4lesson(vessel orientation)

PIPING DESIGN LAYOUT TRAININGLESSON 4

VESSEL ORIENTATION of 79

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4. VESSEL ORIENTATION

4.1 PREFACE

This lesson will cover the procedures required for vessel equipment studies, both horizontal and verticalvessels and the piping connected to them. Two things to keep in mind; first, use Fluor's standards as aguide, and second, the guidelines mentioned in this lesson may be different than jobs you may haveworked on in the past. Some clients have their own engineering standards.

4.1.1 Lesson Objectives

Lessons provide self-directed piping layout training to designers who have basic piping design skills.Training material can be applied to manual or electronic applications. Lesson objectives are:• To familiarize yourself with the more commonly used vessels, how they operate and some of their

uses.• To know the vessel types.• To know how to assimilate the information and the miscellaneous components to determine a vessel

orientation study.• To make both vertical and horizontal vessel studies avoiding major mistakes and costly changes.• To familiarize yourself with Fluor's standards on vessels and their components. (Fluor's standards

are a guide; the standards used on your contract may differ).

4.1.2 Lesson Study Plan

Take the time to familiarize yourself with the lesson sections. Part of your training will be to completethe study exercise in the back of the lesson plan. The exercise may be done manually or electronically.The following information will be required to support your self study:

• Previous lesson plans; e.g. Pipe Stress Lesson #1• Fluor Technical Practices The following Fluor Technical practices are included in this lesson

guide:

000.250.2650, Vessel Layout & Orientation - Piping000.250.2152, Dummy Supports & Support Trunnions Trays000.250.2651, Vessel Layout & Orientation -Trays

• It should take you approximately 60 hours to read this lesson plan, complete the exercise and beprepared to take the lesson test.

• If you have layout questions concerning this lesson your immediate supervisor is available toassist you. If you have general questions about the lesson contact Piping staff group.



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4.1.3 Study Aid

• Videos on Process Plant Layout & Piping Design (SPED) supplement your layout training. It issuggested that you view these videos prior to starting the layout training. You may check-out a copyof the videos from the Knowledge Centre (Library).

4.1.4 Proficiency Testing

• There is a self test and a test grading master at the end of this lesson which allows the designer toevaluate their comprehension of this lesson.

• Questions are manual fill-in and True or False• You may use material from previous layout training lessons during the testing.

4.2 DEFINITION

Vessels are the heart, or main piece, of a refinery or chemical plant. Things happen inside vessels. Inreactors, a chemical change is taking place. In fractionating towers or column, a separation is occurring.The vessel orientation, or location of nozzles on the shell, is critical to every piping layout. Whileorienting a vessel, the competent piping designer will call upon his past experience and his goodjudgment.

4.3 GENERAL VESSEL NOMENCLATURE

Process Vessel: A container for handling or chemically changing liquids and gases within a processsystem.

Storage Vessel and Storage Tank: A container for storing liquids or gases prior to or following theprocess system.

Vertical Vessel: A vessel whose longitudinal axis is in the vertical position.

Horizontal Vessel: A vessel whose longitudinal axis is in the horizontal position.

4.3.1 TYPES OF PROCESS VESSELS

Fractionation Column: A vertical vessel containing trays or packing, which extracts from the processstream a certain required fraction such as butane or propane.

Reflux Accumulator: Generally a horizontal vessel, without internal parts, which collects the liquid refluxand recycles a small portion back to the fractionation top tray.

Reactor: A vertical vessel containing catalyst, which rearranges the molecular structure, and thereforechanges the fractions in a process.

Regenerator: A vertical vessel containing used catalyst (from a reactor) which regenerates (restores)the catalyst for re-use in the reactor.



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4.3.2 TYPES OF STORAGE VESSELS

Spheres: A spherical shaped vessel, supported by a series of legs around its equator, which containspressurized gases, or liquid and gas.

Spheroid: Shape resembles a drop of mercury resting on a flat surface, and has special type supports.Used to contain pressurized liquids.

Bullet: A large horizontal vessel containing pressurized gases, or liquid and gas.

4.3.3 VESSEL PARTS

Anchor Bolt Chairs: Gussets and plates welded to base plate and skirt to provide for anchor boltattachment.

Anchor Bolts: Bolts imbedded in concrete foundation and bolted to vessel anchor bolt chairs.

Base Plate: Flat plate welded to the bottom of vessel supports and bearing on the foundation.

Chimney Tray: A tray composed of chimneys extending above the liquid level of the tray permittingpassage of the vapors upward. The tray collects and removes all liquid product from a specific portionof the vessel.

Column Davit: A hoisting device attached by means of a socket to the top of a vessel. Used for handlingrelief valves, bubble trays, vessel internals, etc.

Conical Head: Head formed in the shape of a cone.

Coupling: A fitting welded into the vessel to which the piping is connected either by screwing or welding.This type of fitting is used for pipe sizes 2" and smaller.

Distributor Tray: A perforated tray, which provides equal distribution of liquid over the vessel area.Risers on the tray extend above the liquid level to permit passage of vapors rising upward.

Downcomers: Rectangular flat plates bolted to shell and trays, inside of fractionation columns. Used fordirecting process liquid and to prevent bypassing of vapor.

Flanged and Dished (Torispherical) Head: Head formed using two radii, one radius called CrownRadius, and another called Knuckle Radius which is tangent to both the crown radius and the shell.

Flanges (or pipe flanges): Fittings used to connect pipes by bolting flanges together.

Flat head (or Cover Plate): Flat plate welded or bolted to the end of a shell.

Fractionating Trays: Circular flat plates bolted to the shell inside of fractionation columns. Used toobtain vapor liquid contact which results in fractionation.



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Head: The end closure of a vessel or tank.

Hemispherical Head: Head formed in the shape of a half sphere.

Insulation Rings: Rings made of flat bar or angle, attached around the girth (circumference) of verticalvessels and spaced approximately 12'-0 3/4" apart. Used to support the weight of the vessel insulation.

Ladders and Cages: Rung-type ladders with cages built of structural shapes to prevent a man fromfalling when climbing the ladder. These are bolted to and supported by clips on the outside of thevessel. Used for access up and down to the platforms.

Manhole Hinges or Davits: Hinges or davits attached to manhole flange and cover plate which allowscover plate to be swung aside from the manhole opening.

Mist Eliminator: A wire mesh pad held in place between two light grids. The mist eliminator disengagesliquids contained in the vapor.

Nozzle: Generally consists of a short piece of pipe welded in the shell or head, with a flange at the endfor bolting to the "Piping."

Platforms: Platforms bolted to and supported by clips on the outside of the vessel. Generally locatedjust below a manhole, and at relief valves or other valves or connections that need frequent service.

Reinforcing Pad: Plate, formed to the contour of shell or head, welded to nozzle and shell or head.

Saddles: Steel supports for horizontal vessels.

Seal Pans: Flat plates bolted or welded to inside of fractionation column shell below downcomer oflowest tray. Used to prevent vapor bypassing up through the downcomer.

Semi-elliptical Head 2:1: Head formed in the shape of a half ellipse with major to minor axis ratio of 2:1.

Shell: The cylindrical portion of a vessel or tank.

Skirt Fireproofing: Brick, concrete or flame resistant material applied inside and outside of skirt toprevent damage to skirt in the event of a fire.

Skirt Access Opening: Circular holes in the skirt to allow workman to clean, inspect, etc. inside of skirt.

Skirt Vents: Small circular holes in the skirt to prevent collection of dangerous gases within the skirt.

Skirt: Cylinder similar to shell, which is used for supporting vertical vessels.

Stub-end: A short piece of pipe or rolled plate welded into the vessel to which the piping is connectedby welding.

Support Legs: Legs made of pipe or structural shapes, used to support vertical vessels.



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Support Grid: Grating or some other type of support which vapor or liquid can pass through. Used tosupport tower packing such as catalyst, raschig rings, etc.

Toriconical Head: Head formed in the shape of a cone and having a knuckle radius tangent to the coneand shell.

Vacuum Stiffener Rings: Rings made of flat bar, plate, or structural shapes welded around thecircumference of the vessel. These rings are installed on vessels operating under a vacuum in order toprevent collapse of the vessel. Vacuum stiffener rings are also utilized as insulation support rings.

Vessel Manhole: Identical to nozzle, except does not bolt to piping and has a cover plate (or blindflange) which is bolted to the flange. When unbolted it allows access to the inside of the vessel.Generally 18" or larger in size.

Vortex Breaker: A device located inside a vessel at the outlet connection. Generally consisting of plateswelded together to form the shape of a cross. The vortex breaker prevents cavitation in the liquidpassing through the outlet connection.

4.4 NOZZLE NOMENCLATURE

VESSEL NOZZLE SYMBOLS - Fluor uses a system of nozzle symbols to make it easier to identifynozzles and couplings. These symbols also indicate the nozzle function.

A. = Inlet NozzleB. = Outlet NozzleC. = Condensate NozzleD. = Drain or DrawoffE. = *F. = Feed NozzleG. = Level Gage or GageGlassH. = HandholeJ. = Pump Out NozzleK. = *

L. = Level Instrument NozzleM. = ManholeN. = Reboiler ConnectionP. = Pressure ConnectionR. = Reflux NozzleS. = Steam or SampleConnectionT. = Temperature ConnectionV. = Vapor Out or Vent NozzleW. = Relief Valve Nozzle

*Symbols "E" and "K" are sometimes used for special nozzles.



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4.5 ASME BOILER AND PRESSURE VESSEL CODE

Standard rules for the construction of boilers and pressure vessels divided into sections whichestablishes design formulas, material selection, allowable stress values, methods of construction,inspection and nondestructive examination procedures for pressure containment vessels.

4.6 PROCESS DESCRIPTION OF A TYPICAL DISTILLATION OR FRACTIONATING COLUMN

Heat for vaporization is supplied by heating the crude feed stock in a furnace. The preheated crude(feed) is charged into the bottom of the fractionation column onto the feed tray at its boiling point at apressure slightly above atmospheric. This is called the "flash zone." In the flash zone, the feedseparates into liquid and vapors. The vapors rise up under the bubble-caps and bubble out through thereflux liquid on each tray (See Figure # 4-1, Typical Distillation or Fractionating Column).



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The vapors rise through the column contacting the downflowing reflux stream at each tray; as a resultthe lightest materials concentrate at the top of the column (overhead vapor). The vapor out the top ofthe column is condensed into liquid by the overhead (O.H.) condenser. The liquid is then accumulatedin the O.H. reflux accumulator. Part of the liquid is returned to the column's top tray as reflux. The refluxflows across each tray on its way down the column by way of downcomers and bubble-caps. Theportion of the column between the overhead and the feed is called the "rectifying section." This is wherethe counter current flow of reflux and vapor reach an equilibrium. This means the liquid head on eachtray is just enough to allow the vapor to rise through the liquid and the vapor velocity is just fast enoughto allow some of the liquid to drop through the same opening in the tray. The heavier materialsconcentrate at the bottom of the column (bottoms) and the intermediate materials in-between. Desired"side cut" products are withdrawn at appropriate levels (draw-offs). The portion of the column betweenthe feed and the bottom tray is called the "stripping section." This is where additional light materials arereleased as vapor (stripped) from the heavier liquid portion of the feed by the addition of stripping steaminto the "surge section" of the column. The portion of the feed that reaches the bottom of the vessel isthe residue or bottoms liquid (See Figure # 4-2, Typical Flow of Liquids & Vapors inside a FractionatorColumn).



