5 implementation of magnetized water to improve … · implementation of magnetized water to...

International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology (IJCIET), ISSN 0976 – 6308 (Print),

ISSN 0976 – 6316(Online), Volume 5, Issue 10, October (2014), pp. 43-57 © IAEME

43

IMPLEMENTATION OF MAGNETIZED WATER TO

IMPROVE THE PROPERTIES OF CONCRETE

Ali S. Faris1, Riadh Al-Mahaidi

2, Awad Jadooe

3

1Faculty of Education, Al-iraqia University, Baghdad, Iraq.

2Faculty of Science, Engineering and Technology, Swinburne Institute of Technology,

Melbourne, Australia. 3Faculty of Science, Engineering and Technology, Swinburne Institute of Technology, Melbourne,

Australia.

Karbala University, Karbala, Iraq.

ABSTRACT

This research examines the properties of fresh and hardened concrete for different mixes

prepared with magnetized water (MW). MW is also used to investigate the reduction in the amount

of cement required to achieve specified compressive strengths. 149 cylinders were prepared for all

mixes to determine concrete properties. For the purpose of comparison, similar cylinders were

prepared using ordinary tap water. MW was prepared by passing the tap water through devices of

different magnetic strengths 6000 and 9000 Gauss at the same velocity.

The results showed that, in most cases, fresh concrete made with MW has higher slump

values than that made with tap water (up to 35%). The compressive and splitting strengths of the

concrete samples with MW were higher than those of the concrete samples with tap water, with the

highest increase (up to 20%) being at the magnetic intensity of 9000 Gauss. With the same slump

and compressive strength, cement content can be reduced by 7.5% by the use of MW.

Keywords: Magnetized Water, Workability, Compressive Strength, Splitting Strength.

1. INTRODUCTION

Concrete is basically a mixture of aggregate, cement, and water. The paste, comprised of

cement and water, binds the aggregates (usually sand and gravel or crushed stone) into a rock-like

mass as the paste hardens because of the chemical reaction of the cement and water. Supplementary

cementation materials and chemical admixtures may also be included in the paste. The binding

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ISSN 0976 – 6308 (Print)

ISSN 0976 – 6316(Online)

Volume 5, Issue 10, October (2014), pp. 43-57

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quality of cement paste is due to the chemical reaction between the cement and water, called

hydration. Almost any natural water that is drinkable and has no pronounced taste can be used as

mixing water for making concrete [1].

The strength at any particular age is both a function of the original water-cement ratio and the

degree to which the cement has hydrated. Hydration needs a specific quantity of water, and the water

used in the concrete mix is always much more than required. The additional water increases the

workability of the concrete [2, 3].

Water is commonly described either in terms of its nature, usage, or origin. These

descriptions range from being highly specific to so general as to be non-definitive. After passing

through a magnetic field of certain strength, water is called magnetized water (MW) [4].

The improvement of the characteristics of concrete by the molecular structure of MW has

been explained by [5]. Water molecules are a polar substance, which tends to be attracted to each

other by hydrogen bonding and forms clusters. The breakdown of water molecules clusters into small

clusters by using magnetic treatment of water which allow easily penetrate into cementatous grains

and that leads to effective hydration which gave improvement of concrete durability.[6] has provided

a complete review of the field of MW. Each cluster contains about 100 water molecules at room

temperature. In a magnetic field, magnetic force can break apart water clusters into a single

molecules or smaller clusters as shown in Fig. (1), thus improving the activity of water. The true

mechanism still remains to be solved, since many phenomena in liquid states have not been

satisfactorily explained.

(a) (b)

Fig. (1): Difference in size of water clusters (a) Clusters of molecules in regular water (b) Clusters of

molecules in magnetized water

Little research has been conducted to detect the properties of concrete produced with MW.

