4po ,mbtjl óml .pefso 1jujsjn mfltboespwjm 4pspljo wf · sosyolojİ dergİsİ 208 7rsoxpvdo yh...

20
Başvuru: 15 Aralık 2015 Revizyon: 30 Mayıs 2016 Kabul: 31 Mayıs 2016 OnlineFirst: 30 Ağustos 2016 Copyright © 2016 İstanbul Üniversitesi Edebiyat Fakültesi Sosyoloji Bölümü tjs.istanbul.edu.tr DOI 10.16917/sd.51247 Haziran 2016 36(1) 207–226 Özgün Makale SOSYOLOJİ DERGİSİ Öz 3VTZB´EB EPóVQ JML BLBEFNJL mBMõñNBMBSõOõ bBSMõL 3VTZB´TõOEBO #PMñFWJ[N´F HFmJñJO TBODõMõ ZõMMBSõOEB WFSFO 4P- SPLJO "#%´EF )BSWBSE fOJWFSTJUFTJ´OEF CJS TPTZPMPKJ CzMNO LVSNBOõO ZBOõ TõSB zOFNMJ FTFSMFS WFSNJñ CJS JTJNEJS #V FTFSMFSJO FO zOFNMJMFSJOEFO PMBO Toplumsal Hareketlilik LJUBCõ UPQMVNTBM UBCBLBMBS BSBTõ IBSFLFUMJ- MJóJ WF CVOV NNLO LõMBO NFLBOJ[NBMBSõ HFSFL 3VTZB´EB HFSFLTF "#%´EF CJ[[BU UFDSCF FEFO 4PSPLJO´JO son klasik-ilk NPEFSO PMBSBL BOõMNBTõOõ TBóMBZBDBL mBQUBEõS 5PQMVNTBM UBCBLBMBñNBZõ JLUJTBEt TJZBTt WF NFTMFLt FLTFOMFSEF mPLMV CJS LPPSEJOBU E[MFNJOEF JODFMFZFO 4PSPLJO CV TBZFEF UBCBLBMBñNB MJUFSBUSOF IiLJN BO- MBZõñ PMBO .BSYmõ WF 8FCFSZBO UPQMVNTBM UBCBLBMBñNB LVSBNMBSõ EJLPUPNJTJOJ PMEVLmB FSLFO EzOFNEF BñBO CJS mBCB TVONBLUBEõS 4PSPLJO´JO UPQMVNTBM UBCBLBMBñNB WF IBSFLFUMJMJL LVSBNõ UBSJITFMMJóJ BOBMJ[JOF LBUNBLMB BZSõDB ZBQõTBMJñMFWTFMDJMJóF HFUJSJMFO FMFñUJSJMFSJ TBWVñUVSVS UBS[EB CJS NFUPEPMPKJL zOFSNF EF JmFSNFLUFEJS Anahtar Kelimeler 4PSPLJO 5PQMVNTBM UBCBLBMBñNB ôLUJTBEt UBCBLBMBñNB 4JZBTt UBCBLBMBñNB .FTMFLt UBCBLBMBñNB 5PQMVNTBM IBSFLFUMJMJL %JLFZ IBSFLFUMJMJL :BQõTBMJñMFWTFMDJMJL Atıf: Karakaya, F. (2016). Son klasik, ilk modern: Pitirim Aleksandroviç Sorokin ve toplumsal hareketlilik. Sosyoloji Dergisi, 36, 207–226. ôTUBOCVM fOJWFSTJUFTJ &EFCJZBU 'BLMUFTJ 4PTZPMPKJ #zMN 0SEV $BE /P #FZB[õU 'BUJI ôTUBOCVM &QPTUB [JOEFSVE!HNBJMDPN . 'BUJI ,BSBLBZB 1 ôTUBOCVM fOJWFSTJUFTJ 4PO ,MBTJL óML .PEFSO 1JUJSJN "MFLTBOESPWJm 4PSPLJO WF Toplumsal Hareketlilik

Upload: others

Post on 15-Mar-2021

1 views

Category:

Documents


0 download

TRANSCRIPT

Page 1: 4PO ,MBTJL óML .PEFSO 1JUJSJN MFLTBOESPWJm 4PSPLJO WF · SOSYOLOJİ DERGİSİ 208 7RSOXPVDO YH (QWHOHNW HO %D÷ODP Pitirim A. Sorokin, bugün genellikle, arkaik bir toplum felsefesini

Başvuru: 15 Aralık 2015 Revizyon: 30 Mayıs 2016Kabul: 31 Mayıs 2016 OnlineFirst: 30 Ağustos 2016

Copyright © 2016 � İstanbul Üniversitesi Edebiyat Fakültesi Sosyoloji Bölümütjs.istanbul.edu.tr

DOI 10.16917/sd.51247 � Haziran 2016 � 36(1) � 207–226

Özgün Makale

SOSYOLOJİ DERGİSİ

Öz

3VTZB´EB�EPóVQ�JML�BLBEFNJL�mBMõñNBMBSõOõ�bBSMõL�3VTZBT́õOEBO�#PMñFWJ[N´F�HFmJñJO�TBODõMõ�ZõMMBSõOEB�WFSFO�4P-

SPLJO �"#%´EF�)BSWBSE�fOJWFSTJUFTJ´OEF�CJS�TPTZPMPKJ�CzM�N�O��LVSNBOõO�ZBOõ�TõSB�zOFNMJ�FTFSMFS�WFSNJñ�CJS�

JTJNEJS��#V�FTFSMFSJO�FO�zOFNMJMFSJOEFO�PMBO�Toplumsal Hareketlilik�LJUBCõ �UPQMVNTBM�UBCBLBMBS�BSBTõ�IBSFLFUMJ-

MJóJ�WF�CVOV�N�NL�O�LõMBO�NFLBOJ[NBMBSõ�HFSFL�3VTZB´EB�HFSFLTF�"#%´EF�CJ[[BU�UFDS�CF�FEFO�4PSPLJO´JO�son

klasik-ilk�NPEFSO�PMBSBL�BOõMNBTõOõ�TBóMBZBDBL�mBQUBEõS��5PQMVNTBM�UBCBLBMBñNBZõ�JLUJTBEt �TJZBTt�WF�NFTMFLt�

FLTFOMFSEF�mPLMV�CJS�LPPSEJOBU�E�[MFNJOEF�JODFMFZFO�4PSPLJO �CV�TBZFEF�UBCBLBMBñNB�MJUFSBU�S�OF�IiLJN�BO-

MBZõñ�PMBO�.BSYmõ�WF�8FCFSZBO�UPQMVNTBM�UBCBLBMBñNB�LVSBNMBSõ�EJLPUPNJTJOJ�PMEVLmB�FSLFO�EzOFNEF�BñBO�

CJS�mBCB�TVONBLUBEõS��4PSPLJO´JO�UPQMVNTBM�UBCBLBMBñNB�WF�IBSFLFUMJMJL�LVSBNõ�UBSJITFMMJóJ�BOBMJ[JOF�LBUNBLMB�

BZSõDB �ZBQõTBM�JñMFWTFMDJMJóF�HFUJSJMFO�FMFñUJSJMFSJ�TBWVñUVSVS�UBS[EB�CJS�NFUPEPMPKJL�zOFSNF�EF�JmFSNFLUFEJS�

Anahtar Kelimeler

4PSPLJO���5PQMVNTBM�UBCBLBMBñNB���ôLUJTBEt�UBCBLBMBñNB���4JZBTt�UBCBLBMBñNB���.FTMFLt�UBCBLBMBñNB���

5PQMVNTBM�IBSFLFUMJMJL���%JLFZ�IBSFLFUMJMJL���:BQõTBM�JñMFWTFMDJMJL

Atıf: Karakaya, F. (2016). Son klasik, ilk modern: Pitirim Aleksandroviç Sorokin ve toplumsal hareketlilik. Sosyoloji Dergisi, 36, 207–226.

��ôTUBOCVM� fOJWFSTJUFTJ � &EFCJZBU� 'BL�MUFTJ � 4PTZPMPKJ� #zM�N� � 0SEV� $BE�� /P�� ��� � #FZB[õU� 'BUJI� ������ ôTUBOCVM� &QPTUB��[JOEFSVE!HNBJM�DPN

.��'BUJI�,BSBLBZB1

ôTUBOCVM�fOJWFSTJUFTJ

4PO�,MBTJL �óML�.PEFSO��1JUJSJN�"MFLTBOESPWJm�4PSPLJO�WF�Toplumsal Hareketlilik

Page 2: 4PO ,MBTJL óML .PEFSO 1JUJSJN MFLTBOESPWJm 4PSPLJO WF · SOSYOLOJİ DERGİSİ 208 7RSOXPVDO YH (QWHOHNW HO %D÷ODP Pitirim A. Sorokin, bugün genellikle, arkaik bir toplum felsefesini

SOSYOLOJİ DERGİSİ

208

7RSOXPVDO�YH�(QWHOHNW�HO�%D÷ODP

Pitirim A. Sorokin, bugün genellikle, arkaik bir toplum felsefesini temsil eden ve

N�OW�UH�VDSODQWÕ�GHUHFHVLQGH�YXUJX�\DSDQ�PDUMLQDO�ELU�VRV\RORJ�RODUDN�KDWÕUODQPDN-

WDGÕU��+kOEXNL�6RURNLQ¶LQ�JHUHN�5XV\D¶GD�JHUHNVH�±YH�ELOKDVVD±�$PHULND¶GD�VRV\R-

ORML�GLVLSOLQLQ�NXUXOXúXQD�\DSWÕ÷Õ�NXUDPVDO�YH�NXUXPVDO�NDWNÕ��\HQLGHQ�KDWÕUODQPDVÕ�YH�DOWÕ�oL]LOPHVL�JHUHNHQ�ELU�KXVXVWXU��.ÕWD�$YUXSDVÕ�ELULNLPL�LOH�$PHULNDQ�VRV\RORML�NDPXVXQXQ�EXOXúPDVÕQÕ�LON�VD÷OD\DQ�LVLP�ROPDQÕQ�\DQÕ�VÕUD��VRV\RORMLQLQ�NÕU�VRV\R-

ORMLVL�YH�WDEDNDODúPD�JLEL�DQD�DOW�GLVLSOLQ�YH�DODQODUÕQGD�LON�|QHPOL�NDWNÕODUÕ�\DSDQ�6RURNLQ�� NHQGL� KD\DW� VHU�YHQL� LOH� WRSOXPVDO� WDEDNDODúPD� YH� KDUHNHWOLOL÷L� LoHULGHQ�J|]OHPOHPH�úDQVÕQD�GD�VDKLS�ROPXú�����\�]\ÕOÕQ�EHONL�GH�HQ�ID]OD�KDNVÕ]OÕN�\DSÕOPÕú�VRV\ROR÷XGXU��$QFDN�ELOKDVVD�WRSOXPVDO�WDEDNDODúPD�YH�KDUHNHWOLOLN�NRQXVXQGD�\DS-

WÕ÷Õ�NDYUDPVDO�YH�NXUDPVDO�NDWNÕ��6RURNLQ¶LQ�son klasik-ilk modern olarak nitelendi-

ULOPHVLQH�LPNkQ�VD÷ODPDNWDGÕU�

.ÕWD�$YUXSDVÕ¶QÕQ�NX]H\LQH�QHUHGH\VH�ER\OX�ER\XQFD�X]DQDQ�JHQLú�dDUOÕN�5XV\DVÕ�FR÷UDI\DVÕQÕQ�HQ�EDWÕVÕQGD��)LQ�VÕQÕUÕQGD��oLIWoL�N|\O��YH�7XUDQLN�ELU� WRSOXOXN�RODQ�.RPL�KDONÕQÕQ�\HUOHúLN�EXOXQGX÷X�E|OJHGH��.RPL�N|NHQOL�ELU�DQQH�YH�5XV�ELU�EDED-GDQ�G�Q\D\D�JHOHQ�3LWLULP�$OHNVDQGURYLo�6RURNLQ¶LQ�EL]]DW�EL\RJUD¿VL��VL\DVv�VÕQÕUODU�YH�WRSOXPVDO�VÕQÕÀDU�WDEDNDODU�DUDVÕ�\DWD\�YH�GLNH\�KDUHNHWOHULQ�ELU�WDULKoHVL�RODUDN�GD�RNXQDELOLU��.�o�N�\DúWD�DQQHVLQL�ND\EHGHQ�6RURNLQ��³UL]D´�GHQHQ�ELU�NLOLVH�LúOH-PHFLOL÷L�LOH�JHoLPLQL�VD÷OD\DQ�EDEDVÕ�LOH�N|\�N|\�GRODúÕU��%X�VÕN�\HU�GH÷LúWLUPHOHULQ�ELU�\HUH�DLGL\HW�GX\PD�KLVVLQL�\DUDODGÕ÷Õ�6RURNLQ¶H�EX�LON�oRFXNOXN�\ÕOODUÕQGDQ�JHUL\H�NDODQVD��JDULS�ELU�UXKDQv�DQLPLVW�DXUD�LOH�2UWRGRNV�+ÕULVWL\DQOÕ÷Õ�KDUPDQOD\DQ�E|OJH�KDONÕQGDQ�HGLQGL÷L�PDQHYL�YDVÕÀDU��N|\�RNXOODUÕQGDNL� LSWLGDL�H÷LWLPGHQ�ID\GDODQÕS�ELU� EXUV�ND]DQPD\D�\HWHFHN�GRQDQÕP�YH�GHYULPFL�G�ú�QFH� LOH� WDQÕúPDN�ROPXúWXU��5XV\D¶GDNL�KD\DWÕQÕQ�JHUL�NDODQÕQÕ�ELU�\DQGDQ�H÷LWLP�|÷UHQLP�NDUL\HULQL�V�UG�UPH-\H�YH�|WH�\DQGDQ�VL\DVv�P�FDGHOH�LoLQGH�JHoLUPH\H�KDUFD\DQ�6RURNLQ��EX�G|QHPGH�GHIDODUFD�KDSVH�YH�VRQXQGD� LGDPD�PDKN�P�ROPXúWXU��'HULQ� WRSOXPVDO�NÕUÕOPDODUD�GR÷UXGDQ�WDQÕN�ROGX÷X�5XV\D�\ÕOODUÕQGD��dDUOÕN�5XV\D¶VÕQÕQ�VRQ�UHIRUP�oDEDODUÕ�YH�DUGÕQGDQ�\ÕNÕOÕúÕ��GHYULP�XPXGX�YH�GHYULP�VRQUDVÕQGD�%ROúHYLN�KkNLPL\HWL�LOH�JHOHQ�EDVNÕ�RUWDPÕ�JLEL�ELUoRN�IDUNOÕ�GXUXP�LoHULVLQGH�SROLWLN�ELU�DNWLYLVW�YH�JHQo�ELU�DNDGH-PLV\HQ�RODUDN�YD]L\HW�DOGÕ��gWH�\DQGDQ�5XV\D¶QÕQ�EHONL�LNWLVDGHQ�HQ�JHUL�E|OJHVLQGH�YH�oLIWoL�]DQDDWNkU�ELU�DLOHQLQ�oRFX÷X�RODUDN�EDúODGÕ÷Õ�KD\DWÕ���ONHQLQ�HQ�PRGHUQ�NHQ-

WLQGH��3HWURJUDG��ELU�VRV\RORML�N�UV�V��NXUPD�YH�GHYOHW�EDúNDQÕQÕQ�GDQÕúPD�PHFOLVL��\HOL÷LQH�VHoLOPH�JLEL�P�WKLú�ELU�WRSOXPVDO�KDUHNHWOLOL÷LQ�GH�EL]]DW�WHFU�EH�HGLOPHVL�LOH��6RURNLQ¶LQ�5XV\D�\ÕOODUÕQÕ�EXUDGD�HOH�DOÕQDQ�NRQX�LWLEDUL\OH�LOJLQo�NÕODQ�ELU�EDúND�YHoKHVLGLU�� %ROúHYLN� G|QHPLQGH��.X]H\�%DWÕ�5XV\D�PHUNH]OL� ELU� LV\DQ� KDUHNHWLQH�YHUGL÷L�JL]OL�GHVWHN�YH�LV\DQÕQ�EDúDUÕVÕ]�ROPDVÕ�VRQXFX�PDKN�P�ROGX÷X�LGDP�FH]D-VÕQÕQ�LQID]ÕQGDQ�oRN�NÕVD�ELU�V�UH�|QFH�YH��VWHOLN�EL]]DW�/HQLQ¶LQ�ELU�JD]HWH�\D]ÕVÕ��/HQLQ��������LOH�NDOGÕUÕOPDVÕ�VRQUDVÕQGD��|QFH�$OPDQ\D�YH�VRQUDVÕQGD�dHNRVORYDN-

Page 3: 4PO ,MBTJL óML .PEFSO 1JUJSJN MFLTBOESPWJm 4PSPLJO WF · SOSYOLOJİ DERGİSİ 208 7RSOXPVDO YH (QWHOHNW HO %D÷ODP Pitirim A. Sorokin, bugün genellikle, arkaik bir toplum felsefesini

Karakaya���6RQ�.ODVLN��øON�0RGHUQ��3LWLULP�$OHNVDQGURYLo�6RURNLQ�YH�7RSOXPVDO�+DUHNHWOLOLN

209

\D��]HULQGHQ��LOWLFD�HWWL÷L�$%'¶QLQ�NHQGL�WRSOXPVDO�G|Q�ú�P�VHU�YHQL�YH�6RURNLQ¶LQ�RUD\D�D\DN�EDVWÕ÷Õ�%�\�N�%XQDOÕP�|QFHVL�G|QHP�GH�G�ú�Q�OG�÷�QGH��WRSOXPVDO�WD-EDNDODúPD�YH�KDUHNHWOLOLN�NRQXVXQGD�NDSVDPOÕ�LON�P�VWDNLO�HVHULQ�P�HOOL¿QLQ�6RUR-

NLQ�ROPDVÕ�PDQLGDUGÕU��%DKVHGLOHQ�EX�NÕUÕOPD��G|Q�ú�P�YH�WHFU�EHOHULQ�6RURNLQ¶LQ�HQWHOHNW�HO�KD\DWÕ��]HULQGHNL�HWNLVL�\DGVÕQDPD\DFDN�oDSWDGÕU�

gPU��5XV\D�YH�$PHULND�DUDVÕQGD�QHUHGH\VH�\DUÕ�\DUÕ\D�SD\�HGLOPLú�3LWLULP�$��6R-

URNLQ��5XV�YH�$PHULNDQ�VRV\RORMLOHUL�DUDVÕQGD�GD�ELU�QHYL�N|SU��YD]LIHVL�J|UPHNWH\GL��øON�VRV\RORML�IRUPDV\RQXQX�$YUXSD¶GD�DODQ�YH�GDKD�R�]DPDQODU�.ÕWD�$YUXSDVÕ�VRV\RORML�ELULNLPLQL�LON�HOGHQ�WDNLS�HWPHNOH�EX�ELULNLPH�KkNLP�ELU�JHQo�VRV\RORJ�RODQ�6RURNLQ¶L��$PHULND¶\D�JHOGL÷LQGH�|]HO�NÕODQ�GD�EX�úDKVv�GRQDQÕPÕ\GÕ��%X�NXUDPVDO�ELULNLPLQ�\D-QÕQGD�RUD\D�JHOGL÷LQGH�������\ÕOÕ��$PHULNDQ�VRV\RORMLVLQLQ�LoHULVLQGH�EXOXQGX÷X�QLFH-OLNVHO�YH�DPSLULN�H÷LOLPGHQ�GH�HWNLOHQHQ�6RURNLQ��GDKD�VRQUD�$PHULNDQ�VRV\RORMLVLQGHNL�EX�QLFHOLNVHO�YH�DPSLULN�H÷LOLPOHUL��³QLFHOLNSHUHVWOLN´�YH�³WHVW�PDQ\DNOÕ÷Õ´�JLEL�VÕIDWODU-OD� HOHúWLUHUHN� �������� 5XV� N|NHQOHULQGHNL� DPSLUL�GÕúÕ� o|]�POHPHOHUH� JHUL� G|QP�ú� YH�GL÷HUNkPOÕN� YH� \DUDWÕFÕ� DúN� �]HULQH� oDOÕúPDODU� \DSPÕúWÕU�� ����¶OHUGH�$PHULND¶GD� VRV-\RORML�KDOHQ�NHQGLVLQL�³VRV\DO�KL]PHW´�DODQÕQGDQ�|]HUNOHúWLUHPHPLú��VRV\DOL]P�NHOLPHVL�LOH�RODQ�N|NHQ�EHQ]HUOL÷L�QHGHQL\OH�SROLWLN�PXDUÕ]ODUD�VDKLS�YH�3URWHVWDQ�UHIRUPFX�GLQ�DGDPODUÕQÕQ�LON�JD\UHWOHULQGHQ�D]DW�RODPDPÕú�ELU�KDOGH\GL��$PHULNDQ�VRV\RORMLVL�WDP�GD�EX�\ÕOODUGD�ED÷ÕPVÕ]�ELU�GLVLSOLQ�RODUDN�NHQGLQL�NXUPDN�LoLQ�ELOKDVVD�$YUXSD�VRV\RORML�ELULNLPLQL�$PHULND¶\D�WDúÕ\DELOHFHN��NXUDPVDO�ELU�NDID\D�LKWL\Do�GX\PDNWD\GÕ��g\OH�NL�DUWÕN�\DYDú�\DYDú�YH�|]HOOLNOH�2UWD�%DWÕ¶GD�\HQL�NXUXODQ�ELUoRN��QLYHUVLWHGH�NXUXPVDO�RODUDN�NDEXO�J|UHQ�VRV\RORML��VRV\RORML�DODQÕQGD�DUWDQ�GHUVOHU�YH�GHUV�NLWDEÕ�VD\ÕODUÕ�LOH�$PHULNDQ�VRV\RORMLVL�YH�GR÷D�ELOLPOHULQH�|\N�QHQ�\|QWHPVHO�DUD\ÕúÕ�LOH�NÕVPHQ�GDYUD-QÕúoÕ�H÷LOLPOHULQ�HWNLVLQGH�YH�IDNDW�NDWL�VXUHWWH�SR]LWLYLVW�ELU�VRV\DO�ELOLP�DQOD\ÕúÕQD�VDKLS�6RURNLQ��ELUELUOHUL�LoLQ�HQ�X\JXQ�HúOHúPH\L�WHúNLO�HWPHNWH\GLOHU��1LWHNLP�9DVVDU�.ROHM¶H�YH�DUGÕQGDQ�:LVFRQVLQ�YH�,OOLQRLV��QLYHUVLWHOHULQGH�5XV�'HYULPL¶QH�GDLU�NRQXúPD�\DS-