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The top tray must be continuously fed with cooling reflux liquid or the trays would soon become dry.Reflux must be increased as side cuts are drawn off at several levels. The material on each tray is at itsboiling point and the downflowing material is constantly changing composition as it picks up heat fromthe rising vapors. The vapor is always hotter than the liquid on the tray from which it is rising. Thevapors are constantly being cooled by the cooler reflux on each tray. The vapor on the top tray iscondensed into liquid. The liquid that is not returned to the column as reflux is a final product (SeeFigure # 4-3).

Figure # 4-3Typical Fractionation Circuit

4.7 PROCESS DESCRIPTION OF A TYPICAL REFLUX ACCUMULATOR

A Reflux accumulator is a horizontal vessel that is sometimes called an overhead accumulator becauseit accumulates the overhead product from the fractionators noted in the paragraph above. The overheadleaves the fractionating tower as a vapor, is cooled and condensed in an exchanger and flows as aliquid (sometimes with some vapor) to the overhead accumulator. This vessel then holds a level of liquidused as "reflux" liquid, which is pumped back to the fractionating tower's top tray. Any liquid, above thefractionator's need for reflux, is pumped out as product. A reflux accumulator usually has few, if any,internals (See Figure # 4-1 through #4-3).



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4.8 HORIZONTAL VESSEL

4.8.1 Vessel Location

• Vessel headline distance from the pipeway is established by the Unit supervisor and is shown on theplot plan.

• The locating coordinate in the other direction might not be established for some time. Severalstudies in the adjacent areas will have to be done before we can establish coordinates for our L.C.P.

4.8.2 Vessel Orientation

A vessel orientation will determine the location and orientation of:

• Piping equipment connections• Instrument connections• Manholes and vents• Ladders and platforms - size and height• Anchored support• Routing and support of piping to and from nozzles

4.8.3 Horizontal Vessel Orientation Guidelines (See Figure # 4-4)

Generally, vessel and nozzle orientation should be as follows:

• Inlet should be at the opposite end of vessel (maximum distance) from the liquid and vapor outlets toprevent "short circuiting" of the flow.

• Level instruments and boot should be at the opposite end of vessel (maximum distance) from inlet.There is less liquid turbulence at the outlet end. It is important that these instruments be accessibleper Specification 000.250.50001. Care must be taken in the study of the vessel to assure thisaccessibility. The instrument bridle connections are located in the surge section of the vessel. Thisend of the vessel is nearest the operating aisle.

• To allow for the horizontal growth due to thermal expansion, one support of the vessel is anchoredand the other end is allowed to grow by way of a slide plate and slotted holes at the oppositesupport. Advantage should be taken of this vessel growth by making it work for you. For example,by anchoring the vessel at the support nearest the pipeway and letting the vessel grow away fromthe pipeway, the growth of the vessel will cancel out the growth of a line from the pipeway to theunanchored end of the vessel.



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• The inlet is normally located on the end of the vessel away from the pipeway. This arrangementthen locates the level instruments next to the operating aisle for good accessibility per Specification000.250.50001.

• The computer normally does the setting of the support legs on a horizontal vessel but sometimes westudy and orient vessels before this information is available to Piping. A good "rule of thumb" tofollow is:

"D" = Vessel diameter,"L" = Vessel length tan. to tan,"S" = Distance from tan. to centerline of support leg

Normal shell thickness vesselsS = L/5

Thin shell thickness vesselsS = D/4

Note: In this case the vessel head acts as a stiffener to the shell.

• Vent is located at the opposite end of the vessel from the steam out and a maximum distanceaway.

Figure # 4-4Horizontal Vessel

General Arrangement



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• The vortex breaker is an internal baffle located at the inside bottom of the vessel on the liquid outnozzle. Its function is to prevent a whirlpool movement of the liquid. Such a movement wouldintroduce vapor into the line to the pump and cause the pump to cavitate. A pump impeller willspin rapidly or cavitate if the pump suction chamber is not completely filled with liquid. This actionis detrimental to the pump and reduces the required amount of liquid flow through the pump. (SeeFigure # 4-5).

Figure # 4-5Vortex Breaker

4.8.4 Height of Horizontal Vessels

Heights of horizontal vessels are shown on the flow diagram. The Process Engineer determines whatthe vessel height will be by the Net Positive Suction Head (N.P.S.H.). This is the liquid head required tokeep the pump suction primed. Pump suction lines from the vessel bottoms shall have a B.O.P.minimum of 8'-0" above H.P.F.S. If this requirement is not met, there are three alternatives:

• Vessel height can be increased to meet the minimum 8'-0" headroom requirement.

• Block the operating aisle with a low suction line. (Not recommended)

• Take the pump out of the pump row and locate it near the vessel so that the suction line does notcross the operating aisle.



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4.8.5 Ladders and Platforms

• Side platforms are provided for access to manholes, instruments, valves and equipment, and forcrossovers between ladders. The size of these platforms should be kept to a minimum. The width(2'-6" for Fluor Standard) is usually only enough to permit opening of the manhole cover or to providea minimum of 1'-6" clearance between handrail and piping such as level controller, gage glass, levelswitch or safety valves. Platforming need not extend underneath valves and equipment to makethem accessible.

• Projection of nozzles extending through a top platform must be such that the flange bolts are abovethe platform level.

• Avoid supporting heavy piping loads from platforms (generally more than 500 pounds). If it is foundnecessary to support piping from a platform, notify the Vessel Group. The Vessel Designer mayhave to "beef-up" the platform support brackets to take the added load.

• Vessel attachments, such as ladder support clips, platform support clips, vessel pipe supports, andguides are generally installed by the vessel fabricator in the shop. In a situation where post weldheat treatment (PWHT) is required of the vessel, it is important to remember, any changes to thevessel after heat treatment are not desirable.

• When the centerline of the vessel is no more 15'-0" above grade, no platform is required, perSpecification 000.250.50001, (See Figure # 4-6).



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Figure # 4-6 Vessel Below 15'-0"

FIGURE # 4-7 Vessel Above 15'-0"



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• When the centerline of a horizontal vessel is more than 15'-0" above HPFS, (See Figure #4-7), it issometimes necessary to alter the piping arrangement and vessel orientation. It is seen here that aplatform has been added on top of the vessel for access to the control valve assembly on the vaporoutlet. If the manhole were located on the centerline of the vessel, it too would require a platform foraccess because it would be more than 15'-0" above grade.

• Since a platform was required on top of the vessel, the manhole was moved to this location toeliminate the need for an extra platform.

• General rule for determining the approximate minimum distance a manhole or nozzle can be locatedfrom the shell is (See Figure # 4-8).

Figure # 4-8Manhole Location



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• A manhole located on top of a horizontal vessel may have a special davit for removal of the cover ora hinge (See Figure # 4-9, Manhole Cover Davit).



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• The Vessel Group will furnish a ladder and platform standard drawing for your use. The VesselGroup will produce specific ladder and platform drawing.

4.8.6 Information required to start orientation

INFORMATION SOURCE

Flow Diagrams Piping Design Supervisor or Roller Board

Job Specifications, Drafting RoomInstructions and Standards

Piping Design Supervisor and Fluor Standards,Job Book

Preliminary Job Information Project Manager, Design Coordinator or PipingDesign Supervisor

Flow Diagram Transposition (not providedin this lesson)

Piping Design Supervisor

Vessel Drawing or Vessel Quote Drawing Vessel Design Supervisor or Piping DesignSupervisor

Drum Height Flow Diagram or Process Engineer

Process Nozzle Elevations Vessel Drawing or Process Engineer

Normal Liquid Level and Other LiquidLevels

Vessel Drawing, Flow Diagram or ProcessEngineer

Instrument Nozzle Elevations Vessel Drawing, Process or InstrumentEngineer, Instrument Standard Drawings

Customer Requirements Customer via Project Manager, DesignCoordinator and Piping Design Supervisor

Plot Plan Piping designer supervisor

After gathering and evaluating this information, the Piping Designer is ready to commence the actualvessel study. An effort should be made toward uniformity in the arrangement of the various vesselcomponents. For example, all ladders, platforms, manholes, level controllers, and gage glasses shallhave similar orientations whenever economically feasible. However, uniformity is never an excuse fordoing something incorrectly.



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4.8.7 Steps to accomplish horizontal vessel study

1. Update your flow diagram from "Master".

2. Compare vessel outline to flow diagram.

(a) Vessel I.D.(b) Tangent to tangent dimension(c) N.L.L.(d) Size, rating and quantity of nozzles

3. Calculate elevations.

(a) Centerline of vessel based on minimum height on flow diagram(b) Process nozzles based on vessel outline(c) Verify or set instrument nozzles based on flow diagram and instrument standard drawing

4. Determine what items require platform or ladder access.

5. Study piping transposition.

6. Draw vessel outline to scale and get copies.

7. On these copies do rough sketches of piping and nozzle arrangements, combine and changesketches for optimum design using piping logic.

8. Piping logic considerations or priorities.

(a) Flow diagram(b) Stress(c) Economics(d) Support and stability(e) Lines run at standard elevations per unit plot drawing(f) Aesthetics(g) Operation, maintenance and safety(h) Job standards

9. Your order of importance will change in each situation. For instance, economics would be moreimportant than looks on a large alloy line. On a small carbon steel line, looks may be more importantthan economics.

Commence actual study. You must be accurate and draw to scale; however, don't worry about draftingquality, linework, or lettering. "Rough and dirty" but legible and complete.



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4.9 DO HORIZONTAL EXERCISE # 1 (SEE EXERCISE SECTION)

4.10 VERTICAL VESSEL

4.10.1 VESSEL Location (coordinates)

The Unit Supervisor will establish the centerline for all vertical vessels.

• The location in the other direction might not be established for some time. Several adjacent studieswill have to be done before we can establish coordinates for our L.C.P.

4.10.2 Vessel Orientation

A Vessel Orientation will determine the location and orientation of:

• Piping and equipment connections• Instrument connections• Manholes• Platforms (number, height and size)• Ladders and cages• Pipe supports and guides• Davit location• Access openings• Drop zone• Design of connecting piping with other associated equipment that will be established by the

vessel orientation.• Branches coming to and from the pipeway will be tied down with dimensions.• Skirt access openings and vents

4.10.3 Manholes

• Manholes are flanged openings (usually 18" in diameter) in the side of a vertical vessel with a hingedbolted cover. When elevated over 15' above H.P.F.S., they are located immediately above platformsat various levels of the vessel. They provide for access and inspection of:

• Internal piping• Vessel trays• Tray bubble caps• Internal condition of vessel



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• It must be noted that manhole orientation is restricted by internal tray arrangement as to where,around the circumference of the vessel, manholes can be located.