Using MW in concrete mixtures causes an improvement in workability, and the compressive and

splitting tensile strengths of concrete. This processed water also causes a reduction in the cement

content required for the specified compressive strength. The results of tests showed that concrete

made with MW, has higher slump values than those prepared with tap water (up to 45%). Also, the

compressive strength of the concrete prepared with magnetized water was higher than that of the tap

water concrete samples (up to 18%). In some cases, with the same slump and compressive strength,

cement content can be reduced by 28% in the case of magnetic concrete [7].



45

The compressive strength and workability of mortar and concrete, which were mixed with

magnetized water and contained granulated blast-furnace slag (GBFS) was investigated. The test

variables included the magnetic strength of water, the content of GBFS in place of cement, and the

water-to-binder ratio (W/B). Test results showed that the compressive strength of the mortar samples

mixed with magnetically treated water of 0.8-1.35 T increased 9-19% more than those mixed with

tap water. Similarly, the compressive strength of concrete prepared with magnetically treated water

increased 10-23% more than that of the tap water samples. In particular, the best increase in

compressive strength of concrete is achieved when the magnetic strength between 0.8 and 1.2 T. It is

also found that magnetically treated water improved the fluidity of mortar, the slump, and the degree

of hydration of concrete [4].

[8] Studied the effect of MW on the engineering properties of concrete and concluded that the

strength of concrete prepared with MW increased by 10 to 20 %, when the magnetic flux density was

1.2 Tesla.

[7] Conducted tests to study the improvement of the mechanical properties of high strength

concrete by magnetized water technology and reported that the compressive strength of concrete

made with magnetized water was up to 18% higher than that made with tap water. The slump values

of the concrete made with magnetized water were up to 45% higher than the slump values of the

control mixes.

[9] Found increased cement dough durability when they treated it magnetically. They also

observed improvement in other properties of cement dough, including compressive strength 54%,

tension strength 39%, adhesion of dough 20% and decreases in initial and final setting times of about

39% and 31% respectively.

2. SIGNIFICANCE OF RESEARCH

Magnetized water has a promising place in the production of concrete with good properties.

This paper reports on an experimental study that aims to give engineers more confidence in the use

of magnetized water in concrete production. Tests were conducted on three different types of mixes

to investigate the effect of magnetized water on the mechanical properties of fresh and hardened

concrete.

3. MATERIALS AND METHODOLOGY

This study investigates the workability, compressive strength and splitting strength of

different concrete mixes prepared using magnetized water. Moreover, the effect of magnetized water

of different field strengths on the engineering properties of fresh concrete is examined.

3.1 Materials

3.1.1 Cement

The same type of Geelong general purpose cement (G.P), the product of Geelong Cement

(Australia) was used for all concrete mixes. It conforms to the Australian standard (AS 3972). The

physical properties of the cement used are presented in Table (1).

Table (1): Physical properties of Geelong cement

Surface area (m2/kg) 330-410

Specific gravity (kg/m3) 3150



46

3.1.2 Fine and coarse aggregate

Red sand and crushed gravel from local quarries in Victoria, Australia were used to prepare

the concrete mixes. The specific gravity of the sand and gravel were 2.55 and 2.60, respectively. The

maximum nominal sizes of the gravel were 7, 10 and 20 mm.

3.1.3 Water magnetization unit

For the magnetization of the water, two magnetic devices were designed and manufactured in

the workshop at Swinburne University of Technology. These devices create magnetic strengths of

6000 Gauss and 9000 gauss, each has more than three stages to confirm good efficiency, as shown in

Fig. (2).