PDN��]HUH�\DOQÕ]FD�ELUNDo�KDIWDOÕ÷ÕQD�JHOGL÷L�$PHULND¶GD�� LúWH�EDKVHGLOHQ�EX�YDVDW�YH�QLWHOLNOHUL�VD\HVLQGH�NHQGLVLQL�KHPHQ�J|VWHUPLú�YH�0LQQHVRWD�hQLYHUVLWHVL�JLEL�|QHPOL�ELU�NXUXPGD��$PHULNDOÕ�ELU�DNDGHPLV\HQLQ�\DUÕ�PDDúÕQD�GD�ROVD��NDGUR�DODELOPLúWLU��$OWÕ�\ÕOOÕN�0LQQHVRWD�G|QHPLQGH�\HUOL�YH�\DEDQFÕ�ELUoRN�GHUJLGH�\D\ÕPODQDQ�PDNDOHOHULQGHQ�EDúND�D\UÕFD�Bir Rusça Günlükten Sayfalar���������Devrim Sosyolojisi���������Toplumsal Hareketlilik���������dD÷GDú�6RV\RORML�.XUDPODUÕ���������.ÕU�.HQW�6RV\RORMLVLQLQ�øONHOHUL��&��&��=LPPHUPDQ�LOH����������.ÕU�6RV\RORMLVL�LoLQ�6LVWHPDWLN�ELU�.D\QDN�.LWDS (C. C.

=LPPHUPDQ�YH�&��-��*DOSLQ�LOH������������EDúOÕNOÕ�HVHUOHUL�NDOHPH�DODQ�6RURNLQ¶LQ�|]HO-OLNOH�EX�VRQ�G|UW�NLWDEÕ��$PHULNDQ�VRV\RORMLVLQLQ�NXUXFX�PHWLQOHUL�DUDVÕQGD�VD\ÕOPDNWDGÕU��6RURNLQ¶LQ��GLVLSOLQLQ�ELOLPVHO��UHIRUPFX�YH�SUDWLN�JHOHQHNOHULQL�ELU�DUD\D�JHWLUHQ�NDSVDP-

OÕ�VRV\RORML�VLVWHPL��$PHULNDQ�VRV\RORMLVLQGH�JHQo�VRV\RORJODUD�LOKDP�YHUPLúWLU��g]HOOLNOH�dD÷GDú�6RV\RORML�.XUDPODUÕ�NLWDEÕ\OD�3DUHWR��'XUNKHLP�YH�:HEHU�JLEL� LVLPOHUL�$PH-ULNDQ�NDPXR\XQD�WDQÕWDQ�6RURNLQ¶LQ�$PHULNDQ�VRV\RORMLVL��]HULQGHNL�HWNLVL��Toplumsal Hareketlilik��dD÷GDú�6RV\RORML�.XUDPODUÕ��.ÕU�.HQW�6RV\RORMLVLQLQ�øONHOHUL�ve .ÕU�6RV\R-

Page 4: 4PO ,MBTJL óML .PEFSO 1JUJSJN MFLTBOESPWJm 4PSPLJO WF · SOSYOLOJİ DERGİSİ 208 7RSOXPVDO YH (QWHOHNW HO %D÷ODP Pitirim A. Sorokin, bugün genellikle, arkaik bir toplum felsefesini

SOSYOLOJİ DERGİSİ

210

ORMLVL�LoLQ�6LVWHPDWLN�ELU�.D\QDN�.LWDS�JLEL�oDOÕúPDODUÕQÕQ�\D\ÕPODQGÕ÷Õ�G|QHPGH�WHVOLP�HGLOPHNWHGLU�� 6RURNLQ¶LQ�� VRV\RORMLQLQ� NXUXFX� LVLPOHULQGHQ� ELUL� RODUDN� DGGHGLOPHVLQGH�HVHUOHULQLQ�\DQÕ�VÕUD�NXUXPVDO�DQODPGD��VWOHQGL÷L�J|UHYOHU�GH�HWNLOLGLU��gQFH�5XV\D¶GD�3HWURJUDG�hQLYHUVLWHVL¶QLQ��GDKD�VRQUD�GD�+DUYDUG�hQLYHUVLWHVL¶QLQ�VRV\RORML�E|O�POHULQL�NXUDQ�6RURNLQ��|]HOOLNOH�N|NO��YH�VRQ�GHUHFH�SUHVWLMOL�EX� LNLQFL�NXUXPGD�ELU�VRV\RORML�E|O�P�Q�Q�NXUXOXúXQX�JHUoHNOHúWLUPHNOH�LOHULGH�$PHULNDQ�YH�G�Q\D�VRV\RORMLVLQLQ�|QGH�JHOHQ�LVLPOHUL�KDOLQH�JHOHFHN�ELUoRN�SDUODN�JHQFL�GH�HWNLOHPLúWLU��%HOOL�ELU�G|QHP��]DPD-QÕQ�$PHULNDQ�VRV\RORML�NDPXVX�LoLQ�PDUMLQDO�VD\ÕODELOHFHN�LOJLOHUL�QHGHQL\OH�VXVNXQOX÷D�PDKN�P�HGLOHQ�6RURNLQ��+DUYDUG¶ÕQ� VDKLS� ROGX÷X� ³2OLPSRV� NRPSOHNVL´� YH�%RVWRQ¶D�KkNLP�%UDKPLQ�oHYUH�YH�HQWHOHNW�HO�VHoNLQOHU�QHGHQL\OH�ED]Õ�NXUXPVDO�VÕNÕQWÕODU�GD�\DúD-PÕúWÕ��+HU�QH�NDGDU�EX�VÕNÕQWÕODU�QHGHQL\OH�+DUYDUG�VRV\RORML\H�LVWHGL÷L�JLEL�\|Q�YHUHPHVH�GH�0HUWRQ¶ÕQ�GD�ELU�P�ODNDWÕQGD�LúDUHW�HWWL÷L��]HUH�6RURNLQ��oR÷X�RQXQOD�oDOÕúDELOPHN�KD\DOL\OH�+DUYDUG¶D�JHOHQ��ONHQLQ�HQ�SDUODN�|÷UHQFLOHULQH�WHVLU�HGHELOPH�LPNkQÕQD�VDKLS�ROPXúWXU��$PHULNDQ�VRV\RORML�NDPXVXQGD�GÕúODQPDVÕQGDQ�YH�LNLOL�LOLúNLOHUGH�PL]DFÕQGDQ�ND\QDNODQDQ�ED]Õ�VÕNÕQWÕODUGDQ�GROD\Õ�|÷UHQFLOHUL�WDUDIÕQGDQ�SHN�GH�VHYLOPH\HQ�6RURNLQ��EHONL�GH�HOLQGHNL�WHN�WHVLU�PHNDQL]PDVÕ�RODQ�GHUVOHU�YDVÕWDVÕ\OD�DUDODUÕQGD�7DOFRWW�3DUVRQV��5REHUW�.��0HUWRQ��.LQJOVH\�'DYLV��:LOEHUW�(��0RRUH��5RELQ�0��:LOOLDPV�YH�$PHULNDQ�VRV\RORMLVLQGH�|QHPOL�\HU�WXWDQ�GL÷HU�ELUoRN�LVPLQ�NXUDPVDO�YH�NDYUDPVDO�G�Q\DVÕ��]H-ULQGH�L]OHU�EÕUDNDELOPLúWLU��3DUVRQV¶Õ�WRSOXPVDO�VLVWHP�NXUDPVDOODúWÕUPDVÕQGD�������������������YH�DQD�NDYUDPODUÕQÕQ�oR÷XQGD��0HUWRQ¶Õ�WDULKVHO�GH÷LúLPLQ�G|QHPVHOOL÷L�YH�GDLUHYv�NDUDNWHUL�NRQXVXQGD�YH�ELOJL�VRV\RORMLVLQH�\|QHOPHGH���������'DYLV�YH�0RRUH¶X�WDEDND-ODúPD���������WRSOXPVDO�PHNkQ��'DYLV��������YH�WRSOXPVDO�GH÷LúPH�NRQXODUÕQGD��0RRUH���������7LU\DNLDQ¶Õ�WDULKVHO�ER\XWX�VRV\RORML\H�HNOHPOHPH�¿NULQGH���������/RRPLV¶L�VRV-\RORMLQLQ�WDQÕPODQPDVÕQGDQ�ELUoRN�NDYUDPVDOODúWÕUPD\D�GHN�KHPHQ�KHPHQ�E�W�Q�DODQ-

ODUGD��������HWNLOH\HQ�6RURNLQ��D\UÕFD�DQD�DNÕP�VRV\RORML\H�0RGHUQ�6RV\RORML�YH�øOJLOL�Bilimlerde Heva ve Hevesler��������YH�%XJ�Q�Q�6RV\RORML�.XUDPODUÕ��������NLWDSODUÕQGD�JHWLUGL÷L�HOHúWLULOHULQGH�GH�$OZLQ�*RXOGQHU�������������YH�&��:ULJKW�0LOOV�������������JLEL�EL]]DW�EX�DNÕPD�HOHúWLULOHU�\|QHOWHQ�LVLPOHUH�LOKDP�ND\QD÷Õ�ROPXúWXU�

3LWLULP�$��6RURNLQ¶LQ�ELU�VRV\RORJ�RODUDN�$PHULND¶GD�NHQGLQL�NDEXO�HWWLUGL÷L�G|-

QHP�� ELOKDVVD� GLVLSOLQLQ� DQD� RPXUJDODUÕQGDQ� ELULVL� RODQ� WRSOXPVDO� WDEDNDODúPD� YH�KDUHNHWOLOLN�NRQXVXQGD�LON�GHULQOHPHVLQH�VRV\RORMLN�LQFHOHPH�RODQ�Toplumsal Hare-ketlilik��VRV\RORMLQLQ�WRSOXPVDO�IHOVHIH�KkOLQGH�LON�RUWD\D�oÕNÕúÕQGDQ������\ÕOÕQD�GHN�RUWD\D�NRQDQ�NXUDPODUÕ�JHQHO�HNROOHU�oHUoHYHVLQGH�HOH�DODQ�dD÷GDú�6RV\RORML�.XUDP-ODUÕ��NÕU�VRV\RORMLVLQL�NDYUDPVDO�YH�NXUDPVDO�DQODPGD�VRV\RORMLQLQ�ELU�DOW�GLVLSOLQL�RODUDN�NXUPDGD�|QHPOL�N|úH�WDúODUÕQGDQ�.ÕU�.HQW�6RV\RORMLVLQLQ�øONHOHUL ve .ÕU�6RV-\RORMLVL� LoLQ�6LVWHPDWLN�ELU�.D\QDN�.LWDS�JLEL�HVHUOHULQL�\D\ÕPODGÕ÷Õ�G|QHPGLU��%X�HVHUOHU��6RURNLQ�LVPLQL�$PHULND�YH�G�Q\D�VRV\RORML�NDPXVXQXQ�|QGH�JHOHQ�VRV\R-

ORJODUÕ�DUDVÕQGD�\HULQL�DOPÕúWÕU��6RURNLQ��EX�G|QHPGH�³\DEDQFÕ�ELU�VL\DVv�V�UJ�Q´GHQ��DUDODUÕQGD�5REHUW�.��0HUWRQ��.LQJVOH\�'DYLV��:LOEHUW�(��0RRUH�JLEL� LVLPOHULQ�GH�EXOXQGX÷X�SDUODN�JHQoOHULQ��NHQGLVL\OH�oDOÕúPD�D\UÕFDOÕ÷ÕQD�HULúPHN�LoLQ�+DUYDUG¶Õ�

Page 5: 4PO ,MBTJL óML .PEFSO 1JUJSJN MFLTBOESPWJm 4PSPLJO WF · SOSYOLOJİ DERGİSİ 208 7RSOXPVDO YH (QWHOHNW HO %D÷ODP Pitirim A. Sorokin, bugün genellikle, arkaik bir toplum felsefesini

Karakaya���6RQ�.ODVLN��øON�0RGHUQ��3LWLULP�$OHNVDQGURYLo�6RURNLQ�YH�7RSOXPVDO�+DUHNHWOLOLN

211

WHUFLK�HWWL÷L�G�Q\DQÕQ�|QGH�JHOHQ�VRV\RORJODUÕQGDQ�ELULVL�KDOLQH�JHOPLúWLU��$\UÕFD�EX�G|QHP��6RURNLQ¶LQ�\D\ÕPODGÕ÷Õ�WDEDNDODúPD��WRSOXPVDO�KDUHNHWOLOLN��LúoL�YH�oLIWoL�VÕ-QÕÀDU��$YUXSD�$PHULND�5XV�VRV\RORMLOHULQH�GDLU�GH÷HUOHQGLUPHOHU��GHYOHWLQ�WRSOXP-

VDO�KD\DWWDNL� URO���|G�O�YH� WHONLQLQ� WRSOXPVDO�KD\DWWDNL�\HUL�� WDULK�YH�]DPDQ�DOJÕVÕ�YH�ELOJL�VRV\RORMLVLQH�GDLU�PDNDOHOHU�DoÕVÕQGDQ�GD�HQWHOHNW�HO�\DúDPÕQÕQ�HQ�YHULPOL�G|QHPL�RODUDN�|QH�oÕNPDNWDGÕU�

*HRUJ�6LPPHO¶LQ�WRSOXPVDO�HWNLOHúLPL�PHUNH]H�DODQ�VRV\RORML�DQOD\ÕúÕQD�EHQ]HU�ELU�VRV\RORML�WDQÕPODPDVÕQD�VDKLS�6RURNLQ¶H�J|UH��LQVDQ�HWNLOHúLPLQLQ�JHQHO�ROJXOD-UÕQÕQ�KDOOHULQL�oDOÕúDQ�³VRV\DO�ELOLPOHU´��D\UÕFD�EL]]DW�EX�JHQHO�ROJXODUÕ�oDOÕúDFDN�ELU�ELOLP�RODQ�VRV\RORML\H�LKWL\Do�GX\DU��)L]LN�ELOLPOHULQLQ�LQRUJDQLN�YH�EL\RORMLN�ELOLP-

OHULQ�RUJDQLN�ROJXODUÕ�oDOÕúWÕ÷Õ�JLEL��WRSOXPVDO�ELOLPOHULQ�GH�V�SHU�RUJDQLN�ROJXODUÕ�oD-OÕúDQ�JHQHOOHPHFL�ELU�ELOLP�ROGX÷XQX�EHOLUWHQ�6RURNLQ�VRV\RORML\L��&RPWH¶X�DQÕPVDWÕU�úHNLOGH��\DSÕVDO�YH�GLQDPLN�VRV\RORML�RODUDN� LNL� D\UÕ�NÕVÕPGD�HOH�DOPDNWDGÕU��%XQD�J|UH�\DSÕVDO�VRV\RORML��VRV\RN�OW�UHO�ROJXODUÕQ�\DSÕVÕQÕ��WRSOXPXQ�LoLQGH�IDUNOÕODúÕS�WDEDNDODúWÕ÷Õ�DQD�JUXS�YH�NXUXP�W�U�YH�LOLúNLOHULQL��N�OW�UHO�VLVWHPOHU�YH�ELUELUOHUL\OH�LOLúNLOHULQL�YH� WRSOXPVDO�JUXS�YH�N�OW�UHO�VLVWHPOHU� LoHULVLQGHNL�NLúLOLNOHULQ�\DSÕVÕQÕ�HOH�DOPDNWDGÕU2��'LQDPLN�VRV\RORML� LVH��\LQHOHQHQ� WRSOXPVDO�V�UHoOHUL�YH� WRSOXPVDO�VLVWHPOHULQ�QDVÕO�RUWD\D�oÕNWÕNODUÕQÕ��QDVÕO��\H�ND]DQÕS�ND\EHWWLNOHULQL��QDVÕO�|UJ�WOH-QLS�o|]�OG�NOHULQL��VRV\RN�OW�UHO�GH÷LúLPLQ�ULWLP��WHPSR��G|QHPVHOOLNOHU��H÷LOLP�YH�GDOJDODQPD�JLEL�QLWHOLNOHULQL� LQFHOHPHNWHGLU3��6RV\RORMLGH�ELU� WHPHO�ELULP�DUD\ÕúÕQÕ�HOHúWLUHQ�6RURNLQ¶H J|UH�JHQHO�VRV\RN�OW�UHO�ROJX �L��HWNLOHúLPLQ�|]QHVL�YH�QHVQHVL�NRQXPXQGDNL� LQVDQODU�� �LL�� LQVDQODUÕQ�X÷UXQGD�H\OHGLNOHUL�GH÷HU��DQODP�YH�QRUPODU�YH��LLL��EX�DQODP��GH÷HU�YH�QRUPODUÕQ�LQVDQODU�HOLQGH�VRPXWODúÕS�JHUoHNOHúWLULOPHVLQH�\DUD\DQ�DUDo�� VHPERO�YH� ULW�HOOHUGHQ�ROXúPDNWDGÕU��.HQGL�oDOÕúPDODUÕQGD��|UJ�WV�]�\DKXW�GD÷ÕOPÕú�WRSOXPVDO�JUXSODUÕ�GH÷LO�|UJ�WO��WRSOXPVDO�JUXSODUÕ�HOH�DOGÕ÷ÕQD�GLNNDW�oHNHQ�6RURNLQ��|UJ�WO��\DSÕ\Õ�GD\DQÕúPD�LOH��|UJ�WV�]�\DSÕ\Õ� LVH�oDWÕúPD�LOH�|]GHú�J|UHQ�\DNODúÕPÕ�HOHúWLUPHNWHGLU��6RURNLQ¶H�J|UH��WRSOXPVDO�KD\DWWD�GD\DQÕúPDFÕ�YH�oDWÕúPDFÕ� LOLúNLOHU� VDI� KDOGH� EXOXQPD\ÕS� EHOOL� RUDQODUGD� YH� ELU� DUDGD� EXOXQPDNWD-GÕUODU��%X�NDUPD� LOLúNLOHUGHQ�GD\DQÕúPDFÕ� LOLúNLOHULQ�EDVNÕQ�ROGX÷X�GXUXPX�³DLOHYv�LOLúNL´��NÕVPHQ�GD\DQÕúPDFÕ�YH�NÕVPHQ�oDWÕúPDFÕ�QLWHOLNWHNL�GXUXPX�“DNGv�LOLúNL´�YH�oDWÕúPDFÕ�LOLúNLOHULQ�EDVNÕQ�ROGX÷X�GXUXPX�³FHEUv�LOLúNL´�RODUDN�LVLPOHQGLUHQ�6RURNLQ��KHU��o�GXUXPXQ�]DPDQ�YH�PHNkQD�J|UH�WRSOXPVDO�JUXSODU�LoHULVLQGH�GH÷LúPH\HQ�YH�KHU�GDLP�YDU�RODQ�LOLúNL�W�UOHUL�ROGXNODUÕQÕQ�GD�DOWÕQÕ�oL]PHNWHGLU��6RV\RORMLN�DQOD\Õ-úÕQGD�ROGXNoD�|QHPOL�\HU� WXWDQ�]DPDQ�YH�PHNkQ�PHIKXPODUÕQGDQ�]DPDQÕ�ELU� WDULK�IHOVHIHVL�LOH�KDOHOHGL÷L�G|UW�FLOWOLN�úDK�HVHUL�7RSOXPVDO�YH�.�OW�UHO�'LQDPLNOHU�����������NLWDEÕQGD�RUWD\D�NR\DQ�6RURNLQ��JUXSODU�DUDVÕ�HWNLOHúLPLQ�FHUH\DQ�HWWL÷L�HYUHQL�LVH�

�� #V�OPLUB�z[FMMJLMF�1BSTPOT´õO�UPQMVNTBM�FZMFNJO�ZBQõTõ�WF�UPQMVNTBM�TJTUFN�LVSBNMBSõOB�PMBO�CFO[FSMJóJ�JMF�EJLLBU�mFL-NFLUF�WF�1BSTPOT �CJ[[BU�4PSPLJO�UBSBGõOEBO�zSU�L�CJS�CJmJNEF�JOUJIBMMF�TVmMBONBLUBEõS�

�� #V�OPLUB� JTF�TPTZPMPKJL�BOBMJ[F� UBSJITFMMJóJO�LBUõMEõóõ �CzZMFDF�4PSPLJO�TPTZPMPKJTJOJ�1BSTPOTmõ�ZBQõTBM�JñMFWTFMDJMJLUFO�BZõSBO�z[FMMJLUJS�

Page 6: 4PO ,MBTJL óML .PEFSO 1JUJSJN MFLTBOESPWJm 4PSPLJO WF · SOSYOLOJİ DERGİSİ 208 7RSOXPVDO YH (QWHOHNW HO %D÷ODP Pitirim A. Sorokin, bugün genellikle, arkaik bir toplum felsefesini

SOSYOLOJİ DERGİSİ

212

WRSOXPVDO�PHNkQ�RODUDN�NDYUDPVDOODúWÕUÕU�� 6RURNLQ¶H� J|UH� WRSOXPVDO�PHNkQ�� LQVDQ�Q�IXVXQXQ�HYUHQLGLU�YH�JUXSODUÕQ�YH�EX�JUXSODU�LoHULVLQGHNL�NRQXPODUÕQ�WRSODPÕ��KHU-KDQJL�ELU�NLúLQLQ�WRSOXPVDO�NRQXPXQX�WDQÕPOD\DELOHFH÷LPL]�ELU�WRSOXPVDO�NRRUGLQDW-ODU�VLVWHPLQL�PH\GDQD�JHWLUPHNWHGLU��*UXSODUÕQ�YH�NLúLOHULQ��NRRUGLQDWODU�VLVWHPLQGH-NL�\DSÕODúPDODUÕ�GD�³WDEDNDODúPD´�GHQHQ�ROJXGXU�

6RURNLQ¶LQ�7RSOXPVDO�7DEDNDODúPD�YH�7RSOXPVDO�+DUHNHWOLOLN�.XUDPÕ%DúODUNHQ� LIDGH� HGLOGL÷L� �]HUH� 6RURNLQ�� WRSOXPVDO� WDEDNDODúPD� YH� KDUHNHWOLOLN�

NRQXVXQGD� LON�P�VWDNLO� HVHULQ�P�HOOL¿�ROPDNOD�ELUOLNWH�EX�NRQX� �VDYDú��NÕWOÕN�� Do-OÕN��GHYULP�JLEL�ROD÷DQ�VW��KDOOHULQ�WRSOXPVDO�HWNLOHULQH�GDLU�oDOÕúPDODUÕ�LOH�EHUDEHU��RQXQ�KD\DW�ER\X�LOJLOHUL�DUDVÕQGD�\HU�DOPD\D�GHYDP�HWPLúWLU��g\OH�NL�6RURNLQ��NRQX\D�LON�GH÷LQLOHULQL�5XV\D¶GD�NDOHPH�DOGÕ÷Õ�LON�NDSVDPOÕ�HVHUL�Sosyoloji Sistemi��������NLWDEÕQGD�\DSPÕú�YH� VRQ�E�\�N�HVHUL�7RSOXP��.�OW�U� YH�.LúLOLN¶WH�GH�\LQH�NRQX\D�LOJLVLQL�V�UG�UP�úW�U��$QFDN�EX�PDNDOHGH�EDúOÕFD�EDúYXUX�ND\QD÷Õ��RQXQ�Toplumsal Hareketlilik�EDúOÕNOÕ�YH������WDULKOL�oDOÕúPDVÕ�RODFDNWÕU�

Sorokin, Toplumsal Hareketlilik�NLWDEÕQÕ��\DSÕVDO�YH�GLQDPLN�RODUDN�LNL�YHoKHGH�HOH�DOGÕ÷Õ�VRV\RORMLN�DQOD\ÕúÕQD�X\JXQ�RODUDN�LNL�DQD�E|O�P�DOWÕQGD�LQFHOHU��WRSOXPVDO�WD-EDNDODúPD�YH�WRSOXPVDO�KDUHNHWOLOLN��$QFDN�EX�LNL�E|O�PH�JHoPHGHQ�|QFH�WRSOXPVDO�WDEDNDODúPD�YH�EX�WDEDNDODU�DUDVÕQGD�YH�LoHULVLQGH�JHUoHNOHúHQ�KDUHNHWOLOL÷LQ�YXNX�EXOGX÷X�NRRUGLQDV\RQX�EHOLUOHPHN�DGÕQD�³WRSOXPVDO�PHNkQ´��VRFLDO�VSDFH��NDYUD-PÕQÕ�RUWD\D�NR\DU��7RSOXPVDO�PHNkQ�NRQXVXQXQ�'HVFDUWHV��+REEHV�YH�/LHEQL]�JLEL�G�ú�Q�UOHUGHQ�6LPPHO��'XUNKHLP��3DUN��%RJDUGXV�YH�YRQ�:LHVH�JLEL�VRV\RORJODUD�GHN�ELUoRN�LVPLQ�J�QGHPLQGH�ROGX÷XQX�EHOLUWHQ�6RURNLQ��NHQGLVLQLQ�GH�NLWDED�LVPLQL�YHUHQ� ³WRSOXPVDO� KDUHNHWOLOLN´� LOH� LúWH� EX� WRSOXPVDO�PHNkQGDNL� \HU� GH÷LúWLUPHOHUL�LQFHOHGL÷LQL� DNWDUÕU��6RURNLQ¶H�J|UH�ELU�NLúLQLQ�\DKXW� WRSOXPVDO�ROJXQXQ� WRSOXPVDO�PHNkQGDNL�NRQXPXQX�EHOLUOHPHN��DVOÕQGD�R�NLúL�YH\D�ROJXQXQ� UHIHUDQV�RODUDN�DOÕ-QDQ�GL÷HU�NLúL�YH�ROJXODUOD�LOLúNLVLQL�WDQÕPODPDNOD�D\QÕ�úH\GLU��.RQXPX�WD\LQ�HWPHGH�GDLPD�EDúYXUXODQ�GL÷HU�NLúL�YH�ROJXODUÕQ�YDUOÕ÷Õ��6RURNLQ¶LQ�WDEDNDODúPD�NXUDPÕQÕQ�EL]]DW�\DSÕVDO�NÕVPÕQÕ�� WRSOXPVDO�YH�N�OW�UHO�XQVXUODUÕ�J|]�|Q�QH�DODQ�YH�]DPDQOD�PXND\\HW��GLQDPLN�ELU�KDOH�E�U�QG�UPHNWHGLU��%XQD�J|UH�WD\LQ�HGLOHFHN�EX�NRQXP��L��NLúLQLQ�EHOLUOL�ELU�JUXSOD�RODQ�LOLúNLVL���LL��ELU�Q�IXV�LoHULVLQGH�EX�JUXSODUÕQ�ELUEL-UL\OH�LOLúNLVL�YH��LLL��EX�Q�IXVXQ�LQVDQOÕN�HYUHQLQGHNL�GL÷HU�Q�IXVODUOD�RODQ�LOLúNLVL�J|]�|Q�QH�DOÕQDUDN�EHOLUOHQHELOLU��g]HWOHPHN�JHUHNLUVH��L��WRSOXPVDO�PHNkQ�LQVDQ�Q�IX-

VXQXQ�HYUHQLGLU���LL��NLúLQLQ�WRSOXPVDO�NRQXPX�ELU�Q�IXVWDNL�W�P�JUXSODUOD�YH�KHU�ELU�JUXS�LoHULVLQGH�GH�GL÷HU��\HOHUOH�RODQ�LOLúNLOHULQLQ�WRSODPÕGÕU���LLL��NLúLQLQ�NRQXPX�EX�WRSOXPVDO�HYUHQGHNL�\HUL�EX�LOLúNLOHULQ�VDSWDQPDVÕ\OD�HOGH�HGLOPHNWHGLU���LY��EX�JUXS-

ODUÕQ�YH�EX�JUXSODU�LoHULVLQGHNL�NRQXPODUÕQ�WRSODPÕ��KHUKDQJL�ELU�NLúLQLQ�WRSOXPVDO�NRQXPXQX�WDQÕPOD\DELOHFH÷LPL]�ELU� WRSOXPVDO�NRRUGLQDWODU�VLVWHPLQL�PH\GDQD�JH-WLUPHNWHGLU��6RURNLQ��������V���±����6RURNLQ��ELOGL÷LPL]��o�ER\XWOX�gNOLG�JHRPHWULN�

Page 7: 4PO ,MBTJL óML .PEFSO 1JUJSJN MFLTBOESPWJm 4PSPLJO WF · SOSYOLOJİ DERGİSİ 208 7RSOXPVDO YH (QWHOHNW HO %D÷ODP Pitirim A. Sorokin, bugün genellikle, arkaik bir toplum felsefesini

Karakaya���6RQ�.ODVLN��øON�0RGHUQ��3LWLULP�$OHNVDQGURYLo�6RURNLQ�YH�7RSOXPVDO�+DUHNHWOLOLN

213

PHNkQÕQÕQ� DNVLQH�� WRSOXPVDO�PHNkQÕQ� oRN�ER\XWOX� ROGX÷XQX�� ]LUD� KkOLKD]ÕUGD� ELU-ELUL\OH�NHVLúPH\HQ��oWHQ�ID]OD�WRSOXPVDO�JUXSODúPDQÕQ�EXOXQGX÷XQX�V|\OHU��$QFDN�6RURNLQ��WRSOXPVDO�PHNkQGD�GLNH\�YH�\DWD\�HNVHQOHUGHQ�EDKVHWPHQLQ��oHúLWOL�DoÕNOD-PDODUÕ�GDKD�NROD\�NÕODFD÷ÕQÕ�GD�HNOHU��*HUoHNWHQ�GH�DOW��VW�LOLúNLOHUL��U�WEHOHU��KL\HUDU-úLOHU��WDELL\HW�JLEL�ROJXODUÕ�G�ú�QG�÷�P�]GH�EX�NXUJXVDO�GLNH\�\DWD\�HNVHQ�WDKD\\�-

O�Q�Q�NXOODQÕúOÕ�ELU�DUDo�ROGX÷X�DQODúÕODFDNWÕU��6RURNLQ��WRSOXPVDO�ROJXODUÕ��NRRUGLQDW�VLVWHPLQGHNL�EX�GLNH\�HNVHQL�UHIHUDQV�DODUDN�HOH�DOGÕ÷ÕQÕ�YH�JHUHN�³WRSOXPVDO�\DSÕODU´�JHUHNVH�GH�WDEDNDODUÕQ�GLNH\�HNVHQGHNL�\HU�GH÷LúWLUPHOHULQH�RGDNODQGÕ÷ÕQÕ�EHOLUWPHN-

WHGLU��6RURNLQ��������V���±���

7RSOXPVDO�WDEDNDODúPD��YHULOL�ELU�Q�IXVXQ��R�Q�IXVX�ROXúWXUDQ�ELUH\OHULQ�WRSOXP-

VDO�PHNkQ�NRRUGLQDWÕQGD�ELUELUOHULQH�DWÕÀD�WD\LQ�HGLOHQ�NRQXPODUÕQÕQ�EHOLUOL�]DPDQ-

ODUGD� NÕVPHQ� GRQPDVÕ\OD� WD\LQ� HGLOHQ� KL\HUDUúLN� IDUNOÕODúPDVÕGÕU�� 7DEDNDODúPDQÕQ�WHPHOL�LVH�HVDVÕQGD��KDN�YH�D\UÕFDOÕNODUÕQ��|GHY�YH�VRUXPOXOXNODUÕQ��WRSOXPVDO�GH÷HU�YH� LKWL\DoODUÕQ�� WRSOXPVDO� LNWLGDU� YH� HWNLOHULQ� WRSOXPX� WHúNLO� HGHQ� �\HOHU� DUDVÕQGD�³HúLWVL]�ELU�ELoLPGH´�GD÷ÕOPDVÕGÕU��%XQD�J|UH�úD\HW�ELU�WRSOXPGD�LNWLVDGv�VWDW�OHU�HúLW-VL]�ELU�ELoLPGH�GD÷ÕOPÕúVD��R�WRSOXPD�³LNWLVDGHQ�WDEDNDODúPÕú�WRSOXP´�GHQLU��<LQH�WRSOXPVDO�PHUWHEHOHULQ�GD÷ÕOÕPÕ��RWRULWH�YH� LWLEDU��RQXU�YH�XQYDQD�DWÕÀD�JHUoHNOHú-PLú�YH�WRSOXPGD�³\|QHWHQ�\|QHWLOHQ´�D\UÕPÕ�RUWD\D�oÕNPÕúVD��R�WRSOXPD�³VL\DVHWHQ�WDEDNDODúPÕú�WRSOXP´�GHQLU��1LKD\HW�WRSOXP��oHúLWOL�PHVOHNv�JUXSODUD�D\UÕúÕUNHQ�JH-UHN�EX�PHVOHN�JUXSODUÕQÕQ�NHQGL�LoLQGH�YH�JHUHNVH�PHVOHN�JUXSODUÕ�DUDVÕQGD�ELU�DOW��VW�LOLúNLVL�PHYFXWVD��R�WRSOXPD�GD�³PHVOHNv�EDNÕPGDQ�WDEDNDODúPÕú�WRSOXP´�GHQLU��6RURNLQ¶LQ�WDEDNDODúPD�NXUDPÕQD�J|UH�WRSOXPVDO�WDEDNDODúPD��JHQHOOLNOH�EX��o�GX-

UXPGD�JHUoHNOHúPHNWH�ROXS��KHU��o�GXUXP�GD�ELUELUL\OH�HWNLOHúLP�KkOLQGHGLU��g\OH�NL��LNWLVDGHQ�WDEDNDODúPÕú�ELU�WRSOXP��VL\DVv�LNWLGDU�YH�J�FH�HULúPH�EDNÕPÕQGDQ�GD�EDúND�EDúND�HúLWVL]OLNOHUH�\RO�DoDFD÷ÕQGDQ�D\QÕ�]DPDQGD�VL\DVHWHQ�GH�WDEDNDODúDFDNWÕU��'R-

OD\ÕVÕ\OD�WRSOXPVDO�WDEDNDODúPDQÕQ�KD\OL�NDUPDúÕN�ELU�\DSÕ�DU]�HWWL÷LQH�GLNNDW�oHNHQ�6RURNLQ��|UJ�WO��KHUKDQJL�ELU�WRSOXPVDO�JUXEXQ�³GDLPD´�WDEDNDODúPÕú�ELU�WRSOXPVDO�YDUOÕN�ROGX÷XQXQ�GD�DOWÕQÕ�oL]PHNWHGLU��=LUD�6RURNLQ¶H�J|UH�W�P��\HOHULQLQ�HúLW�RO-GX÷X��³G�]´�ELU�WRSOXPVDO�JUXS�\RNWXU��%LU�WRSOXPVDO�JUXS�ELU�NH]�|UJ�WOHQGL÷LQGH��³NDoÕQÕOPD]�ELU�ELoLPGH´�WDEDNDODúDFDNWÕU��$QFDN�HOEHWWH�NL�EX�NDoÕQÕOPD]�KkO��W�P�WRSOXPODUÕQ�\DKXW�WRSOXPVDO�JUXSODUÕQ�|]GHú�ELU�WDEDNDODúPÕú�\DSÕ�DU]�HWWL÷L�DQODPÕ-QD�GD�JHOPH\HFHNWLU��+HU�WRSOXPXQ�YH�WRSOXPVDO�JUXEXQ��NHQGLQH�KDV�WDEDNDODUÕ�YH�KL\HUDUúLN�\DSÕODUÕ�EXOXQPDNOD�ELUOLNWH�KHU�WRSOXPVDO�WDEDNDODúPD�QLFHOLN�YH�QLWHOLN�EDNÕPÕQGDQ�GD�oHúLWOLOLN�DU]�HWPHNWHGLU��6RURNLQ��������V����������

øNWLVDGv� WDEDNDODúPD�NRQXVXQGD�6RURNLQ�� LNL� IDUNOÕ� DNÕúOD� NDUúÕODúDFD÷ÕPÕ]D� GLN-

NDW�oHNHU��ELU�JUXEXQ�LNWLVDGHQ�]HQJLQOHúLS�IDNLUOHúPHVL\OH�RUWD\D�oÕNDQ�DúD÷Õ�\XNDUÕ�KDUHNHW�YH�WRS\HN�Q�WDEDNDODU�SLUDPLGLQLQ�GDUDOÕS�\�NVHOPHVL�KDUHNHWL��'DKD�GD�D\-

UÕQWÕODQGÕUPDN�JHUHNLUVH�EX�DNÕúODU� �L��JUXEXQ�ELU�E�W�Q�RODUDN� LNWLVDGv�VWDW�V�QGHNL�DNÕú��LNWLVDGv�UHIDKWD�DUWÕú��LNWLVDGv�UHIDKWD�D]DOÕú��YH��LL��WRSOXP�LoHULVLQGH�LNWLVDGv�WD-

Page 8: 4PO ,MBTJL óML .PEFSO 1JUJSJN MFLTBOESPWJm 4PSPLJO WF · SOSYOLOJİ DERGİSİ 208 7RSOXPVDO YH (QWHOHNW HO %D÷ODP Pitirim A. Sorokin, bugün genellikle, arkaik bir toplum felsefesini

SOSYOLOJİ DERGİSİ

214

EDNDODúPD�SUR¿OLQGH�YH�\�NVHNOL÷LQGHNL�DNÕú��LNWLVDGv�SLUDPLGLQ�\�NVHOPHVL��LNWLVDGv�SLUDPLGLQ�G�]OHúPHVL��úHNOLQGH�WH]DK�U�HGHU��%XQD�J|UH�IDUNOÕ�WRSOXPODUÕQ�]HQJLQOL÷L��\DKXW�UHIDKÕ�YH\D�JHOLUL����ONHGHQ��ONH\H�YH�JUXSWDQ�JUXED�oHúLWOLOLN�DU]�HGHU��.DEXO�HGLOHFH÷L��]HUH�D\QÕ�WRSOXPXQ�RUWDODPD�]HQJLQOLN�YH�JHOLUL��KLoELU�]DPDQ�VDELW�GH÷LOGLU�YH�IDNDW�]DPDQ�LoHULVLQGH�oHúLWOLOLN�DU]�HWPHNWHGLU��%LU�DLOH��PLOOHW�\DKXW�EDúND�ELU�JUX-

EXQ�WDULKLQGH�GDLPL�YH�WHN�\|QO��ELU�H÷LOLP�EXOXQPDPDNWD�YH�IDNDW�R�DLOH��PLOOHW�\DKXW�JUXEXQ�WDULKLQH�JLW�JHOOHU�KkNLP�ROPDNWDGÕU��*LW�JHO�EHQ]HWPHVLQLQ�GH�oD÷UÕúWÕUDFD÷Õ��]HUH�6RURNLQ��WRSOXPVDO�WDEDNDODúPDQÕQ�E�W�Q�XQVXUODUÕQÕ�GH÷LúLN�GDLUHYv�KDUHNHWOHU�VHUJLOH\HQ�ELU�WDULKVHOOLN�LoHULVLQGH�G�ú�QPHNWHGLU���6RURNLQ��������V����±����

øNWLVDGv� WDEDNDODúPDQÕQ� \�NVHNOL÷L� YH� J|U�Q�P�QH� GDLU� oHúLWOL� KLSRWH]OHUL� LQFHOH-PH\H�DODQ�6RURNLQ�EX�KLSRWH]OHUL��ELU�WDUDIWD�3DUHWR�YH�0DU[¶ÕQ�KLSRWH]OHULQLQ�ROGX÷X�DQWDJRQLVWLN�NXUDPODUÕQ�YH�GL÷HU�WDUDIWD�LNWLVDGv�WDEDNDODúPD�SLUDPLGLQLQ�G�]OHúPHVL�KLSRWH]LQLQ�ROGX÷X�LNL�DúÕUÕ�XoWD�J|UPHNWHGLU��3DUHWR¶QXQ��KHUKDQJL�ELU�WRSOXPGD� gelir

YH�]HQJLQOL÷LQ�GD÷ÕOÕPÕQÕQ�YH�GROD\ÕVÕ\OD�GD�LNWLVDGv�WDEDNDODúPDQÕQ�NDOÕFÕ�YH�WHNG�]H�ELU�QLWHOLN�DU]�HWWL÷LQL�LIDGH�HWWL÷LQL�EHOLUWHQ�6RURNLQ��KDWWD�EXQX�EHOLUOL�ELU�PDWHPDWLNVHO�IRUP�OOH�GH�L]DK�HGLOHELOHFH÷LQL�G�ú�QG�÷�Q��GH�DNWDUPDNWDGÕU��0DU[�LVH��|]HOOLNOH�VD-QD\LOHúPLú�$YUXSD¶GD�RUWD�VÕQÕIÕQ�\RN�ROXS�SUROHWHUOHúHFH÷L�YH�SLUDPLGLQ�DOW�WDEDQÕQÕQ�ROGXNoD�JHQLú�ELU�KDO�DODFD÷Õ�|QHUPHVLQL�\DSPDNWDGÕU��%X�GXUXP��SUROHWDU\DQÕQ��UHWLP�DUDoODUÕQD�HO�NR\XS�GLNWDW|UO�÷�Q��LODQ�HGHFH÷L�NLWOHVHO�ELU�WRSOXPVDO�KDUHNHWOLOL÷H�\RO�DoDUDN�RUWDGDQ�NDOGÕUÕODFDN�YH�KHUNHVLQ�HúLW�ROGX÷X�VÕQÕIVÕ]�ELU� WRSOXP�\DUDWÕODFDNWÕU��%X� LNL�DQWDJRQLVWLN�KLSRWH]L�HNVLN�YH�KDWDOÕ�EXODQ�6RURNLQ�� WDEDNDODúPD�SLUDPLGLQLQ�G�]OHúWL÷L�YH�W�P�VÕQÕI�YH�WDEDNDODUÕQ�LNWLVDGHQ�ELU�\DNÕQVDPD�LoLQGH�EXOXQGX÷XQX�LOHUL�V�UHQ�KLSRWH]L�GH�D\QÕ� úHNLOGH�HOHúWLUPHNWHGLU��'L÷HU�KHU� úH\�D\QÕ�NDOPDN�NRúXOX\OD�GHU�6RURNLQ��WDEDNDODúPD�KDUHNHWLQLQ�EHOOL�ELU�VÕQÕUÕ�YDUGÕU��<DQL�WDPDPHQ�G�]�YH\D�ELU�QRNWD�úHNOLQGH�ELU�WDEDNDODúPD�PHYFXW�GH÷LOGLU��3DUHWR�YH�6FKPROOHU�JLEL�LVLPOHULQ��WD-EDNDODúPD�KL\HUDUúLVLQLQ�YH\D�SLUDPLGLQLQ�úHNOLQLQ�KHU�ELU�WRSOXP�LoLQ�]DPDQ�LoHULVLQ-

GH�DúD÷Õ�\XNDUÕ�D\QÕ�úHNOH�VDKLS�ROGX÷X�\ROXQGDNL�NXUDPODUÕQD�NDUúÕQ�6RURNLQ��GDLPD�\XNDUÕ�YH�DúD÷Õ�H÷LOLP�YH�KDUHNHWOLOL÷LQ�EXOXQGX÷X�GDLUHYv�ELU�DNÕúÕ�|QHUPHNWHGLU��%X�ED÷ODPGD�6RURNLQ��KHUKDQJL�ELU�WRSOXPGD��KHUKDQJL�ELU�]DPDQ�GLOLPLQGH�ELUELUL�DOH\-

KLQH�oDOÕúDQ�LNL�NXYYHWWHQ�EDKVHGHU��WDEDNDODúPD\D�YH�HúLWVL]OL÷H�\RO�DoDQ�ED]Õ�³GR÷DO�NXYYHWOHU´�YH�GDLPD�EX�NXYYHWOHUH�NDUúÕ�NR\DQ�ED]Õ�ROD÷DQ�VW��P�GDKDOHOHU��%XQODU-GDQ�LONL��GDLPL�YH�GXUPDNVÕ]ÕQ�LúOHUNHQ��LNLQFLVL�GHYULP�JLEL�EHOLUOL�WRSOXPVDO�GXUXP-

ODU� VRQXFX� JHUoHNOHúHQ� JHoLFL� GXUXPODUGÕU��%X� VRQXQFXODU�� WRSOXPVDO� WDEDNDODúPD\Õ�GDLPL�NÕODQ�³GR÷DO�NXYYHWOHU´�GHYUH\H�JLUHUHN�WRSOXPXQ�LNWLVDGv�VL\DVv�PHVOHNv�RODUDN�\HQLGHQ�WDEDNDODúPDVÕQD�\RO�DoDQ�V�UHFL�EDúODWDQD�GHN�SLUDPLGL�G�]OH\HQ��GDKD�VDUVÕFÕ��J|U�Q�U�YH�¿]LNv�úLGGHW� LoHUHQ�YH�DQFDN�LVWLVQDv�RODUDN�RUWD\D�oÕNDQ�P�GDKDOHOHUGHQ�

�� %BJSFWt�IBSFLFUMFS�LVSBNTBMMBñUõSNBTõZMB�4PSPLJO �CJS�ZBOEBO�TõLmB�BUõG�ZBQUõóõ�ôCO�)BMEVO�WF�(JBNCBUUJTUB�7JDP�HJCJ�QSPUP�TPTZPMPHMBSõO�EJóFS�UBSBGUBO�EB�"MFYBOEFS�3BEJñmFW�HJCJ�3VT�E�ñ�O�SMFSJO�FULJTJOEF�LBMNBLUBZEõ�

�� 4PSPLJO �CVSBEB�CJS�QBSBOUF[�BmBSBL�CVOVO�1BSFUP´OVO�JML�E�ñ�ODFTJ�PMEVóVOV�WF�GBLBU�EBIB�TPOSB�CVOV�±mPóV�UPQMVN-EB²�ñFLMJOEF�UFWJM�FUUJóJOJ�CFMJSUNFLUFEJS�

Page 9: 4PO ,MBTJL óML .PEFSO 1JUJSJN MFLTBOESPWJm 4PSPLJO WF · SOSYOLOJİ DERGİSİ 208 7RSOXPVDO YH (QWHOHNW HO %D÷ODP Pitirim A. Sorokin, bugün genellikle, arkaik bir toplum felsefesini

Karakaya���6RQ�.ODVLN��øON�0RGHUQ��3LWLULP�$OHNVDQGURYLo�6RURNLQ�YH�7RSOXPVDO�+DUHNHWOLOLN

215

LEDUHWWLU��6RURNLQ��������V����±���������$QFDN�EX�JLW�JHO�KkOL��EX�DNÕúODUÕQ�VDELW�SHUL-\RWODUD�WkEv�ROGX÷X�DQODPÕQD�GD�JHOPHPHNWHGLU��6RURNLQ��HOGHNL�NÕW�YHULOHUH�GD\DQDUDN�WDEDNDODúPD�KDUHNHWOHULQLQ�EHOOL�ELU�SHUL\RGD�VDKLS�ROGX÷X�NDQDDWLQH�YDUDPD\DFD÷ÕPÕ]Õ�V|\OHPHNWHGLU��$QFDN�\LQH�GH��NÕVPHQ�GH�ROVD�SHUL\RGXPVX�ED]Õ�GHYULGDLPOHUGHQ�EDK-

VHGLOHELOLU��6RURNLQ��������V������������±��������

+HU�WRSOXPGD�NDoÕQÕOPD]�RODUDN�VL\DVv�WDEDNDODúPDQÕQ�GD�YXNX�EXODFD÷ÕQÕ�EHOLUWHQ�6RURNLQ��VL\DVDO�HúLWVL]OLNOHULQ�YH�WDEDNDODúPDQÕQ�VRQ�EXODFD÷ÕQD�\|QHOLN�KLSRWH]OH-UH�GH�PHVDIHOL�\DNODúPDNWDGÕU��'HPRNUDVLQLQ�\D\JÕQODúPDVÕ�LOH�ELUOLNWH�DUWÕN�KkNLP�YH��VW�VÕQÕI�GL\H�ELU�úH\LQ�ROPDGÕ÷Õ��EXQODUÕQ�DULVWRNUDVL�YH�WLUDQOÕNOD�EHUDEHU�WDULKH�NDUÕúWÕ÷Õ��D]ÕQOÕ÷ÕQ�GH÷LO�oR÷XQOX÷XQ�\|QHWLPL��VWOHQGL÷L�J|U�úOHULQH�NDUúÕ�6RURNLQ��3DUHWR¶QXQ�HWNLVL\OH�� VHoNLQ� VÕQÕÀDU�\DNODúÕPÕQÕ�EHQLPVHPHNWHGLU��6RURNLQ� WDULKVHO�YHULOHULQ�YH�|UQHNOHULQ�GH�\DUGÕPÕ\OD�\DSWÕ÷Õ�GH÷HUOHQGLUPHVLQGH��PRQDUúLGHQ�GHPRN-

UDVL\H�GR÷UX�GDLPL�ELU�H÷LOLPLQ�ROPDGÕ÷ÕQÕ�YH�IDNDW�\|QHWLP�úHNOLQGHNL�GH÷LúLPOHULQ�GH� GDLUHYv� GDOJDODQPDODU� YH� DNÕúODUD� WkEL� ROGX÷X� WH]LQL� WHNUDUODPDNWDGÕU�� 6RURNLQ��VL\DVDO�WRSOXOX÷XQ�ER\XWX�YH�KRPRMHQOL÷L�LOH�VL\DVDO�WDEDNDODúPD�DUDVÕQGD�GR÷UXGDQ�ELU�LOLúNLQLQ�PHYFXGL\HWLQGHQ�EDKVHWPHNWHGLU��%XQD�J|UH��VL\DVDO�WRSOXOX÷XQ�ER\XWX�E�\�G�÷�QGH��\DQL��\HOHULQ�VD\ÕVÕ�DUWWÕ÷ÕQGD��VL\DVv�WDEDNDODúPD�GD�DUWPD�H÷LOLPLQGH�RODFDNWÕU��<LQH�KHWHURMHQOLNWHNL�DUWÕú�GD�WDEDNDODúPDGDNL�DUWÕúÕ�EHUDEHULQGH�JHWLUHFHN�YH�EX� LNL�GXUXP�EHUDEHU�JHUoHNOHúWL÷LQGH� WDEDNDODúPDGD�DUWÕú�GUDPDWLN�ER\XWODUGD�RODFDNWÕU��%X� LNL� GXUXPGDQ� KHUKDQJL� ELULVL� DUWDUNHQ� GL÷HUL� D]DOÕ\RUVD�� ELUELUOHULQLQ�HWNLOHULQL�D]DOWDFDN�\|QGH�HWNL�J|VWHUHFHNOHUGLU��6RURNLQ����������±������������

6RQ�RODUDN�6RURNLQ¶H�J|UH�PHVOHNv�WDEDNDODúPDQÕQ�YDUOÕ÷Õ�GD�LNL�ROJXGDQ�KDUHNHWOH�J|]OHPOHQHELOLU��øON�RODUDN�ED]Õ�PHVOHN�JUXSODUÕ��VW�WRSOXPVDO�NDWPDQODUÕ�LúJDO�HGHU-NHQ��ED]Õ�PHVOHN�JUXSODUÕ�DOW�NDWPDQODUD�|WHOHQLUOHU�� øNLQFL�RODUDNVD��EL]]DW�PHVOHN�|UJ�WOHQPHOHULQLQ�LoHULVLQGH�GH�DOW��VW�LOLúNLVL�GDLPD�GLNNDW�oHNHQ�ELU�EDúND�XQVXUGXU��%XQD�J|UH�PHVOHNv�WDEDNDODúPDQÕQ�LNL�ER\XWX�YDUGÕU��PHVOHNOHU�DUDVÕQGD�YH�PHVOHN�LoHULVLQGH��0HVOHNv�WDEDNDODúPD�SLUDPLGLQLQ�\�NVHNOL÷L��PHVOHNv�NXUXPXQ�NHQGL�LoH-ULVLQGHNL�HQ�DOW�WDEDNDQÕQ�HQ�WHSHGHNL�WDEDND�WDUDIÕQGDQ�GHQHWLP�DOWÕQGD�WXWXOPDVÕ��DOW�WDEDNDQÕQ��VW�QH�ED÷ÕPOÕOÕ÷ÕQÕQ�PLNWDUÕ�YH�PHVOHNWHNL�DOW�YH��VW�WDEDNDODUÕQ��FUHWOHUL�DUDVÕQGDNL� IDUNOD� \DNODúÕN� GD� ROVD� |Oo�OHELOPHNWHGLU�� %XQD� NDUúÕQ�PHVOHNv� WDEDND-ODúPDQÕQ�DúDPDODUÕ, PHVOHNv�|UJ�WOHQPH�LoHULVLQGH�HQ�WHSHGHNL�SDWURQGDQ�HQ�DúD÷Õ�WDEDND\Õ�ROXúWXUDQ�oDOÕúDQD�GHN�PHUWHEH�YH�U�WEHOHULQ�VD\ÕVÕ�LOH�|Oo�OHELOLU��0HVOHNv�WDEDNDODúPDQÕQ�úHNOL�LVH��KHU�WDEDNDGDNL�NLúLOHULQ�WRSODP�Q�IXVD�RUDQÕ�|Oo�OHUHN�EH-OLUOHQHELOPHNWHGLU��+HU�QH�NDGDU��6RURNLQ¶H�J|UH�WDEDNDODúPDQÕQ�EX��o�QLWHOL÷L�WDED-NDODúPD\D�GDLU�E�W�Q�KHU�úH\L�DoÕNOD\DPDVD�GD�PHVOHNv� WDEDNDODúPDQÕQ�HQ�|QHPOL�|]HOOLNOHULQH�ÕúÕN�WXWPDNWDGÕUODU��%X�GXUXPGD�6RURNLQ��PHVOHNv�WDEDNDODúPDQÕQ�\�N-

VHNOL÷LQLQ�YH�úHNOLQLQ��NXUXPGDQ�NXUXPD��JUXSWDQ�JUXED�YH�NHQWWHQ�NÕUD�GH÷LúLNOLN�DU]�HWWL÷LQL��PHVOHNv�WDEDNDODúPD�DúDPDODUÕQÕQ�LVH�PHVOH÷LQ�PDKL\HWL�YH�ELU�PHVOHN�LoHULVLQGHNL�PHVOHNv�WRSOXOX÷XQ�E�\�NO�÷�Q�Q�HWNLOL�ROGX÷XQX�EHOLUWPHNWHGLU��<LQH�

Page 10: 4PO ,MBTJL óML .PEFSO 1JUJSJN MFLTBOESPWJm 4PSPLJO WF · SOSYOLOJİ DERGİSİ 208 7RSOXPVDO YH (QWHOHNW HO %D÷ODP Pitirim A. Sorokin, bugün genellikle, arkaik bir toplum felsefesini

SOSYOLOJİ DERGİSİ

216

6RURNLQ¶H�J|UH�PHVOHNv�WDEDNDODúPDQÕQ�\�NVHNOL÷L��úHNOL�YH�DúDPDODUÕ�]DPDQ�LoHUL-VLQGH�GH�GH÷LúLNOLNOHU�J|VWHUHELOLU��6RURNLQ������������������������������±�����

7RSOXPVDO�KDUHNHWOLOLN�NRQXVXQD�JHOLQFH�6RURNLQ��LNL�W�U�WRSOXPVDO�KDUHNHWOLOLNWHQ�EDKVHGHU��\DWD\�YH�GLNH\�KDUHNHWOLOLN��'LNH\�WRSOXPVDO�KDUHNHWOLOLN�LOH�6RURNLQ��³ELU�ELUH\LQ��\DKXW� WRSOXPVDO�QHVQHQLQ���ELU� WRSOXPVDO� WDEDNDGDQ�ELU�GL÷HULQH�JHoLúL�GH�LoHUHQ�LOLúNLOHUL>QL@´��6RURNLQ��������V�������NDVWHWWL÷LQL�EHOLUWLU��%XQD�J|UH�GLNH\�WRS-

OXPVDO�KDUHNHWOLOLN��\|Q�QH�J|UH��\�NVHOPH�YH�DOoDOPD�\DKXW�WRSOXPVDO�WÕUPDQPD�YH�WRSOXPVDO�EDWPD�úHNOLQGH�LNL�IDUNOÕ�J|U�Q�PH�VDKLSWLU��6RURNLQ�GLNH\�KDUHNHWOLOL÷LQ�\R÷XQOX÷X�GHPHNOH��LNWLVDGv��VL\DVv�\DKXW�PHVOHNv�WDEDNDODúPD�LoHULVLQGHNL�WDEDND-ODUÕQ�VD\ÕVÕ�\DKXW�GLNH\�WRSOXPVDO�PHVDIHQLQ��GLNH\�KDUHNHWOLOL÷LQ�XPXPLOL÷L demek-

OH� LVH��EHOOL�ELU�]DPDQ�GLOLPL� LoHULVLQGH� WRSOXPVDO� WDEDNDODúPDQÕQ�GLNH\�HNVHQLQGH�NRQXP�GH÷LúWLUHQ�NLúL�YH�WRSOXPVDO�JUXSODUÕQ�VD\ÕVÕQÕQ�NDVWHGLOGL÷LQL�DNWDUPDNWDGÕU��'LNH\�KDUHNHWOLOL÷LQ�PDKL\HWLQH�GDLU�¿NLU�YHUHQ�EX�LNL�YHULQLQ��EHOLUOL�ELU�DODQGD��|U-QH÷LQ�LNWLVDGv�DODQGD��ELU�DUD\D�JHOPHVL\OH�GH��³R�WRSOXPXQ�GLNH\�LNWLVDGv�KDUHNHWOLOL-÷L�WRSODP�LQGHNVL´�HOGH�HGLOPHNWHGLU��6RURNLQ��������V�������

7RSOXPODUÕ��³KDUHNHWOL�>PRELOH@´�YH�³KDUHNHWVL]�>LPPRELOH@´�WRSOXPODU�úHNOLQGH�LNL�W�U�úHNOLQGH�LQFHOH\HQ�6RURNLQ��KHU�LNL�W�U�Q�S�U�KDOOHULQLQ�DQDOLWLN�ELUHU�D\UÕPGDQ�LEDUHW�RO-GX÷XQX�YH�WRSOXPVDO�JHUoHNOL÷H�JLGLOGL÷LQGH�WRSOXPODUÕQ��EX�LNL�WLS�DUDVÕQGD�ELU�\HUOHUGH�NRQXPODQGÕ÷ÕQÕQ�J|]OHPOHQHELOHFH÷LQL�EHOLUWPHNWHGLU��=LUD�WDEDNDODUÕ�WDPDPHQ�NDSDOÕ�YH�WDEDNDODU�DUDVÕ�JHoLúH�P�VDDGH�HWPH\HQ�ELU�WRSOXP�\RNWXU��+HU�WRSOXPGD��\XNDUÕGD�EDKVL�JHoHQ��o�WDEDNDODúPD��LNWLVDGv��VL\DVv��PHVOHNv��ELoLPLQGH�GH�GLNH\�KDUHNHWOLOL÷LQ�YDUOÕ÷Õ-QÕ�ELU�úHNLOGH�J|]OHPOHPHN�P�PN�QG�U��)DNDW�|WH�\DQGDQ�6RURNLQ��GLNH\�KDUHNHWOLOL÷LQ�WDPDPHQ�VHUEHVW�ROGX÷X�YH�KLoELU�GLUHQoOH�NDUúÕODúPDGÕ÷Õ�ELU�WRSOXPXQ�GD��D\QÕ�úHNLOGH��YDU�ROPDGÕ÷ÕQÕ�SHúLQHQ�YXUJXODU��6RURNLQ¶LQ�GLNH\�KDUHNHWOLOL÷LQ�JHQHO�LONHOHULQGHQ�ELULVL�RODUDN�J|VWHUGL÷L�ELU�GL÷HU�|QHUPH\H�J|UH�LVH��GLNH\�KDUHNHWOLOL÷LQ�\R÷XQOX÷X�YH�XPXPL-OL÷L�WRSOXPGDQ�WRSOXPD�YH�EHOOL�ELU�WRSOXPGD�GD�]DPDQ�LoHULVLQGH�GH÷LúNHQOLN�DU]�HGHU��%X�VRQ�|QHUPH\L�$QWLN�<XQDQ��5RPD��dLQ�YH�+LQGLVWDQ¶GDQ�WDULKVHO�YHULOHUOH�J|VWHUPH\H�oDOÕúDQ�6RURNLQ��EX�WDULKVHO�YHULOHU�ÕúÕ÷ÕQGD�GLNH\�KDUHNHWOLOL÷LQ�EHOLUOL�ELU�GDLPL�H÷LOLPH�VDKLS�ROGX÷XQX�V|\OHPHQLQ�KD\OL�J�o�ROGX÷XQX�LIDGH�HGHU�

'LNH\� KDUHNHWOLOL÷LQ� FDUL� KDOH� JHOHELOPHVL� YH� DNÕúÕQ� VD÷ODQPDVÕ� LoLQ�� WRSOXPVDO�\DSÕ�LoHULVLQGH�oHúLWOL�NXUXPODUÕQ�ELU�NDQDO�PLVDOL�oDOÕúWÕ÷ÕQÕ�EHOLUWHQ�6RURNLQ��EX�ND-QDOODUÕ�DLOH��RUGX��NLOLVH��RNXO��GHYOHW�|UJ�W��YH�SROLWLN�|UJ�WOHU��PHVOHNv�|UJ�WOHQPHOHU�YH�ND]DQo�VD÷OD\DQ�GL÷HU�|UJ�WOHQPHOHU�RODUDN�VÕUDODU��$QFDN�WRSOXPVDO�NRQXP�LWL-EDUL\OH�WHSHOHUH�WÕUPDQPDGD�ROGXNoD�NDUPDúÕN�ELU�VHoPH�YH�HOHPH�PHNDQL]PDVÕQÕQ�LúOHPHNWH�ROGX÷XQX�YH�GLNH\�KDUHNHWOLOL÷L�VD÷OD\DQ�\XNDUÕGDNL�NXUXPODUÕQ�D\QÕ�]D-PDQGD�HOHPH�YH�EDUL\HU�LúOHYL�J|UG�NOHULQLQ�GH�DOWÕQÕ�oL]HQ�6RURNLQ¶H�J|UH��EXOXQGX-

÷X�\HUGHQ�HQ��VW�WDEDND\D�XODúPDN�LVWH\HQ�SHN�oRN�LQVDQGDQ�DQFDN�³oRN�D]�ELU�NÕVPÕ´�EXQX�EDúDUDELOPHNWHGLU��6RURNLQ�����������±�����

Page 11: 4PO ,MBTJL óML .PEFSO 1JUJSJN MFLTBOESPWJm 4PSPLJO WF · SOSYOLOJİ DERGİSİ 208 7RSOXPVDO YH (QWHOHNW HO %D÷ODP Pitirim A. Sorokin, bugün genellikle, arkaik bir toplum felsefesini

Karakaya���6RQ�.ODVLN��øON�0RGHUQ��3LWLULP�$OHNVDQGURYLo�6RURNLQ�YH�7RSOXPVDO�+DUHNHWOLOLN

217

7RSOXPVDO� WDEDNDODúPD� YH� GLNH\� KDUHNHWOLOL÷LQ� PDKL\HWLQH� GDLU� EX� o|]�POHPH-OHUGHQ�VRQUD�6RURNLQ��WRSOXPVDO�WDEDNDODúPDQÕQ�WHPHO�QHGHQOHULQL�LQFHOHPH\H�JHoHU�YH�WRSOXPVDO�WDEDNDODúPDQÕQ�W�P�|UJ�WO��LQVDQ�WRSOXPODUÕQGD�EXOXQPDVÕ�QHGHQL\OH��YDUOÕ÷ÕQÕ� WRSOXPVDO� KD\DWÕ� YDU� HGHQ� E�W�Q� NRúXOODUD� ED÷OD\DELOHFH÷LPL]L� EHOLUWHUHN�ROGXNoD�PX÷OkN�ELU�DoÕNODPD�\DSDU��)DNDW�|WH�\DQGDQ�GD�*XPSORZLF]��5DW]HQKRIHU�YH�2SSHQKHLPHU�JLEL� LVLPOHULQ� WRSOXPVDO� WDEDNDODúPDQÕQ�RUWD\D� oÕNÕúÕQÕ� QHUHGH\VH�WDPDPHQ� VDYDúD� ED÷OD\DQ� J|U�úOHULQL� JHoHUVL]� DGGHGHQ� 6RURNLQ�� VDYDú� JLEL� JHoLFL��ROD÷DQ�VW��YH�ORNDO�ELU�HWPHQLQ�WRSOXPVDO�WDEDNDODúPD�JLEL�GDKD�NDOÕFÕ�YH�HYUHQVHO�ELU�ROJXQXQ�DVÕO�QHGHQL�RODPD\DFD÷ÕQÕ��DQFDN�WRSOXPVDO�WDEDNDODúPD\Õ�NROD\ODúWÕUDQ�GDKD�]L\DGH�NDWDOL]|U�EHQ]HUL�ELU�LúOHY��VWOHQHELOHFH÷LQL�EHOLUWLU��6RURNLQ�����������±�����

'LNH\�KDUHNHWOLOL÷H�QHGHQ�RODQ�HWPHQOHU� LVH�6RURNLQ¶H�J|UH��L��JHQHO�YH�ELULQFLO�HWPHQOHU�YH��LL��JHoLFL��\HUHO�YH�LNLQFLO�HWPHQOHU�úHNOLQGH�LNL\H�D\UÕOÕU��%LULQFLO�HWPHQ-

OHU�DUDVÕQGD��D���VW�WDEDNDQÕQ�|O�S�JLWPHVLQH�\DKXW�J|UHFH�Q�IXV�LoHULVLQGH�D]DOPD-VÕQD�QHGHQ�RODQ�GHPRJUD¿N�HWPHQOHU���E��DWD�YH�oRFXNODU�DUDVÕQGDNL�EHQ]HPH]OLNOHU���F��oHYUHVHO�ELOKDVVD�GD�WRSOXPVDO�oHYUHGH�PH\GDQD�JHOHQ�GH÷LúLPOHU���G��WRSOXPVDO�WDEDNDODU� DUDVÕQGD� ELUH\OHULQ� \DQOÕú� GD÷ÕOÕPÕ� JLEL� HWPHQOHU� VÕUDODQPDNWDGÕU��$QFDN�3DUHWR¶QXQ�VHoNLQOHULQ�GRODúÕPÕ�NXUDPÕQD�VDGÕN�NDODUDN�6RURNLQ��EHOOL�ELU�WRSOXPVDO�WDEDNDGDNL�� R� WDEDND� LoLQ� JHUHNOL� NDELOL\HW� YH� QLWHOLNOHUH� VDKLS� ROPD\DQ� LQVDQODUÕQ�ELUGHQELUH�GH÷LO�IDNDW�]DPDQ�LoHULVLQGH��WHGULFHQ�HOHQHFHNOHULQL�EHOLUWLU��%X�QHGHQOH�\XNDUÕGDNL�G|UG�QF��HWPHQLQ�GLNH\�KDUHNHWOLOLN�V|]�NRQXVX�ROGX÷XQGD�GL÷HU�LON��o�HWPHQGHQ�GDKD�GD�|QHPOL�ROGX÷XQX�YXUJXODU��'LNH\�KDUHNHWOLOL÷H�QHGHQ�RODQ�LNLQFLO�\HUHO�HWPHQOHUVH�6RURNLQ¶H�J|UH��GR÷DQ�oRFXNODUÕQ�KD\DWWD�NDOPD�RUDQODUÕ��DWD�YH�oR-

FXNODU�DUDVÕQGDNL�EHQ]HPH]OLNOHUL�DUWÕUDQ�NROD\ODúWÕUDQ�HWPHQOHU��EHOOL�ELU�WRSOXPVDO�NRQXPX�LúJDO�HGHQ�LQVDQODUÕQ�\HWHUOL�G�]H\GH�GR÷XúWDQ�\DKXW�HGLQLOPLú�QLWHOL÷H�YH�R�WRSOXPVDO�NRQXP�LoLQ�JHUHNOL�RODQ�WRSOXPVDO�SHUIRUPDQVD�VDKLS�ROPDPDVÕQÕ�DUWÕUDQ�NROD\ODúWÕUDQ�HWPHQOHU�úHNOLQGH�G�ú�Q�OHELOLU��6RURNLQ��������V�����������������

7RSOXPVDO�WDEDNDODúPD�YH�KDUHNHWOLOL÷H�GDLU�o|]�POHPHOHULQGH�VÕN�VÕN�WDULKVHO�YHUL�YH�LVWDWLVWLNOHUH�EDúYXUDQ�6RURNLQ��EX�YHULOHU�ÕúÕ÷ÕQGD�PHVOHNv�WDEDNDODúPD�YH�PHVOHNOHU�DUDVÕ�GD÷ÕOÕP�V|]�NRQXVX�ROGX÷XQGD�%DWÕOÕ�WRSOXPODUGD�EDED�R÷XO�DUDVÕQGD�NDVW�EHQ]HUL�NDWÕ�ELU�YHUDVHWWHQ�V|]�HGLOHPH\HFH÷LQL�YH�IDUNOÕ�QHVLOOHULQ�PHVOHN�WHUFLKOHULQLQ�GH�IDUNOÕ�RODELOGL÷LQL�EHOLUWLU��$QFDN�\LQH�GH��PRGHUQ�%DWÕOÕ�WRSOXPODUGD�GD�PHVOH÷LQ�PLUDV�\R-

OX\OD�QHVLOOHUH�DNWDUÕPÕQÕQ�KDOHQ�YDU�ROGX÷X�YH�ROGXNoD�GD�\�NVHN�ELU�RUDQD�VDKLS�ROGX-

÷X�JHUoH÷L��6RURNLQ¶LQ�OLWHUDW�UH�|QHPOL�NDWNÕODUÕQGDQ�ELULVLGLU��g\OH�NL�PHVOHNOHU�LoLQGH�YH�DUDVÕQGD�GLNH\�KDUHNHWOLOL÷LQ�P�PN�Q�ROGX÷XQX��DQFDN�oRN�oHúLWOL� HWPHQOHULQ�EX�KDUHNHWOLOL÷L�KÕ]OÕ�\DYDú�YH\D�P�PN�Q�QDP�PN�Q�KDOH�JHWLUGL÷LQL�YXUJXOD\DQ�6RURNLQ��\LQH�VDYDú�YH�GHYULP�JLEL�ROD÷DQ�VW��GXUXPODUGD��oRN�IDUNOÕ�G�]H\OHUGH�DúD÷Õ�\XNDUÕ�KDUHNHWOLOL÷LQ�RODELOHFH÷LQL�GH�HNOHPHNWHGLU��0RGHUQ�G|QHP�%DWÕ�WRSOXPODUÕQGD�LNWLVDGv�WDEDNDODúPDGD�GLNH\�KDUHNHWOLOL÷H�J|]�DWWÕ÷ÕPÕ]GD�LVH��HOGHNL�YHULOHULQ�\HWHUVL]OL÷L�QH-GHQL\OH�VDGHFH�EHOOL�EDúOÕ�JHQHO�H÷LOLPOHUL�WHVSLW�HGHELOHFH÷LPL]L�EHOLUWHQ�6RURNLQ��EX�

Page 12: 4PO ,MBTJL óML .PEFSO 1JUJSJN MFLTBOESPWJm 4PSPLJO WF · SOSYOLOJİ DERGİSİ 208 7RSOXPVDO YH (QWHOHNW HO %D÷ODP Pitirim A. Sorokin, bugün genellikle, arkaik bir toplum felsefesini

SOSYOLOJİ DERGİSİ

218

KDUHNHWOLOL÷LQ�VDYDú��GHYULP��NÕWOÕN�JLEL�ROD÷DQ�VW��KDO�G|QHPOHULQGH�DUWDFD÷ÕQÕ�LIDGH�HGHU��7DEDNDODU�DUDVÕQGD�NDW�HGLOHQ� LNWLVDGv�PHVDIH�DUWWÕNoD��E|\OHVL�ELU�PHVDIH\L�NDW�HGHQ�NLúL� VD\ÕVÕQÕQ�GD�D]DODFD÷Õ��GLNH\�KDUHNHWOLOL÷LQ�E�\�N�|Oo�GH�DúDPD�DúDPD�YH�]DPDQOD�JHUoHNOHúWL÷L��RUWD�LNWLVDGv�WDEDNDODUÕQ���VW�YH�DOW�WDEDNDODUD�QD]DUDQ�GDKD�GXUD-÷DQ�ROGX÷X��J�Q�P�]�%DWÕ�WRSOXPODUÕQGD�DúD÷Õ�YH�\XNDUÕ�KDUHNHWLQ�KHU�LNLVLQLQ�GH�KDOHQ�FDUL�ROGX÷X��KHU�WDEDNDQÕQ�EDEDGDQ�R÷XOD�DNWDUÕODQ�HVNL��\HOHU�NDGDU�\HQL��\HOHUH�GH�VDKLS�ROGX÷X�úHNOLQGHNL�GL÷HU�WHVSLWOHU��6RURNLQ¶LQ�oHúLWOL�DUDúWÕUPD�YH�LVWDWLVWLNOHUGHQ�\ROD�oÕNDUDN�YDUGÕ÷Õ�ED]Õ�JHQHOOHPHOHUGLU��6L\DVv�WDEDNDODúPDGD�GLNH\�KDUHNHWOLOLN�GH��\LQH� WÕSNÕ� LNWLVDGv� WDEDNDODúPDGD�ROGX÷X��]HUH��VDYDú�YH�GHYULP�JLEL�ROD÷DQ�VW��KDO�G|QHPOHULQGH�DUWDFDNWÕU��6RURNLQ�����������±�����

6RQ�RODUDN�GLNH\�KDUHNHWOLOL÷LQ�FDUL�ROGX÷X�ELU�WRSOXPGD��NÕUGDQ�NHQWH�J|o�YH�NÕUVDO�Q�IXVXQ�NHQWWHNL�HOHPH�PHNDQL]PDVÕQÕQ�LoLQH�oHNLOPHVL��DOW�WDEDNDGDQ��VW�WDEDND\D�JHoLúOHU�YH��VW�WDEDNDQÕQ�GDLPD�QLFHOLN�LWLEDUL\OH�D]DODQ�ELU�H÷LOLP�LoHULVLQGH�ROXúX��6RURNLQ¶L�GLNH\�KDUHNHWOLOL÷LQ��QLKD\HWLQGH�WRSOXPXQ�HQ�L\L��VW�NÕVPÕQÕ�|÷�WW�÷��\DU-JÕVÕQD�XODúWÕUPDNWDGÕU��g\OH�NL�H÷HU�EX�HQ�L\L�NHVLPLQ�WRSOXP�LoHULVLQGH��UHWLPL���VW�WDEDNDODU�YH�HOHPH�PHNDQL]PDVÕQGDNL�\ÕNÕPÕQGDQ�D]�LVH��WRSOXP�Q�IXVXQXQ�QLWHOLN-

VHO�DQODPGD�VH\UHOPHVL�QHWLFHVL\OH�NDUúÕ�NDUúÕ\D�NDODFD÷ÕQÕ�GD�D\UÕFD�EHOLUWPHNWHGLU�. <LQH�6RURNLQ¶H�J|UH�GLNH\�KDUHNHWOLOLN�VD\HVLQGH�YH�QHWLFHVLQGH��WRSOXPGD�GDYUDQÕú��GDKD�SODVWLN�YH�GH÷LúNHQ�KDOH�JHOPHNWHGLU��(QWHOHNW�HO�KD\DWÕQ�JHOLúPHVL��LFDW�YH�NH-úLÀHULQ� DUWPDVÕ�� KHS� GLNH\� KDUHNHWOLOL÷LQ� ELUHU� QHWLFHVLGLU�� )DNDW� |WH� \DQGDQ� GLNH\�KDUHNHWOLOLN��D\QÕ�]DPDQGD�]LKLQVHO�KDVWDOÕNODUÕQ��ú�SKHFLOLN��VLQLNOLN�YH�\�]H\VHOOL÷LQ�DUWPDVÕQD�GD�\RO�DoPDNWDGÕU��6RURNLQ¶H�J|UH�GLNH\�KDUHNHWOLOLN��LURQLN�ELU�ELoLPGH��ELU� WDUDIWDQ�PDKUHPL\HWL�D]DOWÕUNHQ�GL÷HU� WDUDIWDQ�GD�SVLNR�WRSOXPVDO� WHFULW�GX\JX-

VXQX�YH�ELUH\VHOOL÷L�DUWWÕUPDNWDGÕU��1HWLFH�LWLEDUL\OH�6RURNLQ��'XUNKHLP¶ÕQ�³DQRPL´�NDYUDPÕQÕ�KDWÕUODWÕU�ELoLPGH��GLNH\�KDUHNHWOLOL÷LQ�HQ�QLKD\HWLQGH�DKOkNÕQ�o|]�OPHVLQL�KÕ]ODQGÕUGÕ÷Õ�J|U�ú�QGHGLU��)DNDW�VRQ�WDKOLOGH�6RURNLQ��GLNH\�KDUHNHWOLOL÷LQ�FDUL�RO-GX÷X�ELU�WRSOXPXQ��KDUHNHWOLOL÷LQ�ROPDGÕ÷Õ�ELU�WRSOXPD�QD]DUDQ�UHIDK�VHYL\HVL�GDKD�ID]OD�YH�GDKD�P�QDVLS�ELU�WRSOXPVDO�GD÷ÕOÕP�VD÷ODGÕ÷ÕQÕQ�GD�DOWÕQÕ�oL]PHNWHGLU��6R-

URNLQ��������V�����±������

6RURNLQ¶LQ�%ÕUDNWÕ÷Õ�0LUDVToplumsal Hareketlilik�NLWDEÕQD�LON�HOHúWLUL��$QGUHZ�:��/LQG��������V�������WDUDIÕQ-

GDQ�NDOHPH�DOÕQDQ�YH�0DUW������WDULKLQGH�$PHULFDQ�-RXUQDO�RI�6RFLRORJ\¶GH��AJS)

\D\ÕPODQDQ�HOHúWLULGLU��%X�³RQ�EHú�VDWÕUOÕN´�HOHúWLUL\H�J|UH�HVHU��X]XQ�ELU�LQFHOHPH\L�KDN�HGHU�NÕ\PHWH� VDKLS�GH÷LOGL��.LWDEÕQD�\|QHOLN� LON�HOHúWLULQLQ�EX�úHNLOGH�ROPDVÕ��6RURNLQ¶GH�FLGGL�ELU�KD\DO�NÕUÕNOÕ÷ÕQD�QHGHQ�ROVD�GD�KHPHQ�SHúLQGHQ�\HUOL�YH�\DEDQFÕ�

�� #V�OPLUBEB�4PSPLJO �1BSFUP´OVO�UPQMVNEBLJ�TFmLJOMFSJO�OFUJDF�JUJCBSJZMF�ZPL�PMEVóV�WF�VMVTMBSõO�mzL�ñF�HFmUJóJ�UF[J �TFmLJOMFSJO�EPMBñõNõ�WF�ôCO�)BMEVO´VO�BTBCJZF�JMLFTJ�FUSBGõOEB�mz[�NMFEJóJ�CFEFWt�IBEFSt�UPQMVNMBS�EFWSJEBJNJ�UF[MF-SJOJ�EFTUFLMFS�NBIJZFUUF�CJS�HzS�ñ�TVONBLUBEõS��;JSB�1BSFUP�WF�ôCO�)BMEVO´B�ZBQUõóõ�BUõGMBS �CBITJ�HFmFO�E�ñ�O�SMFS�WF�LVSBNMBSõOEBO�IBCFSEBS�PMEVóVOV�EB�CFMHFMFS�OJUFMJLUFEJS�

Page 13: 4PO ,MBTJL óML .PEFSO 1JUJSJN MFLTBOESPWJm 4PSPLJO WF · SOSYOLOJİ DERGİSİ 208 7RSOXPVDO YH (QWHOHNW HO %D÷ODP Pitirim A. Sorokin, bugün genellikle, arkaik bir toplum felsefesini

Karakaya���6RQ�.ODVLN��øON�0RGHUQ��3LWLULP�$OHNVDQGURYLo�6RURNLQ�YH�7RSOXPVDO�+DUHNHWOLOLN

219

|QHPOL�VRV\RORJODUGDQ�JHOHQ�|YJ��GROX�PHNWXSODU�GXUXPX�WHUVLQH�oHYLUPLúWL��+DWWD�bunlardan biri, AJS� GDQÕúPD�KH\HWLQGH�EXOXQDQ�&KDUOHV�+��&RROH\¶QLQ�� HGLW|U�(U-QHVW�:��%XUJHVV¶H�J|QGHUGL÷L�PHNWXSWX��0HNWXSWD�&RROH\��KH\HW��\HVL�RODUDN�GHUJL�LoHUL÷LQH�LON�NH]�P�GDKDOH�HWPHN�LVWH÷L�GX\GX÷XQX�YH�6RURNLQ¶LQ�Toplumsal Hare-ketlilik�oDOÕúPDVÕ�JLEL�|QHPOL�ELU�HVHULQ�EX�WDU]�ELU�EDúWDQ�VDYPD�GH÷HUOHQGLUPH�LOH�JHoLúWLULOPHVLQLQ�\DNÕúÕNVÕ]�ROGX÷XQX�V|\OHPLúWL��DNW���6RURNLQ��������V��������%XQXQ��]HULQH�GHUJLQLQ�7HPPX]������VD\ÕVÕQGD��EX�NH]�5XGROSK�+HEHUOH�LP]DOÕ�LNLQFL�ELU�GH÷HUOHQGLUPH�\D]ÕVÕ�oÕNPÕúWÕU���'|QHPLQ�|QGH�JHOHQ�ELU�GL÷HU�VRV\ROR÷X��)UDQNOLQ�+��*LGGLQJV�LVH�NLWDEÕQ��LQVDQ�WRSOXPX�LoLQ�|QHPOL�ELU�V�UHFLQ�GDKD�|QFH�KLo�ROPDGÕ÷Õ�NDGDU�NDSVDPOÕ�HOH�DOPDVÕ��WDPDPHQ�ELOLPVHO�ELU�\|QWHP�NXOODQPDVÕ�YH�ROGXNoD�JHQLú�YH�GH÷HUOL�ELU�YHUL\H�\DVODQPDVÕ�JLEL��o�DQD�HNVHQGH�|QF��QLWHOLNWH�ROGX÷XQX�EHOLUW-PHNWHGLU��DNW���-RKQVWRQ��������V�������%DUU\�9��-RKQVWRQ¶ÕQ�DNWDUGÕ÷ÕQD�J|UH��NLWDEÕ�RNXGXNWDQ�VRQUD�6RURNLQ¶H�J|QGHUGL÷L����0D\ÕV������WDULKOL�PHNWXSWD�(GZDUG�$��5RVV�LVH��EXQGDQ�VRQUD�VRV\RORML�NLWDSODUÕQÕQ�PXWODND�WRSOXPVDO�KDUHNHWOLOL÷H�GDLU�ELU�E|O�P�LoHUHFH÷LQL�YH�6RURNLQ¶LQ�$PHULNDQ�VRV\RORMLVLQLQ�E�\�N�LVLPOHULQGHQ�ELULVL�ROPD\D�QDP]HW�ROGX÷XQX�V|\OHPHNWHGLU��-RKQVWRQ��������V�������<DNÕQ�G|QHPGH�\D-SÕODQ�GH÷HUOHQGLUPHOHUGH�LVH�|UQH÷LQ�5REHUW�%LHUVWHGW��$PHULNDQ�6RV\RORMLN�.XUDPÕ NLWDEÕQGD��6RURNLQ¶LQ�Toplumsal Hareketlilik� NLWDEÕQÕ�2UWRGRNV�SR]LWLYL]POH�X\XP�LoLQGH�ELU� oDOÕúPD�RODUDN�QLWHOHQGLUPHNWH�YH�EXQXQ�GD�6RURNLQ¶LQ�R�]DPDQNL�\|Q-

WHPVHO�EDNÕúÕQÕ�\DQVÕWWÕ÷ÕQÕ�LIDGH�HWPHNWHGLU��%LHUVWHGW��������V��������<LQH�%LHUVWHGW��6RURNLQ¶LQ�HWNLOHúLPH�JLUHQ�ELUH\�YH�JUXSODUÕQ�QLFHOLNOHULQH�GDLU�VÕQÕÀDPDVÕQÕQ��WRS-

OXPVDO�HWNLOHúLP�\R÷XQOX÷XQXQ�|QHPLQH�GLNNDW�oHNHQ�6LPPHO�LOH�EHQ]HUOLN�WDúÕGÕ-÷ÕQÕ�DNWDUPDNWDGÕU��%LHUVWHGW��������V��������<LQH�-RKQVWRQ��6RURNLQ¶LQ�WDEDNDODúPD�WDNVRQRPLVLQLQ�VRV\RORML�LoLQ�JHUoHN�ELU�WDEDNDODúPD�JUD¿÷L�VXQPDQÕQ�\DQÕQGD��VRV-\RORJODUD�NDUPDúÕN�HúLWVL]OLN�\DSÕODUÕQÕ�NÕUÕS�IDUNOÕODúPD�YH�ELUOHúPHQLQ�QDVÕO�JHUoHN�YH�V|]GH�WDEDND�YH�JUXSODU��UHWPH\H�\DUDGÕ÷ÕQÕ�J|UPH�LPNkQÕ�VXQGX÷XQX�EHOLUWPHN-

WHGLU��-RKQVWRQ¶D�J|UH�EX�WDNVRQRPL\L�NXOODQDUDN��KHUKDQJL�ELU�ELUH\L�NHQGL�WDULKVHO-OL÷L�LoHULVLQGH��NDUPDúÕN�WRSOXPVDO�X]D\GD�NRQXPODQGÕUDELOLUL]��-RKQVWRQ��WDEDNDODú-PD\Õ�VRV\RORMLVLQLQ�WHPHOLQH�\HUOHúWLUHQ�6RURNLQ¶LQ�EDúND�NDYUDPVDO�úHPDODUGD�KLo�ROPDGÕ÷Õ� NDGDU� DoÕN� YH� VHoLN� ELU� ELoLPGH� o|]�POHGL÷LQL� YH� WDQÕPODPDODUÕQÕQ� W�P�SRS�ODV\RQODUD�X\JXODQDELOHFH÷L�YH�IDUNOÕ�WRSOXPVDO�PHNkQ�YH�]DPDQ�ED÷ODPODUÕQGD�KL\HUDUúLOHUL�NDUúÕODúWÕUPDGD�NXOODQÕODELOHFH÷L�NDQDDWLQGHGLU��-RKQVWRQ��������V������

6RURNLQ¶LQ�$PHULNDQ�VRV\RORMLVL��]HULQGHNL�HWNLVL��dD÷GDú�6RV\RORML�.XUDPODUÕ��Toplumsal Hareketlilik, .ÕU�.HQW�6RV\RORMLVLQLQ�øONHOHUL�JLEL�NLWDSODUÕQÕQ�\D\ÕPODQ-

GÕ÷Õ�G|QHPGH�ROGXNoD�EHOLUJLQGLU�YH�EX�HWNL�EDúWD�GD�EHOLUWLOGL÷L��]HUH�DoÕNoD�GLOH�

�� #V�TFGFSLJ�EFóFSMFOEJSNF�BMUõ�TBZGB�WF�-JOE´JO�EFóFSMFOEJSNFMFSJOEFO�IBZMJ�GBSLMõ�UBS[EBEõS��"ZSõDB�EFóFSMFOEJSNF�ZB-[õTõOB� JMJñUJSJMFO� EJQOPUUB� ±LJUBQ� IBLLõOEB� JML� EFóFSMFOEJSNFOJO� �����.BSUõOEB� ZBZõNMBOEõóõ � OF� 4PSPLJO� OF� EF� CJS�CBñLBTõOEBO�IFS�IBOHJ�CJS�ñJLiZFU�HFMNFTF�EF �"NFSJLBO�4PTZPMPKJ�%FSOFóJ´OEFO�CJS�BLBEFNJTZFOJO�CV�ZB[õZõ�ZFUFSTJ[�CVMEVóVOV�TzZMFZFO�CJS�NFLUVCB�FEJUzSMFSJO�EF�IBL�WFSEJLMFSJ �3��)FCFSMF´OJO�EF�BZOõ�CBñMõLMõ�CJS�LJUBQ�IB[õSMõóõOEB�PMEVóVOEBO �FEJUzSMFSJO�EF�UBWTJZFTJZMF�ZFOJ�CJS�EFóFSMFOEJSNF�LBMFNF�BMEõóõ�WF�CV�ZB[õOõO�zODFLJOJ�UBNBNMBZBO�WF�LõTNFO�EF�E�[FMUFO�OJTQFUFO�EBIB�VZHVO�CJS�ZB[õ�PMEVóV²�CFMJSUJMNFLUFEJS�BLU� �4PSPLJO �����B �T������

Page 14: 4PO ,MBTJL óML .PEFSO 1JUJSJN MFLTBOESPWJm 4PSPLJO WF · SOSYOLOJİ DERGİSİ 208 7RSOXPVDO YH (QWHOHNW HO %D÷ODP Pitirim A. Sorokin, bugün genellikle, arkaik bir toplum felsefesini

SOSYOLOJİ DERGİSİ

220

JHWLULOPHNWHGLU�� gUQH÷LQ� 5REHUW� %LHUVWHGW�� $PHULNDQ� 6RV\RORML� .XUDPÕ� NLWDEÕQGD��7KRUVWHLQ�%XQGH�9HEOHQ�EHQ]HUL�J|VWHULúoL� W�NHWLP�J|QGHUPHVL� WDúÕ\DQ�(GZDUG�$��5RVV¶XQ�³VÕQÕI´� WDUWÕúPDVÕQÕQ�YH�|]HOOLNOH�GH�³%LUH\OHULQ�7RSOXPVDO�'RODúÕPÕ´�NR-

QXVXQXQ��SHN�LIDGH�HGLOPHVH�GH��DVOÕQGD�6RURNLQ¶LQ�Toplumsal Hareketlilik�NLWDEÕQD�ROGXNoD�ID]OD�úH\�ERUoOX�ROGX÷XQD�GLNNDW�oHNPHNWHGLU��%LHUVWHGW��������V��������$Q-

FDN�6RURNLQ�HWNLVL��HQ�oRN��+DUYDUG¶GDQ�|÷UHQFLOHUL�RODQ�.LQJVOH\�'DYLV�YH�:LOEHUW�(��0RRUH¶XQ�NDOHPH�DOGÕNODUÕ�YH�DODQGD�EHONL�GH�HQ�ID]OD�DWÕI�DODQ�oDOÕúPDODUGDQ�ELULVL�RODQ��WDEDNDODúPDQÕQ�ED]Õ�LONHOHULQL�NRQX�HGLQHQ�PDNDOHOHUL���������]HULQGH�J|]OHP-

OHQHFHNWLU��'DYLV�YH�0RRUH��WRSOXPVDO�WDEDNDODúPD��]HULQH�3DUVRQV�\DSÕVDO�LúOHYVHO-FLOL÷LQLQ�HQ�|QHPOL�|UQH÷L�DGGHGLOHQ�oDOÕúPDODUÕQGD��WDEDNDODúPD�VLVWHPLQLQ�\DOQÕ]FD�LúOHYVHO�ROPDGÕ÷ÕQÕ�YH�IDNDW�D\QÕ�]DPDQGD�WRSOXPODUÕQ�KD\DWL\HWOHULQL�V�UG�UPHOHUL�YH�VD÷OÕNOÕ�NDODELOPHOHUL�LoLQ�JHUHNOL�ROGX÷XQX�|QH�V�UP�úOHUGL��%X�G�ú�QFH�GH�RQ-

ODUÕ��VÕQÕIVÕ]�ELU�WRSOXPXQ�YDU�RODPD\DFD÷Õ��]LUD�ELU�WDEDNDODúPD�VLVWHPL�LKWL\DFÕQÕQ�GDLPD�E|\OHVL�ELU� VLVWHPL�\DUDWDFD÷Õ�NDQDDWLQH�XODúWÕUPÕúWÕ��$QFDN�EX� WDEDNDODúPD�VLVWHPLQLQ��WRSOXPXQ�ELOLQoOL�ELU�WDVDUÕVÕ�ROPDNWDQ�oRN��ELOLQoVL]FH�HYULOHQ�ELU�WHUWLEL�ROGX÷XQX�G�ú�QPHNWH\GLOHU��<LQH�\DSÕVDO�LúOHYVHOFL�EDNÕú�DoÕVÕQGDQ�HOH�DOGÕNODUÕ�WD-EDNDODúPDQÕQ��LQVDQODUGDQ�GH÷LO�WRSOXPVDO�NRQXPODUGDQ�P�WHúHNNLO�ROGX÷XQX�LIDGH�HWPHNWH\GLOHU��%HOOL�NRQXPODUÕQ�QDVÕO�KL\HUDUúLN�ELU�G�]HQ�DOGÕ÷Õ�YH�ELUH\OHULQ�QDVÕO�EX�NRQXPODUD�GD÷ÕOGÕ÷Õ�NRQXVX��'DYLV�YH�0RRUH�o|]�POHPHVLQLQ�RGDN�QRNWDVÕ\GÕ��'DYLV�YH�0RRUH¶XQ� WDEDNDODúPD�NXUDPÕ��/HZLV�&RVHU� ������� WDUDIÕQGDQ�3DUVRQVoÕ�\DSÕVDO�LúOHYVHOFLOL÷LQ�HQ�LNQD�HGLFL�DUJ�PDQÕ�RODUDN�QLWHOHQVH�GH��DVOÕQGD�6RURNLQ¶LQ�WDEDNDODúPD� NXUDPÕQÕQ� L]OHULQL� WDúÕPDNWDGÕU�� ³7DEDNDODúPDQÕQ� NDoÕQÕOPD]OÕ÷Õ� YH�JHUHNOLOL÷L´�� ³WDEDNDODúPDQÕQ� WRSOXPVDO� NRQXPODUGDQ� WHúNLO� ROGX÷X´� YH� ³\DOQÕ]FD�WDEDNDODúPD�LoHULVLQGHNL�ELUH\OHULQ�GH÷LO�VLVWHPGHNL�ELUH\OHULQ�NRQXPODUÕQÕQ�GD�EH-OLUOHQGL÷L´�WH]OHUL��6RURNLQ¶LQ�WDEDNDODúPD�NXUDPÕQGDQ�P�OKHPGLU��gWH�\DQGDQ�WDED-NDODUÕ�YH�VWDW�OHUL��GDKD�GR÷UXVX�WRSOXPVDO�NRRUGLQDW�VLVWHPLQGH�ELUH\�YH\D�JUXSODUÕQ�NRQXPODUÕQÕQ� ND\QD÷ÕQÕ�� R� WRSOXPX� oHYUHOH\HQ� GH÷HU� YH� \DVD�QRUPODUGD� EXODQ� YH�WRSOXPVDO�KDUHNHWOLOLN�PHNDQL]PDODUÕ\OD�WRSOXPVDO�GH÷LúLP�YH�oDWÕúPD�ROJXODUÕQÕ�GD�WDEDNDODúPD�NXUDPÕQD�\HGLUHQ�6RURNLQ¶LQ� DNVLQH�'DYLV�YH�0RRUH¶XQ� WDEDNDODúPD�NXUDPÕ��oDWÕúPD�ROJXVXQX�LKPDO�HWPHNWH\GL��)DNDW�JHUHN�'DYLV�YH�JHUHNVH�0RRUH��GDKD� VRQUDNL� NDUL\HUOHULQGH� oDWÕúPD�YH�GH÷LúPH�ROJXODUÕQÕ� GLNNDWH� DODQ� oDOÕúPDODU�JHUoHNOHúWLUPLúOHU�YH�WDELUL�FDL]VH�3DUVRQV¶ÕQ�HWNLVLQGHQ�VÕ\UÕOÕS�6RURNLQ�HWNLVLQLQ�EL-UD]�GDKD�EDVNÕQ�KDOH�JHOGL÷L�NHQGL�\ROODUÕQÕ�oL]PLúOHUGLU�

Sonuç3LWLULP�$OHNVDQGURYLo� 6RURNLQ�� JHUHN�5XV\D¶GD� JHUHNVH�$PHULND¶GD� VRV\RORMLQLQ�

JHOLúLS� NXUXPVDOODúPDVÕQGD� YH� DNDGHPLGH� NHQGLQH� \HU� HGLQPHVLQGH�� KHP�GLVLSOLQLQ�|QHPOL�NXUXFX�PHWLQOHULQL�NDOHPH�DOPDVÕ\OD�KHP�GH�3HWURJUDG�YH�+DUYDUG��QLYHUVLWHOH-UL�JLEL�LNL�SUHVWLMOL�NXUXPGD�E|O�P�NXUPD�JLEL�NXUXPVDO�oDEDODUÕ\OD��VRV\RORML�GLVLSOLQLQ�NXUXFX�EDEDODUÕ�DUDVÕQGD�\HU�DOPDNWDGÕU��%LOKDVVD�WDEDNDODúPD�YH�KDUHNHWOLOLN�NRQXVXQD�

Page 15: 4PO ,MBTJL óML .PEFSO 1JUJSJN MFLTBOESPWJm 4PSPLJO WF · SOSYOLOJİ DERGİSİ 208 7RSOXPVDO YH (QWHOHNW HO %D÷ODP Pitirim A. Sorokin, bugün genellikle, arkaik bir toplum felsefesini

Karakaya���6RQ�.ODVLN��øON�0RGHUQ��3LWLULP�$OHNVDQGURYLo�6RURNLQ�YH�7RSOXPVDO�+DUHNHWOLOLN

221

GDLU� NDOHPH�DOÕQDQ� LON�P�VWDNLO� HVHUL� LOH� YH�\DSÕVDO�LúOHYVHOFLOHULQ�NRQX\D�\DNODúÕPÕ��]HULQGHNL�HWNLVLQGHQ�EDúND��'DYLV�YH�0RRUH¶D�JHWLULOHQ�HOHúWLULOHUL�GH�VDYXúWXUDELOHFHN�GLQDPLN�YH�oDWÕúPD\D�\HU�DoDU�NXUDPVDO�EDNÕúÕ�LOH�DODQD�NÕ\PHWOL�NDWNÕODU�\DSPÕúWÕU�

7RSOXPVDO�WDEDNDODúPD�NRQXVXQGD��ELU�WDUDIWD��UHWLP�DUDoODUÕQD�HULúLP�LPNkQÕQÕ�|QFHOH\HQ�YH�VÕQÕIÕ�PHUNH]H�DODQ�0DU[¶Õ�YH�|E�U�WDUDIWD�W�NHWLP��]HULQGHQ�WRSOXPVDO�VWDW�\��PHUNH]H�DODQ�:HEHU¶L�NR\DQ�VRV\RORML�OLWHUDW�U���EX�LNLVL�DUDVÕQGD�YH�|]HO-OLNOH�GH�����¶ODUÕQ�LNLQFL�\DUÕVÕQGD�EDúOD\DQ�\HQL�oDOÕúPDODUOD�GROGXUXOPXú�\HQL�ELU�NDUPD�E|OJHQLQ�YDUOÕ÷Õ� G�ú�QFHVLQL� LúOHPHNWHGLU��gWH� \DQGDQ�3LHUUH�%RXUGLHX¶Q�Q�WDEDNDODúPD� H÷LOLPOHULQLQ� RUWD\D� oÕNÕúÕQGD� YDU� RODQ� VHUPD\HOHULQ� \DOQÕ]FD� LNWLVDGv�VHUPD\H�LOH�VÕQÕUOÕ�ROPD\ÕS�N�OW�UHO�YH�WRSOXPVDO�VHUPD\HOHULQ�GH�V�UHoWH�HWNLQ�ROGX-