• Manhole orientation can not be located in downpour area of tray above.

• If such an orientation were made, the person making the inspection would immediately encounter adowncomer and would be unable to get to the other internals.

• The number of passes a tray has is determined by the number of downcomers it has. Single passtrays have one downcomer and two pass trays have two downcomers.

• The orientation range of manholes is restricted by the downcomers. The preferred location isparallel to the downcomer, facing the access way (opposite side of pipeway). (See Figure #4-10,Single Pass Tray)



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• The preferred range of orientation allows entry into the vessel over the tray. Entry over thedowncomer could be a safety concern as well as a hindrance to personnel.

• Manhole orientation over a two-pass tray is more limited than that of a single tray. Entry over thedowncomer is generally not acceptable, but still may be considered an option when faced with adesign situation where other options are less desirable (See Figure # 4-11, Two Pass Trays).



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• As stated before, manholes are usually 18" in diameter except for columns with removable trays. Inthis case, having fewer, larger manholes for the removal of large tray sections may be moreeconomical.

• The Vessel Design Group and not the Piping Designer usually determine the size of the manhole.

• Manhole covers are much too heavy for plant operators or maintenance personnel to lift. Amanhole cover davit or hinge is used to hold the cover after it has been unbolted. It can then beswung out of the way to allow personnel to enter the vessel, (See Figure # 4-12, Davits).Orientate manhole to swing away from ladder leading to lower level. Manhole cover shall swing100o without obstruction.



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• The elevations of manholes are set by tray arrangement and spacing. Consideration shall begiven to raising or lowering manholes one tray to provide the most economical ladder andplatform arrangement.

• Hinged manholes can also be used for a bottom entry, i.e., reactors. (See Figure # 4-13, ManholeCover Hinge.)

4.10.4 Ladders and Platforms (Figure # 4-14, Vessel Layout & Orientation)



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4.10.5

• Platforms are provided for access to manholes, instruments, valves and equipment, and forcrossovers between ladders. When one platform overlaps another, it must be at least 8'-0" abovethe lower one or have at least 7'-0" minimum headroom to support bracket, knee brace, etc. Thesize of platforms should be kept to a minimum. Platform width of 2'-6" (Fluor Standard) is usuallyonly enough to permit opening of the manhole cover or to provide a minimum of 18 inchesclearance between handrail and piping such as level controller, gage glass, level switch or safetyvalves (See Figure # 4-15A & Figure # 4-15B). Platforming is not required underneath valves andequipment to make them accessible.

Figure # 4-15AManhole Clearances at Platforms



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Figure #4-15BLadders and Platforms for Vessels



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• The spacing of platforms served by a common ladder shall be in even one-foot increments so asto match the rung spacing on the ladders.

• The maximum straight run of ladder without offset shall be between platforms 30'-0". Except firstladder is maximum 29'-6" from H.P.F.S. (due to grade variation). Contract specifications shouldalways be checked before starting ladder and platform design (See Figure # 4-16, Ladders andPlatforms for Vertical Vessels)



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• Projection of nozzles extending through a top platform must be such that the flange bolts areabove the platform level.

• Avoid supporting heavy piping loads from platforms (Generally more than 500 pounds). If it isnecessary to support piping from a platform, notify the Vessel Group. The Vessel Designer mayhave to "beef-up" the platform support brackets to take the added load.

• Vessel attachments, such as ladder support clips, platform support clips, vessel pipe supports,and guides are generally installed by the vessel fabricator in the shop. In a situation where postweld heat treatment (PWHT) is required of the vessel, it is important to remember, any changesto the vessel after heat treatment are not desirable.

• For ladder details (See Figure # 4-17, Ladders at Vertical Vessels), Note the 7" minimum toeclearance and 15 degree maximum ladder slope.



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• A ladder with and without a cage has clearance requirements that a designer needs to consider inorienting a vessel. Do not overlook entrance hoop at bottom of ladder if it applies to yourclearance problem (See Figure # 4-18, Ladders and Cages).



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• The Vessel Group will furnish a ladder and platform standard drawing for your use. The VesselGroup will produce specific ladder and platform drawing.

4.10.6 Piping @ Platforms

Piping passing through a platform has hole diameter requirements. Normally, a hole large enough tolet a flange pass through is cut and then a cover plate is put around the pipe as a safety precaution(See Figure # 4-19, Platform Cutout Detail). These holes must be located and sizes called out onvessel studies. With hot lines, insulation thickness or thermal movement must determine hole size.



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4.10.7 Valving @ Vessels (Specification 000.250.50001)

Vents to atmosphere, operating valves, and non-operating valves elevated above 15'-0" fromH.P.F.S. shall be reachable from a ladder or platform. Vents and operating valves under 15'-0" maybe chain operated or accessible from a permanent ladder. Non-operating valves under 15'-0" shallbe accessible from a portable ladder.

4.11 TRAY TYPES (See Figure # 4-20, Tray Types)



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4.11.1 BUBBLE TRAY

ADVANTAGES DISADVANTAGES1. Very efficient2. Need not be installed level3. Corrosion not a factor

1. Expensive2. Heavy and bulky3. Cast iron caps occasionally break4. Mounting bolts rust

4.11.2 VALVE TRAY

ADVANTAGES DISADVANTAGES1. Most efficient of all types 1. None2. Inexpensive and lightweight3. Need not be installed level4. Corrosion not a factor

4.11.3 SIEVE TRAY

ADVANTAGES DISADVANTAGES1. Inexpensive2. Lightweight3. Good for heavy liquids

1. Must be installed level2. Corrosion a factor

4.11.4 REMOVABLE TRAYS

Vessels in heavy (dirty) service or with a high corrosion rate often have traysthat are built in sections. These trays can be dismantled and removed throughthe vessel manholes for cleaning, repairing or replacing.

4.11.5 FIXED TRAYS (Non-removable)

Vessels in light (clean) service or with no corrosion problem usually have fixedtrays that can be steamed out in place.

The number of downcomers it has determines the number of passes a tray has. Single pass has 1downcomer, 2 pass has 2, etc.

Four types of tray arrangement. (See Figure # 4-21, Vessel Tray Types).



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4.11.6 Feed Nozzles, Reflux Nozzles (Figure # 4-22 & # 4-23, Reflux Nozzles (for all single pass trays);# 4-24, Reflux Nozzle (above 2 pass tray/w centre downcomers) and # 4-25, Reflux Nozzle(above 2 pass tray /w side downcomers)



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The reflux nozzle carries the reflux liquid back into the vessel where it enters the vessel at the topmosttray. It is important that this liquid be fed to the blank area portion of the tray for proper distribution. Theblank area is used to form a liquid pool which "kills" the inlet velocity of the liquid. The liquid then is fedsmoothly to the bubbling area over an inlet weir or under a baffle. The minimum height of the inlet weiris six inches.

Feeds to columns require different handling than top refluxes. Feeds enter the vessel between traysand, therefore, do not have a blank area for entry and distribution. The tray spacing at the point of entryis often wider than what is normal to accommodate the internal piping or other distribution arrangements(See Figures # 4-26 & # 4-27, Liquid Feed Nozzles; # 4-28, # 4-29, and # 4-30, Feed Nozzles).



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Feeds are classified into two types: all liquid feed and vapor-liquid mixed feed. The type of feed andprocess conditions influences the internal design.

Factors affecting feed internal design:

• Mixing - The internal piping must be arranged so as to obtain the best mixing between the fresh feedand the liquid from the tray above.

• Temperature Difference - If the fresh feed is directed against the downcomer from the tray above, aninsulating baffle is required to prevent flashing of the liquid in the downcomer when temperaturedifferences are 30 degree or more. The baffle plate also acts as an erosion shield for high inletvelocities.

Figures # 4-26 through # 4-32 show relationships between nozzles and downcomers; they do not restrictthe designer on his choice of nozzle orientation. However, once a nozzle orientation is chosen,downcomer locations must have the proper relationship. All downcomers for trays with the samenumber of passes will be parallel. When a vessel contains trays with a different

number of passes, the relationship between these downcomers will be detailed on the vessel outline.These figures are Fluor Standard. This information is covered in a more general manner on TechnicalPractice 000.250.2651 (See Figure # 4-37). On contract the vessel orientation standard drawing shouldgive you all the information required to complete your vessel orientation. The Vessel Department willhave the detailed standards or specs if you require more information. If a particular reflux detail isshown on a vessel outline, it can usually be changed to another standard detail if piping problems arise.Liquid drawoffs are classified into two types: partial drawoff and total drawoff.



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For total drawoff, the inside of the outlet nozzle MUST be made flush with the bottom of the sealeddowncomer to ensure complete removal of liquid. No drain holes are allowed (See Figure # 4-31, TotalDrawoff).

For partial drawoffs on trays, a shallow drawoff pan or trough is provided in the tray. The depth of thispan or trough equals nozzle sizes plus 6 inches. The outlet nozzle need not be flush with the bottom ofthe pan. Weep holes are used as required (See Figure # 4-32, Partial Drawoff for all SideDowncomers).

Drawoffs to pump suctions may require deeper drawoff pans or troughs.

4.11.7 Vessel Trim

See Figures # 4-33 Elevation Vessel Trim, # 4-34 Upper Plan Vessel Trim, # 4-35 Lower Plan Vessel Trim, and # 4-36 Orientation and Instrument Requirements

Vessel trim is a term used to identify piping, instrument, and valves connected to the followingconnections on vessels:

1. Vents

2. Drains

3. Steamouts

4. Relief valves

5. Instruments including level controllers and gages



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Temperature and samples may be taken of a liquid or a vapor. A connection in the downpour area nearthe lower tray would yield a liquid sample or a temperature reading of a liquid. A connection in the openarea between two trays would yield a vapor sample or temperature reading of the vapor. If processconditions permit, sample or temperature connections may be varied one tray up or down to allowmaximum economy in the ladder or platform arrangement.

Review Technical Practice 000.250.2651 (See Figure # 4-37, Vessel Layout and Orientation Trays) forlocation of vapor organization range and liquid orientation range.

These connections shall be located to be accessible from grade ladder or platforms, per specification000.250.50001.

Instrumentation that is associated with a control valve such as a level glass, pressure or temperatureindicator need to be located within site of the control valve.

4.11.8 Vessel Davits See Figure # 4-38A and # 4-38B, Column Davit Details

Many of the internals and valves attached to nozzles of vessels are very heavy. When maintenance isrequired, they must be removed and lowered to grade.

The vessel davit is a device attached to the top of a vessel to facilitate the removal of vessel internalsand valves and lowering them to grade. The side of the vessel used for raising and lowering these itemsis called the "vessel drop zone". This area must be kept clear of all piping and equipment and is usuallylocated to the rear of the vessel (opposite side of the pipeway). Indicate the drop zone onthe vessel orientation.A vessel davit is usually provided in the following cases:

(See Technical Practice 000.250.2650 Note 6, Vessel Layout and OrientationPiping, Master Specification 000.250.50001, C, 6.)

