49 - electrical logging

7/22/2019 49 - Electrical Logging

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Hòptnr 2;

dnhtrkhod DmffkjfG.S. Rkxknr, Hmjsudtkjf Njfkjnnr *

Iujbognjtods

Vndd dmffkjf ks oj mpnrotkmj kjvmdvkjf o hmjtkjumus

rnhmrbkjf mi bnpt` vs. smgn hòrohtnrkstkh botug mi t`n

imrgotkmjs pnjntrotnb ly o lmrn`mdn. R`n rnhmrb ks hoddnb

o dmf. Kj obbktkmj, o gofjntkh topn ks usuoddy gobn .

Gojy typns mi wndd dmfs orn rnhmrbnb ly opprmprkotn

bmwj` mdn kjstrugnjts hoddnb smjbns, dmw nrnb kjtm t`n

wnddlmrn mj t`n njb mi o holdn. R`n w kjh` m i t`n dmffkjf

holdn ks fnjnroddy lrmuf`t tm t`n wndd mj o spnhkod dmf-

fkjf truhe (Ikf. 2;. d), w`kh` odsm horrkns t`n rnhmrbnrs,pmw nr smurhns, ojb ouxkdkory nqukpgnjt. R`n porog ntnrs

lnkjf dmffnb orn gnosurn b kj sktu os t`n smjbn ks gmvnb

odmjf t`n lmrn`mdn. R`n rnsudtkjf skfjods irmg t`n smjbn

orn trojsgkttnb t`rmuf` ndnhtrkhod hmjbuh tmrs kj t`n holdn

tm t`n suriohn, w`nrn t`n hmjtkjumus rnhmrbkjf, mr dmf, ks

gobn.Ndnhtrkhodmffkjfs oj kgpmrtojt lrojh` m i wndd dmf-

fkjf. Nssnjtkoddy, kt ks t`n rnhmrbkjf, kj jhosnbnhtkmjsmio lmrn`mdn,mi t`n rnskstkvktknsmr t`nkr rnhkprmhods, t`n

hmjbuhtkvktkns) mi t`n sulsuriohn imrgotkmjs, fnjnroddy

odmjf wkt` t`n spmjiojnmus pmtnjtkods (XS) fnjnrotnb kj

t`n lmrn`mdn.

Ndnhtrkhod dmffkjf òs lnnj ohhnp tnb os mjn mi t`n gmst

niikhknjt tmmds kj mkd ojb fos nxpdmrotkmj ojb prmbuhtkmj.V`nj o `mdn òs lnnj brkddnb, mr ot kjtnrvods burkjf t`n

brkddkjf, oj ndnhtrkhod survny ks ruj tm mltokj qukhedy ojb

nhmjmgkhoddy o hmgp dntn rnhmrb mi t`n imrgotkmjs

pnjntrotnb . R`ks rnhmrbkjf ks mi kggnbkotn vodun imr

fnmdmfkhod hmrrndotkmj mi t`n stroto ojb bntnhtkmj ojb

nvoduotkmj mi pmsskldy prmb uhtkvn `mrkzmjs. R`n kjimrgo-

tkmj bnrkvnb irmg t`n ndnhtrkhod dmfs goy ot t`n sogn tkgn

ln suppdngnj tnb ly skbnwodd sogpdns mi t`n imrgotkmjs

toenj irmg t`n wodd mi t`n `mdn mr ly stkdd mt`nr typns mi

lmrn`mdn kjvnstkfotkmjs tòt hoj ln pnrimrgn b ly uskjf

obbktkmjod wkrndkjn nqukpgn jt ovokdoldn imr usn wkt` t`n

dmffkjf truhe Ubnvkotkmj survnys, hodkpnr (`mdn-bkogntnr)

survnys, bkpgntnr survnys, tngpnroturn survnys,

robkmohtkvkty (fogg o roy, bnjskty, jnutrmj, ojb juhdnor

‐Out`mrs mi r`n mrdfdjod hòpdnr mj t`ks tmp h kj t`n ?;9< nbdtkmj kjhdubnb i`ts out`mr.

Kk F Bmdd, G. GorKg. ojb I X nfnsgoj .

spnhtrmgntry) survnys, ohmustkh survnys, wkrndkjn imrgo-

tkmj tnstnr, nth.W.

Os nxpdokjnb dotnr, snvnrod typns mi rnskstkvkty-

gnosurkjf systngs orn usnb tòt òvn lnnj bnskfjnb tm

mltokj t`n frnotnst pmsskldn kjimrgotkmj ujbnr bkvnrsn

hmjbktkmjs-n.f., hmjvnjtkmjod bnvkhns (jmrgods ojb

dotnrods), kjbuhtkmj dmf (KD), Dotnrmdmf ‗ (DD),

gkhrmrnskstkvkty bnvkhns, ojb ndnhtrmgofjntkh prmpof o-

tkmj dmfs. Roldn 2;.? fkvns t`n snrvkhn hmgpojyjmgnjhdoturn imr vorkmus dmffkjf tmmds.

R`n typkhod oppn orojhn mi o stojborb ndnhtrkhod dmf ks

kddustrotnb kj Ikf. 2; .<. R`n dnit trohe mi t`n dmf hmjtokjs

t`n XS hurvn. R `n gkbbdn trohe hmjtokjs o d&kj. s`mrt

jmrgod (sòddmw-kjvnstkfotkmj rnskstkvkty hurvn), rnhmrb-

nb mj lmt` rnfudor ojb ogpdkiknb snjsktkvkty shodns os

smdkb hurvns, ojb o 92-kj. jmrgod (gnbkug-kjvnstkfotkmj

rnskstkvkty hurvn, b os`nb hu rvn). R `n rkf`t trohe hmjtokjs

oj ?% it 0-kj. dotnrod (bnnp-kjvnstkfotkmj hurvn).

Dmf s rnhmrbn b wkt` mt`nr hmglkjotkmjs mi rnskstkvkty-

gnosurkjf bnvkhns ` ovn o skgkdor fnjnrod oppno rojhn,

odt`muf` t`n hmrrnspmjbkjf bnvkhns b kiinr kj prkjhkpdn

ojb pnrimrgojh n. Gkhrmrnskstkvkty dmfs fnjnroddy kjhdubn

o gkhrmhodkpnr hurvn (`mdn-bkogntnr rnhmrbkjf), w`kh` ksusniud kj t`n dmhotkmj mi pnrgnoldn zmjns. Mi dotn, imur-

dmforkt`gkh trohes orn mitnj rnpdohkjf t`n twm-orkt`gntkh

trohe gnjtkmjnb prnvkmusdy.

R`n hurvns orn rnhmrbnb mj t`n gmst opprmprkotn mi

snvnrod ovokdoldn snjsktkvkty shodns. R`n usuod bnpt` s mi

shodns orn < kj. 7 ?33 it (rnfudor) ojb > kj.7?33 it

(bntokd). Dnss irnqunjtdy o shodn mi ? kj. 7 ?33 it ks usnb.

Imr hosns w`nrn frnot bntokd ks kjvmdvnb, os kj gkhrmdmf-

fkjf ojb bkpgn tnr dmffkjf, spnhkod nxpojbnb shodns orn

ovokdoldn. Kj gojy ports mi t`n wmrdb, gntrkh bnpt`

shodns orn usnb kjstnob mi Njfdks` shodns.

Nort` \nskstkvktkns

Imrgotkmj rnskstkvktkns orn kgpmrtojt hduns tm prmloldn

dkt`mdmfy ojb idukb hmjtnjt. Vkt` o inw nxhnptkmjs tòt

orn rorn kj mkdikndb prohtkhn, suh` os gntoddkh sudikbns ojb



2;-< SNR\MDN^G NJFKJNN\KJF @OJBLMME

HMJR\MD

HOLDN RNJXKMJ

GNOX^\NGNJR

frop`ktn, bry rmhes orn vnry fmmb kjsudotmrs lu t, w`nj

t`nkr pmrns orn kgprnfjotnb wkt` wotnr, t`ny hmjbuht

ndnhtrkh hurrnjt. Xulsuriohn imrgotkmjs kj fnjnrod òvn

ikjktn gnosuroldn rnskstkvktkns lnhousn mi t`n wotnr hmj-

tokjnb kj t`nkr pmrns mr obsmrln b mj t`nkr kjtnrstktkod hdoy.

Imrgotkmj rnskstkvkty odsm bnpnjbs mj t`n sòpn ojb t`n

kjtnrhmjjnhtkmj mi t`n pmrn spohns mhhupknb ly t`n

wotnr . R`nsn bnpnjb mj t`n imrgotkmj dkt`mdmfy ojb, kj

t`n hosn mi rnsnrvmkr rmhes, mj t`n prnsnjhn mi jmjhmj-

buhtkvn mkd mr fos.

^jkts mi \nskstkvkty ojb Hmjbuhtkvkty. Kj ndnhtrkhod dmf-

fkjf, t`n rnskstkvkty ks usuoddy g nosurnb. Oj nxhnptkmj ks

kjbuhtkmj dmffkjf, kj w`kh` t`n hmjbuhtkvkty ks rnhmrb nb

odmjf wkt` kts rnhkprmhod, t`n rnskstkvkty. Gnosur ngnjts

gobn wkt` ndnhtrmgofjntkh prmpofotkmj orn bkshussnb

dotnr.

Ikf. 2;-d-Xntup imr wkrndkjn dmffkjf mpnrotkmjs kj wndds

(sh`ngotkh).

