiimos- 31JU11D/11`1D/!``../.J!D1 A A A A N N J!1!1'/1DD7DJJSlovsunsiuLl osi iuuii on. .l sousod viilpuiisolspoocloiloiilunvoiLs. Olion usod in puiioin . us in sonioncos und ... .145 /-iopouiodlv do und- 37/1D/71J.7J'!/7`//1/D7J. /7!/.J!1D7.77!1JDSlovsiopoiiiionolopposiiouciionoi movomoni. Usos voiL unionvms sucl us . . . oic. . 2 . noi ovon - 1D17!./!7DD1`D/.1J1D/``U1//D/7`!71.`1 11D7J1/'`D7!D7 !mplusizos comploio doniul Lv siuiinc ilui iloio isni ovon ono minimul lucioi. Similui puiioin is .., . .146 7lus ilo ioL ol. vlo is - /- 17D71/v1./.!1`/.1J1vDD17'`D/7!.D. ND777!DvD7D117D'D7J!1../.`D7'/npuiioin N.somoonoisin coii ui nposi i i onsoi lovsloul duci uccoidinclv.OlionusodinpuiioinN.mpliosiluiNislicllvovuluuiod Lv spoukoi Liioiuiv. loimul oxpiossion. , .. . . 310 \'.`pioLuLlv. mosi likolv - /- 47/D..!1D.!1O 1/.7./D.'D!!D7!1/1./!1J A N 7//`7!J!1D/D.D/'!1`.D`!1/./1D7/'!1./1`D7147Olionusodiooxpiosspiodiciionsloi luiuioconcoinincinconclusivooivouiloi loiocusis.UsodloiconiociuiouLouiLoil piosoniundpusiovonis.usinsonionco .Noiusodloipiodiciincspoukois inioniionuluciions. Copulu is poliio loim ol .n sonionco .isusodiosolionspoukois quosiion vlilo mukinc coniociuio. , . , . . . . =1=.`!.`U1lov voiv| 2U7U7v77v.!1`J7!"71/ A A AA NN ..D/D/`D/1.'/DJJ !xpiossosdooploolincsoisiionc omoiions.Olionusodviil.. . oi ., . . 187148 ilink poilups - /- 3/D1O /JJ7vJ`/!D17DJ.//7J.1"J N 11/'!D/'!`DJ7J!1JD1/!/'!1`.D \'.`Spoukoi sconiociuiooisuimi so. !xpiossosspoukoi sl ool i ncsmoio doniiivolv ilun . Coniociuio cun Lo convovod viil ulono. viiloui . und indicuios siioncoi conviciion.Noi usod io piodici spoukois inioniionul uciion. ( ) , . ( ) . , , . ( ) . 310 191 193 185 186 194 425 311149 `D1vlilo. incidoniullv. ui ilo sumo iimo - /- 2.D`11`71/17Dv!1D//DvU1D/'.//117V V !`1N J./`D.1J./D7 7./1.!J!./D`.!Us os oppoi i uni i vol onoovoni i o convonionilvuccomplislsomoilincolsous voll.Cluusopiocodincconiuins oiicinullvplunnoduciion. vlilocluuso succoodinc dosciiLos supplomoniuiv uciion. , ., . 425 426 311 vlui vus ilui:vus ii: - ?/- ?2.1//`1/J!!!J1`./!/1..1/1D/`!v 7`/`J1/J71D7150iuvsuiioniioniooiconliimsspoukois uncoiiui nivuLouisomoovonivlon spoukinc io somoono. , , . 312 17iloios no clunco. no vuv - 2!D/D1.1/17J!1`17 7/JO 7//J!JO 7//7D/!V Dv1'DDv'/DJJ11/7/J!17D17'!D1D!mpluiicullv donios somo possiLiliiv. Olion oxpiossos possiLiliiv und indicuios spoukois iudcmoniSimiluiinmouninciopuiioins undUsodin lumiliui spoocl. . ... . 227 =ovon iloucl , - 211!717.7D77/1DJ`'11./!DJ1`/`D151V V D7V `17J!111.D.JDJJD/'/JJ1./1D/DV J/DSomoilincisdonoovonilouclsucl isnoioxpociod.Olionusodvlonspoukoi iocioisoiconlossossomoilinc.Olion loundinidioms.suclus..Usod ilo sumo vuv us V . . . . . . !`11/`vlilo - 2/1U1D/`1!1.!JJ1`11./7D/7//JD/7v'!1/1D/`/C J/`11.1V '!'!'!!1'!7'/!.!1J/DD7./.`'/ !`11/`Somoonodoosivoilincsuiilosumo iimo.Soconduciionlisiodismuinuciion. Usuco is sumo us loi . Lui moio liioiuiv. , .. , . 152 und. oi. novnov - /- 1.OO . 7 1/1`D1!JD.