÷X�|QHUPHVL��EDKVHGLOHQ�GLNRWRPL��]HULQH�NXUXODQ�OLWHUDW�U�Q�DúÕOPDVÕ�RODUDN�DGGH-GLOPHNWHGLU��$QFDN�DODQD�LON�P�VWDNLO�HVHUL�YHUPLú�YH�IDNDW�LKPDO�HGLOPLú�6RURNLQ¶LQ�WRSOXPVDO�WDEDNDODúPD�YH�KDUHNHWOLOLN�NXUDPÕ��OLWHUDW�U�Q�YH�VH\ULQLQ�\HQLGHQ�\D]ÕO-PDVÕQD�\RO�DoDFDN�GHQOL�|QHPOL�NDYUDPVDO�NDWNÕODU�LoHUPHNWHGLU��hVWHOLN�EX�NRQX\X�GDKD�N�OOv�PDNUR�SODQGD�N�OW�UHO�VLVWHPOHULQ�GHYULGDLPL�LOH�LOLúNLOHQGLUHQ�J|U�úOHUL��EXJ�Q� N�UHVHOOHúPH� YH� )RUGL]P�VRQUDVÕ� oD÷GD�� �UHWLP� LOLúNLOHULQLQ� GH÷LúLS� G|Q�ú-PHVL��J|o�GDOJDODUÕ��YDVÕIVÕ]ODúPD��SUHNDU\DODúPD�JLEL�PDNUR�V�UHoOHUOH�\HQLGHQ�YH�\HQLGHQ�GH÷LúLS�G|Q�úHQ�WDEDNDODúPD�YH�KDUHNHWOLOLN�|U�QW�OHULQL�DQODP�ODQGÕUP�DN�DoÕVÕQGDQ�GD�|QHPLQL�NRUXPDNWDGÕU�

7DEDNDODúPDQÕQ� FHUH\DQ� HWWL÷L� NRRUGLQDW� G�]OHPLQL� WDQÕPODPDN�� G�]OHPGH� NR-

QXPODQPDODUÕQ� ELUH\OHUGHQ� ED÷ÕPVÕ]� ELU� úHNLOGH� WDEDNDODúPD� ROJXVXQX� RUWD\D� oÕ-NDUGÕ÷ÕQÕ�RUWD\D�NR\PDN��]DPDQÕQ�VRV\RORMLN�OLWHUDW�U��GLNNDWH�DOÕQGÕ÷ÕQGD�GHYULP�QLWHOL÷LQGH�NDWNÕODUGÕU��<LQH�VÕQÕI�YH�VWDW��WHPHOOL�\DNODúÕPODUÕQ�ELUELULQH�WXWWXUXOGX÷X�SROLWLN�ELU�DXUDQÕQ�KkNLP�ROGX÷X�G|QHPGH��VÕQÕI�YH�VWDW�\��PDUMLQDOL]H�HGHUFHVLQH�LNWLVDGv��VL\DVv�YH�PHVOHNv�HNVHQOHUL�ELUOLNWH�LúH�NRúDQ�6RURNLQ��EL\RJUD¿VLQLQ�GH�RQD�VD÷ODGÕ÷Õ� WHFU�EHOHULQ� ÕúÕ÷ÕQGD�� WRSOXPVDO�KDUHNHWOHUL�X]XQ�PDNUR� V�UHoOHULQ�GHYUL-GDLPLQGH�HOH�DODQ�YH�GDLPD�oRNOX�HWPHQOHUL�KHVDED�NDWDQ�ELU�NXUDP�JHOLúWLUPLúWLU��'ROD\ÕVÕ\OD��PRGHUQ�VRV\RORML�NXUDPODUÕQÕQ�\DSÕ�YH�LúOHYL�PHUNH]H�DODQ�³NDWÕ´�KkOL�LOH�oDWÕúPD�YH�GHYLQLPL�PHUNH]H�DODQ�³DNÕúNDQ´�KkOOHULQL���VWHOLN�EL\RJUD¿�YH�WDULK-

VHOOL÷LQ�NHVLúWL÷L�ELU�WRSOXPVDO�IHOVHIH�LoHULVLQGH�KDUPDQOD\DQ�6RURNLQ��son klasik-ilk modern�YDVIÕQÕ�KDN�HGHU�ELU�NRQXPGDGÕU�

Page 16: 4PO ,MBTJL óML .PEFSO 1JUJSJN MFLTBOESPWJm 4PSPLJO WF · SOSYOLOJİ DERGİSİ 208 7RSOXPVDO YH (QWHOHNW HO %D÷ODP Pitirim A. Sorokin, bugün genellikle, arkaik bir toplum felsefesini

Received: December 15, 2015 Revision received: May 30, 2016Accepted: May 31, 2016 OnlineFirst: August 30, 2016

Copyright © 2016 � Istanbul University Department of Sociologytjs.istanbul.edu.tr/en

DOI 10.16917/sd.51247 � June 2016 � 36(1) � 222–226

Extended Abstract

SOSYOLOJİ DERGİSİ TURKISH JOURNAL OF SOCIOLOGY

Citation: Karakaya, M. F. (2016). The last classical, the first modern: Pitirim Alexandrovich Sorokin and social mobility. Turkish Journal of Sociology, 36, 16, 222–226.

1 $PSSFTQPOEFODF�UP��.��'BUJI�,BSBLBZB �%FQBSUNFOU�PG�4PDJPMPHZ �'BDVMUZ�PG�-FUUFST �ôTUBOCVM�6OJWFSTJUZ �0SEV�$BE��/P����� �#FZB[õU�'BUJI �ôTUBOCVM�������5VSLFZ��&NBJM��[JOEFSVE!HNBJM�DPN

"CTUSBDU

"�3VTTJBO�TPDJPMPHJTU �4PSPLJO�QSPEVDFE�IJT�GJSTU�NBKPS�BDBEFNJD�XPSLT�EVSJOH�B�IBSTI�QFSJPE�UIBU�MFE�UP�UIF�

GBMM�PG�5TBSJTU�3VTTJB�BOE�UIF�CSFBLPVU�PG�UIF�#PMTIFWJL�3FWPMVUJPO��5IFO �BGUFS�4PSPLJO�JNNJHSBUFE�UP�UIF�

6OJUFE�4UBUFT �IF�MFE�UIF�FTUBCMJTINFOU�PG�B�TFQBSBUF�TPDJPMPHZ�EFQBSUNFOU�BU�)BSWBSE�6OJWFSTJUZ�BOE�XSPUF�

DMBTTJDBM�XPSLT�PO�TFWFSBM�TVCGJFMET�PG�UIF�FNFSHJOH�TPDJPMPHZ�EJTDJQMJOF �GPS�FYBNQMF �PO�SVSBM�TPDJPMPHZ�

BOE�TPDJBM� TUSBUJGJDBUJPO��0OF�PG�IJT�NPTU� JNQPSUBOU�XPSLT� JT�4PDJBM�.PCJMJUZ �XIJDI�DBO�CF�DPOTJEFSFE�B�

QSPEVDU�PG�4PSPLJOT́�WFSZ�QFSTPOBM�CJPHSBQIZ�UIBU�QBTTFE�UISPVHI�3VTTJBO�BOE�64�TPDJBM�MBZFST��5IJT�NBKPS�

FGGPSU�FOBCMFT�VT�UP�DBMM�4PSPLJO�UIF�MBTU�DMBTTJDBM�BOE�UIF�GJSTU�NPEFSO�TPDJPMPHJTU��*O�4PDJBM�.PCJMJUZ �4PSPLJO�

BOBMZ[FT� TPDJBM� TUSBUJGJDBUJPO� GSPN� B� NVMUJ�EJNFOTJPOBM� BQQSPBDI�� IF� EFGJOFT� FDPOPNJD � QPMJUJDBM � BOE�

PDDVQBUJPOBM�TUSBUJGJDBUJPOT�BT�TFQBSBUF�CVU�JOUFSXPWFO��4PSPLJO�BMTP�TVHHFTUT�B�NFUIPEPMPHJDBM�BMUFSOBUJWF�

UP�UIF�XFBLOFTT�PG�TUSVDUVSBM�GVODUJPOBMJTN�CZ�UBLJOH�IJTUPSJDJUZ�JOUP�BDDPVOU�JO�IJT�BOBMZTJT�

,FZXPSET

4PSPLJO���4PDJBM�TUSBUJGJDBUJPO���&DPOPNJD�TUSBUJGJDBUJPO���1PMJUJDBM�TUSBUJGJDBUJPO���0DDVQBUJPOBM�

TUSBUJGJDBUJPO���4PDJBM�NPCJMJUZ���7FSUJDBM�NPCJMJUZ���4USVDUVSBM�GVODUJPOBMJTN

.��'BUJI�,BSBLBZB1

ôTUBOCVM�6OJWFSTJUZ

5IF�-BTU�$MBTTJDBM �UIF�'JSTU�.PEFSO� 1JUJSJN�"MFYBOESPWJDI�4PSPLJO�BOE�4PDJBM�.PCJMJUZ

Page 17: 4PO ,MBTJL óML .PEFSO 1JUJSJN MFLTBOESPWJm 4PSPLJO WF · SOSYOLOJİ DERGİSİ 208 7RSOXPVDO YH (QWHOHNW HO %D÷ODP Pitirim A. Sorokin, bugün genellikle, arkaik bir toplum felsefesini

Karakaya���7KH�/DVW�&ODVVLFDO��WKH�)LUVW�0RGHUQ��3LWLULP�$OH[DQGURYLFK�6RURNLQ�DQG�6RFLDO�0RELOLW\

223

3LWLULP�$OH[DQGHURYLFK�6RURNLQ�ZDV�ERUQ�LQ�D�UHJLRQ�RQ�WKH�QRUWKZHVWHUQ�ERUGHU�RI�5XVVLD��SRSXODWHG�E\�D�7XUDQLF�SHRSOH�FDOOHG�.RPL��$V�WKH�VRQ�RI�D�.RPL�PRWKHU�DQG�D�5XVVLDQ�IDWKHU�LQ�D�UHPRWH�YLOODJH��6RURNLQ�IHOW�OLNH�D�VWUDQJHU�LQ�KLV�RZQ�FRXQWU\��VLPLODU� WR� KLV� *HUPDQ� DQG� )UHQFK� FRQWHPSRUDULHV�� 6LPPHO� DQG� 'XUNKHLP�� $IWHU�ZRUNLQJ�DV�DQ�DUWLVDQ�ZLWK�KLV�IDWKHU�DQG�VKXWWOLQJ�DPRQJ�YLOODJHV�RI�WKH�.RPL�UHJLRQ��KH�VXFFHHGHG�LQ�ZLQQLQJ�D�VFKRODUVKLS�WR�HQWHU�WKH�HGXFDWLRQ�SURJUDP�RI�D�FOHUN�VFKRRO��7KHUH��6RURNLQ�HQFRXQWHUHG�VRPH�UHYROXWLRQDU\�LGHDV�WKDW�OHG�WR�KLV�EHLQJ�VHQWHQFHG�WR�GHDWK�LQ�ERWK�7VDULVW�DQG�%ROVKHYLN�5XVVLD��6RURNLQ�SURGXFHG�KLV�¿UVW�PDMRU�DFDGHPLF�ZRUNV�GXULQJ�D�KDUVK�SHULRG�SUHFHGLQJ�WKH�IDOO�RI�7VDULVW�5XVVLD�DQG�WKH�EHJLQQLQJ�RI�WKH�%ROVKHYLN�5HYROXWLRQ��:KHQ�KH�LPPLJUDWHG�WR�WKH�8QLWHG�6WDWHV��VRFLRORJ\�DV�D�GLVFLSOLQH�ZDV�RQ�WKH�HGJH�RI�FODLPLQJ�LWV�LQGHSHQGHQFH�IURP�VRFLDO�ZRUN�DQG�WKH�HDUO\�5HIRUPLVW� VSLULW�RI�3URWHVWDQW�FOHULFDOV� LQ�$PHULFDQ�XQLYHUVLWLHV��7KHQ��DOO�$PHULFDQ�VRFLRORJ\�QHHGHG�ZDV�D� WKHRUHWLFDO�PLQG� WKDW�ZRXOG�DGGUHVV�$PHULFDQ�VRFLDO�QHHGV�ZLWK�(XURSHDQ� VRFLRORJLFDO�LQWHOOHFWXDO�KHULWDJH��6RURNLQ�ZDV� WKH� ULJKW�SHUVRQ��ZLWK�KLV�PLVFHOODQHRXV� LQWHUHVWV� LQ�VRFLDO�VFLHQFHV��KLV�GHHS�XQGHUVWDQGLQJ�RI�KLVWRU\�DQG�SROLWLFV��DQG�KLV�¿UVWKDQG�DFTXDLQWDQFH�ZLWK�(XURSHDQ�VRFLRORJ\�

$IWHU� KLV� LPPLJUDWLRQ�� 6RURNLQ� DOVR� OHG� WKH� HVWDEOLVKPHQW� RI� D� VHSDUDWH� VRFLRORJ\�GHSDUWPHQW�DW�+DUYDUG�8QLYHUVLW\��DV�ZHOO�DV�FRPSRVLQJ�FODVVLFDO�ZRUNV�RQ�VHYHUDO�RI�WKH�HPHUJLQJ� VRFLRORJ\� GLVFLSOLQH¶V� VXE¿HOGV�� H�J��� UXUDO� VRFLRORJ\� DQG� VRFLDO� VWUDWL¿FDWLRQ��2QH�RI�KLV�PRVW�LPSRUWDQW�ZRUNV�LV�6RFLDO�0RELOLW\��ZKLFK�FDQ�EH�FRQVLGHUHG�D�SURGXFW�RI�6RURNLQ¶V�YHU\�SHUVRQDO�ELRJUDSK\�WKDW�SDVVHG�DPRQJ�5XVVLDQ�DQG�86�VRFLDO�OD\HUV��Social 0RELOLW\� H[SUHVVHV� 6RURNLQ¶V� WZRIROG� DQDO\VLV�� VRFLDO� VWUDWL¿FDWLRQ� DQG� VRFLDO� PRELOLW\��+RZHYHU�� 6RURNLQ� EHJLQV� KLV� DQDO\VLV� E\� GH¿QLQJ� ³VRFLDO� VSDFH´� DV� HDFK� LQGLYLGXDO¶V�WRWDO�VRFLDO�FRRUGLQDWHV��ZKLFK�DUH�GHWHUPLQHG�E\�UHODWLQJ�RQH�LQGLYLGXDO�WR�RWKHUV�LQ�WKH�JLYHQ�SRSXODWLRQ��$FFRUGLQJ�WR�WKLV�FRQFHSWXDOL]DWLRQ�RI�HDFK�LQGLYLGXDO¶V�WRWDO�SRVLWLRQ�LQ�WKH�FRRUGLQDWH�V\VWHP��VRFLDO�VSDFH�LV�GHWHUPLQHG�E\���L�� WKH�LQGLYLGXDO¶V�UHODWLRQ�ZLWK�D�FHUWDLQ�JURXS���LL�� LQWHUUHODWLRQV�RI�JURXSV�ZLWKLQ�D�JLYHQ�SRSXODWLRQ���LLL�� WKH�UHODWLRQ�RI�WKLV�SRSXODWLRQ�ZLWK�RWKHU�SRSXODWLRQV�LQ�WKH�KXPDQ�GRPDLQ��$FFRUGLQJ�WR�6RURNLQ��VRFLDO�VWUDWL¿FDWLRQ�LV�WKH�YHU\�V\VWHP�FRQVWLWXWHG�E\�DOO�WKHVH�SRVLWLRQV�RQ�WKH�FRRUGLQDWH�D[LV��,Q�RWKHU�ZRUGV��VRFLDO�VWUDWL¿FDWLRQ�LV�WKH�GLIIHUHQWLDWLRQ�RI�D�JLYHQ�SRSXODWLRQ�E\�SODFLQJ�DOO�VRFLDO�FODVVHV�KLHUDUFKLFDOO\²OD\HU�XSRQ� OD\HU�� ,Q�VWUDWL¿FDWLRQ¶V�EDFNJURXQG� OLHV� WKH�XQHYHQ�GLVWULEXWLRQ�RI�ULJKWV�DQG�SULYLOHJHV��GXWLHV�DQG�UHVSRQVLELOLWLHV��VRFLDO�YDOXHV�DQG�QHHGV��DQG�VRFLDO�SRZHU�DQG�LQÀXHQFH�DPRQJ�PHPEHUV�ZKR��WRJHWKHU��FRQVWLWXWH�VRFLHW\��)RU�6RURNLQ��WKHUH�LV�QR�VXFK�WKLQJ�DV�D�³ÀDW´�VRFLHW\�LQ�ZKLFK�DOO�PHPEHUV�DUH�HQWLUHO\�HTXDO��%HVLGHV�EHLQJ�RQH�YHU\�FRPSOH[�VRFLDO�SKHQRPHQRQ��VWUDWL¿FDWLRQ�LV�DOVR�LQHYLWDEOH��2QFH�D� VRFLDO�JURXS�HPHUJHV�� VWUDWL¿FDWLRQ�RFFXUV�ZLWKLQ�DQ� LQVLJQL¿FDQW� WLPH� ODJ��7KH�RQO\�GLIIHUHQFH�DPRQJ�DOO�VWUDWL¿FDWLRQV�LV�WKH�SURSRUWLRQ�RI�VRFLHW\¶V�VWUDWLI\LQJ�DVSHFWV��$�PDMRU�HIIRUW�RQ�WKH�VXEMHFW��6RFLDO�0RELOLW\�FDXVHV�XV�WR�QDPH�6RURNLQ�³WKH�ODVW�FODVVLFDO�DQG�WKH�¿UVW�PRGHUQ�VRFLRORJLVW�´�,Q�WKLV�ZRUN��KH�DQDO\]HG�VRFLDO�VWUDWL¿FDWLRQ�WKURXJK�D�PXOWL�GLPHQVLRQDO�DSSURDFK��GH¿QLQJ�HFRQRPLF��SROLWLFDO��DQG�RFFXSDWLRQDO�VWUDWL¿FDWLRQV�DV�VHSDUDWH��EXW�LQWHUZRYHQ�

Page 18: 4PO ,MBTJL óML .PEFSO 1JUJSJN MFLTBOESPWJm 4PSPLJO WF · SOSYOLOJİ DERGİSİ 208 7RSOXPVDO YH (QWHOHNW HO %D÷ODP Pitirim A. Sorokin, bugün genellikle, arkaik bir toplum felsefesini