Fig. (2): One of magnetic devices used in the present study

A pump was used for the circulation of water in the magnetizer. The water velocity value

through the magnetic devices was rated at 1000 mm/sec and the water circulation time was equal to 5

minutes. Drinking water from the Concrete laboratory at Swinburne University was used in this

research for both magnetized and tap water. It conforms to the Australian Drinking Water Guidelines

(2011). Reference number: EH52

3.1.4 Concrete mixes

In order to investigate the effect of using MW, three concrete mixes were prepared with

different mix proportions: 1: 1.87: 3.37 mix A; 1: 1.5: 3 mix B; and 1: 1.7: 2.54 mix C. The absolute

weight method of concrete mix design was employed to design all the concrete mixes. These three

mixes were prepared first with normal water and the same mixes were also prepared with magnetized

water at the same velocity, the same magnetization time and two different magnetic intensities. The

experimental variables were the type of the water (tap or magnetized), the magnetic strength, the

water-cement ratio, and the cement content. For the purpose of comparison, the concrete mixes were

produced with magnetized water and with the same slump test of tap water for the same mix. Also

for comparison purposes, the present paper investigates the method of improving the strength of a

given grade of concrete by reducing the amount of cement in a mix without affecting the other

properties of the concrete by replacing normal water with magnetized water for the mixing of

ingredients in concrete. Table (2) summarizes the details of these mixes and the samples were tested

at the ages of 7, 14 and 28 days.



47

Table (2): Details of concrete mix proportions

Mix Type of

water

Magnetic

intensity

(Gauss)

Cement

(kg)

Aggregate (kg) w/c %

by weight Sand (7+10)

(mm)

20

(mm)

A NTa 0 380 711 500 782 0.55

A1 MTb 6000 380 711 500 782 0.55

A2 MT 9000 380 711 500 782 0.55

A3 MT 9000 380 711 500 782 0.53

B NT 0 400 600 240 960 0.43

B1 MT 6000 400 600 240 960 0.43

B2 MT 9000 400 600 240 960 0.43

B3 MT 9000 400 600 240 960 0.42

B4 NT 0 370 600 240 960 0.43

B5 MT 6000 370 600 240 960 0.43

B6 MT 9000 370 600 240 960 0.43

C NT 0 420 714 715 352 0.48

C1 MT 6000 420 714 715 352 0.48

C2 MT 9000 420 714 715 352 0.48

C3 MT 9000 420 714 715 352 0.47

C4 MT 9000 420 714 715 352 0.50

C5 NT 0 420 714 715 352 0.50

a = not treated.

b = magnetic treated.

3.1.5 Experimental Methods

Magnetized and tap water were used for the concrete mixing. The constituents were weighed

using an Oahu Defender 5000 series bench scale and then mixed in a rotating 120L pan (Bennett

Equipment), in accordance with ASTM C192-98. After mixing the concrete for two minutes, a slump

test according to ASTM C-143-90a was undertaken on the concrete mixture to ensure that it was

within the design value and to study the effect of magnetic water replacement on the workability of

concrete. The concrete was then poured into standard cylinders 100mm in diameter and 200mm long,

and compacted using a vibrating table (Treviolo, 100w, Italy). The specimens were demoulded after

24 hours, cured in water and then tested at room temperature at the required age to study the effect of

magnetic water replacement on the compressive and splitting strengths of concrete.

3.2 Methodology

3.2.1 Fresh and hardened concrete tests

3.2.1.1 Concrete workability

Slump tests were carried out to check the fresh concrete properties using magnetized or tap

water (see Fig. (3)). the slump is a good measure of the total water content in the mix. The slump of

all cases of concrete mixes was carried out according to ASTM C143. The results of the tests are

summarized in Table (3), and drawn in Fig. (7).

International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology (IJCIET), ISSN 0976

ISSN 0976 – 6316(Online), Volume 5, Issue 10, October (2014), pp.

3.2.1.2 Compressive and splitting

All the samples were standard cylindrical specimens 100mm diameter

Fig. (4)), and were tested immediately after being removed from water using a servo compression

testing machine YAW-3000, China, as shown in

nine cylinders were cast for each mix, and three samples were tested a

curing. Three cylinders were prepared for each mix in order to determine the 28 day splitting

strength of concrete (see Fig. (6)). The compressive strength testing of all cylinders was carried out

according to ASTM C39, using a l

carried out according to ASTM C496

was taken as the average value of three specimens. The results for the tested specimens are

summarized in Table (7).