R`n rnskstkvkty (spnhkikh rnskstojhn) mi o sulstojhn tm

t`n idmw mi ndnhtrkhod hurrnjt, ot ojy fkvnj tng pnroturn,

ks t`n rnskstojhn gnosu rnb lntwnnj mppmsktn iohns mi oujkt huln mi tòt sulstojhn. Kj ndnhtrkhod-dmffkjf wmre ,

ROLDN 2;.?-XN\YKHN HMGSOJ[ JMGNJHDOR^\N

Xh`duglnrfnr Fnoròrt

Ndnhtrkhod Dmf Ndnhtrkhod Dof

Kjbuhtkmj Ndnhtrkh Dmf (KND) Kjbuhtkmj Ndnhtrkh Dmf

Kjbuhtkmj Xp`nrkhoddy Imhusnb D mf (KXI)

Buod Kjbuhtkmj Xp`nrkhoddy Imhusn b Dmf Buod Kjbuhtkmj-Dotnrmdmf

Dotnrmdmf.8 (DD8)

Buod Dotnrmdmf

Gkhrmdmf (GD)

Gkhrmdotnrmdmf (GDD)

Srmxkgkty D mf (SD)

Gkhrmsp`nrkhoddy Imhusnb Dmf (GXID)

Lmrn`mdn Hmgpnjsotnb Xmjkh Dmf

Dmjf Xpohnb Xmjkh Dmf

Hngnjt Lmjb/Yorkoldn Bnjskty Dmf

Foggo \oy Jnutrmj

Xkbnwodd Jnutrmj Smrmskty Dmf

Hmgpnjsotnb Jnutrmj Dmf (HJD)

R`nrgod Jnutrmj Bnhoy Rkgn Dmf

Buod Xpohkjf RBR

Hmgpnjsotnb Imrgotkmj Bnjskty Dmf

Dkt`m-Bnjskty Dmf

@kf` \nsmdut kmj Bkpgntnr

Imrgotkmj Kjtnrvod Rnstnr

\npnot Imrgotkmj Rnstnr

Xkbnwodd Xogpdnr

Ndnhtrmgofjntkh Srmpofotkmj Dmf

Lmrn @mdn Fnmgntry Rmmd

^dtro Dmjf Xpohkjf Ndnhtrkh Dmf

Joturod Foggo \oy Xpnhtrmgntry

Fnjnrod Xpnhtrmshmpy Rmmd

Vndd Xnksgkh Rmmd

Irohturn Kbnjtki khotkmj Dmf

Dotnrmdmf-8

Buod Dotnrmdmf

Gkhrm Ndnhtrrh Dmf

Gkhrmdotnrmdmf

Xmrn`mdn Hmgpnjsotnb Xmjkh Dmf

Xmjkh Hngnjt Lmjb Xystng

Foggo \oy Jnutrmj

Xkbnwodd Jnutrmj Smrmskty Dmf

Hmgpnjsotnb Jnutrmj Dmf

Hmgpnjsotnb Bnjskty Dmf

Imur Ndnhtrmbn Bkpgntnr

Xndnhtkvn Imrgotkmj Rnstnr

Xkbnwodd Hmrn Fuj

P-[ Hodklnr

Irohturn Bntnhtkmj Dmf

Brnssnr Otdos

Ndnhtrmdmf

Kjbuhtkmj Ndnhtrmdmf

Buod Kjbuhtkmj Imh usnb Dmf

Imhusnb Dmf

Buod Dotnrmdmf

Gkjkdmf

Gkhrmdotnrmdmf

Srmxkgkty Dmf

Xmrn`mdn Hmgpnjsotnb Xmjkh Dmf

Dmjf Xpohkjf L@H Ohmust k dmf

Ohmustkh Hngnjt Lmjb Dmf

Foggo \oy Jnutrmj

Xkbnwodd Npkt`nrgod Jnutrmj Dmf

Hmgpnjsotnb Jnutrmj Dmf

Jnutrmj Drintkgn Dmf

Buod Bntnhtmr JnutrmjHmgpnjsotnb Bnjskdmf

Bkpdmf

Imrgotkmj Rnstnr

Imrgotkmj Gudtk Rnstnr

Hmrfuj

Hodkpnr Dmf

Xpnhtrodmf

Horlmj/Mxyfnj Dmf

Vndnx

Ndnhtrkh Dmf

Kjbuhtkmj Ndnhtrkh Dmf

Buod Kjbuhtkmj Dmf

Fuorb Dmf

Buod Fuorbdmf

Hmjtoht Dmf

I,\,, Dmf

Ohmustkh Yndmhrty Dmf

Gkhrmsnksgmfrog

Foggo \oy Jnutrmj

Xrbnwodd Jnutrmj Dmf

Buod Xpohnb Jnutrmj Dmf

Bnjskty Dmf

Bkpdmf

Imrgotkmj Rnstnr

Xkbnwodd Hmrkjf

Hodkpnr Dmf



NDNHR\KHOD DMFFKJF 2;-8

t`n gntnr wos h`msnj os t`n ujkt mi dnjft`5 sm t`n ujkt mi

rnskstkvkty ks toenj os t`n (_.g )‐/g, mr gmrn skgpdy, t`n

m`g-gntnr, ><.g.

Xkjhn hmjbuhtkvkty ks t`n rnhkprmhod mi rnskstkvkty

(H7dK\), o pmsskldn ujkt mi hmjbuhtkvkty wmudb ln

d/(_.g), mr F/g. @mw nvnr, skjhn t`ks ujkt wmudb

jnhnssktotn nxtnjskvn usn mi bnhkgod irohtkmjs, o ujktmjn-t`musojbt` os dorfn, t`n gkddkg`m/gntnr (gu/g ), ks

ngpdmy nb. Rùs, imrgotkmjs òvkjf rnskstkvktkns mi ?3,

?33, mr ?,333 _*rj òvn hmjbuhtkvktkns mi ?33, ?3, mr ?

gu/g, rnspnhtkvndy.

Bnpnj bnjhn mi Vo tnr \nskstkvkty mj Xodkjkty ojb

Rngpnroturn. R`n rnskstkvkty mi oj ndnhtrmdytkh smdutkmj

bnhrnosns os t`n ogmujt mi h`ngkhods t`nrnkj kjhrnosns.

Ot ojy fkvnj tngpnroturn t`n ndnhtrkhod hmjbuhtkvkty mi o

imrgotkmj wotnr mr o brkddkjf gub wkdd bnpnjb mj t`n

hmjhnjtrotkmj ojb joturn mi t`n bkssmdvnb h`ngkhods.

Kj gmst hosns t`n prnbmgkjojt smdutn ks smbkug

h`dmrkbn (JoH d)5 t`nrnimrn, t`n JoHd hmjvnrskmj hòrt

(Ikf. 2 ;.8) goy fnjnroddy ln usnb tm mltokj rnskstkvkty

irmg hmjhnjtrotkmj. Ki mt`nr h`ngkhods orn prnsnjt kj

rndotkvndy dorfn ogmujts, kt ks pmsskldn tm hmjvnrt t`n hmj-

hnjtrotkmjs mi suh` h`ngkhods kjtm nqukvodnjt hmjhnjtro-

tkmjs mi JoHd tm ikjb t`n rnskstkvkty. Rm goen t`n hmjvnr-

skmj, oppdy t`n opprmp rkotn gudtkpdknrs fkvnj kj Roldn

2;.< imr t`n hmjhnjtrotkmj mi noh` snporotn kmj Ukj ports

pnr gkddkmj (ppg) mr (g 8 g 8 ) ly w nkf`t, mr kj frokjs pnr

foddmj (fr/fod) mr (ef/g‛)W, ojb obb t`n prmbuhts. ‛ Jmtn

tòt hmjhnjtrotkmjs nxprn ssnb kj gkddkfrogs pnr dktnr

(gf/D ) ojb kj ppg goy ln opprnhkoldy bkiinrnjt ot `kf`

hmjhnjtrotkmjs. Lndmw olmut >3,333 ppg, `mwnvnr,

gnosurngnjts ot rmmg tngpnrotur n kj t`n twm ujkts goy

ln usnb kjtnrhòjfnoldy wkt`mut snrkmus nrrmr.

HMJHNJR\ORKMJ

tt i t DORN\OD

Ikf. 2;.<-Rypkhod ndnhtrkhod dmf.

F/F-

\NXKXRKYKR[ MI XMD^RKMJ M@G-GNRN\X

Ikf. 2;.8~\nskstkvkty vs. hmjhnjtrotkmj imr JoHd smdutkmjs ot vorkmus tngpnroturns.



2;-2 SNR\MDN^G NJFKJNN\KJF @OJBLMME

R`n rnskstkvkty mi oj ndnhtrmdytkh smdutkmj bnh rnosns os

kts tngpnrotu rn kjhrnosns. R`ks ks mi frnot kgpmrtojhn,skjhn tngpnrotu rn kj t`n nort` kjhrnosns wkt` bnpt`.

Lnimrn t`n rnskstkvkty mi t`n brkddkjf gub (gnosurnb ot

suriohn tngpnroturn) hoj ln hmgpornb wkt` tòt mi o imr-

gotkmj (gnosurnb ot o guh` `kf`nr tngpnroturn kj o bnnp

wndd) t`n rnskstkvktkns gust ln hmjvnrtnb tm voduns tòtwmudb òvn lnnj mlsnrvnb ot o hmggmj tngpnroturn.

R`n tngpnrotu rn hmjvnrskmj ks ohhmg pdks`nb ly gnojs

mi Ikf. 2;.8, w`kh` s`mw s imr JoHd smdutkmjs t`n niinhts

mi lmt` sodkjkty ojb tngpn roturn mj rnskstkvkty . Bmwj `mdn

tngpnrotu rns goy ln nstkgotnb irmg o sm-hoddnb —lmt-

tmg`mdn tngpnroturn‗ (L@R) mltokjnb ly gnojs mi o

goxkgug -rnobkjf t`nrgm gntnr kjsnrtnb kj t`n lmby mi

t`n smjbn.

\nskstkvktkns mi Imrg otkmj V otnrs. Imrgotkmj wotnrs

hoj vory rngoreoldy wkt` fnmfro p`kh dmhotkmj, b npt`,

ojb fnmdmfkhod ofn. Xòddmw frmujbw otnrs orn usuoddy

irns` (jmt sodkjn), wkt` rnskstkvktkns smgntkg ns nxhnnbkjf

<3 tm >3 d. g ot rmmg tngpnroturn. R`ny odsm goy hmj-

tokj opprnhkoldn ogmujts mi hodhkug ojb gofjnskug

sodts, w`kh` goen t`ng —òrb.‗ Ot frnot bnpt`s, imrgo-

tkmj wotnrs fnjnroddy tnjb tm ln gmrn sodkjn. Kj bnnp

wndds, imrgotkmj-wotnr rnskstkvktkns smgntkgn s goy hmr-

rnspmjb tm hmgp dntn soturotkmj (3.3?2 M .rj ot <33³I).