1. The vessel exceeds a height of 30 feet above grade.2. The vessel is not accessible with a mobile crane.3. The vessel is not in a structure or grouped with other vessels where other lifting facilities are

provided.



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4.11.9 Vessel Skirt Access Openings (See Figure # 4-39, Vertical Vessel - Support Skirt Details)

The openings, ranging in size from 8" to 18" in diameter depending upon the outside diameter of theskirt, are provided in the skirt of all vessels 18" and larger. Only one is provided unless the vessel is 5'-6" or larger in outside diameter. In these cases, two access openings, preferably on opposite sides ofthe skirt, are provided. They should be located so as not to interfere with piping, ladders, andequipment. Avoid putting two access openings closer than 90o. Piping indicates orientation on studies.

4.11.10 Vessel Nameplates

Each vessel has an identifying nameplate affixed to it at some conspicuous location. This should be onthe operating aisle side of the vessel.

4.11.11 Vessel Pipe Supports and Guides

(See Technical Practice 000.250.2650 [Figure # 4-44, Vertical Layout and Orientation Piping] VesselLayout and Orientation)

Most piping connecting to a vertical vessel needs to be supported and guided. The support takes theweight of the pipe off of the vessel nozzle that is not designed to support a large load. The guidesstabilize the vertical runs of pipe, which sometimes are very long and require more than one guide.On PWHT vessels extreme care needs to be taken in placing all piping supports and guides, includingsmall bore pipe (i.e. utilities and steam tracing). After the vessel has been fabricated and post weldedheat-treated, nothing can be welded to the shell.

It will be noted that the vertical runs of pipe are spaced 1"-0" (minimum) from the outside of the vessel tothe back of the pipe. This is referred to as the "L" dimension (back of pipe to outside of vessel) and thepreferred "L" dimension is 1'-0". This may be increased, however, to 1'-8" if this results in the eliminationof an offset in the piping at the nozzle (See Figure # 4-40, Support Details; # 4-41 and # 4-42, TypicalGuide/Support Applications).

Supports are normally placed as close as possible to the nozzles to minimize differential expansionbetween vessel and pipe.

See Technical Practice 000.250.2152 (Figure # 4-43, Support Trunnions)

The support trunnion is attached to the pipe at a minimum distance from the weld and rests on thevessel support. Note shims are required for fabrication error.

Pipe guides shall be provided as required according to Figure # 4-40, Details. Care should be taken notto locate guides too close to changes in direction and points of support in the pipe. This restricts theflexibility in the pipe and will result in some twisted guides or bowed lines. Reference to Item 11.2 onTechnical Practice 000.250.2650.


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4.11.12 Clearances

The following clearances are from the P.D.G. -Technical Practice 000.250.2040 "Arrangement ofEquipment" and "Equipment and Pipeway Clearances" section, and Attachment 3: "Space Allocation atSupport Columns."

• The minimum clearance for a forklift or similar equipment is 6'-0" horizontal by 8'-0" vertical. Forportable manual equipment operation provide 3'-0" horizontal by 8'-0" vertical [See Figure # 4-45(C1.2)].

• The minimum clearance for mobile equipment access (hydraulic cranes, trucks, etc.) is 10'-0"horizontal by 10'-0" vertical [See Figure # 4-45 (C1.3)].

Figure # 4-45

4.11.13 Vessel Skirt Height

The height of the vessel skirt is shown on the flow diagram. The Process Engineer determines thisheight by the N.P.S.H. (Net Positive Suction Head). This is the height of a column of liquid (head)necessary to keep the bottoms out pump suction primed.

Pump suction lines from the vessel bottoms shall have a minimum clearance of 8'-0" from bottom pipe orinsulation above H.P.F.S. when crossing over an operating aisle (See Figure # 4-45).



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The skirt height can be raised to achieve this or in some instances, the pumps can be placed alongsidethe vessel, so that the pump suction line does not need to cross the operating aisle.

Mobile equipment should be a consideration in vessel orientation. (See Figure # 4-46, Mobile EquipmentDimensions)



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4.11.14 Steps to Accomplish Vertical Vessel Orientation:

1. Update your flow diagram from "master."

2. Compare vessel outline to flow diagrama. Vessel I.D.b. Tangent to tangent dimension.c. Minimum skirt height.d. Number of passes.e. N.L.L.f. Size, rating, and quantity of nozzles.

3. Calculate elevations.a. Bottom tangent line based on minimum height on flow diagram.b. Process nozzles based on vessel outline.c. Verify or set instrument nozzles based on flow diagram and instrument

standard drawing.

4. Determine which items require platforms or ladder access.a. Establish elevation ranges for platforms that must be.b. Draw a rough freehand elevation of vessel indicating platforms that are

definitely required.c. Now add ladders and any additional platforms that may be required

just to get up the vessel. Do a couple of different ways until you haveminimized the quantity of platforms and/or ladders.

5. Study piping transposition.

6. Draw several outlines of vessel to scale.

7. On these outlines, do rough sketches of piping, nozzle orientations, ladderand platform arrangements. Combine and change sketches for optimumdesign and piping logic. 0° will always be due north.

8. Commence actual study. You must be accurate and draw to scale.However, do not worry about drafting quality, linework or lettering. "Roughand dirty", but legible and complete.



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4.11.15 Vertical Vessel Orientation Guidelines Based on Fluor Standards

(Check Job Specifications for Specific Application)

1. Economy of piping based on transposition2. Orientation of trays, downcomers, baffles in relation to nozzles and

manholes3. Pipe drop area towards pipeway4. Manholes in rear of vessel-swing away from down ladders5. Ladders in rear quadrants of vessel6. Level gages and controllers visible from operating aisle, and not affected

by reboiler return turbulence.7. TI, PI's and SC's in proper area of tray.8. Temperature instruments

Pressure instrumentsLevel instrumentsSteam outsVentsValved nozzlesDrainsWater wash connectionsSpectacle blinds (vapor, pressure)Relief valves

Notes :Reachable by hand for observation, maintenance or removal.

1. LG & LC handwheels max. 7'-3" above grade orplatform.2. Reach LG for cleaning with rod3. Remove bolts on PSV

9. Davit length to reach over all manholes, PSV's, vent valves and to extendbeyond top platform by 1'-6" to drop into clear maintenance drop area (rearof vessel).

10. Platform maximum of 30' apart and even elevations.11. Platform size minimum 2'-6" for good access and maintenance (not skimpy

or extravagant).12. "L" dimension 12" preferred, 20" maximum, or special ("L" dimension down

to 11" are ok).13. Special supports minimized by using S.R. ells or slip-on flanges if allowed

by piping specs.14. "L" dimension of 12" bellow transition piece on coke bottle vessels.15. Control valve manifolds for reflux or feed lines located properly considering

vessel growth.16. Vessel guides are located to minimize number required, there not spaced

more than maximum distance apart and lowest guide is 25 pipe diametersabove turn to pipeway.



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17. Clearance to walk past obstruction 1'-6" from outside of pipe, flanges,insulation, etc.

18. Skirt manways not blocked.19. Skirt vents located.20. Name plate visible from operating aisle, if possible.21. PSV Tailpipe or line to flare supported.22. Platforms used effectively: LG's, TI's, PI's, SC's, PSV's, Valves, accessible

from platforms if possible without making platform excessively large.23. No side step off to a common elevation platform on both sides of ladder,

unless allowed by job instructions.24. Level controller door will open 100o without obstruction.25. Ladders are 16" wide inside, 7" minimum toe clearance, 1'-0" maximum.26. Centerline of ladder to edge of step off is 1'-3".27. Platform used for step-off only at least 2'-6" wide at vessel, i.e. 1'-3" on

either side of ladder going up.28. North arrow indicated.

4.12 DO VERTICAL VESSEL EXERCISES #2-4 (SEE EXERCISE SECTION)

Fluor Daniel

Client Name Master Specification 000 250 50001Project Name Date 18Jan00Contract Number Page 1 of 16

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PROCESS AND UTILITY PIPING DESIGN, LAYOUT, AND DRAWING

00025050001.doc Piping Engineering

This specification has been revised as indicated below and described in the revision record on the followingpage. Please destroy all previous revisions.

RevisionNo.

Date Originator'sName & Initials

Reviewed/Checked ByName & Initials

Pages

APPROVALS SIGNATURES DATE

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Project Manager:

Client Approval:

ISSUED FOR : Construction Other

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Record of Revisions

RevisionNo.

Date Description

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1.0 GENERAL

1.1 Summary

A. Scope of Specification

This specification prescribes the design of above ground pressure piping systems,equipment layout, pipe routing, and drawing practices for refineries, chemical plants, andsimilar facilities (except plumbing inside of buildings).

B. Related Specifications

The following specifications prescribe items of related Work:

• 000.210.02720: Storm Sewer Systems And Culverts

• 000.210.02730: Sanitary Sewer Systems

• 000.245.45001: Fire Protection Design Criteria For Refinery AndPetrochemical Facilities

• 000.250.50003: Piping-Material Specification Line Class-Process And UtilityPiping

• 000.250.50025: Shop Fabrication And Handling-Process And Utility Piping

• 000.250.50026: Field Fabrication And Installation Process And Utility Piping

• 000.250.50027: Piping Tie-Ins

• 000.250.50030: Geographic Color Coding

• 000.250.50050: Piping Pressure Testing

• 000.250.50112: Packaged Equipment Piping

• 000.250.50200: Piping Flexibility

• 000.250.50300: Heat Tracing For Piping, Equipment, And Instruments

• 000.285.50028: Internal Cleaning Of Piping Systems

• 000.285.86110: Hot Insulation

• 000.285.86130: Cold Insulation

• 000.285.86210: Painting

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Coordinate Work prescribed by this specification with Work prescribed by the abovelisted specifications.

1.2 References

The following referenced publications form part of this specification. Each publication is thelatest revision and addendum in effect at the time of the project's execution unless notedotherwise. Except as modified by the requirements specified herein or the details of the drawings,all Work included in this specification shall conform to the applicable provisions of the followingreferenced publications:

A. Applicable Codes

1. ASME/ANSI (American Society of Mechanical Engineers/American NationalStandards Institute) Code for Pressure Piping, B31.3: Chemical Plant and PetroleumRefinery Piping.

Note!!! The limits of piping covered by codes other than ASME/ANSI B31.3 shallbe indicated on the P&IDs (piping and instrumentation diagrams). Thisspecification may be used with other sections of the ASME/ANSI B31Code and Section 1 of the ASME Code, where applicable.

2. OSHA Part 1910.

3. National Fire Protection Association, Code No. 30.

4. Applicable plumbing, heating and ventilation, or refrigeration codes for pipingserving buildings and areas other than plant or process areas.

5. Sour service piping (subject to sulfide stress cracking) shall be in accordance withNACE specification MR0175.

B. Design Documents

Detail and specification numbers in this specification refer to Fluor Daniel practices andspecifications, respectively.