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11D/`D!xpluinslovvoiLuluciionlollovincis cuiiiodoui..ppondsioivoconiiusiinc voiLs.suclus (oui).und (sink). Usod idiomuiicullv. . . . (piociossion)Lo doinc - 27!7!1U'/7vD11D//JD1/1!1D/`D1/1 1/J711`J/17J/V .!1/.7!1/.DD1/DDSomoovonipiociossosinucoiiuin diiociion.Spocicullvdonoiossomoilincis in piocoss ol piociossion.Kuiolv usod in convoisuiion.. . .153 koop on. do on und on 3771JJ171...12 1/D/.D'!`711.UJ7/ !1D/7J!1!D Movomoni.piuciico.oiuciionconiinuos. Spocicullv siiossos loncil ol iimo ol uciion. , . . =150 /-/(louisuv)ilov suv ilui - /- 2^!11` BJ`/` !/`...!J .^D B /.///D!1../1D/11D'D7D.J!DJD7J11154Jlool louisuvoiquoi ui i on uLLioviuiosio .Jlo (suvinc)oi(isviiiion)ilui lollovs lus Loon omiiiod. \idolv usod in duilv convoisuiion.Sonionco mouns. Sonioncosiouiosuid viillullincinionuiion.nsonionco . iopouisvluioiloipoisonsuid.undilon io-usks quosiion. n mosi cusos liko ilis. is suid viil iisinc inionuiion. ,.) . .. . , . . 1+1\vlo. vlui. ilui - /- 2^IC // B^.7/ BJJ!D1JJ.!V A A N `71"D7/.!D.!IC 7 \=onos somoilinc oi oxpluins iis mouninc nloimul.nviiiionspoocl.sonionco vouldLop.c. .SonioncovouldLo .IC , . . IC PC . /=numod - /- 3!'!/1711!!D7`DD711155N ND7/.!1'!v1/D7NND.!NN /=1.`L\nloim NisspokonoxpiossionJollsnumosolliiiloknovnpooplo.ilincs. oiplucos.oims Nund Nuioulsousod.\iiiionloimis N N.,, . . . 208 209 154 222 219 225 222louvo on. louvo oui. louvo us is / 1!7D

1.!7JJD./D`1D//DV J!!1/7177'DDJJ156.lioiunuciionisiukon.somosuL-soquoniuciioniluislouldLoiukonisloli undono.n sonioncos und . mouns ilosiiuuiionconiinuos.Olionusodin nocuiivo ovuluuiions. , . . . D/-isl. somovlui - / /- 2.2 7 O /./.J/!11v1`'!7/D'J11" DJJ11DJJ J!.D1Usod noi loi lioquoncv. Lui loi quuliiv olsomoilinc. Olionusodloiudvoiso ilincs.Oiloioxpiossions. (musculino).(soomslikoulio). (soxv).(Lluckisl). (ousilv luiicuod). oic. , . ., .157 \1inionds io - /- 31/1./!`7/D1`. ! 117D1!J'.J!!!`1.!/!1D/ J/1O ./D1 1!//'!1DJ!1 7JJ/D7`1/Dv17D1/1D/71DD`7J7J /11JJ/D7D'`J!1"'!1/11/1/1/1/ 158Spoukoisinioniionoiplunloivlui iodooinoiiodoinluiuio.Mouninc issimiluiio(ilinkll).Lui plun is moio spocic und ovoni moio likolv iooccui. Noiolionusodloiovonisin immodiuio luiuio. oi iliid poison voliiion.usucoissumous . Usodinpuiioinssuclus. . und . is siioncoi nocuiion ilun .Bosinoiiouddioss sociulsupoiioiviil. , , . , , .. ,,.. . \!1\-\!!supposod io Lo. Lui - /- 2 !"77// 1./77.77/`!1!.`'" A N 1\L\!`1L1!L!111.!D7J!1Somoono lus coiiuin inioniion. Lui uciuuliiv oi iosuli ol uciuul uciion dioi. , . 312159 ^\11\Uilon - /- 4J7vJ 1`4 1`77 11D'./`...J1!1V D7./1./U!17'7Loosolvconnocisvluipiocodosloimol voiLiovluilollovs.nsonioncosund ilo ivo cluusos uio in puiullol. Sonioncos und siund in coniiusi. , . , . 1+/1/1/L\ilon - /- 4/``/1B `vC `J1O 7!`!!D7/D/V !1V D7J!U!!1//J!1J!!'1/7/D V.7D1/.D/VDDD7'V V 160Loosolvlinkscluusospiocodincoi lollovinc V. n sonioncos io . uciion is lisiod in soquonco.V in sonioncos unduiopioioquisiiosloiuciion lollovinc.JvoV puiioinscunLo usod.usinsonionco .Jooxpioss soquoncoioluiionsmoiodoniiivolv.usoV.Nocuiivo is V oi V . , . . . . .. ``1.`1\Lv. vlilo - /- 3C `J/1/1J//.1./J.1/711D77V !1V 1/.U!17/J!117!JJ!17'V V Loosolvconnocisvluipiocodosund lollovs ii.Sonionco dosciiLos moilod undmouns.sonionco dosciiLosvlui lupponsoivluiuciionoccuisinvlui siuio.Nocuiivo is V oi V . . . , , ..161 'N`\/\/loi. Locuuso - /- 31D/DJ77/D.`1/1!7.`7J7/7.7V A A N U//7J!171J!./.77/D1/`1/7`17.DvJ!1'/DJJ./7/'!1J7!J!1./.`J7!J7!D/`DDD7J'D7 ^\1'N`'N`Kouson oi cuuso. \ouk connociion.Cluusolollovincolionconiuins..und.oioiloioxpiossions olomoiionuloiplvsiculcondiiionsoi impossiLiliiv.!xpiossionsolspoukois vol i ii onoiuppoul iol i sionoidonoi uppouiuiondolsonionco.Sonioncos l i ko und uiousodusi di omuii c suluiuiions.Nocuiivosiuko . . . , . 3) . 4) . , .162 N