O ejmwdnbfn mi \,. t`n imrgotkmj-wotnr rnskstkvkty. ks

kgpmrtojt kj ndnhtrkhod-dmf kjtnrprntotkmj. \,, oy ln ml-

tokjnb irmg t`n rnobkjfs mi t`n XS hurvn (Nq. ;) mr irmg

rnskstkvkty g nosurngnjts mj sogpdns mi imrgotkmj wotnr

rnhmvnrnb irmg prmbuhtkmj mr kj brkddstng tnsts. Kt odsm

goy ln nstkgotnb irmg gnosurngnjts mi t`n rnskstkvkty mi

t`n pnrgnoldn imrgotkmjs mi kjtnrnst w`nj t`ny orn ?33%

wotnr-soturotnb, \m, i t`n pmrmskty mr imrgotkmj iohtmr ksejmwj (Nqs. ? ojb <). \, goy ln hmgputnb, os òs lnnj

nxpdokjnb, irmg ojodysns mi imrgotkmj wotnrs. \nskstkvk-

ty mi imrgotkmj wotnrs ks bkshussnb iurt`nr kj Hòp . <2.

Gub, Gubhoen, ojb Gub-Ikdtrotn \nskstkvktkns.

\nskstkvktkns mi t`n gub, \,, `n gubhoen, \,, ojb t`n

gub ikdtrotn, \,,,i,rn odd kgpmrtojt kj dmf kjtnrprntotkmj.

\, ks mltokjnb ly bkrnht gnosurngnj t mj o gub sogpdn.

\,,,ijb \, orn mltokjnb ly bkrnht gnosurngnjts mj

ikdtrotn ojb gubhoens prnssnb irmg o sogpdn mi t`n gub,

mr t`ny hoj ln nstkgotnb irmg ovnrofn stotkstkhod bo to mj

t`n losks mi gub rnskstkvkty. <-2 Hmrrnhtkmj imr t`n vorko-

tkmj mi t`nsn rnskstkvktkns wkt` tngpnroturn ks gobn ly usnmi Ikf. 2;.8.

Imrgotkmj \nskstkvkty Iohtmr. Ki \. s t`n rnskstkvkty mi

o hdnoj (jmjsòdy) imrgotkmj h mgpdntndy soturotnb wkt`

wotnr mi rnskstkvkty \,, t`n rotkm \m/\, wkdd ln o hmj-

stojt tòt bnpnjbs mj t`n dkt`mdmfkh struhturn mi t`n imr-

ROLDN 2;.<-HMJYN\XKMJX IM\ HORKMJX OJB OJKMJX

Hotkmjs Ojkmjs

Jo ?.3 Hd ?.3

Ho 3.;> sm2 3.>

VK <.3 hm8 ?.<9

@HM, 3.<6

gotkmj ojb jmt mj t`n rnskstkvkty, \,, i t`n soturotkjf

wotnr. R `ks hmjstojt ks t`n imrgotkmj rnskstkvkty iohtmr,

I\, mggmjdy hoddnb —imrgotkmj iohtmr. ‗

\mI\7- \, . . . . .(K)

Bnpnjbnjhn mi Imrgotkmj Iohtmr mj Smrmskty ojb

Dkt`mdmfy. R`n imrgotkmj iohtmr, I, mi o hdnoj imrgo-

tkmj hoj ln rndotnb tm kts pmrmskty, 9. ly oj ngpkrkhod imr-

gudo mi t`n imrg I~7odh '=',`nrn o ojb g orn hmj-

stojts. R`n nxpmjnjt g, mgntkgn s hoddnb t`n hngnjto-

tkmj nxpmjnjt mr iohtmr, vorkns wkt` t`n dkt`mdmfy.

Kj t` n hmjstruhtkmj mi gojy f rop`s imr dmf kjtnrprnto-

tkmj, < t`n —@ugldn imrgudo‗ prmpmsnb ly Vkjsounr nt

o?.> òs lnnj fnjnroddy obmptn b1

3.9<I\7 ~<.,> . . . . (<)

Oj nordy imrgudo p rmpmsn b ly Orh`kn, w`kh` ikts por-

tkhudordy wndd imr hmjsmdkbotnb imrgotkmjs suh` os òrb

sojbstmjns ojb dkgnstmjns, ks

I\7D.2A<

. ..(8)

Dkgnstmjns mitnj hmjtokj vufs, kjtnrhmjjnhtnb wkt`

ikssurns, w`kh` obb t`nkr pmrmskty tm tòt mi t`n gotrkx.

V`nj t`n vufs ojb ikssurns orn spohnb hdmsndy, hmg-

pornb w kt` t`n spohkjfs mi t`n rnskstkvkty-gnosurkjf

bnvkhns, Nq. 8 mitnj hoj ln usnb os kj t`n hosn mi sojb-

stmjns mr dkgnstmjns wkt` mjdy frojudor pmrmskty. Jnvnr-t`ndnss, kt ks smgntkgn s obvksoldn tm usn voduns mi g

frnotnr tòj twm o s rnqukrnb tm ikt dmhod mlsnrvotkmjs.

Xòdy Bkrty) Imrgotkmjs. Xòdns ojb hdoys orn

t`ngsndvns pmrmus ojb orn fnjnroddy kgprnfjotnb wkt`

gkjnrodkznb wotnr. R`nrnimrn, t`ny òvn opprnhkoldn

hmjbuhtkvkty, w`kh` ks njòjhnb ly kmj-nxhòjfn hmj-

buhtkmj t`rmuf` t`n sòdn gotrkx. (R` ks sòdn hmjbuhtkmj

ks smgntkg ns, t`muf` jmt quktn prmpnrdy, rninrrnb tm os

rnsudtkjf irmg —hmjbuhtkvn smdkbs. —) Mj t`n mt`nr òjb,

t`n skzn mi t`n sòdn pmrns ks sm sgodd tòt prohtkhoddy jm

gmvng njt mi idukb ks pmsskldn. Ohhmrbkjfdy, sòdn,

w`n t`nr bnpm sktnb kj t`kj dogkjotkmjs mr bkspnrsnb kj t`n

kjtnrstkhns mi t`n sojb, hmjtrklutns tm t`n hmjbuhtkvkty mit`n imrgotkmj wkt`mut hmjtrklutkjf tm kts niinhtkvn

pmrmskty.

R`n rndotkmj lntwnnj imrgotkmj rnskstkvkty ojb pmrmskty

lnhmgns gmrn hmgpdnx imr sòdy imrgotkmjs tòj imr

hdnoj imrgotkmjs. Lnhou sn mi t`n obbktkmjod sòdn hmj-

buhtojhn, t`n rotkm mi imrgotkmj rnskstkvkty tm wotnr

rnskstkvkty (k.n., t`n imrgotkmj iohtmr) ks jmt hmjstojt

w`nj t`n rnskstkvkty mi t`n kgprnfjotkjf wotnr hòjfns. 9

Jnvnrt`n dnss, ki t`n sòdn hmjtnjt ks jmt tmm frnot, nx-

pnrkgnjtod mlsnrvotkmjs s`mw tòt imr dmw njmuf` voduns

mi wotnr rnskstkvkty t`ks rotkm ks odgmst hm jstojt, os

t`muf` t` n hmjbuhtojhn mi t`n sòdn wnrn t`nj jnfdkfkldn

kj hmgporksmj wkt` tòt mi t`n wotnr5 ojb o dkgktkjf imr-

gotkmj iohtm r ks imujb, w`kh` ks rndotnb opprmxkg otndy tmt`n niinhtkvn pmrmskty kj t`n sogn w oy os t`n imrgotkmj

iohtmr m i o hdnoj sojb.



NDNHR\KHOD DMFFKJF 2;->

\ndotkmj Lntwnnj Imrgotkmj \nskstkvkty ojb Xoturo-

tkmj. V`nj o port mi t`n pmrn sp ohn ks mhhupknb ly oj kj-

sudotkjf gotnrkod suh` os mkd mr fos, t`n rnskstkvkty mi t`n

rmhe, \,, s frnotnr tòj t`n rnskstkvkty tòt kt òs w`nj

?33 % wotnr-lnorkjf, \,. R`n rnskstkvkty m i suh` rmhe ks

o iujhtkmj mi t`n irohtkmj mi t`n SY mhhupknb ly wotnr.

Imr sulstojtkoddy hdnoj imrgotkmjs, t`n wotnr soturo-

tkmj, X,, ks rndotnb tm \, (rnskstkvkty mi imrgotkmj hmj-

tokjkjf `ybrmhorlm js ojb imrgotkmj wotnr, wkt` o wotnr

soturotkmj X,) ojb \,A (rnskstkvkty mi sogn imrgotkmj

w`nj ?33% soturotnb wkt` t`n sogn wotnr) l oj ng-

pkrkhod rndotkmj ejm wj os t`n Orh`kn nquotkmj. 6

d/KK

. . . . . 2)

Ngpkrkhoddy bntnrgkjnb voduns mi j rojfn lntwnnj ?.6

ojb <.<, b npnjbkjf mj t`n typn mi imrgotkmj. Nxpnrknjh ns`mw s tò t j 7< s`mudb fkvn o suiikhknjtdy fmmb opprmx-

kgotkmj. R`nj, hmglkjkjf Nqs. 2 ojb ? fkvns

XV7(+)?/k(I) K/=.

R`n rotkm \A\3 s smgntkgn s bnskfjotnb os t`n rnskstkvk-

ty kjbnx, ?~ 5 ohhmrbkjfdy, X, 7(Q \) -K‗ .

R`n rndotkmj lntwnnj imrgotkmj rnskstkvkty ojb wotnr

soturotkmj ks gmrn hmgpdnx w`nj t`n imrgotkmjs hmjtokj

smgn sòdn mr hdoy lnhousn mi t`n obbktkmjod hmjbuhtojhn

rnsudtkjf irmg t`n kjtnrstktkod sòdn. sv;

\oj fns mi \nskstkvkty-Imrg otkmj Hdosskikhotkmjs.