1.3 Quality Assurance

A. Approved department design guidelines and methods are used in conjunction with projectrequirements to achieve the desired level of quality.

B. Project piping engineers and piping design supervisors monitor, review, and control thedesign and planning activities of personnel assigned to the project to ensure thatapplicable codes, practices, and specifications are being followed to meet project qualitygoals.

C. Quality criteria shall be reviewed constantly during design planning activity.

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2.0 PRODUCTS

2.1 Materials

A. Piping material shall be in accordance with Specification 000.250.50003; note anydeviations on the piping drawings. Prepiped or packaged items shall be in accordancewith Specification 000.250.50112.

B. Install flat face flanges against flat face cast iron valves and equipment.

C. Locking devices for valves shall be provided by the client.

D. Minimum pipe size shall be 1/2 of an inch, except for connections to equipment.

E. Do not use pipe sizes 1-1/4 inch, 2-1/2 inch, 3-1/2 inch, and 5 inch except for connectionsto equipment.

2.2 Design Summary

A. Base relation of units, location of equipment, and routing of pipe on economics, safety,ease of maintenance, operation, and construction requirements. The alignment ofequipment and routing of pipe shall offer an organized appearance.

B. Major lines normally shall be carried on overhead pipeways. In certain instances, theymay be buried, providing they are adequately protected. Lines that must be run belowgrade, and must be periodically inspected or replaced, shall be identified on the P&IDs;Place these lines in covered concrete trenches. Cooling water may be run above or belowground, based on economics. Domestic or potable water shall be run underground. Pipesupport spacings shall be maximized using the limits of pipe spans and structuralintegrity.

C. Do not provide space for future equipment, pipe, or units unless required by the client orfor process considerations. This requirement shall be indicated on the plot plan andP&IDs.

D. Avoid dead ends, especially for piping where solids or fluids may congeal or formcorrosive condensate.

E. The location and spacing of offsite storage tanks and dike requirements shall be inaccordance with National Fire Protection Association, Code No. 30, and OSHA part1910.106 (b), where applicable. Spacing may be increased for construction requirements.

F. Normally, route piping in offsite areas on sleepers. Stagger the sleeper elevations topermit ease of crossing or change of direction at intersections. Flat turns may be usedwhen entire sleeperways change direction.

G. Group offsite equipment, pumps, and exchangers to permit economical pipe routing.Locate this equipment outside of diked storage areas, except where indicated otherwiseon the P&IDs.

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H. Locate cooling towers downwind of buildings and equipment to keep spray from fallingon them. Orient the short side of the tower into the prevailing summer wind formaximum efficiency. Locate cooling towers a minimum of 100 feet from process units,utility units, fired equipment, and process equipment.

I. Locate the flare stack upwind of process units, with a minimum distance of 200 feet fromprocess equipment, tanks, and cooling towers. If the stack height is less than 75 feet,increase this distance to a minimum of 300 feet. These minimum distances shall beverified by Fluor Daniel Process Engineering.

J. Keep the loading and unloading facilities that handle flammable commodities a minimumof 200 feet from process equipment, and 250 feet from tankage.

K. Piping flexibility shall be in accordance with Specification 000.250.50200.

L. The plant layout of equipment shall utilize common structures for equipment, vessels,and pumps. As a rule single installation of equipment will not require a structure.

M. Project Specifications shall be reviewed and modified as necessary to reduce the TotalInstalled Cost on a project by using alternative Piping materials & components andalternative Pipeline fabrication & installation methods. Examples of these alternativesinclude the use of pipe bends instead of elbows and the use of hydraulically installedLOKRING ™ Fittings.

2.3 Design Requirements

A. Pumps

1. Locate pumps close to the equipment from which they take suction.

2. Design piping to provide clearance for pump or driver removal. Similarly, on endsuction pumps, piping shall permit removing suction cover and pump impeller whilethe suction and discharge valves are in place.

3. Arrange suction lines to minimize offsets. The suction lines shall be short and asdirect as possible, and shall step down from the equipment to the pump. Suctionlines routed on sleeperways may rise to pump suction nozzle elevation, subject toapproval of Fluor Daniel Process Engineering.

4. Orient valve handwheels or handles so they will not interfere with pumpmaintenance or motor removal. Valve handwheels or handles shall be readilyoperable from grade.

B. Exchangers

1. Group exchangers together wherever possible.

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2. Limit stacked shell and tube exchangers to four shells high in similar service;however, the top exchanger shall not exceed a centerline elevation of 18 feet abovehigh point of finished surface, unless mounted in a structure.

3. Keep channel end and shell covers clear of obstructions such as piping and structuralmembers to allow unbolting of exchanger flanges, and removal of heads and tubebundles.

4. Locate reboilers as close as possible to the equipment they serve.

5. Normally, locate air coolers above pipeways.

C. Vessels and Columns

1. Wherever possible, locate piping at columns radially about the columns on thepipeway side; locate manway and platforms on the access side. Manways should beon or about a common centerline to make use of a common lifting device or davit.

2. Provide platforms at manways above 15 feet centerline elevation from high point offinished surface. The maximum distance for ladder runs and space between offsetplatforms shall be 30 feet.

3. Position platforms so the manhole centerline is no less than 2 feet above theplatform, with 2'- 6" preferred. The bottom of the manhole entry shall not be morethan 3'- 6" above the platform.

4. Provide combined platforms, where practical and economical, at multiple towerarrangements with common manway elevations.

5. Provide vessel davits for handling items such as internals and relief valves on vesselsexceeding a height of 30 feet above the high point of the finished surface, and onvessels not accessible by mobile crane. Orient davits to allow the lowering ofappurtenances into the access area.

6. Wherever possible, orient level instruments on the side toward the pipeway.

7. Stacking two or more vertical vessels shall be investigated. This investigation shallconsider the process conditions (commodities, temperatures, pressures), verticalheight limitations, and piping layout for economic advantages. The stacking ofvessels requires the acceptance of Process and Vessel engineering.

D. Fired Equipment

1. Locate fired equipment, if practical, so that flammable gases from hydrocarbon andother processing areas cannot be blown into the open flames by prevailing winds.

2. Locate snuffing steam manifolds and fuel gas shutoff valves a minimum of 50 feethorizontally from the heaters they protect.

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3. Burner Valving

a. Floor Fired Furnaces: Combination oil and gas firing valves shall be operablefrom burner observation door platform. For those fired by gas only, the valvesshall be near the burner and shall be operable from grade.

b. Side Fired Furnaces: Locate firing valves so they can be operated while theflame is viewed from the observation door.

4. Terminate heater stacks a minimum of 15 feet above any platform within a radius of40 feet.

5. Access and platforming requirements shall be in accordance with the contract firedequipment narrative specification.

6. Pressure relief doors and tube access doors shall be free from obstructions. Orientpressure relief doors so as not to blow into adjacent equipment.

7. The elevation of the bottom of the heater above the high point of the finished surfaceshall be in accordance with the contract fired equipment narrative specification.

E. Reciprocating Compressors

1. Suction and discharge lines that are subject to vibration (mechanical and acoustical)normally shall be routed at grade and held down at points established by analysis ofthe system.

2. Accessibility and maintenance for large lifts such as cylinder, motor rotor, and pistonremoval shall be by mobile equipment.

3. Clean suction lines internally per Specification 000.285.50028. The extent ofcleaning shall be indicated on the P&IDs.

4. Horizontal, straight line, reciprocating compressors shall have access to cylindervalves. Access shall be from grade or platform if required.

5. Depending on unit size and installation height, horizontal-opposed and gas enginedriven reciprocating compressors may require full platforming at the operating level.

6. The sizing, routing, supporting, and restraining of the suction and discharge piping issubject to review by means of an analog computer study, as outlined in thecompression specifications.

F. Centrifugal Compressors

1. Top suction and discharge lines either shall be routed to provide clearance foroverhead maintenance requirements, or shall be made up with removable spoolpieces.

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2. Locate lube and seal oil consoles adjacent to and as close as possible to thecompressor. Oil return lines from the compressor and driver shall have a minimumslope of 1/2 inch per foot to the inlet connection of seal traps, degassing tanks, andoil reservoir. Review the equipment arrangement for access and operation.

3. Pipe the reservoir, compressor bearing, and seal oil vents to a safe location at least6 feet above operator head level.

4. Heavy parts such as upper or inner casing and rotor shall be accessible to mobileequipment.

5. Support piping so as to minimize dead load on compressor nozzles; the load shall bewithin the recommended allowance of API-617.

6. Clean suction lines internally per Specification 000.285.50028. The extent ofcleaning shall be indicated on the P&IDs.

7. Centrifugal compressors shall have full platforming at operating level.

G. In-Line Instruments

1. Locate liquid level controllers and level glasses so as to be accessible from grade,platform, or permanent ladder. The level glass shall be readable from gradewherever practical.

2. Relief valves shall be accessible. Wherever feasible, locate them at platforms thatare designed for other purposes. Relief valves with a centerline elevation over15 feet above high point of finish surface (except in pipeways) shall be accessiblefrom platform or permanent ladder.

3. Install thermal relief valves, 1 inch and smaller, in a horizontal position when it isimpractical to install in the vertical position. Install relief valves, 1 1/2 inch andlarger, in a vertical position.

4. Normally, install relief valves that discharge to a closed system higher than thecollection header. There shall be no pockets in the discharge line.

5. Relief valves that discharge to the atmosphere shall have tail pipes extended to aminimum of 8 feet above the nearest operating platform that is within a radius of25 feet. This requirement may be waived, provided a review of the proposedarrangement indicates that it does not present a hazard.

6. Review relief valves discharging hydrocarbon vapors to the atmosphere within100 feet of fired equipment for vapor dissipation.

7. Provide steam traps at pocketed low points and at dead ends of steam headers. Also,provide traps on excessively long runs of steam piping, for sufficient condensateremoval, and to ensure dry quality steam at destination. Steam traps located morethan 15 feet above high point of finish surface, except in pipeways, shall beaccessible from the platform.

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8. Indicate control, block, and bypass valve sizes on the P&IDs. Control valves shallbe accessible from grade or platforms. In general, the instruments or indicatorsshowing the process variables shall be visible from the control valve.

9. Orifice runs should be located in the horizontal. Vertical orifice runs may be usedwith the approval of Fluor Daniel Control Systems Engineering. Orifice flanges witha centerline elevation over 15 feet above the high point of finished surface, except inpipeways, shall be accessible from a platform or permanent ladder.

10. Locate orifice taps shall be located as follows:

a. Air and Gas [- Top vertical centerline (preferred)][- 45 degrees above horizontal centerline (alternate)]

b. Liquid and Steam [- Horizontal centerline (preferred)][- 45 degrees below horizontal centerline (alternate)]

c. The piping isometrics details shall show the required tap orientations.

H. Temperature and Pressure Instrument Accessibility and Visibility

1. Temperature test wells located less than 15 feet above high point of finished surfaceshall be accessible from grade or a portable ladder. Those located in a pipeway shallbe considered accessible by a portable ladder. Those located over 15 feet above highpoint of finished surface shall be accessible from a platform or permanent ladder.