Fig. (4): standard cylindrical

sample

4. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

The concrete sample prepared with MW achieved better performance, as shown by the

comparison of concrete properties of the specimens prepared with normal water and those prepared

with MW. The properties of concrete in its fresh and hardened states were compared to evaluate the

effect of using MW.

International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology (IJCIET), ISSN 0976

6316(Online), Volume 5, Issue 10, October (2014), pp. 43-57 © IAEME

48

Fig. (3): slump test

and splitting strength

All the samples were standard cylindrical specimens 100mm diameter

(4)), and were tested immediately after being removed from water using a servo compression

3000, China, as shown in Fig. (5). To determine the compressive strength,

nine cylinders were cast for each mix, and three samples were tested after 7, 14, and 28 days of


(6)). The compressive strength testing of all cylinders was carried out

according to ASTM C39, using a loading rate of 2.36 kN/s, and the splitting strength testing was

carried out according to ASTM C496-96 using a loading rate of 0.63 kN/s. The compressive strength


Fig. (5): compression testing Fig. (6):

machine

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION





© IAEME

All the samples were standard cylindrical specimens 100mm diameter and 200mm long, (see

(4)), and were tested immediately after being removed from water using a servo compression

(5). To determine the compressive strength,

fter 7, 14, and 28 days of


(6)). The compressive strength testing of all cylinders was carried out

oading rate of 2.36 kN/s, and the splitting strength testing was

96 using a loading rate of 0.63 kN/s. The compressive strength


Fig. (6): Splitting strength test






49

4.1 Slump of fresh concrete (Workability)

4.1.1 Slump of fresh concrete with magnetic field intensity

Slump tests were conducted on all concrete mixes prepared with either tap or magnetized

water, and the results are shown in Table (3). An increase between 40 to 90 % was achieved in slump

when magnetized water was used, as Fig. (7) Indicates. These results are consistent with those of

previous researchers [7, 10, 11, and 12].

Table (3): Slump of Fresh Concrete

Mix Type of

water

Magnetic

intensity

(Gauss)

Cement

(kg)


by weight

Slump

(mm) Sand (7+10)

(mm)

20

(mm)

A NTa 0 380 711 500 782 0.55 25

A1 MTb 6000 380 711 500 782 0.55 38

A2 MT 9000 380 711 500 782 0.55 45

A3 MT 9000 380 711 500 782 0.53 24

B NT 0 400 600 240 960 0.43 40

B1 MT 6000 400 600 240 960 0.43 56

B2 MT 9000 400 600 240 960 0.43 62

B3 MT 9000 400 600 240 960 0.42 38

B4 NT 0 370 600 240 960 0.43 35

B5 MT 6000 370 600 240 960 0.43 52

B6 MT 9000 370 600 240 960 0.43 55

C NT 0 420 714 715 352 0.48 21

C1 MT 6000 420 714 715 352 0.48 36

C2 MT 9000 420 714 715 352 0.48 40

C3 MT 9000 420 714 715 352 0.47 22

C4 MT 9000 420 714 715 352 0.50 70

C5 NT 0 420 714 715 352 0.50 30

Fig. (7): Slump values for the concrete mixes

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

A A2 B B2 B4 B6 C C2

Slu

mp (

mm

)

Concrete mixes

Tap water Magnetized water



50

As shown in Table (4) and Fig. (8), the slump values increase by using the magnetic field as

in, or when comparing between Mixes A, B, C produced with normal water and Mixes A1, B1, C1

produced with magnetized water, also these values increases by increasing the magnetic field

intensities, as in or between the Mixes A1, B1, C1 and Mixes A2, B2, C2.