Hdoys ojb sòdns orn pmrmus, prohtkhoddy kgpnrvkmus imr-

gotkmjs ojb orn mitnj vnry ujkimrg t`rmuf` mut t`nkr

goss. R`nkr rnskstkvkty ks hmgporotkvndy dmw ojb proh-

tkhoddy hmjstojt mvnr wkbn kjtnrvods. Hmg poht ojb kgpnr-

vkmus rmhes, suh` os fypsug , oj`ybrktn, bnjsn

hodhornmus imrgotkmjs, mr hnrtokj ekjbs mi hmod, orn

`kf`dy rnskstkvn lnhousn mi t`nkr vnry sgodd kjtnrstktkod

wotnr hmjtnjt.

\nskstkvktkns mi pmrmu s ojb pnrgnol dn imrg otkmjs, suh`

os sojbs, vory wkbndy, bnpnjbkjf mj t`nkr dkt`mdmfy ojb

idukb hmjtnjt. Kj ndnhtrkhod dmffkjf kt ks hmjvnjknjt tm

hdosskiy rnsnrvm kr rmhes os imddmws.

Xmit mrgo& kmjs. R`nsn imrgotkmjs orn h`knidy pmmrdyhmjsmdkbotnb sojb/sòdn snrkns. R`n pmrmskty mi t`n sojbsks kjtnrfrojudor ojb nxhnn bs <3% . \nskstkvktkns rojfn

irmg 3.8 <*g imr sodtwotnr-lnorkjf sojbs tm snvnrod id. g

imr mkd-soturotnb sojbs.

K jtnrgnbkotn I mrgotkmjs. R`nsn orn h`knidy

gmbnrotndy hmj smdkbotnb sojbstmjns lut irnqunjtdy

dkgnstmjns ojb/mr bmdmgktns. \nsnrvmkr pmrmskty ks

fnjnroddy kjtnrfrojudor, rojfkjf irmg olmut ?> tm <3 % .

R`n rnsnrvmkr imrgotkmjs orn kjtnrlnbbnb wkt` sòdns ojb

vnry mitnj wkt` tkf`t rmhes. \nskstkvktkns rojfn irmg ? tm

olmut ?33 _-g.

@orb Imrgotkmjs. R`nsn orn h`knidy dkgnstmjns ojbkmrbmdmgktns, ojb odsm hmjsmdkbotnb sojbstmjns. R`ny hmj-

skst gmstdy mi tkf`t rmhes hmjtokjkjf pmrmus ojb

pnrgnoldn zmjns, ojb sòdn strnoes. R`n pmrmskty mi

rnsnrvmkrs ks dnss tòj ?> % . Gm st mitnj, t`n pm rmus ojb

pnrgnoldn zmjns hmjtokj ikssurns ojb vufs. \nskstkvkty

rojfn ks irmg < tm 8 _. g tm snvnrod ùjbrnb. Imr t`n

hmgpdntndy tkf`t imrgotkmjs, suh` os sodt ojb oj`ybrktn,

t`n rnskstkvkty goy ln prohtkhoddy kjikjktn.

Ojksmtrmpy. Kj gojy snbkgnjtory stroto, t`n gkjnrod

frokjs òvn o idot mr pdotn-dken sòpn w kt` oj mrknjtotkmj

poroddnd tm t`n snbkgnjtotkmj. Hurrnjt trovnds wkt` frnot

iohkdkty odmjf t`n wotnr-ikddnb kjtnrstkhns, w`kh` orn

gmstdy poroddnd tm t`n strotkikhotkmj. R`nsn stroto,

t`nrnimrn, bm jmt pmssnss t` n sogn rnskstkvkty kj odd bkrnh-

tkmjs. Xuh` gkhrmshmpkhjksmtrmpys mlsnrvnb gmstdy kj

sòdns.

Gm rnmvnr, kj ndnhtrkhod dmffkjf, t`n bkstojhn lntwn nj

ndnhtrmbns mr hmkds mj t`n gnosurkjf bnvkhns ks frnot

njmuf` t` ot t`n vmdugn mi imrgotkmj kjvmdvnb kj t`n

gnosurngnj ts vnry mitnj kjhdubns snq unjhns mi kjtnrlnb-

bnb rnskstkvn ojb hmjbuhtkvn strnoes. Xkjhn hurrnjt idmws

gmrn noskdy odmjf t` n lnbs tòj pnrpnjbkhudor tm t`ng,

t`n imrgotkmj òs gohrmshmpkhjksmtrmpy.

Lmt` ekjbs mi ojksmtrmpy goy obb t`nkr rnspnhtkvn ni-inhts tm kjidunjhn t`n oppornjt rnskstkvkty. R`ndmjfktubkjod, mr `mrkzmjtod, rnskstkvkty , \@, gnosurnb

odmjf t`n lnbbkjf pdojns ks odwoys dnss tòj t`n trojsvnr-

sod, mr vnrtkhod (pnrpnjb khudor) rnskstkvkty, \v.

\nskstkvkty-gnosurkjf bnvkhns w`msn rnobkjfs orn jmt

opprnhkoldy oiinhtnb ly t`n lmrn`mdn Ut`n bnnp kjbuhtkmj

dmf (KG), ojb ujbnr hnrtokj hmjbktkmjs, t`n dotnrmdmf

(DD), ojb t`n dmjf dotnrod w`nj t`n rotkm \@K\, s dmw

mr gmbnrotnW wkdd rnob \@. Lnhousn mi t`n lmrn`mdn ni-

inht, t`n s`mrt-spohkjf-ndnhtrmbn bnvkhns usuoddy rnob

voduns frnotnr tòj \@. dm

Bkstrklutkmj mi Idukbs ojb \nskstkvktkns kj Snrg noldn

Imrgotkmjs Kjvobnb ly Gub Ikdtrotn. Kjosguh` os t`n`ybrmstotkh prnssurn mi t`n gub ks usuoddy gokjtokjnb

frnotnr tòj t`n joturod prnssu rn m i t`n imrgotkmjs, gub

ikdtrotn (imrhnb kjtm t`n pnrgnoldn lnbs) bkspdohns t`n

mrkfkjod imrgotkmj idukbs kj t`n rnfkmj hdmsn tm t`n

lmrn`mdn. Xmdkb gotnrkods irmg t`n gub bnpmsktnb mj t`n

wodd mi t`n `mdn imrg o gubhoen, w`kh` tnjbs tm kgpnbn

ojb rnbuhn iurt`nr kjikdtrotkmj.

R`n t`khejnss ojb t`n joturn m i t`n gubhoen bnpnjb

mj t`n ekjb mi gub ojb mj t`n brkddkjf hmjbktkmjs rot`nr

tòj mj t`n imrgotkmjs. R`n t`khejnss, `,,,,,s usuoddy

lntwnnj ‐/s ojb ? kj. Imr wotnr-losnb gubs t`n gubhoen

rnskstkvkty, \,, s olmut nquod tm mjn mr twm tkgns t`n

gub rnskstkvkty, \,. j smgn mkd-ngudskmj gubs, \,,

goy ln smgnwòt frnotnr.Ikf. 2;.2o rnprnsnjts o sh`ngo tkh hrm ss snhtkmj mi oj

mkd-lnorkjf pnrgnoldn lnb pnjntrotnb ly o lmrn`mdn. Ikf.

2;.2l ojb 2;.2~ s`m w t`n hmrrnspmjbkjf robkod bkstrklu-

tkmj mi idukbs kj imrgotkmj ojb rnskstkvktkns.

Os kjbkhotnb kj Ikf. 2;.2o , t`n zmjns mi bkiinrnjt

rnskstkvkty goy ln bkvkbnb kjtm t`n brkddkjf gub wkt`kj

t`n lmrn`mdn (mi rnskstkvkty \,)5 `n gubhoen \,,, `n

idus`nb zmjn \,,5 trojsktkmj zmjn5 kj smgn hosns oj

—ojjudus.‗ \, (prnsnjt mjdy kj hnrtokj mkd- mr fos-

lnorkjf imrgotkmjs)5 ojb t`n ujhmjtogkjotnb zmjn (mi

rnskstkvkty \,). `n kjvobnb zmjn (mi —ovnrofn‗

rnskstkvkty, \k) jhdubns t`n idus`nb z mjn ojb t`n trojsk-

tkmj zmjn.

K jvobnb Qmjn. R`ks zmjn ks ln`kjb ojb hdmsn tm t`n

wodd mi t`n `mdn5 kt ks lndknvnb tòt gm st mi t`n mrkfkjod

kjtnrstktkod idukbs òvn lnnj idus`nb mut ly t`n gub




rOJJ^D^> (\oj)

G^B HOEN (\jxd

t e--@MDN VODD

Ikf. 2;.2-o. @mrkzmjtod snhtkmj t`rmuf` o

pnrgnoldn mkd-lnorkjf lnb

(X, 4 93%)5 l. robkod bkstrklu-

tkmj mi idukbs kj imrgotkmj

(quodktotkvn)5 h. robkod bkstrklu-

tkmj mi rnskstkvktkns.

ikdtrotn. R`ks idus`nb zmjn, mi rnskstkvkty \,,, ks hmj-

skbnrnb tm nxtnjb, ujbnr usuod hmjbktkmjs mi kjvoskmj, ot

dnost 8 kj. irmg t`n wodd. Nx hnptkmjs tm t`ks rudn hoj

mhhur.

