5th Grade Earth Science

Chapter 7Water on Earth

The Hydrosphere

• All water on the surface of the Earth make up the _____________.

• 97% of the hydrosphere is made up of _______ water.

• 3% comes from rivers, streams, ponds, and creeks - ________

• The hydrosphere covers approximately ___ or ____ of the Earth’s surface.

Hydrosphere

ocean

freshwater

¾

75%

Oceans from largest to smallest

• 1. __________ - and deepest• 2. __________ • 3. __________• 4. __________Oceans are all ________. They vary in _______,

___________, and _________.

Pacific Ocean

Atlantic Ocean

Indian Ocean

Arctic Ocean

connected salinity

temperature Sea levels

Earth Spheres

Salinity

• Oceans get salt from _____ - salt is carried to oceans from the rocks and soil in river beds.

• ________________ - common table salt makes up most of the salt in ocean water.

• _____ - a measure of how salty the water is• Salinity varies from place to place in oceans• When water is evaporated in oceans – the salt is left

behind – therefore salinity is _______ in shallow waters because the __________ rate is higher.

rivers

NaCl – sodium chloride

salinity

greaterevaporation

Salt water and density

• A liter of cold water with a high salinity is ______ than a liter of water that is either warmer or has a lower salinity.

• ______ in the oceans are caused by ________water sinking under ___________.

• Currents on the oceans surfaces are caused by _____

heavier

currents

Cold salty Warmer water

winds

Temperature

• Ocean water near the _________ is warmer than water near the ____.

• _______ can carry warm water towards the poles and cold water towards the equator

• _________is a current that carries warm water from the Caribbean sea to the North Atlantic Ocean.

• ___________ is a current that carries cold water southward along the coast

equatorpoles

currents

Gulf Stream

California current

Where is fresh water found?

• ___________ is water used for drinking, cooking, and cleaning.

• Fresh water has some dissolved _____ but much less than seawater.

• Fresh water comes from _____ or _____• Some water falling to the ground in the form of

____________ seeps into the ground and becomes _________, other water collects in rivers and lakes

Fresh water

salts

rain snow

precipitationGroundwater

Groundwater

• __________ - rain or melted snow that soaks into the ground.– Groundwater fills spaces between rocks and soil– Groundwater sinks until it reaches a layer of rock

or clay that it cannot move through._______ - the layer of rock or soil that groundwater

occupies___________ - top level of groundwater in an

aquifer.

groundwater

aquifer

Water table

Water Table

• The level of the water table ______ when water is added by rain or snow melt

• The level of the water table will ________ during a drought.

• _______ - people get their water from an aquifer.

• Wells can become dry if we pump water out of an _______ faster than it can be replaced

rises

decline

wells

aquifer

Groundwater / Water table

Assessments

• 1. How much of Earth is covered with water?• 2. What is salinity?• 3. What causes some ocean water to have a

higher salinity than other ocean waters?• 4. how is freshwater different from ocean

water?

Surface Waters

• Surface waters include:– __________– __________– __________Surface waters are formed from:_______________________________

rivers

lakesstreams

Melting snow

Rain watergroundwater

Water Flow

• Water from rain and snow melt always flows in a __________ direction.

• Water from precipitation flows downward into small ______.

• Streams flow into larger streams and _______.• ___________ also seeps into rivers.• _____ - form when water collects in a low spot• ________ - an artificial lake that forms behind a

dam.

downward

streams

riversgroundwater

lakesreservoir

Ice

• ____ of the Earth’s fresh water is frozen into ice • _________ and __________ form when each

year’s snowfall is greater than the amount that melts.

• When glaciers and ice sheets reach the ocean, large pieces of ice can break off - ________

• When ocean water freezes, the resulting ice is not salty – the salt is pushed out of the ice crystals as they form.

7/10

glaciers Ice sheets

Ice bergs

Pollution

• Some people get their water from ___________

• Some towns get their water from ___________ - surface water might have harmful bacteria

• Water can easily dissolve materials - _______ from fields, parking lots, and lawns contaminate surface and groundwater.

groundwater

Surface water

pollution

Water Treatment

• 1. water is pumped to a _____________ - pumped from wells at the bottom of lakes, reservoirs, or other collecting areas

• 2. __________ are added to the water to attract dirt particles.

• 3. _______ sink to the bottom of a tank• 4. The water passes through _____ - sand and gravel• 5. chemicals such as chlorine are added to the water

to kill _______

Treatment plant

chemicals

particlesfilters

bacteria

Pine Creek / Squaw Run Watershed

http://pinecreekwpa.org/?page_id=44

What is the Water Cycle?

• Water can take the form of a ________, ________, or _____

• __________ - water in the form of a gas• Water vapor particles are in _____________• _____________ - the pressure of the gas

particles against another object.• Air pressure __________ as you move

_______ into the atmosphere

solid

liquid gas

Water vapor

Constant motion

Air pressure

decreaseshigher

Water Cycle

• ___________ - the constant movement of water through the environment in different forms.

• Steps of the water cycle– _____________– _____________– ______________– ______________

Water cycle

evaporation

condensation

precipitation

runoff

Water cycle can be affected by…..

1. _______________2. _______________3. _______________4. _________________________ - changing of liquid to water vapor_________ - water vapor turns to liquid – water

droplets in ______ or _____

temperature

pressure

wind

Elevation of land

Evaporation

Condensationclouds dew

Water Cycle Continued

• _____________ - water falls from clouds as rain, snow, sleet, or hail.

• __________ - ice changing into __________ without first melting

• ____ - forms when water vapor turns t ice crystals

• _____________ - drives the water cycle – melting, evaporation, and sublimation

Precipitation

Sublimation Water vapor

frost

Energy from the sun

Energy in the Water Cycle

• Energy is needed to raise ___________ to the clouds and move it by ____.

• Energy is __________ when water vapor _________ into liquid

• Water is used by plants during ____________ and animals need water for survival.

• Organisms produce water during __________

Water vaporwind

releasedcondenses

photosynthesis

respiration

Sequence

• Discuss two ways that water moves from precipitation through part of the water cycle and returns to precipitation.

How Do Clouds Form?

• ________-form when water vapor changes into tiny water droplets or crystals.

• ___________ - affects whether the water droplets are in the form of water droplets or ice crystals

• Temperature of air high in the clouds is usually ________ than the temperature of air close to the ground

• ____________ - affects the forming of clouds

clouds

Temperature

lower

Air pressure

Air pressure

• When air moves _________ to areas of less air pressure – clouds are formed

• When the air pressure is ________, the air expands and cools

• If the air cools enough - ___________ are formed

upward

less

Ice crystals

Types of Clouds

• Cirrus clouds –

• Thunderheads –

• Altocumulus -

Clouds Continued

• Stratus Clouds –

• Fog –

• Lenticular Clouds

Precipitation

• Clouds of __________ grow in cold air until they get large and heavy – fall to the Earth as __________ if the temperature between the cloud and the ground is less than 0 degrees Celcius.

• If the ice crystals fall and the air is warmer than 0 degrees the crystals will turn into____

• Rain that freezes again before it hits the ground is called _____.

Ice crystals

snowflakes

rain

sleet

Hail Formation

• ____ forms when very strong winds blow upward into a cloud – the winds blow the raindrops back into the freezing air at the top of the clouds – creates a small piece of ___

• As the ice is blown through the cloud, many __________ freeze on it until the ice crystals get too heavy and fall to the ground.

hail

ice

Layers of water