TURKISH JOURNAL OF SOCIOLOGY

224

)RU�HFRQRPLF�VWUDWL¿FDWLRQ��6RURNLQ�SRLQWV�WR�D�WZRIROG�FXUUHQW�LQ�WKH�SURFHVV��RQ�WKH�RQH�KDQG��DQ�XS�GRZQ�PRYHPHQW�RI�D�FHUWDLQ�JURXS�DFFRUGLQJ�WR�LWV�DVFHQGLQJ�RU�GHVFHQGLQJ�ZHDOWK�OHYHO��RQ�WKH�RWKHU�KDQG��WKH�ZKROH�EURDGHQLQJ�DQG�QDUURZLQJ�PRYHPHQW�RI�DQ�HQWLUH�VWUDWL¿FDWLRQ�S\UDPLG��0RUH�VSHFL¿FDOO\��WKHVH�FXUUHQWV�DUH���L��WKH�HFRQRPLF�VWDWXV�RI�WKH�JURXS�DV�D�ZKROH���D��LQFUHDVLQJ�HFRQRPLF�ZHOIDUH���E��GHFUHDVLQJ�HFRQRPLF�ZHOIDUH���LL��WKH�SUR¿OH�DQG�KHLJKW�RI�WKH�HFRQRPLF�VWUDWL¿FDWLRQ�S\UDPLG�ZLWKLQ�VRFLHW\���D��DQ�DVFHQGLQJ�HFRQRPLF�S\UDPLG���E��D�ÀDWWHQLQJ�HFRQRPLF�S\UDPLG��,Q�WKLV�YLHZ��ZHDOWK�GLIIHUV�IURP�FRXQWU\�WR�FRXQWU\�DQG�IURP�JURXS�WR�JURXS��,Q�DGGLWLRQ��D�VRFLHW\¶V�DYHUDJH�ZHDOWK�DQG�LQFRPH�LV�QHYHU�¿[HG�LQ�WLPH��6RURNLQ�VHHV�WKH�WHPSRUDO�PRYHPHQW�RI�WKHVH�FXUUHQWV�LQ�F\FOLFDO��EXW�QRW�LGHQWLFDO�SHULRGV��������SS����±�����+H�DVVHUWV�WKDW�WZR�IRUFHV�FRXQWHU�RSHUDWH�ZLWKLQ�D�VRFLHW\�LQ�DQ\�JLYHQ�SHULRG�RI�WLPH��³QDWXUDO�IRUFHV´�FDXVLQJ�VWUDWL¿FDWLRQ�DQG�LQHTXDOLW\��DQG�H[WUDRUGLQDU\��VXGGHQ��DQG�WHPSRUDO�³LQWHUYHQWLRQV´�WKDW�VWDQG�DJDLQVW�WKRVH�QDWXUDO�IRUFHV��1DWXUDO�IRUFHV�DUH�FRQVWDQWO\�RSHUDWLQJ�LQ�VRFLHW\��ZKLOH�LQWHUYHQWLRQV�LQYROYH�WHPSRUDO�FDVHV�VXFK�DV�ZDU��UHYROXWLRQ��DQG�RU�IDPLQH�WKDW�OHDG�WR�VXGGHQ�HTXDOLW\�EHIRUH�QDWXUDO�IRUFHV�SDYH�WKH�ZD\�IRU�DQRWKHU�LQHTXDOLW\�� L�H���VWUDWL¿FDWLRQ �6RURNLQ��������SS����±���������,Q�6RURNLQ¶V�YLHZ��LQ�HYHU\�VRFLHW\��WKHUH�DOZD\V�HPHUJHV�SROLWLFDO�VWUDWL¿FDWLRQ��DQG�KH�FULWLFL]HV�WKH�KRSH�RI�OHYHOLQJ�DOO�SROLWLFDO�LQHTXDOLWLHV��%\�HPSOR\LQJ�D�KXJH�DPRXQW�RI�KLVWRULFDO�GDWD��6RURNLQ�DVVHUWV�WKDW�WKHUH�LV�QR�FRQVWDQW�SURJUHVV��IRU�LQVWDQFH��PRQDUFKLHV�PDUFKLQJ�WR�GHPRFUDFLHV��$JDLQ��KLV�XQGHUVWDQGLQJ�RI�PRYHPHQWV�ZLWKLQ�SROLWLFDO�VWUDWD�WHQGV�WR�EH�F\FOLFDO��6RURNLQ�FODLPV�D�VLJQL¿FDQW�UHODWLRQVKLS�EHWZHHQ�WKH�YROXPH�DQG�WKH�KRPRJHQHLW\�RI�SROLWLFDO�VRFLHW\�DQG�SROLWLFDO�VWUDWL¿FDWLRQ��7KXV��DV�WKH�YROXPH�RI�SROLWLFDO�VRFLHW\�JURZV��VR�GRHV�SROLWLFDO�VWUDWL¿FDWLRQ��6RURNLQ��������SS����±�������������/DVWO\��WKH�H[LVWHQFH�RI�RFFXSDWLRQDO�VWUDWL¿FDWLRQ�FDQ�EH�REVHUYHG�ZLWK�UHVSHFW� WR�WZR�VRFLDO�IDFWV��)LUVW��ZKLOH�VRPH�RFFXSDWLRQV�RFFXS\�XSSHU�OD\HUV��RWKHUV�UHPDLQ�LQ�ORZHU�OD\HUV��6HFRQG��D� VLJQL¿FDQW� VXERUGLQDWH±GRPLQDQW� UHODWLRQVKLS� OLHV� ZLWKLQ� RFFXSDWLRQV� WKHPVHOYHV��+HQFH��RFFXSDWLRQDO�VWUDWL¿FDWLRQ�KDV�WZR�GLPHQVLRQV��LQWHU�RFFXSDWLRQDO�VWUDWL¿FDWLRQ�DQG�LQWUD�RFFXSDWLRQDO�VWUDWL¿FDWLRQ��6WLOO��6RURNLQ¶V�YLHZ�RI�PRYHPHQWV�ZLWKLQ�RFFXSDWLRQDO�VWUDWL¿FDWLRQ�LV�F\FOLFDO��EXW��RI�FRXUVH��QRW�LGHQWLFDO��������S������������������������±�����

,Q�WKH�VHFRQG�SDUW�RI�6RFLDO�0RELOLW\��6RURNLQ�IRFXVHV�RQ�VRFLDO�PRELOLW\�LWVHOI��$FFRUGLQJ�WR�KLV�DQDO\VLV��WKHUH�DUH�WZR�GLVWLQFW�W\SHV�RI�PRELOLW\��KRUL]RQWDO�DQG�YHUWLFDO��%\�YHUWLFDO�VRFLDO�PRELOLW\��6RURNLQ�PHDQV�DOO�WKH�UHODWLRQV�EULQJLQJ�WRJHWKHU�DQ�LQGLYLGXDO¶V��RU�VRFLDO�VXEMHFW¶V��PRYHPHQWV�IURP�D�VLQJOH�VRFLDO�VWUDWXP�WR�DQRWKHU��������S��������,Q�FRQWUDVW��YHUWLFDO�VRFLDO�PRELOLW\�FDQ�EH�DVFHQGLQJ�RU�³VRFLDO�FOLPELQJ´�DQG�GHVFHQGLQJ�RU�³VRFLDO�VLQNLQJ�´�7KH�LQWHQVLW\�RI�YHUWLFDO�PRELOLW\�FDQ�EH�GH¿QHG�DV�WKH�DPRXQW�RI�VWUDWD�ZLWKLQ�HFRQRPLF�� SROLWLFDO�� DQG� RFFXSDWLRQDO� VWUDWL¿FDWLRQV�� ZKLOH� WKH� JHQHUDOLW\� RI� YHUWLFDO�PRELOLW\�FDQ�EH�GH¿QHG�DV�WKH�DPRXQW�RI�LQGLYLGXDOV�ZKR�FKDQJH�WKHLU�SRVLWLRQV�LQ�VRFLDO�VSDFH�ZLWKLQ�D�JLYHQ�SHULRG�RI�WLPH��6RURNLQ��������S��������7R�PDNH�YHUWLFDO�PRELOLW\�SUHYDLO�ZLWKLQ�D�VRFLHW\�DQG�WR�HQDEOH�WKH�FXUUHQW�WR�ÀRZ�DFURVV�VWUDWD��VRPH�LQVWLWXWLRQV�RSHUDWH�DV�FKDQQHOV��)RU�6RURNLQ��WKHVH�FKDQQHOV�DUH�IDPLO\��DUP\��FKXUFK��VFKRRO��VWDWH�RUJDQL]DWLRQV��DQG�SROLWLFDO�RUJDQL]DWLRQV��2Q�WKH�RWKHU�KDQG��WKH�FKDQQHOV�DOVR�UHSUHVHQW�

Page 19: 4PO ,MBTJL óML .PEFSO 1JUJSJN MFLTBOESPWJm 4PSPLJO WF · SOSYOLOJİ DERGİSİ 208 7RSOXPVDO YH (QWHOHNW HO %D÷ODP Pitirim A. Sorokin, bugün genellikle, arkaik bir toplum felsefesini

Karakaya���7KH�/DVW�&ODVVLFDO��WKH�)LUVW�0RGHUQ��3LWLULP�$OH[DQGURYLFK�6RURNLQ�DQG�6RFLDO�0RELOLW\

225

REVWDFOHV�IRU�FHUWDLQ�LQGLYLGXDOV�DW�FHUWDLQ�WLPHV�RU�LQ�FHUWDLQ�FDVHV��7KXV��YHU\�IHZ�SHRSOH�VXFFHHG�LQ�FOLPELQJ�WR�KLJKHU�VWUDWD��6RURNLQ��������SS�����±�����

6RURNLQ¶V� LQÀXHQFH� RQ�$PHULFDQ� VRFLRORJ\�ZDV� SRZHUIXO�� HVSHFLDOO\� LQ� KLV� YHU\�IUXLWIXO� \HDUV�ZKHQ� KH� SXEOLVKHG� VHYHUDO�PDMRU�ZRUNV�� IRU� H[DPSOH��Contemporary 6RFLRORJLFDO�7KHRULHV, 6RFLDO�0RELOLW\, and 3ULQFLSOHV�RI�5XUDO�8UEDQ�6RFLRORJ\��,Q�$PHULFDQ� 6RFLRORJLFDO� 7KHRU\�� 5REHUW�%LHUVWHGW� DVVHUWV� WKDW� WKH� ³FODVV´� GHEDWH� DQG�WKH�³VRFLDO�FLUFXODWLRQ�RI�LQGLYLGXDOV´�WRSLF�RI�(GZDUG�5RVV�RZH�PXFK�WR�6RURNLQ¶V�6RFLDO�0RELOLW\� ������� S�� ������ %XW� 6RURNLQ¶V� PDMRU� LQÀXHQFH� VKRZV� HVSHFLDOO\� LQ�WKH�PRVW�UHIHUUHG�ZRUN�RQ�VRFLDO�VWUDWL¿FDWLRQ��ZULWWHQ�E\�KLV�VWXGHQWV�IURP�+DUYDUG��.LQJVOH\�'DYLHV�DQG�:LOEHUW�(��0RRUH��'DYLHV�DQG�0RRUH�DVVHUW�WKDW�WKH�VWUDWL¿FDWLRQ�V\VWHP�LV�QRW�PHUHO\�IXQFWLRQDO��EXW�YLWDO�IRU�VRFLHWLHV�WR�VXVWDLQ�WKHLU�H[LVWHQFH��6R��IRU�WKHP��VWUDWL¿FDWLRQ�LV�QRW�RQO\�LQHYLWDEOH��EXW�QHFHVVDU\��)RU�WKHP�DOVR��VWUDWL¿FDWLRQ�LV�FRQVWLWXWHG�QRW�E\�WKH�VXP�RI�LQGLYLGXDOV��EXW�RI�VRFLDO�SRVLWLRQV��6XFK�DVVHUWLRQV�DV�³WKH�LQHYLWDELOLW\�DQG�HVVHQWLDOLW\�RI�VWUDWL¿FDWLRQ´�DQG�³VWUDWL¿FDWLRQ¶V�EHLQJ�FRQVWLWXWHG�E\�VRFLDO� SRVLWLRQV´� UHVHPEOH�6RURNLQ¶V� WKHRU\�RI� VWUDWL¿FDWLRQ��%XW�RQ� WKH�RWKHU�KDQG��E\�¿QGLQJ�WKH�URRWV�RI�LQGLYLGXDOV�DQG�JURXSV¶�SRVLWLRQV�LQ�D�VRFLDO�FRRUGLQDWH�V\VWHP�RI�YDOXHV�DQG�ODZ�QRUPV��DQG�E\�LQFOXGLQJ�VRFLDO�FKDQJH�DQG�FRQÀLFW�WKURXJK�VRFLDO�PRELOLW\�PHFKDQLVPV��6RURNLQ�SURYLGHV�D�FRPSUHKHQVLYH�WKHRU\�RI�VRFLDO�IDFWV�

,Q� VRFLDO�VWUDWL¿FDWLRQ� OLWHUDWXUH�� WKH� JHQHUDO� YLHZ� WHQGV� WR� SRVLW� D� GLFKRWRP\�EHWZHHQ� 0DU[¶V� SURGXFWLRQ�RULHQWHG� FODVV� DQDO\VLV� DQG� :HEHU¶V� FRQVXPSWLRQ�RULHQWHG�VWDWXV�DQDO\VLV��%HWZHHQ�WKHVH�WZR�SROHV�OLHV�VRPH�FRQVHQVXV��IRU�H[DPSOH�LQ� WKH� WKHRULHV�RI�(ULF�2OLQ�:ULJKW��3LHUUH�%RXUGLHX�� DQG�0LNH�6DYDJH��+RZHYHU��FRQVLGHULQJ� 6RURNLQ¶V� YHU\� HDUO\� FRQWULEXWLRQ� FDXVHV� RQH� WR� UHFRQVLGHU� DQG� HYHQ�UHZULWH�WKH�KLVWRU\�RI�VRFLDO�VWUDWL¿FDWLRQ�WKHRULHV�DQG�GHEDWHV�RQ�WKH�WRSLF��0RUHRYHU��KLV�DWWHPSW�WR�UHODWH�DOO�WKH�PHFKDQLVPV�RI�ERWK�VRFLDO�VWUDWL¿FDWLRQ�DQG�PRELOLW\�WR�WKH�F\FOLFDOLW\�RI�FXOWXUDO�V\VWHPV�SURYLGHV�D�XVHIXO�DQDO\WLFDO�WRRO�IRU�XQGHUVWDQGLQJ�UHFHQW�� SRVW�)RUGLVW� FXUUHQWV�ZLWKLQ� VRFLDO� VWUDWD��$OO� LQ� DOO�� 6RURNLQ� DOVR� VXJJHVWV�D�PHWKRGRORJLFDO�DOWHUQDWLYH�WR� WKH�ZHDNQHVV�RI�VWUXFWXUDO�IXQFWLRQDOLVP�E\�WDNLQJ�KLVWRULFLW\�LQWR�DFFRXQW�LQ�KLV�DQDO\VLV��&RQVHTXHQWO\��WKHVH�DVSHFWV�RI�KLV�ZRUN�PDNH�XV�EROGO\�QDPH�KLP�³WKH�ODVW�FODVVLFDO�DQG�WKH�¿UVW�PRGHUQ´�LQ�WKH�VRFLDO�VWUDWL¿FDWLRQ�VXE�GLVFLSOLQH�DV�ZHOO�DV�LQ�VRFLRORJ\�DV�D�ZKROH�

.D\QDNoD�5HIHUHQFHV%LHUVWHGW��5����������$PHULFDQ�VRFLRORJLFDO�WKHRU\��$�FULWLFDO�KLVWRU\��1HZ�<RUN��1<��$FDGHPLF�

Press.

&RVHU��/��$����������6RV\RORMLN�G�ú�QFHQLQ�XVWDODUÕ�����EDVÕP��+��+�O�U��6��7RNHU��ø��0D]PDQ��dHY����øVWDQEXO��'HNL�<D\ÕQODUÕ�

'DYLHV�� .��� � 0RRUH��:�� (�� �������� 6RPH� SULQFLSOHV� RI� VWUDWL¿FDWLRQ�� $PHULFDQ� 6RFLRORJLFDO�Review, 10��������±����

Page 20: 4PO ,MBTJL óML .PEFSO 1JUJSJN MFLTBOESPWJm 4PSPLJO WF · SOSYOLOJİ DERGİSİ 208 7RSOXPVDO YH (QWHOHNW HO %D÷ODP Pitirim A. Sorokin, bugün genellikle, arkaik bir toplum felsefesini

TURKISH JOURNAL OF SOCIOLOGY

226

'DYLV��.����������Human society��1HZ�<RUN��1<��0DFPLOODQ�

'DYLV��.����0RRUH��:��(����������6RPH�SULQFLSOHV�RI�VWUDWL¿FDWLRQ��$PHULFDQ�6RFLRORJLFDO�5HYLHZ,

10��������±�����

*RXOGQHU��$��:����������7KH�FRPLQJ�FULVLV�RI�ZHVWHUQ�VRFLRORJ\��/RQGRQ��+HLQHPDQ�

*RXOGQHU��$��:�� ��������%DWÕ� VRV\RORMLVLQLQ� \DNODúDQ� NUL]L� �0�� ùHQRO�� dHY���� 6DNDU\D�� 6DNDU\D�hQLYHUVLWHVL�.�OW�U�<D\ÕQODUÕ�

+HEHUOH��5����������6RFLDO�PRELOLW\�E\�3LWLULP�6RURNLQ��$PHULFDQ�-RXUQDO�RI�6RFLRORJ\, 34��������±����

-RKQVWRQ��%��9����������3LWLULP�$��6RURNLQ��$Q�LQWHOOHFWXDO�ELRJUDSK\��.DQVDV��8QLYHUVLW\�RI�.DQVDV�Press.

/HQLQ�� 9�� ,�� �������� 7KH� YDOXDEOH� DGPLVVLRQV� RI� 3LWLULP� 6RURNLQ�� ,Q� -�� 5LRUGDQ� �(G���� Lenin’s collected works��9RO������SS�����±������0RVFRZ��3URJUHVV�3XEOLVKHUV�

/LQG��$��:����������6RFLDO�PRELOLW\�E\�3LWLULP�6RURNLQ��$PHULFDQ�-RXUQDO�RI�6RFLRORJ\, 33���������

/RRPLV��&��3����������Social systems��3ULQFHWRQ��9DQ�1RVWUDQG�

0HUWRQ��5��.����������6FLHQFH��WHFKQRORJ\�DQG�VRFLHW\�LQ�VHYHQWHHQWK�FHQWXU\�(QJODQG��Osiris, 4,

���±����

0LOOV��&��:����������7KH�VRFLRORJLFDO�LPDJLQDWLRQ��2[IRUG��8.��2[IRUG�8QLYHUVLW\�3UHVV�

0LOOV��&��:����������7RSOXPELOLPVHO�G�ú�Q��h��2VND\��dHY����$QNDUD��.�OW�U�%DNDQOÕ÷Õ�<D\ÕQODUÕ�

0RRUH��:��(����������6RFLDO�FKDQJH��1HZ�-HUVH\��1-��3UHQWLFH�+DOO�

3DUVRQV��7����������7KH�VWUXFWXUH�RI�VRFLDO�DFWLRQ��1HZ�<RUN��1<��7KH�)UHH�3UHVV�

3DUVRQV��7����������7KH�VRFLDO�V\VWHP��/RQGRQ��8.��5RXWOHGJH�

3DUVRQV�� 7�� �������� 7RSOXPVDO� H\OHPLQ� \DSÕVÕ� �&�� ���� $�� %|O�NEDúÕ�� dHY���� 6DNDU\D�� 6DNDU\D�hQLYHUVLWHVL�.�OW�U�<D\ÕQODUÕ�

3DUVRQV��7����������7RSOXPVDO�H\OHPLQ�\DSÕVÕ��&�����1��1LUYHQ��dHY����6DNDU\D��6DNDU\D�hQLYHUVLWHVL�.�OW�U�<D\ÕQODUÕ�

6RURNLQ��3��$����������ɋɢɫɬɟɦɚ�ɫɨɰɢɨɥɨɝɢɢ�>6\VWHP�RI�VRFLRORJ\@��3HWURJUDG��,VGDWHOVWYR�.RORV�

6RURNLQ��3��$����������/HDYHV�IURP�D�5XVVLDQ�GLDU\��1HZ�<RUN��1<��(��3��%XWWRQ��&R�

6RURNLQ��3��$����������7KH�VRFLRORJ\�RI�UHYROXWLRQ��3KLODGHOSKLD��/LSSLQFRWW�

6RURNLQ��3��$����������6RFLDO�PRELOLW\��1HZ�<RUN��1<��7KH�)UHH�3UHVV�

6RURNLQ��3��$����������&RQWHPSRUDU\�VRFLRORJLFDO�WKHRULHV��1HZ�<RUN��1<��+DUSHU�

6RURNLQ��3��$����������3ULQFLSOHV�RI�UXUDO�XUEDQ�VRFLRORJ\��1HZ�<RUN��1<��+ROW�

6RURNLQ��3��$�������������$�V\VWHPDWLF�VRXUFH�ERRN�LQ�UXUDO�VRFLRORJ\����9RO���1HZ�<RUN��5XVVHOO�

6RURNLQ��3��$������������ Social and cultural dynamics����9RO����1HZ�-HUVH\��1-��%HGPLQVWHU�3UHVV�

6RURNLQ��3��$��������� 6RFLHW\��FXOWXUH��DQG�SHUVRQDOLW\��7KHLU�VWUXFWXUH�DQG�G\QDPLFV��$�V\VWHP�RI�JHQHUDO�VRFLRORJ\��1HZ�<RUN��1<��&RRSHU�

6RURNLQ��3��$��������� Fads DQG�IRLEOHV�LQ�PRGHUQ�VRFLRORJ\�DQG�UHODWHG�VFLHQFHV��&KLFDJR��5HJQHU\�

6RURNLQ��3��$����������$�ORQJ�MRXUQH\��7KH�DXWRELRJUDSK\�RI�3LWLULP�$��6RURNLQ��1HZ�+DYHQ��1+��&ROOHJH�DQG�8QLYHUVLW\�3UHVV�

6RURNLQ��3��$��������� 6RFLRORJLFDO�WKHRULHV�RI�WRGD\��1HZ�<RUN��1<��+DUSHU�

7LU\DNLDQ�� (��$�� ��������7KHRUHWLFDO� VRFLRORJ\�� 3HUVSHFWLYHV� DQG� GHYHORSPHQWV�1HZ�<RUN��1<��$SSOHWRQ�&HQWXU\�&URIWV