Ki t`n lnb ks wotnr lnorkjf, t`n pmrns kj t`n idus`nbzmjn orn hmgpdntndy ikddnb wkt` t`n gub ikdtrotn, ojb imr

hdnoj imrgotkmjs \,, s jnordy nquod tm I,\,i5 \ lnkjf

t`n imrgotkmj iohtmr ojb \ gi t`n g ub-ikdtrotn rnskstkvkty

Ki t`n lnb ks mkd lnorkjf, t`n idus`nb zmjn hmjtokjssmgn rnskbuod mkd soturotkmj, X,, . Irmg Nq. > , X,, , t`n

wotnr soturotkmj kj t`n idus`nb z mjn ks

mr

I\\tji

\,,7R, .s ‐x3

w`nrn X,7d-X,,.Lnymjb t`n rnfkmj mi goxkgug idus`kjf, \,, t`nrn ks

o gmrn mr dnss nxtnjbnb trojsktkmj rnfkmj, t`n joturn mi

w`kh` bnpnjb s mj t`n hòrohtnrkstkhs mi t`n imrgotkmj,

t`n spnnb mi kjvoskmj, ojb t`n `ybrmhorlmj hmjtnjt. R`n

kjvobnb zmjn kjhdubns t`n idus`nb zmjn ojb t`n port mit`n trojsktkmj zmjn kjvobnb ly ikdtrotn. Kj t`n hosn mi

wotnr-lnorkjf sojbs ojb mkd-lnorkjf sojbs mi `kf` wotnr

soturotkmj, t`n kjvobnb zmjn nxtnjbs up tm t`n ujhmj-

togkjotnb zmjn, \,.

R`nrn hoj ln jm nxoht bnikjktkmj mi t`n bnpt` mi t`n kj-

vobnb zm jn, lut kt ks hmjvnjknjt tm kjtrmbuhn o iohtmr bk,

hoddnb t`n —ndnhtrkhoddy nqukvodnjt bkogntnr mi kjvo-

skmj,‗ hmrrnspmjbkjf tm oj ovnrofn kjvobnb zmjn mi

rnskstkvkty \k w`kh` òs t`n sogn niinht os t`n ohtuod kj-

vobnb zmjn mj gnosurngnjts gobn kj t`n lmrn`mdn. R`n

bnpt` mi kjvoskmj ks vorkoldn. Kt bnpnjb s mj t`n pdostnrkjf

prmpnrtkns mi t`n gub, prnssurn b kiinrnjhns lntwnnj t`n

gub hmdugj ojb t`n imrgotkmj, tkgn ndopsnb skjhn t`n

imrgotkmj wos brkddnb, p mrmskty mi t`n imrgotkmj, prmpmr-

tkmj ojb joturn mi t`n idukbs (wotnr, mkd, fos) prnsnjt kj

t`n pmrns, rnohtkmj mi ojy kjtnrstktkod hdoys wkt` t`n gub

ikdtrotn, nth.

Odd mt`nr hmjbktkmjs lnkjf t`n sogn, t`n frnotnr t`n

pmrmskty, t`n sgoddnr t`n bnpt` mi kjvoskmj. Vkt` usuod

gubs, bk sndbmg nxhnnbs <b` (b` 7`mdn bkogntnr) kj

`kf`-pmrmskty sojbs, lut kt goy nxhnnb >b` ojb nvnj

?Mb ` kj dmw-pmrmskty imrgotkmjs suh` os hmjsmdkbotnb

sojbstmjns mr dkgnstmjns. Kj smgn hosns, kjvoskmj hoj ln

nxtrngndy sòddmw kj vnry pnrgnoldn imrgotkmjs ojb kj

fos-lnorkjf imrgotkmjs.

Kj vnry pnrgnoldn lnbs, w`nj t`nrn ks oj opprnhkoldn

bkiinrnjhn lntwnnj t`n spnhkikh frovktkns mi t`n gub

ikdtrotn ojb t`n sodt-dobnj kjtnrstktkod wotnr, frovkty-

snfrnfotkmj niinhts goy mhhur, wkt` t`n irns`nr ikdtrotntnjbkjf tm ohhugudotn ot t`n tmp lmujbory mi t`n lnb,

rnsudtkjf kj o bnhrno sn kj t`n bnpt` m i kjvoskmj kj t`n

dmwnr port mi t`n lnb. K‛

Kj ikssurnb imrgotkmjs, t`n pnrgnolkdkty ks quktn mitnj

njmrgmus lnhousn mi t`n ikssurns-guh` frnotnr tòj t`n

pnrgnolkdkty mi t`n gotrkx gotnrkod surrmujbkjf t`ng.

Xuppmsn tòt o imrgotkmj ks hmgpmsnb mi o pmrmus lut

rndotkvndy kgpnrgnoldn gotnrkod, lrmenj ly jntwmres mi

rmuf`dy poroddnd ikssurns. Gub ikdtrotn pnjntrotns t`n

ikssurns noskdy ojb bnnpdy, brkvkjf mut guh` mi t`n

mrkfkjod idukbs (mkd ojb imrgotkmj wotnr). Mj t`n mt`nr

òjb, t`n gotrkx ktsndi goy ln pnjntrotnb òrbdy ot odd ly

t`n ikdtrotn. Xkjhn t`n d%.surns hmjstktutn o sgodd port mi

t`n tmtod SY, mjdy o vnty sgodd pmrtkmj mi t`n tmtodmrkfkjod idukbs ks bkspdohnb. Os o rnsudt, \, ks dkttdn bki-

inrnjt irmg \,, jb t`n rotkm \,K\,,is jm dmjfnr

rnprnsnjtotkvn mi t`n imrgotkmj iohtmr.

Ojjudus. V`nj t`n imrgotkmj hmjtokjs `yb rmhorlmjs,t`n prmhnss mi kjvoskmj ks hmgp dnx. R`n bkstrklutkmj mi

idukbs ks t`nj oiinhtnb ly t`n twm-p` osn pnrgnolkdktkns,

rndotkvn bnjsktkns (frovktkns) ojb vkshmsktkns mi t`n idukbs,

hopkddory imrhns, nth.

V`nj t`n kjktkod wotnr soturotkmj ks dmw (dnss tòj

olmut >3%), mjn kgpmrtojt inoturn ks t`n nxkstnjhn mi oj

ojjudor rnfkmj ust kjskbn t`n ujhmjtogkjotnb zmjn, hmj-

tokjkjf gokjdy imrgotkmj wotnr ojb smgn rnskbuod mkd.

R`ks ojjudus ks nxpdokjnb os imddmws. R`n gub ikdtrotn

pnjntrotns t`n imrgotkmj robkoddy, swnnpkjf t` nrngmvoldn mkd ojb imrgotkmj wotnr o`nob m i kt. Imr dorfn

mkd soturotkmj, t`n rndotkvn p nrgnolkdkty tm mkd ks op-

prnhkoldy frnotnr tòj tòt tm wotnr. R`nrnimrn , t`n mkd

gmvns iostnr, dnovkjf o zmjn (t`n ojjudus) njrkh`nb kj

imrgotkmj wotnr ln`kjb kt.

Kt snngs dkendy tòt, lnhousn mi t`n niinhts mi bkiiuskmj,

hopkddory prnssurn, frovkty, nth., t`n nxkstnjhn mi o wndd-

bnikjnb ojjudus ks o trojsktmry p`njmgnjmj. Ikndb dmf

nxpnrknjhn jnvnrt`ndnss snngs tm s`mw tòt t`n ojjudus

bmns vnry mitnj nxkst ot t`n tkgn t`n dmfs orn ruj. Hmg-

putotkmjs òvn s`mwj tòt t`n prnsnjhn mi t`n ojjudus

òs o prohtkhoddy jnfdkfkldn niinht mj t`n rnspmjsn mi t`n

bnvkhns wkt` ndnhtrmbns (jmrgods, dotnrods, ojb

dotnrmdmf) Kt goy òvn oj niinht mj t`n kjbuhtkmj dmf, lut

t`ks hoj ln toenj horn mi imr prohtkhod purpmsn s ly gnojs

mi opprmp rkotn kjtnrprntotkmj hòrts. <




^jhmjtogkjotnb Qmjn. Imr hdnoj imrgotkmjs, irmg

Nq. ,

\,7I\\ ,s,<. . . . . . . . . . . . . K . .

Kj t`n usuod hosn, \,,,i ks ?3 tm <> tkgns os dorfn os \ w.Rùs, hmgporkjf Nqs. 9 ojb 6 wkt` usuod voduns mi X,

ojb X,, , \,, nvnj kj mkd-lnorkjf imrgotkmjs, ks mitnj dnss

tòj \,, os rnprnsnjtnb kj Ikf. 2;.2~.

Oppornjt \nskstkvkty. Xkjhn ojy rnskstkvkty gnosurn-

gnjt ks oiinhtnb kj smgn bn frnn ly t`n rnskstkvktkns mi odd

t`n gnbko kj t`n kggnb kotn vkhkjkty mi t`n smjbn (k.n.,

gub, bkiinrnjt ports mi t`n imrgotkmj tòt vory kj

rnskstkvkty, obaohnjt imrgotkmjs ki t`n lnb gnosurnb ks

t`kj), ojy fkvnj bnvkhn rnhmrbs oj oppornjt rnskstkvkty.

Noh` rnskstkvkty bnvkhn ks hodklrotnb sm tòt w`nj t`n

smjbn ks kj o `mgm fnjnmu s gnbkug (mr kj smgn mt`nr

hmjbktkmj opprmp rkotn tm prohtkhn, spnhkiknb imr t`n por-

tkhudor bnvkhn) t` n oppornjt rnskstkvkty rnobkjf ks nquod tmt`n ohtuod rnskstkvkty.

\nqukrngnjts imr ojb Rypns mi \nskstkvkty Bnvkhns.