2. Temperature indicators shall be visible from grade, ladder, or platform.

3. Thermocouple and temperature indicators located less than 15 feet above high pointof finished surface shall be accessible from grade or a portable ladder. Those locatedin a pipeway shall be considered accessible by portable ladder. Those over 15 feetabove high point of finished surface shall be accessible from a platform or permanentladder.

4. Local pressure indicators shall be visible from grade, permanent ladder, or platform.Those located less than 15 feet above high point of finished surface shall beaccessible from grade or a portable ladder. Those located in a pipeway shall beconsidered accessible by portable ladder. Those over 15 feet above high point offinished surface shall be accessible from a platform or permanent ladder.

2.4 Plant Operation

A. Valve Operation

1. Indicate operating valves requiring attention, observation, or adjustment duringnormal plant operation on the P&IDs with the symbols O.V. They shall be locatedso as to be within reach from grade, platform, or permanent ladder.

2. Operating valves may be chain-operated if the bottom of handwheel is over 7 feetabove high point of finished surface or operating platform.

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3. The centerline of handwheel or handles on block valves used for shutdown only,located less than 15 feet above high point of finished surface, and those located inpipeways, may be accessible by portable ladder.

4. The centerline of handwheel or handles on block valves used for shutdown only andlocated over 15 feet above high point of finished surface, except those located inpipeways, shall be operable from permanent ladder or platform.

5. In general, keep valve handwheels, handles, and stems out of operating aisles.Where this is not practical, elevate the valve to 6'- 6" (plus or minus 3 inches) clearfrom high point of finished surface to bottom of handwheel.

6. Utility piping systems (air, water, steam, condensate, and nitrogen) going intoseparate process units shall have a battery limit block valves with a line blind only.Individual block valves to users within the process units are not required unlessspecified by the Client or Process engineering.

B. Sample Connections

1. Provide sample and test connections as indicated on P&IDs. They shall be readilyaccessible from grade or platform.

2. In general, where liquid samples are taken in a bottle, locate the sample outlet abovea drain funnel to permit free running of the liquid before sampling.

3. Note samples that require cooling on the P&IDs, and provide a cooler.

C. Vents and Drains

1. The P&IDs shall indicate and size the vents, drains, and bleeds required for plantoperation, except as noted in section C3 below.

2. Provide plugged hydrostatic vents and drains without valves at the high and lowpoints of piping.

3. Provide valved bleeds at control valve stations, level switches, level controllers, andgauge glasses per job standard.

D. Line Strainers

1. Provide temporary conical type strainers in 2 inch and larger butt weld pump suctionlines for use during startup. Arrange piping to facilitate removal.

2. Use permanent Y-type strainers on 2 inch and smaller screwed or socket weld pumpsuction piping.

3. Provide temporary basket type strainers located at the suction pulsation device inletfor startup of reciprocating compressors. Arrange piping to facilitate removal of thestrainer.

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4. Provide temporary basket type strainers and locate them as close as possible to thecompressor inlet flange for startup of centrifugal compressors. Arrange piping tofacilitate removal of the strainer.

E. Insulation

Hot insulation for piping and equipment shall be in accordance with Specification000.285.86110; cold insulation, with Specification 000.285.86130.

F. Insulation Shoes

1. Provide insulation shoes where a line crosses a support for hot insulated piping in thefollowing categories only:

a. Aluminum lines.

b. 3 inch and larger carbon and alloy steel lines with design temperatures over650 degrees F.

2. Large diameter lines (20 inches and over), stainless steel lines where galvaniccorrosion may exist, lines with wall thickness less than standard weight, and vacuumlines shall be analyzed to determine if shoes or wear plates are needed.

G. Cradles

Provide cradles at supports for insulated lines in cold service and for acousticalapplications.

H. Personnel Protection

1. Provide eyewash and emergency showers in areas where operating personnel aresubject to hazardous sprays or spills, such as acid. Indicate these items on theP&IDs.

2. Provide personnel protection at uninsulated lines and for equipment operating above140 degrees F when they constitute a hazard to the operators during the normaloperating routine. Lines that are infrequently used, such as snuffing steam and reliefvalve discharges, do not require protective shields or coverings.

3. Note valve and flange shields, if required, in the piping material specifications.

2.5 Maintenance

A. Clearances

Minimum clearances for equipment, structures, platforms, and supports shall be inaccordance with the following table:

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ITEM DESCRIPTION

ROADS � Headroom for primary access roads (from the crown) ..................... 21' - 0"� Width of primary access roads excluding 5 foot shoulders ............. 20' - 0"� Headroom for secondary roads (from the crown) ............................ 12' - 0"� Width of secondary roads excluding 3 foot shoulders ..................... 10' – 0"� Clearance from edge of road shoulders to platforms, equipment,

pipe associated with equipment, or similar features ........................... 5' - 0"

RAILROADS � Headroom over through-railroads (from top rail) ........................... **22' - 6"� Clearance from track centerline to obstruction ................................ **10' - 0"

MAINTENANCEAISLEWAYS AT GRADE

� Horizontal clearance for equipment maintenance by hydrauliccrane (12T capacity) .......................................................................... 10' - 0"

� Vertical clearance for equipment maintenance by hydraulic crane(12T capacity) ..................................................................................... 12' - 0"

� Horizontal clearance for fork lift (5000 lbs capability) and similarequipment ........................................................................................... 6" - 0"

� Vertical clearance for fork lift (5000 lbs capability) and similarequipment ........................................................................................... 8' – 0"

� Horizontal clearance for equipment maintenance by portablemanual equipment (A-frames, hand trucks, dollies, or similarequipment) .......................................................................................... 3' - 0"

� Vertical clearance for equipment maintenance by portable manualequipment (A-frames, hand trucks, or similar equipment) ................. 8' - 0"

WALKWAYS � Horizontal clearance, not necessarily in a straight line .................... 2' - 6"� Headroom (except for handwheels) ................................................. 7' - 0"

PLATFORMS � Minimum width ............................................................................... 2' - 6"� Minimum clearance around any obstruction on the platforms ......... 1' - 6"� Headroom ......................................................................................... 7' - 0"� Maximum vertical distance between platforms ................................ 30' - 0"

EQUIPMENT � Minimum maintenance space required between flanges ofexchangers or other equipment arranged in pairs ................................ 1' - 6"

� Minimum maintenance space required for structural member orpipe ..................................................................................................... 1' - 0"

� Clearance from edge of road shoulder (the extreme projection) ...... 5' - 0"

FIRED EQUIPMENT � Horizontal clearance from hydrocarbon equipment (shell to shell) . 50' - 0"Exception: Reactors or equipment in alloy systems shall be

located for economical piping arrangement.� Clearance from edge of roads to shell .............................................. 10' - 0"

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ITEM DESCRIPTION

PIPE(aboveground)

� Clearance between the outside diameter of flange and the outsidediameter of pipe insulation .................................................................. *0' - 1"

� Clearance between the outside diameter of pipe, flange, orinsulation and structural member ........................................................ *0' - 2"

[** Verify conformance with local regulations] *With full consideration of thermal movements

B. Accessibility

1. Provide a means of egress (a continuous and unobstructed way of exit travel) fromany point in a building, elevated equipment, or structure.

2. Provide a secondary means of escape where the travel distance from the furthestpoint on a platform to an exit exceeds 75 feet.

3. Access to elevated platforms shall be by permanent ladder. The need for stairwaysshall be determined by platform elevation, number of items requiring attention,observation and adjustment, and the frequency of items. Indicate stairways atstructures on the plot plan.

4. Provide safety cages and ladders per applicable details of Practice 000.215.5130(Structural) and Practice 000.258.58045 (Vessels).

5. Ladder safety devices such as safety belts and harnesses, may be used on boiler, flarestack, water tank, and chimney ladders over 20 feet in unbroken lengths in lieu ofcage protection and landing platforms [Refer to OSHA 1910.27 (d)(5)].

6. Arrange equipment, structures, and piping to permit maintenance and service bymeans of mobile equipment. Provide permanent facilities as indicated on the plotplan where maintenance by mobile equipment is impractical.

7. Provide a clear access area at grade for vessels with removable internals or forvessels requiring loading and unloading.

8. Exchangers with removable tube bundles shall have maintenance clearance equal tothe bundle length plus 5 feet measured from the tube sheet.

9. Provide sufficient access and clearance at fired equipment for removal of tubes,sootblowers, air preheater baskets, burners, fans, and other related serviceableequipment.

10. Plant roads may be used as tube pull areas.

C. Spectacle Blinds

1. Provide spectacle blinds as indicated on the P&IDs.

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2. Spectacle blinds shall be accessible from grade or platform. Blinds located in apipeway are considered accessible. Blinds that weigh over 100 lbs shall beaccessible by mobile equipment. Where this is not possible, provide davits orhitching points.

3. Stagger closely grouped flanges with blinds.

D. Utility Stations

Provide utility stations with water, steam, or air as indicated below. Use a single 50 footlength of hose to reach the entire working area from the station. Hose, hose rack, andhose connections shall be provided by the client.

1. Provide water outlets at grade level only, in pump areas, and near equipment thatshall be water washed during maintenance.

2. Provide steam outlets at grade level only in areas subject to product spills, and nearequipment that requires steaming out during maintenance.

3. Provide air outlets in areas where air-driven tools are used such as at exchangers,both ends of heaters, compressor area, top platform of reactors, and on columns, sothat each manway to be serviced is within the reach of a 50 foot hose.

3.0 EXECUTION

3.1 Design And Drawing Practices

A. Model

When called for in the Scope of Work an electronic model shall be built using theappropriate design program (PDS or PDMS). It shall be built in accordance with theapplicable section of the project CAD documents and the PAG (Piping ApplicationsGuide) Manual.

When called for in the Scope of Work a physical model shall be built in accordance withthe applicable section of the project physical model documents and Specification670.250.50002.

B. Types of Piping Documents

1. Aboveground piping plans: Drawings with sufficient detail to indicate pipe routing,intersections, anchors, guides, supports, provisions for expansion, spare equipment,and connections to associated apparatus. Show piping plan dimensions in feet andinches. When the dimensions are less than 1 foot, use inches. Draw sections anddetails to show routing of piping that cannot be clearly shown in the plan drawing.Draw piping as a single line, except in areas where double line may be required forverification of clearances. Show all piping on the piping plan.

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2. Piping isometrics: 11 inch by 17 inch drawings of individual lines, or portions oflines, complete with all information required for fabrication and installation. Provideisometrics when required by Fluor Daniel to expedite the fabrication and installationof pipe. The isometric drawing number is the same as the line number.

3. Heat tracing schedules and details shall indicate the extent, size, routing, and tracingmaterial.

4. Pressure Test Summary and related documents shall indicate line test pressure, testmedium, and other supporting data. These documents shall be issued to FieldConstruction for pressure testing.