Table (4): Slump of Fresh Concrete with Magnetic field intensity

Fig. (8): Effect of magnetic field intensity on the slump

The reason for this phenomenon can be explained as follows. Magnetic devices include one

or more permanent magnets, which induce changes and effects on ions and water molecule clusters

passing through its magnetic field. A magnetic field has a considerable effect on clusters of water

molecules and causes the decrease of the number of water molecules in it (see Fig. (1)). Such a

decrease of molecules also happens with increasing magnetic field intensity, which causes more

participation of water molecules in the cement hydration reaction [13, 14]. Also, when water is

mixed with cement, cement particles are surrounded by water molecule clusters. In the case of

magnetized water, in which the clusters have a smaller size and lower density, the thickness of the

water layer around the cement particle is thinner than in the case of tap water.

Mix Type of water Magnetic intensity

(Gauss)

w/c %

by weight

Slump

(mm)

A NTa 0 0.55 25

A1 MTb 6000 0.55 38

A2 MT 9000 0.55 45

B NT 0 0.43 40

B1 MT 6000 0.43 56

B2 MT 9000 0.43 62

C NT 0 0.48 21

C1 MT 6000 0.48 36

C2 MT 9000 0.48 40

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

0 2000 4000 6000 8000 10000

Slu

mp (

mm

)

Magnetic field intensity (Gauss)



51

4.1.2 Slump of fresh concrete with different cement contents

The slump values for the mixes B2 and B6 at the magnetic intensity 9000 Gauss, increases

with increasing the amount of cement, in spite of equal proportion of water-cement ratio, see Table

(5) and Fig. (9).

Table (5): Slump of fresh concrete with different cement contents

Mix Type of

water

Magnetic

intensity

(Gauss)

Cement

(kg)


by weight

Slump

(mm) Sand (7+10)

(mm)

20

(mm)

B NTa 0 400 600 240 960 0.43 40

B1 MTb 6000 400 600 240 960 0.43 56

B2 MT 9000 400 600 240 960 0.43 62

B4 NT 0 370 600 240 960 0.43 35

B5 MT 6000 370 600 240 960 0.43 52

B6 MT 9000 370 600 240 960 0.43 55

Fig. (9): Effect of cement content on the slumpat 9000 Gauss

Fig. (9), shows the slump variations in concrete samples with different cement contents. It

can be concluded that the effect of the magnetic field increases at higher cement content and w/c

ratio, and the slump of the samples improves. The reason for this phenomenon can be explained as

follows. In mixes with higher cement content, more water is required to surround the cement

particles, and, faced with the low gathering of molecules in magnetic water and, in this regard, in the

case of magnetic water, we need to lower the water volume for the surrounding cement particles and,

as a result, a high rate of water shall be applicable for more efficiency.

4.1.3 Slump of fresh concrete with higher water to cement ratios

The water -cement ratio was studied for both tap and magnetized water. As expected, the

values of slump were found to be highly affected by the water cement ratio (w/c). Increasing the w/c

ratio from 0.48 to 0.5 (mixes C, C5, C2 and C4) resulted in 45% and 110% increases in the slump

values for the tap and magnetized water, respectively, See Table (6) and Fig. (10), below.

05

10152025303540455055606570

370 400

Slu

mp (

mm

)

Cement content (kg)



52

Table (6): Slump of fresh concrete with higher water-cement ratios

Mix Type of

water

Magnetic

intensity

(Gauss)

Cement

(kg)


by weight

Slump

(mm) Sand (7+10)

(mm)

20

(mm)

C NT 0 420 714 715 352 0.48 21

C5 NT 0 420 714 715 352 0.50 30

C2 MT 9000 420 714 715 352 0.48 40

C4 MT 9000 420 714 715 352 0.50 70

Fig. (10): Slump of concrete mixes using higher water-cement ratios

4.2 Mechanical properties of hardened concrete

4.2.1 Compressive Strength of Concrete

For all concrete mixes, the compressive strengths at 7, 14 and 28 days are recorded in Table

(7) and depicted in Fig. 11, 12, 13 and 14 for mixes A, A1, A2; B, B1, B2; and C, C1, C2

respectively which were fabricated with magnetic water at different magnetic field intensities. Also

drawn in Fig. (15) the compressive strength at 28 days and 9000 Gauss for mixes (A, A2, A3), (B,

B2, B3) and (C, C2, C3) to compare between them, on the basis of;

1- type of water (magnetized or tap water) as in mixes A, A3; B, B3; and C, C3 when the mixes

A, B, C were fabricated with tap water and A3, B3, C3 fabricated with magnetized water, provided

that the slump is equal in both cases, this means the amount of magnetized water less than the

amount of tap water.