Kjspnhtkmj mi loskh rndotkmjs kj Nqs. ?, <, >, ojb 9 s`mws

tòt o bntnrgkjotkmj mi X, ojb 2 rnqukrns o ejmw dnbfn mi

\, ojb \,, (mr \ , kj hnrtokj hosns w`nrn \,, ks jmt nosk-

dy bntnrgkjnb). Rùs, imr t`n rnsnrvmkr-nvoduotkmj prml-

dng, kt ks jnhnssory tm òvn rnskstkvkty-gnosurkjf bnvkhns

wkt` bkiinrnjt bnpt` s mi kjvnstkfotkmj tm mltokj voduns kj-

bkhotkvn mi t`n rnskstkvktkns mi t`n kjvobnb zmjn ojb t`n

ujhmjtogkjotnb zmjn. R`n rnobkjfs m i t`n bnnp- ojb

sòddmw-kjvnstkfotkmj hurvns goy mitnj ln usnb tm hmr-

rnht noh` mt`nr, t`rmuf` hmrrnhtkmj hòrts mr bnporturn

hurvns, tm mltokj lnttnr voduns m i \, ojb \kOjmt`nr iujhtkmj mi rnskstkvkty rnhmrbkjf ks tm prmvkbn

oj ohhurotn bnikjktkmj mi lnb lmujborkns, portkhudordy mi

pnrgnoldn lnbs. Ikjoddy, kt ks bnskroldn tòt t`n rnobkjfs

jmt ln kjidunjhnb ly t`n niinht mi t`n gub hmdugj mr, kj

hosn mi t`kj lnbs, ly t`n obaohnjt imrgotkmjs.

R`nsn rnqukrngnjts orn mjdy portdy sotksiknb wkt` t`n

—hmjvnjtkmjod‗ rnskstkvkty bnvkhns. R`n kjtrmbuhtkmj mi

gkhrmbnvkhns ojb imhusnb bnvkhns òs lrmuf`t olmut oj

opprnhkoldn kgprmvngnjt.

Hurrnjtdy usnb rnskstkvkty bnvkhns g oy ln hdosskiknb kj

twm hotnfmrkns.

?. Gohrmbnvkhns, w`kh` bnrkvn t`nkr rnobkjf irmg

olmut ?3 tm ?33 hu it mi gotnrkod ormujb t`n smjbn (usniud

imr \, ojb \k nvoduotkmj), ojb kjhdubn ujimhusnb-ndnhtrmbn bnvkhns, imhusnb-ndnhtrmb n bnvkhns, ojb kjbuh-

tkmj dmffkjf bnvkhns.

<. Gkhrmb nvkhns (odsm hoddnb wodd-rnskstkvkty bnvkhns),

w`kh` bnrkvn t`nkr rnobkjfs irmg o inw hulkh kjh`ns mi

gotnrkod ln`kjb mr hdmsn tm t`n wodd mi t`n `mdn. Xkjhn t`n

ndnhtrmbns orn gmujtnb mj oj kjsudotkjf rullnr pob

prnssnb ofokjst t`n wodd mi t`n `mdn, g nosurngnjts orn

oiinhtnb mjdy gorfkjoddy ly t`n gub hmdugj.

Gkhrmbnvkhns orh mi ujimhusnb ojb imhusnb typns.

\nskstkvkty bnvkhns tòt òvn ndnhtrmbns goy ln usnb kj

`mdns ikddnb wkt` wotnr mr wotnr-losnb brkddkjf gub,w`kh` prmvkbns t`n ndnhtrkhod hm jtoht jnhnssory lntwnnj

ndnhtrmbns ojb imrgotkmj. R`n kjbuhtkmj dmf hoj odsm ln

usnb kj ngpty `mdns mr kj `mdns ikddnb wkt` jmjhmjbuhtkvn

mkd-losnb gub. R`n vorkmus rnskstkvkty bn vkhns orn

bnshrklnb dotnr.

Xpmjtojnmus Smtnjtkod XS) Dmf

R`n XS dmf ks o rnhmrb mi t`n joturoddy mhhurrkjf pmtnj-

tkods kj t`n gub ot bkiinrnjt bnpt` s kj o lmrn`mdn. R`n

gnosurngnj t ks gobn kj ujhosnb `mdns hmjtokjkjf wotnr-

losnb mr mkd-ngudskmj gubs lntwnnj oj nxpdmrotmry ndnh-

trmbn mj t`n smjbn kj t`n lmrn`mdn ojb o stotkmjory

rninrnjhn ndnhtrmbn ot t`n suriohn.

^suoddy t`n XS hurvn (Ikf. 2;.<) hmjsksts mi o gmrn mr

dnss strokf`t losndkjn (hmrrnspmjbkjf tm t`n sòdns) òv-

kjf nxhurskmjs mr pnoes tm t`n dnit (mppmsktn t`n

pnrgnoldn stroto). R`n sòpns ojb t`n ogpdktubns mi t`n

nxhurskmjs goy ln bkiinrnjt, ohhmrbkjf tm t`n imrgo-

tkmjs, lut t`nrn ks jm bnikjktn hmrrnspm jbnjhn lntwnnj

t`n gofjktubns mi t`n nxhurskmjs ojb t`n voduns mi

pnrgnolkdkty mr pmrmskty mi t`n imrgotkmj.

R`n prkjhkpod usns mi t`n XS hurvn orn tm (?) bntnht t`n

pnrgnoldn lnbs, (<) dmhotn t`nkr lmujborkns (nxhnp t w`nj

t`n imrgotkmjs orn tmm rnskstkvn), (8) hmrrndotn suh` lnbs,

ojb (2) mltokj f mmb voduns imr \,, t`n imrgotkmj-wotnr

rnskstkvkty.

Mrkfkj mi t`n XS. R`n h` orohtnr mi t`n pmtnjtkods

gnosurnb kj t`n gub rnsudts irmg m`gkh brmps prmbuhnb

ly t`n idmw mi XS hurrnjts t`rmuf ` t`n gub rnskstojhn. Ki

t`n gub ks nxtrngndy hmjbuhtkvn, t`nsn m`gkh brmps goy

ln kjskfjkikhojt, ojb t`n vorkotkmjs kj t`n XS hurvn goy

ln tmm sgodd tm ln usniud.*

R`n X S hurrnjts idmw os o rnsudt mi ndnhtrmgmtkvn

imrhns (NGI‛s) nxkstkjf wkt`kj t`n imrgotkmjs mr ot t`n

lmujborkns lntwnnj imrgotkmjs ojb gub. Mjn

p`njmgnjmj tòt hmudb housn oj NGI tm oppnor ohrmss

t`n gubhoen mppmsktn o pnrgnoldn lnb ks ndnhtrmikdtro-

`mj. `n gub ikdtrotn, kj lnkjf im rhnb t`rmuf` t`n gub-

hoen, wmudb tnjb tm prmbuhn oj NGI, pmsktkvn kj t`nbkrnhtkmj mi idmw. Oh hmrbkjf tm nxpnrkgnjts, K< t`n NG I

ohrmss t`n gubh oen goy ln quktn skzoldn, lut t`nrn ks

odsm oj ndnhtrmtkdtrotkmj NG I fnjnrotnb ohrmss t`n obao-

hnjt sòdns. Rùs, t`n jnt niinht mi ndnhtrmtkdtrotkmj kj

houskjf vorkotkmjs mi XS ks sgodd ojb kj gmst hosns

jnfdkfkldn imr odd prohtkhod purpmsns-o hmjhduskmj

vnrkiknb ly ikndb nxpnrknjhn.**

Gmst kgpmrtojt otn t`n NGI‛s mi ndnhtrmh`ngkhod

mrkfkj, w`kh` mhhu r ot t`n hmjtohts lntwnnj t`n brkddkjf

gub (mr kts ikdtrotn) ojb t`n imrgotkmj wotnr, kj t`n pmrns

mi t`n pnrgnoldn lnbs, ojb ohrmss t`n obaohnjt sòdns. K9

Kj o hdnoj sojb dykjf l ntwnnj sòdn lnbs, odd pnjntrotnb

ly o lmrn`mdn hmjtokjkjf hmjbuhtkvn (wotnr-losnb ) gub,

t`n tmtod ndnhtrmh`ngkhod NGI, N,, ks prmbu hnb kj t`nhòkj (Ikf. 2;.>)1 Gub /gub ikdtrotn/imrgotkmj wotnr/

sòdn/gub . R`n NG I mi t`n aujhtkmj, gub/gu b ikdtrotn,

ks toenj tm ln prohtkhoddy jkd lnhousn, odt`muf` t`n

rnskstkvktkns mi t`n gub ojb kts ikdtrotn goy bkiinr, t`nkr

ndnhtrmh`ng khod ohtkvktkns s` mudb ln t`n sogn.

R`n port mi t`n hòkj hmjskstkjf mi —imrgotkmj

wotnr/sòdn/gub‗ fkvns rksn tm t`n sòdn-gnglrojn

NGI, Ng. R`n port — gub itdtrotnkimrgotkmj wotnr‗

fkvns rksn tm t`n dkqukb-aujhtkmj NG I, NA. Imr JoHd

(gmjmvodnjt-kmj) smdutkmjs, ot 6>‗ I,

N,7>;dmf,+

ogi*Kj suh` ohos n t`n foggo roy dmf. w`kh` bkstkjfuks`nssòdns irmg jmjsòdn lnbs,

KX smgntkgns rnhmrbnb os o sulsddtutn imr t`n XS

—Iurt`nr kjimrgotkmj mj t`n ndnhtrmi~dtrodkmj NGI, mr strnogkjf pmtnjtkod, g oy ln

imujb kj \nis. ?8 t`rmuf` ?>.




G^B

K-tJYOBNBQMJN

Ikf. 2;.>--Xh`ngotkh rnprnsnjtotkmj mi

ndnhtrmh`ngkhod hòkj ojb

XS hurrnjt pot` ot lmujbory

lntwnnj pnrgnoldn lnb ojb

obaohnjt sòdn.

ojb

w`nrn o, ojb o,i orn t`n h`ngkhod ohtkvktkns mi t`n imr-

gotkmj wotnr ojb gub ikdtrotn, rnspnhtkvndy (ot 6> —I),

ojb NG ojb NA rn kj gkddkvmdts. R`n tmtod N, s t`n sug

mi N,+,jb N,1

N,7E, dmf,,% . . . . . . . . , . . . . . . . . . . . (0)

^gi

w`nrn E, s t`n ndnhtrmh`ngkho d hmniikhknjt ojb ks nquod

tm 6? ot 6>³I.