C. Symbols

Piping symbols shall be in accordance with Practice 000.250.9817 and Practice000.250.9818.

Identify special items of piping material by an item code number on the P&IDs andisometrics.

The symbol "F" in a hexagon may be used on drawings to denote that the line beyond thissymbol shall be routed at the jobsite by the field, including location of valves, fieldsupports, and instruments.

D. Line Identification

Clearly identify pipe lines by line numbers on P&IDs and drawings, and summarize onthe Pipe Line List.

4.0 ATTACHMENTS

Not applicable.

End of Specification

Fluor Daniel

Fluor Daniel

Practice 000 250 2040Date 11Feb00

Page 1 of 5

PLANT ARRANGEMENT - TYPICAL UNIT PLOT ARRANGEMENT

/0002502040.doc Piping Engineering

PURPOSE

This practice establishes recommended guidelines to assist the Piping Designer fordevelopment of a unit plot arrangement.

SCOPEThis practice is arranged in the following major sections:

• RESPONSIBILITY

• ARRANGEMENT OF EQUIPMENT

• EQUIPMENT AND PIPEWAY CLEARANCES

• PIPEWAY LAYOUT

• REFERENCES

• ATTACHMENTS

APPLICATIONThis practice is to be used as a guideline for the development of the unit Plot Plan.

RESPONSIBILITY

It is the Lead Piping Supervisor's responsibility to ensure that this guideline isfollowed, along with any specific client requirements.

ARRANGEMENT OFEQUIPMENT

Note!!! The numbers enclosed in parentheses below refer to specific notes in circleson Attachments 01, 02, and 03.

Equipment Structures

The plant layout of equipment shall utilize common structures for equipment vesselsand pumps. As a rule single installation of equipment will not require a structure.

Vertical Vessels

Vertical vessels (A1) will be on a given centerline established by the largest vessel.The shell of the largest vessel will be 2'- 0" from the aisleway reference line.

Vessels that are considered larger than the average vessel (A1.1) in a unit, will beestablished independently with the shell located 2'- 0" from the aisleway referenceline.

Manways in vertical vessels will normally be located on the side of the vessel awayfrom the pipe rack. This leaves the pipe rack side clear for pipes going to and fromthe rack. Ladders will be located on either side of the vessel.

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Stacking two or more vertical vessels shall be investigated. This investigation shallconsider the process conditions (commodities, temperatures, pressures), verticalheight limitations, and piping layout for economic advantages. The stacking ofvessels requires the acceptance of Process and Vessel engineering.

HorizontalVessels

Horizontal vessels (A2) will have the head of the largest vessel line up with theaisleway reference line. All other horizontal vessels in the same vicinity will have acommon tangent line coordinate with the largest vessel. It may be economical foradjacent vessels to share a common saddle coordinate to utilize a commonfoundation.

The minimum elevation from grade is usually shown on the P&ID if it is critical forprocess reasons. If no elevation is expressed and minimum is required, care shouldbe taken to allow adequate clearance for piping.

Exchangers

Shell and tube heat exchangers (A3.1) will be lined up with their channel heads awayfrom the pipeways, so that tube withdrawal is toward the outside of the unit.

The shell heads will be lined up so that the largest head is in line with the aislewayreference line. All other exchangers are to be lined up to have a common channelnozzle coordinate. It may be economical for adjacent exchangers to share a commonsaddle coordinate to utilize a common foundation.

"G"- fin or fin tube type exchangers will be located (A3.2) with the centerline of theshell nozzles lined up and located such that all piping remains clear of the aislewayreference line.

Horizontal reboilers (A3.3) will preferably be located next to the equipment theyservice.

Pumps

Locate pumps close to the equipment from which they take suction (A4.1). Pumpshandling flammable products are not to be located under pipeways carrying majorproduct lines, air coolers, or vessels. Pumps handling non-flammable products maybe located under pipeways and air cooled exchangers.

Pumps located between pipeways and equipment row should be located to avoidbeing hazardous to pipeway and equipment. Industrial Risk Insurers IM.2.5.2 (IRI)indicates the minimum distance to be 10 feet clear (A4.2); this distance should beverified by the clients requirements.

Layout pump suctions and discharges on common centerlines, allowing the use ofcommon pipe supports (A4.3).

AircoolersAircoolers will normally be located above the pipeways (A5).

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Furnaces

Furnaces should be located upwind or sidewind from the rest of the unit and beseparated by at least 50 feet.

Compressors

Compressors should be located downwind from the rest of the unit, be separatedfrom the other equipment, and preferably not located in an enclosed building.

Valve Manifolds

Operational valve manifolds, control valve manifolds and utility stations (A6) are tobe located for operability and access.

EQUIPMENT ANDPIPEWAY CLEARANCES

Walkways2'- 6" horizontal by 7'- 0" vertical (C1.1).

Aisleway

For forklift or similar equipment 6'- 0" horizontal by 8'- 0" vertical. For portablemanual equipment operation 3'- 0" horizontal by 8'- 0" vertical (C1.2).

Access Way

Mobil equipment access (hydraulic cranes, trucks, etc.) 10'- 0" horizontal by 10'- 0"vertical (C1.3).

Flange Clearance

Between adjacent equipment (example: shell and tube heat exchangers) 1'- 6"clearance between flanges if no other access is required (C2).

Foundation Footings

Minimum (2'- 6") walkway clearances are required between foundations of anyequipment and any adjacent equipment or piping.

Pump Clearances

For pumps extending under the pipeways, a minimum 10'- 0" (C4.1) clearance isrequired between pumps at opposite sides of the rack. This clearance need not be ina straight line down a series of pumps under the rack.

Minimum clearance of 3'- 0" is required between pumps (C4.2). The 3'- 0"dimension is a minimum requirement between adjacent equipment, foundation orpiping.

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Exchanger Clearances

Clear aisleway for exchanger shell head removal will be 6'- 0" when using a fork lifttruck or portable "A" frame (C4.3).

3'- 0" clear platform is required when using a mobile crane positioned at channel endto remove shell cover (C4.3.1).

3'- 0" clear when shell cover is fixed and removal is not required.

Miscellaneous Clearances

Platforms will be 1'- 0" minimum clear of piping or pipeway (C4.4.1). Allowclearance for drain funnels in front of pumps (C4.4.2).

Road Clearances

The requirements for drainage ditches or underground pipeway easement mayincrease the dimension from the edge of roads to equipment (C5).

PIPEWAY LAYOUT

For pipeway support elevations (P1), refer to Practice 000.250.2041: PlantArrangement - Pipeway Layout - Allowable Pipe Spans.

• Pipe support spacings shall be maximized using the limits of pipe spans andstructural integrity.

Location of electrical and instrument raceways will be determined by one of thefollowing:

• When electrical is located primarily aboveground (P2.1), raceways for electricaland instruments will be located as shown (vertical or horizontal, with horizontalbeing the alternate location), taking care not to interfere with pipe turn-outs andexpansion loops.

• On projects where electrical is predominately aboveground, the top level of thepipeway (P2.2) will be reserved for electrical and instrument raceways.

Drop space (P3), if required, for utility, steam trap, or vent piping drop space widthis set by minimum clearance for largest line and may be on either or both sides ofpipeway as required.

The centerline of line drops (P4) will normally be 2'- 0" from centerline of P.S.column or end of cantilever, whichever is applicable. Special consideration needs tobe given to large diameter lines.

Width of rack (P5) will be determined by the flow diagram transposition.

Refer to Practice 000.250.2010: Plant Arrangement - Flow Diagram TranspositionInstructions.

For pipe support spacing (P6), refer to Practice 000.250.2041.

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REFERENCES

Piping EngineeringPractice 000.250.2005: Plant Arrangement - Plot Plan Development

Instructions

Piping EngineeringPractice 000.250.2010: Plant Arrangement - Flow Diagram Transposition

Instructions

Piping EngineeringPractice 000.250.2015: Plant Arrangement Location Control Plan

Instructions

Piping EngineeringPractice 000.250.2041: Plant Arrangement - Pipeway Layout – Allowable

Pipe Spans

ATTACHMENTS

Attachment 01: (11Feb00)Unit Plot Arrangement

Attachment 02: (11Feb00)Section Thru Pipeway, Standard Arrangements

Attachment 03: (11Feb00)Space Allocation At Support Columns

Fluor Daniel

Fluor Daniel


VESSEL ORIENTATION EXERCISEPage 1 of 13

15/11/2002 Rev. 0

VESSEL ORIENTATION EXERCISE

HORIZONTAL VESSEL EXERCISE INSTRUCTION

EXERCISE #1

Orientate 28-V-6

• Reference Material Figures # 1 thru #4

• Show all orientation requirements needed to give study to "Vessels." Include block chart (SeeFigure # 1B) and section of manifold.

• 28-100CS comes from 28-E-7 in structure at channel out (bottom of 28-E-7).Face of 10" - 300# RFnozzle - El. 125' - 61/2"

• 28-13AS goes to P/W and East.

• 28-102CS goes to 28-C-1 at nozzle shown on plot plan.

• Material specification:"CS" 300# RF 304 S.S. 1-1/2" and smaller - S.W. constr. 1/8" gasket"AS" 150# RF 304 S.S. 1-1/2" and smaller - S.W. constr. 1/8" gasket.All pipe fittings and valve sizes can be found in practice 000.250.9810All Butt-welded branches are reducing tees.Use WNK flanges in all size

Drawing to be 3/8" = 1'-0" scale.

• Level controller is top-to bottom-side. Students to determine correct elevation of LC and LGconnections.

• Give coordinate at anchored support.

• Show 28-13AS and 28-102CS to first turn in P/W and show 28-100CS from the bottom tube outletof 28-E-7.



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EXERCISE #1

Figure # 1A

NOZZLE SIZE AND RATING FACE ELEVATIONExample R 18"-600# RF C.L. 114"-6 1/2"

Figure # 1B



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EXERCISE #1

Mechanical Flow Diagram

Figure # 2



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EXERCISE #1

Plot Plan

Figure # 3



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EXERCISE # 1

Vessel OrientationFigure #4

28-V-6 Cond. K.O. Drum Details



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VERTICAL VESSEL EXERCISE INSTRUCTION

EXERCISE # 2A

1. Encircle the items in sketch below thatrequire platform. (plan is cut above 15'-0"from grade)

2. Using the relative location of the nozzleshown on the sketch below & the flowarrows as a clue identify the function ofeach.

Name functions, 7 req'd (not letter callout).

Figure # 5



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EXERCISE # 2B

For each of the nozzles shown below, fill out the chart (see Figure # 7) for supports and guides,considering 3" min. between welds (Refer back to Figures # 4-40, and # 4-41).

Figure # 6



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EXERCISE # 2B

Chart

Figure # 7



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EXERCISE 3A

1. In the illustration below (Figure #8) show the required number of supports & guides for the 3" line.Label each support or guide and give the elevation.

Use Figures # 4-40 and # 4-41 for guide and anchor charts.Pipe shown is 3"-SCH. 40.Nozzle = 150#RF (1/16" gasket)Projection = 3'-6" from centerline of column.Use weld neck at nozzle.