2- type of water (magnetized or tap water) as in mixes A, A2; B, B2; and C, C2 when the mixes

A2, B2, C2 fabricated with magnetized water, but does not require that the slump is equal in both

cases, this means the amount of magnetized water is equal than the amount of tap water.

Finally, the 7, 14, and 28 days compressive strengths of mix B6, which had a low cement content of

7.5 % and was fabricated with magnetic water at 9000 Gauss, are shown in Fig. (16), with the

corresponding results for tap water mix B. The values for the compressive strength of the concrete

mixes fabricated with magnetized water at 7, 14 and 28 days of age were higher than those for the

concrete mixes fabricated with tap water. The percentages of increase of compressive strength at all

ages ranged from 10% to 19%.

To date, the most accepted hypothesis is that under the action of magnetic field, the clusters

or molecules groups of tap water which have been linked together with hydrogen bonds will be cut

or damaged. Consequently, it will break into groups of small molecules or individual water

molecules. Changes in the connections between molecules of magnetic water can lead to physical

properties changes in magnetic water, such as surface tension. When water is magnetized, the surface

05

101520253035404550556065707580

C, C5 C2, C4

Slu

mp (

mm

)

Concrete mixes

Tap water Magnetic water at 9000 Gauss

0.48%

0.5%

0.48%

0.5%



53

tension is indeed decreased. When the hydration reaction between cement and water takes place on

the surface of the cement particles, a thin layer of hydration products is thus formed that hinders

further hydration of the cement particles. However, magnetic water molecules can easily penetrate

the cement particles, allowing a more complete hydration process to occur and enhancing the

mechanical strength of concrete [11].

Table (7): Hardened concrete test results

Mix Magnetic

intensity

(Gauss)

Splitting tensile

strength

(28-days)

(MPa)

Hardened concrete test results Slump

(mm) Compressive

strength

(7-days)

(MPa)

Compressive

strength

(14-days)

(MPa)

Compressive

strength

(28-days)

(MPa)

A 0 3.2 32.1 39.1 41.8 25

A1 6000 3.7 34.7 38.9 44.46 38

A2 9000 3.7 35.3 41.3 45.7 45

A3 9000 3.8 40.1 45.62 48.8 24

B 0 2.6 25.1 27.8 29.7 40

B1 6000 3 27 30.1 34.6 56

B2 9000 3 27.6 32.3 36.1 62

B3 9000 3.2 28.6 35.3 39.8 38

B4 0 2.6 24.8 25.9 27 35

B5 6000 2.8 26.5 30 32.8 52

B6 9000 3 27 31.9 34.5 55

C 0 3.3 38.55 42.3 47.4 21

C1 6000 3.5 40.34 43.7 49.1 36

C2 9000 3.6 39.23 44.1 50.2 40

C3 9000 4.0 43.2 49.5 54.3 22

4.2.2 Compressive strength of concrete with magnetic field intensity

Fig. (11): Compressive strength at different

magnetic field intensities for mixes A, A1, and

A2

Fig. (12): Compressive strength at different

magnetic field intensities for mixes B, B1, and

B2

20

25

30

35

40

45

50

5 15 25 35

Com

pre

ssiv

e st

rength

(M

Pa)

Time (days)

A (Tap water) A1 (6000 Gauss)

A2 (9000 Gauss)

20

25

30

35

40

5 15 25 35Com

pre

ssiv

e st

rength

(M

Pa)

Time (days)

B (Tap water) B1 (6000 Gauss)

B2 (9000 Gauss)



54

Fig. (13): Compressive strength at

different magnetic field intensities for mixes

C, C1, and C2

Fig. (14): Compressive strength (28 days)

results

4.2.3 Compressive strength of concrete at same slump with tap water

The results show that the concrete mixes A3, B3, and C3 prepared with magnetized water so

that we get the same slump for the same mix prepared with tap water A, B, and C, have a highest

compressive strength, as shown in Fig. (15).