Nq. 0 ks fnjnrod, prmvkbnb tòt lmt` imrgotkmj wotnr

ojb gub ikdtrotn orn nssnjtkoddy JoHd smdutkmjs mi ojy

hmjhnjtrotkmj. R`n voduns mi E, rn bkrnhtdy prmpmrtkmjod

tm t`n olsmdutn tngpnroturn. Rùs, ot ?>3³I t`n hmniik-

hknjt E, j Nq. 0 lnhmgns 0? kjstnob mi 6?, ojb ot 833³I

kt lnhmg ns ?3? (snn Ikf. 2;.9).

Irmg Nq. 0, kj t`n usuod hosn mi o, frnotnr tòj o,,i,

N, ks pmsktkvn. @mw nvnr, ki o,i ks frnotnr tòj o,, hmr-

rnspmjbkjf tm gub gmg sodkjn tòj imrgotkmj wotnr,

t`nj N, s jnfotkvn ojb t`n XS bnidnhtkmjs hmrrnspmjbkjf

tm pnrgnoldn lnbs orn t`nj rnvnrsnb mj t`n dmf.

Niinht mi Kjvoskmj mj Fnjnrotkmj mi t`n NG I. Kj t`n

nxpdojotkmj mi t`n ndnhtrmh`ngkho d pmtnjtkod, kt òs lnnj

ossugnb tòt jm sòdn-typn pmtnjtkod ks hrnotnb ly t`n

gubh oen. Kj t`n jmrgod hos n, gub ikdtrotn lot`ns lmt`

skbns mi t`n gubho en ojb jm sòdn-typn pmtnjtkod hoj

orksn. Kj smgn imrgotkmj s, t`nrn ks mjdy o dkttdn ikdtrotn

ln`kjb t` n gubho en. Xuh` sgodd ogmujt mi ikdtrotn wkdd

ln hmjtogkjotnb noskdy ly t`n imrgotkmj wotnr. Kj t`ks

hosn, mjn iohn mi t`n gubhoe n ks wnttnb ly t`n ikdtrotn kjt`n `mdn, t`n mt`nr iohn ly hmjtogkjotnb ikdtrotn mi bki-

inrnjt ohtkvkty. R`ks wkdd fkvn rksn tm o sòdn-typn pmtnj-

tkod mi t`n sogn pmdorkty os t`n gokj sòdn pmtnjtkod, ojb

t`n XS hurvn wkdd ln bnhrnos nb. R`ks nxpdokjs t`n

bnhrnoskjf mi t`n XS hurvn wkt` tkgn kj vnry `kf`dy

pnrgnoldn lnbs. K6 R`n ikdtrotn ks nvohuotnb ly frovkty

XRORKH XS (gvd

3

Ikf. 2;.9--\, bntnrgkjotkmj irmg t`n XS. R`n kjsnt hòrt mi trun

\, vs. \, oppdkns tm imrgotkmj wotnrs mi ovnrofn

hmgpmsktkmj.

snfrnfotkjf imrhns ojb t`n imrgotkmj idukbs tnjb tm hmgn

lohe tmworb t`n `mdn wkt` tkgn.

Hmjvnrsndy, oj kjhrnosn kj XS wkt` tkgn ks mlsnrvnb

mitnj kj dmw-pnrgnolkdkty wotnr-lnorkjf imrgotkmjs.

Ynry dkttdn ikdtrotn kjvobns t`n imrgotkmj kj o irns`dy

brkddnb `mdn ojb t`n ikdtrotn ks hmjtogkjotnb ly t`n imrgo-.

tkmj wotnr. O s t`n kjvoskmj prmhnn bs, gmrn ojb gmrn

ikdtrotn fmns kjtm t`n imrgotkmj ojb t`n gubh oen ks wnt-

tnb mj lmt` iohns ly t`n gub ikdtrotn. V`nj t`n gubhoen

bmns jmt hmjtrklutn ojy sòdn-typn pmtnjtkod, t`n XS

hurvn, rnhmrbn b mj t`n irmjt mi o t`khe pnrgnol dn sojb, ks

sokb tm ln iuddy bnvndmpnb.

Niinht mi Kjtnrstktkod Xòdns mj t`n XS. Kjhrnoskjfogmujts mi sòdn mr hdoy kj o pnrgnoldn lnb niinhtkvndy

rnsudt kj o rnbuhtkmj mi t`n XS hurvn. Ot t`n dkgkt, imr

?33% sòdkjnss, N, nhmgns znrm5 tòt ks, t`n —sojb‗ ks

t`nj odd sòdn ojb kjbkstkjfuksòldn irmg t`n surrmujbkjf

sòdns.

R`n prnsnj hn mi mkd kj o sòdy sojb tnjbs tm njòjhn

t`n niinht mi t`n sòdn. Odd mt`nr hmjbktkmjs lnkjf t`n

sogn, t`n tmtod N, mi o sòdy sojb wkdd ln sgoddnr ki mkd

lnorkjf tòj ki wotnr lnorkjf.

R`n niinht m i kjtnrstktkod sòdn ks odsm frnotnr kj dmw-

pmrmskty imrgotkmjs. Kj t`nsn hosns, mjdy o sgodd ogmujtmi sòdn rnbuhns t` n XS bnidnhtkmj opprnhkoldy. Hmj-

vnrsndy, t`n N, mi sòdy wotnr-lnorkjf sojbs mi `kf`

pmrmskty rngokjs prohtkhoddy nquod tm t`n N, mi o hdnoj

sojb, os dmjf os t`n sòdn hmjtnjt ks rnosmjoldy

dmw-k.n., bmns jmt nxhnn b o inw pnrhnjt.



NDNHR\KHOD DMFFKJF 2;-;

Fnmgntrkh N iinht Kjidunjhkjf t`n XS Hurvn

Hkrhudotkmj mi t`n XS Hurrnjt, R`n vorkmus NG I‛s obb

t`nkr niinhts tm fnjnrotn t`n XS hurrnjts, w`kh` imddmw

t`n pot`s rnprnsnjtnb sh`ngotkhoddy kj Ikf. 2;.6 (rkf`t)ly smdkb dkjns. Noh` hurrnjt dkjn njhkrhdns t`n aujhtkmj mi

gub, kjvobnb zmjn, ojb ujhmjtogkjotnb zmjn. Kj t`nusuod hosn w`nrn t`n imrgotkmj wotnrs orn sodtknr tòj t`n

gub, N, ks pmsktkvn ojb t`n hurrnjt hkrhudotns kj t`n

bkrnhtkmj mi t`n orrmws. R`n pmtnjtkod mi o pmkjt kj t`n

gub hmdugj m ppmsktn t`n sojb ks jnfotkvn wkt` rnspnht tm

mjn mppmsktn t`n sòdn.

Odmjf kts pot`, t`n XS hurrnjt imrhns kts woy t`rmuf ` o

snrkns mi rnskstojhns, lmt` kj t`n frmujb ojb kj t`n gub.

Odmjf o hdmsnb dkjn mi hurrnjt idmw, t`n tmtod mi t`n

m`gkh-pmtnjtkod brmps ks jnhnssorkdy nquod tm t`n

odfnlrokh sug mi t`n NGI‛s njhmujtnrnb. Gmrnmvnr, t`n

tmtod pmtnjtkod b rmp ks bkvkbnb lntwnnj t`n bkiinrnjt imr-

gotkmjs ojb t`n gub kj prmpmrtkmj tm t`n rnskstojhn mi

t`n pot` t`rmuf` noh` rnspnhtkvn gnbkug.

Xtotkh XS Hdnoj Imrgotkmjs) ojb Ssnubmstotkh XS

Xòdy Imrgotkmjs). Kt ks hmjvnjknjt tm usn oj kbnodkznb

rnprnsnjtotkmj kj w`kh` t`n XS hurrnjt ks prnvnjtnb irmg

idmwkjf ly gnojs mi kjsudotkjf pdufs pdohnb ohrms s `mdn

ojb kjvobnb zmjns, os s`mwj kj Ikf. 2;.6o (rkf`t).

^jbnr t` nsn hmjbktkmjs, o pdmt mi t`n pmtnjtkod kj t`n gub

hmdugj wmudb oppnor os t`n bos`nb hrmss-òth`nb hurvn

mj t`n dnit mi Ikf. 2;.6o, wkt` o goxkgug jnfotkvn

bnidnhtkmj mppms ktn t`n pnrgnoldn lnb nquod tm t`n

odfnlrokh sug mi odd t`n NG I‛s mi vorkmus mrkfkjs. R`ks ks

t`n goxkgug XS tòt hmudb ln gnosurnb. Kt ks t`nrnimrn

hmjvnjknjt tm usn t`ks t`nmrntkhod vodun os o rninrnjhn. Kj

t`n hosn mi o hdnoj sojb, kt ks hoddnb t`n stotkh X S, NXp. Ki

t`n sojb ks sòdy, kt ks hoddnb t`n psnubmstotkh XS. Npsp.

Imr fkvnj voduns mi t`n ohtkvktkns mi gub ojb imrgotkmj

wotnr, t`n psnubmstotkh XS mi o sòdy sojb ks sgoddnr tòj

t`n stotkh XS mi o hdnoj sojb. R`n rotkm N,rpdNsp ks

hoddnb t`n rnbuhtkmj iohtmr mr rotkm ojb ks bnskfjotnb ly

t`n syglmd ([ p.

R`n XS dmf rnhmrbs mjdy tòt pmrtkmj mi t`n pmtnjtkod

brmp mhhurrkjf kj t`n gub. V`nj t`n lnb ks suiikhknjtdy

t`khe t`n ogpdktubn mi t`n XS bnidnhtkmj opprmoh`ns t`n

stotkh XS (mr NpsS j hosn mi sòdy imrgotkmjs), `hhousn

t`nj t`n rnskstojhn miinrnb tm t`n hurrnjt ly t`n lnb ktsndi

ks jnfdkfkldn hmgp ornb wkt` t`n rnskstojhn mi t`n pot`

t`rmuf` t`n gub kj t`n lmrn`mdn.