Figure # 8

2. What is the minimum acceptable "L" dimension using Fluor Daniel standards.

a. @ 6'-0" I.D. section __________________ .b. @ 10'-0" I.D. section __________________



15/11/2002 Rev. 0

EXERCISE 3B

1. In the illustration below (Figure #9) show the required number of supports & guides for the 10" line.Label each support or guide and give the elevation.

Use Figures # 4-40 and # 4-41 for guide and anchor charts.Pipe shown is 10"-SCH. 40.Nozzle = 150#RF (1/16" gasket)Projection = 3'-6" from centerline of column.Use weld neck at nozzle.

Figure # 9

What is the minimum acceptable "L" dimension using Fluor standards.

a. @ 6'-0" I.D. section ______________ .b. @ 10'-0" I.D. section ______________



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EXERCISE # 4

1. Orientate 33-C-1

2. Drawing to be 3/8" - 1'-0" scale, produce cut @ each platform required.

• Give degree of platforms, ladders, and nozzles @ each plan.• Indicate orientation of trays and call out odd and even numbers.• Show M.H. swing and nozzle designations.• Draw section of control valve manifold LCV line # 33-4AB-6"• Show nozzle and pipe support block chart.• Determine the elevation of LC and LG nozzle per Fluor standard. Hook up per details below

(Figure #9).• MATERIAL SPECIFICATION:

"A" and "AB" 150# R.F. 1/16" gasket 1-1/2" and smaller SW construction."B" 150# R.F. 1/16" gasket 1-1/2" and smaller SW connection."N" 150# R.F. 1/8" gasket 1-1/2" and smaller SW construction.Use WNK flanges for all sizes and all specs.All branches are stub-in.

3. Dimensionally locate centerline of vessel from P.S. columns.

Figure # 10



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EXERCISE # 4

1. Pilot arrangement below (Figure #11) to show equipment relationship for orienting column 33-C-1.

Figure # 11

Figure #12 Figure #13 Figure #14 P&ID Gas Amine Unit 33-C-1 Squad Check 33-C-1 Column Details



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EXERCISE # 4 (CONT'D)

NOZZLE CHART FOR 33-C-1

NOZZ. SIZE & RATING ORIENTATION CENTERLINE ELEVATION(Or as noted)

Example X 3"-150# R.F. 30O EL. 112'-3"

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VESSEL ORIENTATION TESTPage 1 of 7

15/11/2002 Rev. 0

HORIZONTAL VESSEL TEST

Number in Parenthesis Indicates Name: ______________________Point Value of Each Question

Completion - Fill in each blank with the word or words which best complete the statement oranswer the question.

1. What is the min. B.O.P. above H.P.F.S. for a pump suction line crossing an operatingaisle from a vessel bottom? __________________________________________________(4 pts)

2. The ______________________________ is used to prevent "whirlpool" movement of theliquid on the inside of the vessel at the ___________________________________ nozzle.What might be the result of allowing the liquid to "whirlpool?" ________________________(9 pts)

3. If a platform is not required on the top of the vessel, the usual location for the manhole is________________________________________________________________________

(6 pts)

4. We normally anchor the support _____________________________(nearest to or farthestfrom) the pipeway. Why?(9 pts)

5. Sometimes you might find a manhole located as shown in the drawing below (Figure #1).What would be the reason for this? ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

(6 pts)

Figure # 1



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6 Suppose you are doing a study of a horizontal vessel during the early stages of the job. Nooutline is yet available to you and you want to establish the support locations. You havethe following information. Fill in the missing dimensions.(6 pts)

Figure # 2

7. What factors normally set the height of a horizontal vessel?(8 pts)(A) ___________________________________________________________________(B) ___________________________________________________________________

True - False

8. ________ The manhole is normally located on the end of the vessel nearest the pipeway.(4 pts)

9. ________ The level control and gage glass bridle is usually found on the same end as theoutlet.(4 pts)

10. ________ A horizontal vessel requiring a top platform would probably have its manhole on (4 pts) the top.

11. _______ Inlet and outlet connections should be on opposite ends of the vessels.Why? ___________________________________________________________________(8 pts)



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12. Identify each of the numbered nozzles in the sketch below by its correct symbol.(24pts)

12 thru 17

Figure # 3

18. Place the symbol V on the drawing where you would find the vortex breaker.(4 pts)

19. Place the symbol X on the drawing where the vessel would probably be anchored.(4 pts)



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VERTICAL VESSEL TEST

NUMBER in Parenthesis Indicates Name _______________________ points value of each question.

1. On which side of a vessel are manholes generally located? _________________________(3 pts)

2. What determines where a platform is needed? __________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________(3 pts)

3. Which items make up vessel trim? (List five) ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________

(10 pts)

4. Where would you find the vessel trim line number? _______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

(3 pts)

5. What are vessel davits used for? _____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

(3 pts)

6. What is meant by a "Vessel Drop Zone"?________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

(3 pts)

7. On which side of a vessel would you expect to find the nameplate? ___________________________________________________________________________________________

(3 pts)



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8. On the Figure # 4, locate a vapor sample connection and a liquid temperature connection. (4 pts)

Figure # 4

9. What is the definiton of "L" Dimensions? ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

(3 pts)

10. Who is responsible for setting nozzle elevations? _________________________________________________________________________________________________________

(3 pts)

11. Which way should manhole covers swing? ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________

(3 pts)

12. What establishes the elevation of manholes? ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________

(3 pts)

13. Where are vessel supports generaly located? ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________

(3 pts)

14. On Figure # 5 what is minimum dimension "A"? __________________________________________________________________________________________________________

(4 pts)



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15. On Figure # 5 mark an "X" on the line where you would probably support it.(4 pts)

Figure # 5



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16. What type of connection do the following nozzle identification letters stand for? (4 pts each)

"A" ___________________________________________________________________

"R ___________________________________________________________________

"F" _ __________________________________________________________________

"B" ___________________________________________________________________

"S" ___________________________________________________________________

"L" ___________________________________________________________________

"V" ___________________________________________________________________

"G" ___________________________________________________________________

"M" ___________________________________________________________________

17. What are the maximum vertical runs of ladder without offset? (Do not include the 4' extensionabove platform.)(6 pts)

A. ___________________________________________________________________

B ______________________________________________________________________ .

18. What is the "L" dimension of the piping configuration in Figure #6?.(3 pts)

Figure #6


VESSEL ORIENTATION TEST– GRADING MASTERPage 1 of 6

15/11/2002 Rev. 0

HORIZONTAL VESSEL TEST - GRADING MASTER

Number in Parenthesis Indicates NamePointValue of Each Question

Completion - Fill in each blank with the word or words which best complete the statement or answer thequestion.

1. What is the min. B.O.P. above H.P.F.S. for a pump suction line crossing an operating aisle from a vessel bottom? 8'-0" (4 pts)

2. The ________vortex breaker_ ___ is used to prevent "whirlpool" movement of the liquid on the inside of the vessel at the _______ liquid outlet __________ nozzle. What might be the result of allowing the liquid to "whirlpool?" __cavitate pumps___________ (9 pts)

3. If a platform is not required on the top of the vessel, the usual location for the manhole is ___in the end of the vessel_______________. (6 pts)

4. We normally anchor the support ______ nearest to___________ (nearest to or farthest from) the pipeway. Why?__ to provide vessel expansion to aid piping flexibility_____________________________________ _________ _ _ (9 pts)

5. Sometimes you might find a manhole located as shown in the drawing below. (Figure #1) Whatwould be the reason for this?___ centerline would be above 15'-0" requiring a platform

__________________________________________________________________ (6 pts)

Figure #1



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6. Suppose you are doing a study of a horizontal vessel during the early stages of the job. No outlineis yet available to you and you want to establish the support locations. You have the followinginformation. Fill in the missing dimensions. (6 pts)

Figure # 2

7. What factors normally set the height of a horizontal vessel? (8 pts) (A)___NPSH to pumps_ ___________________________

(B)___8'-0" minimum headroom clearance from BOP of the outlet lines and H.P.F.S__ _

True - False

8. ___F_____ The manhole is normally located on the end of the vessel nearest the pipeway. (4 pts)

9. ___T____ The level control and gage glass bridle is usually found on the same end as the outlet. (4 pts)

10. __T_____ A horizontal vessel requiring a top platform would probably have its manhole on the top. (4 pts)

11. ___T___ Inlet and outlet connections should be on opposite ends of the vessels.

Why? _ to avoid short circuiting the vessel __ (8 pts)

2'-0" 6'-0" 2'-0"



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Identify each of the numbered nozzles in the sketch below by its correct symbol.(24pts)

12 thru 17

Figure # 3

18. Place the symbol V on the drawing where you would find the vortex breaker. (4 pts)

19. Place the symbol X on the drawing where the vessel would probably be anchored. (4 pts)



15/11/2002 Rev. 0

VERTICAL VESSEL TEST - GRADING MASTER

NUMBER in Parenthesis Indicates Name points value of each question.

1. On which side of a vessel are manholes generally located? Rear of vessel ( away from pipeway) (3 pts)

2. What determines where a platform is needed? Access to manholes and operating valves, blinds, and instruments (3 pts)

3. Which items make up vessel trim? (List five) Vents, drains, steamouts, relief valves , and instruments (10 pts)

4. Where would you find the vessel trim line number? Under vessel title on flow diagram (3 pts)

5. What are vessel davits used for? Lowering vessel internals and attachments to grade (3 pts)

6. What is meant by a "Vessel Drop Zone"? The side of the vessel used for lowering items to grade. (3 pts)

7. On which side of a vessel would you expect to find the nameplate? Operating aisle (3 pts)

8. On the Figure # 4, locate a vapor sample connection and a liquid temperature connection. (4 pts)

Figure # 4



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9. What is the definiton of "L" Dimensions? Back of pipe to outside of vessel (3 pts)

10. Who is responsible for setting nozzle elevations? Process engineer (3 pts)

11. Which way should manhole covers swing? Away from ladder leading to lower level (3 pts)

12. What establishes the elevation of manholes? Tray arrangement and spacing (3 pts)

13. Where are vessel supports generally located? As close as possible to nozzle (3 pts)

14. On Figure # 5 what is minimum dimension "A"? 12"-6" (4 pts)

15. On Figure # 5 mark an "X" on the line where you would probably support it. (4 pts)

Figure # 5

12'-6"



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16. What type of connection do the following nozzle identification letters stand for? (4 pts each)

"A" Inlet

"R" Reflux

"F" Feed

"B" Outlet

"S" Steam or sample connection

"L" Level instrument

"V" Vapor or vent

"G" Level gage or gage glass

"M" Manhole

17. What is the maximum vertical run of ladder without offset? (Do not include the 4' extension above platform.) (6 pts)

A. 30'-0" between platform

B. 29'-6" H.P.F.S. to platform

18. What is the "L" dimension of the piping configuration in Figure # 6? 1'-0 13/16" (3 pts)

Figure # 6