Fig. (15): Compressive strength of concrete at same slump with tap water

4.2.4 Compressive strength of concrete with reducing amount of cement

Compared with mix B and B2, mix B6 was produced with magnetized water and with

approximately 7.5% lower cement content. The 28 days compressive strength of mix B6 was slightly

lower than the compressive strength of mix B2, although mix B6 had 7.5% reduction in the cement

content (see Fig. 16). Compared with the concrete prepared with tap water, the test results show that

the use of magnetized water may allow a reduction of the cement content (7.5%) without affecting

the resulting concrete compressive strength [7]. However, more experimental tests are required to

ascertain the exact permissible values of cement reduction.

20

25

30

35

40

45

50

55

60

5 15 25 35

Com

pre

ssiv

e st

rength

(M

Pa)

Time (days)

C (Tap water) C1 (6000 Gauss)

C2 (9000 Gauss)

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

A, A2, A3 B, B2, B3 C, C2, C3

Com

pre

ssiv

e st

rength

(M

Pa)

Concrete mixes

Tap water

magnetic water equal tap water

05

1015202530354045505560

A, A3 B, B3 C, C3

Com

pre

ssiv

e st

rength

(M

Pa)

Concrete mixes

Tap water Magnetized water at 9000 Gauss



55

Fig. (16): Effect of cement content on 28 days and 9000 Gauss concrete compressive strength

4.2.5 Splitting tensile strength

The values of the 28 days splitting tensile strength for all concrete mixes are recorded in

Table (7) and depicted in Fig. (17). Generally, higher values of splitting tensile strength were

recorded for the concrete mixes produced with magnetized water when compared with the concrete

mixes prepared with tap water, which may be attributed to the better hydration process between

magnetized water and cement [4, 5]. The percentages of increase were in the range of 9% to 18%.

Fig. (17): Splitting tensile strength at 28 days

5. CONCLUSION

From the results, the following conclusions can be drawn:

1. The treatment of water with 9000 Gauss magnetic field intensity in this study is the best

treatment of water for preparing fresh concrete.

2. It is possible to increase the workability of concrete without adding access water or any other

materials.

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

B B2 B6

Com

pre

ssiv

e st

rength

at

28

day

s (M

Pa)

Concrete mixes

0

0.5

1

1.5

2

2.5

3

3.5

4

4.5

A, A3 B, B3 C, C3Spli

ttin

g t

ensi

le s

tren

gth

(MP

a)

Concrete mixes

Tap water Magnetized water at 9000 Gauss



56

3. Magnetic water has lower surface tension which can increase the activity of the cement.

Therefore, magnetic water can make the cement hydration more complete and the structure more

compact.

4. Magnetic water molecules can easily enter the cement grains. Therefore, magnetic water can

increase the workability of concrete mixtures.

5. The use of magnetic water increases workability and strength. These are advantages, since

conventional method of increasing concrete workability by adding water leads to a decrease in

the strength of the concrete.

6. With the same mixture proportions, the compressive and splitting tensile strengths of concrete

samples prepared with magnetic water increased by about 20% compared to those prepared with

tap water.

7. May allow a reduction of the cement content of concrete mixes about 7.5% without affecting the

concrete compressive strength. However, more experimental tests are required to ensure the

exact permissible values of cement reduction.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

The contributions and assistance of the technical staff in the Smart Structures Laboratory at

Swinburne University of Technology is gratefully acknowledged. The first author wishes to thank

Al-Iraqia University for supporting him while on sabbatical leave.

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