4a29dlj rp fundamental of computers
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Operating Systems
By
Rajesh Purohit
Associate Professor, Dept of CSE,
MBM Engg College, JNV University,
Jodhpur
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Computer is :
A Perfect Slave
No Intelligence
Only Memory
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Computer: Who Computes
Computation v/s Calculation
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Example
5 + 4 X 2 = ?
18 or 13
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Example Cont
5 + 8
= 13
If do on calculator
5 + 4 gives 9 * 2 gives 18 i.e. wrong
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Computation
Arithmetic Calculation and Logical Decision
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Computer
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A computer is a device that accepts input,processes data, and produces an outputaccording to a series of stored instructions.
Computers are made of 2 main parts hardwareand software. Hardware is the physical pieces of a computer
Software is a program or operating system that an beinstalled on a computer
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Block Diagram
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Computer System Components
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Hardware:
microprocessormicroprocessor
Peripheral devices:
input and outputinput and output
Software:programsprograms
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Components
Hardware
Software
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Hardware v/s Software
System Implementation
Using Only Hardware
Using Software over Hardware
Exp.
Hardware Software
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Example Contd
QUEUEPLEASE
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Software
The programs or instructions used to tell
the computer hardware what to do.
System software allows a computer to
operate and run application software.
Application softwareperforms specific
tasks or applications.
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System v/s Application Software
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Type of Software
Operating System
Language Processor
Utility Program
Application Programs
Personal Computing Software
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Memory
A place where information is stored in such
a way that it can be retrieved back
whenever required.
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Memory Classification
CPU Connected : Primary, Secondary
Write Permission : ROM, RWM
Access Method : Random,Sequential,DirectTechnology Based: Semiconductor, Optical,
Magnetic
Ext Power to Retain: Volatile, Nonvolatile
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Booting
When the computer is switched on, it
contains no Information, and to bring that
information from secondaryNONVOLATILE memory to Primary
Memory, a process is executed called
BOOTING.
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Operating System
It is the Resource Manager of whole computer
system and responsible for User interface
and security.e.g. Process, Memory, IO, Information
Example
DOS, Windows95, Windows98, Windows XP
LINUX, UNIX.
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Files and Software
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Types of files data files store information,
executable files do something
Types of software system software includes O/S and other utilities
application software includes applications likeoffice, and browser
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Data v/s Information
Data = raw, unorganized facts. Can be in the form oftext, graphics, audio, or
video.
Information = data that has been processed
into a useful form.
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Program
A Method to solve given problem
Once the method is known it is reused with
varying data.
e.g. To calculate Average Formula is
( A + B ) / 2
it can be used to calculated
average for different values of A and B
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Role of Operating System
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Classification
Number of Users Single User, Multi User
User Interface Character Interface, Graphical Interface, Voice
Application Based:
Real-Time, Desktop, Embedded, Network
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Popular Operating System
OS/360
CP/M
DOSMacintosh
Windows
UnixLinux
Minix
Plan 9 25
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Common Features
Process Management
Memory Management
File Management
Device Management
Security
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User Level Operations
File Operations Create; Delete; Copy; Move; Rename; Print
Folder Operations Create; Remove; Traverse;
Execution of Applications
Spreadsheet; Word Processor; Database; BackupSystem Control Operations Shutdown, Logoff, Restart, Hybernate, Standby
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Windows Operating System
Microsoft Product
Features
Desktop
Graphical User Interface
Multitasking
Secured from other user sessions Plug and Play
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Mouse Nomenclature
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Login Operation
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Control Panel
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Desktop
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UNIX/LINUX Operating System
MULTICS developed by MIT,AT&T,GE
(1960s)
UNIX developed by AT&T Researchers(1969) Rework on Multics
LINUX developed by CommunityMethodology Kernel by Linus Torvald
(1991) Rework on UNIX
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Variants of UNIX
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Features
MutiUser System
Command User Interface
Developed for Programmers
Time Sharing
Secured
Portable
Hierarchical File System
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Commands
FILE OPERATION
ls : To list all available files and directories
cp : To copy a file to another file
mv: To rename/move at other location
Rm : To delete a file
cat : create, display, append,
cat>my; cat my; cat ab>>pq
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Commands contd..
Directory Operations
mkdir : Create new directory
rmdir : Delete a directory
cd : Change directory, cd ..; cd ;
Authorization Operation
chmod: Change mode of file/directory
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Windows and UNIX Architecture
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Popular Terms
Virus
Worm
Format
Backup
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Thank You
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