Iohtmrs Kjidunjhkjf t`n Xòpn ojb Ogpdktubn mi XS

Bnidnhtkmjs. Os snnj kj Ikf. 2;.6l, t`n hurrnjt h krhudotns

kj t`n `mdn jmt mjdy mppmsktn t`n pnrgnoldn imrgotkmj lut

odsm o s`mrt bkstojhn lnymjb kts lmujborkns. Os o rnsudt,

odt`muf` mj t`n stotkh XS bkofrog t`n lmujborkns mi o

pnrgnol dn lnb orn kjbkhotnb ly sòrp lrnoes, t`m sn mj

t`n ohtuod XS hurvn s`mw o gmrn frobuod hòjfn kj

pmtnjtkod. Oj ojodysks mi t`n hkrhudotkmj mi t`n hurrnjt‗

s`mw s tòt, imr ujkimrg rnskstkvkty kj t`n imrgotkmjs, t`n

lnb lmujborkns orn dmhotnb ot t`n kjidnhtkmj pmkjts mj t`n

XS dmf. R`ks ioht prmvkbns o gnojs m i bntnrgkjkjf t`n

t`khejnss mi o lnb irmg t`n XS dmf.

Lmt` t`n sòp n mi t`n XS bnidnhtkmj ojb kts rndotkvn

ogpdktubn (kj irohtkmjod ports mi t`n Nssp mr NpsS ) orn kj-idunjhnb ly imur iohtmrs, w`kh` bntnrgkjn t`n hmjbktkmjs

imr t`n hkrhudotkmj mi XS hurrnjts1 (?) lnb t`khejnss, (<)

rnskstkvktkns mi t`n lnb, t`n obaohnjt imrgotkmjs, ojb t`n

------ XRORKH XS BKOF\OG--SMRNJRKOD KJ G^B

V@NJ XS H^\\NJRX O\N S\NYNJRNB

I\MG IDMVKJF.

1XS DMF-SMRNJRKOD KJ G^B V@NJ XS

H^\\NJRX O\N IDMVKJF.

Ikf. 2;.6-o. Xtotkh XS bkofrog (dnit) tòt wmudb ln

mlsnrvnb kj `mdn w`nj hurrnjt KX prnvnjtnb

irmg idmwkjf ly gnojs mi kjsudotkjf pdufs

(rkf`t)5 l. ohtuod XS bkofrog (smdkb hurvn,

dnit) ojb sh`ngotkh rnprnsnjtotkmj mi XShurrnjt bkstrklutkmj kj ojb ormujb pnrgn-

oldn lnb (rkf`t).

gub, (8) lmrn`mdn bkogntnr, ojb (2) bnpt` mi kjvoskmj.

Odd mt`nr iohtmrs rngokjkjf t`n sogn, o hòjfn mi t`n

tmtod NGI‛s oiinhts t`n ogpdktubn lut bmns jmt gmbkiy

t`n fnjnrod sòpn m i t`n XS dmf.

Kjidunjhn mi Gub \nskstkvkty ojb @mdn Bkogntnr. R`n

gub rnskstkvkty òs o prnbmgkjojt kjidunjhn mj t`n XS

hurvn. Ki t`n gub ks mi olmut t`n sogn bnfrnn mi sodkjkty

os t`n imrgotkmj wotnr, ndnhtrmh`ngkhod NGI‛s ornsgodd. Ki t`n gub ks gmrn sodkjn tòj t`n imrgotkmj

wotnr, t`n XS goy ln rnvnrsnb (sojb bnidnhtkmjs tmworb

t`n pmsktkvn skbn mi t`n dmf). G mrnmvnr, t`n dmwnr t`n

gub rnskstkvkty (hmgp ornb wkt` t`n imrgotkmj rnskstkvkty)

t`n lrmobnr t`n bnidnhtkmj olmvn ojb lndmw t`n

pnrgnoldn lnb ojb, lnhousn t`n m`gkh brmps kj t`n gub

orn bnhrnosnb, t`n sgoddnr t`n ogpdktubn mi t`n

bnidnhtkmj.

Oj kjhrnosn kj `mdn bkogntnr ohts opprmxkg otndy dken

oj kjhrnosn kj t`n rotkm mi imrgotkmj rnskstkvkty tm gub

rnskstkvkty. Kt tnjbs tm rmujb mii t`n bnidnhtkmjs mj t`n XS

dmf ojb rnbuhn t`n ogpdktubn mi t`n bnidnhtkmjs mppm sktn

t`kj lnbs. O bnhrnos n kj `mdn bkogntnr òs t`n sogn ni-

inht os o bnhrnos n kj t`n rotkm mi imrgotkmj rnskstkvkty tmgub rnskstkvkty.

R`n XS dmf wmudb odsm ln kjidunjhnb ly o dohe mi

`mgmfnjnkty mi t`n gub-o hòjfn kj sodkjkty m i t`n gub



2;-?3 SNR\MDN^G NJFKJNN\KJF @OJBLMME

XH@NGORKH \NS\NXNJRORKMJ XH@NGORKH

MI IM\GORKMJX OJB XSDMF BKXR\KL^RKMJ

MI XS H^\\NJRX

g X@ODN (KGSN\YKM^X OJB HMGSO\ORKYND[

HMJB^HRKYN ?

t`n pnrgno ldn snhtkmjs. Kj lntwnnj, t`ny idmw t`rmuf`

t`n gub rot`nr tòj t rmuf ` rnskstkvn snhtkmjs hdmsn tm t`n

lmrn`mdn, lnhousn mi t`n dorfn rnskstojhns t`n dottnr pot`s

miinr. @mw nvnr, wkt`kj t`n imrgotkmj ot o bkstojhn irmg

t`n lmrn`mdn, w`nrn t`n pot`s t`rmuf` t`n rnskstkvn l nbs

òvn dorfnr hrmss snhtkmjs ojb `njhn dmwnr rnskstojhns,t`n XS hurrnjts hoj hmgp dntn t`nkr hkrhukts irmg

pnrgnoldn lnbs tm sòdn. R`ny hojjmt rnturj tm t`n gub

t`rmuf` obaohnjt pnrgnol dn lnbs lnhousn t`nrn t`ny nj-

hmujtnr NGI‛s mppmskjf t`ng.

Mpp msktn o fkvnj rnskstkvn lnb, t` n XS hurrnjt kj t`n

gub hmdugj rng okjs nssnjtkoddy hmjstojt odmjf t`n

lmrn`mdn. R`ks gnojs tòt t`n pmtnjtkod brmp pnr ujkt

izdHMGSOHR IM\GORMJ dnjft` mi `mdn ks odsm hmjstojt,-tùs fkvkjf f hmjstojt

(YN\[ @KF@ \NXKXRKYKR[) sdmpn mj t`n XS dmf os s`mwj ly t`n strokf`t-dkjn pmrtkmjs

g SN\GNOLDN

(HMGSO\ORKYND [ HMJM^HRKYN ?mi t`n XS kj Ikf. 2 ;.0. Ot t`n dnvnd mi noh` hmjbuhtkvn

lnb, smgn XS hurrnjt wkdd njtnr mr dnovn t`n gub hmd-

Ikf. 2;.0-XS p`njmgnjo kj `kf`dy rnsks-

tkvn imrgotkmjs (sh`ngot kh).

ot o hnrtokj dnvnd w mudb rnsudt kj oj XS losndkjn s`kit ot

tòt dnvnd. @ mwnv nr, kt òs lnnj imujb kj prohtkhn tò t

suh` hòjfns kj sodkjkty orn rorn.

Niinht mi Kjvoskmj. Snrgn oldn lnbs kj fnjnrod orh kjvob-

nb ly gub ikdtrotn. Lnhousn t`n lmujbory lntwnnj gub

ikdtrotn ojb kjtnrstktkod wotnr ks smgn w`n rn kjskbn t`n imr-

gotkmj, o irohtkmj m i t`n XS hurrnjt idmws bkrnhtdy irmg

t`n sòdn kjtm t`n kjvobnb zmjn, w kt`mut pnjntrotkjf t`n

gub hmdugj. Os o rnsudt, t` n prnsnjhn mi t`n kjvobnb

zmjn òs oj niinht mj t`n XS dmf skgkdor tm tòt mi oj kj-

hrnosn kj `mdn bkogntnr.

XS kj Xmit Imrgotkmjs. R`nmry ojb ikndb nxpnrknjhn

òvn s`mwj tòt t`n ogpdktubn mi t`n XS bnidnhtkmj ks

prohtkhoddy nquod tm t`n stotkh XS (mi o hdnoj sojb) mr tm

t`n psnubmstotkh XS (mi o sòdy sojb) w`nj t`n pnrgnoldn

lnbs orn t`khe ojb t`n rnskstkvktkns mi t`n imrgotkmjs orn

jmt tmm frnot hmgpornb wkt` tòt mi t`n gub. Gmrnmvnr,

t`n XS hurvns bnikjn t`n lmujborkns mi t`n lnb wkt` frnot

ohhurohy. R`n ogpdktubn mi t`n bnidnhtkmj ks dnss tòj t`n

stotkh XS mr psnubmsto tkh XS imr t`kj lnbs, ojb t`n t`kjjnr

t`n lnb, t`n sgoddnr t`n bnidnhtkmj.

Mj t`n mt`nr òjb, w`nj t`n rnskstkvkty mi t`n imrgo-

tkmj, \,, ks hmjskbnroldy frnotnr tòj tòt mi t`n gub,

\,, t`n XS hurvns orn rmujbnb mii, t`n lmujborkns orngore nb dnss ohhurotndy, ojb odd mt`nr hmjbktkmjs lnkjf

t`n sogn, t`n ogpdktubn mi t`n pnoe ks dnss tòj w`nj t`n

rotkm \,K\, ks hdmsn tm ujkty.

Imr t`n hosn mi sòdy sojbs, t`n XS hurvn goy odsm ln

oiinhtnb ly t`n prnsnjhn mi mkd. O hòjfn kj t`n

gofjktubn mi t`n XS bnidnhtkmj mhhurs vnry mitnj w`nj

posskjf oj mkd/wotnr hmjtoht kj o sòdy sojb. R`ks hòjfn

ks jmt o pmsktkvn hrktnrkmj imr t`n bntnhtkmj mi mkd lnhousn

t`n sogn niinht wm udb ln mltokjnb ki t`n sodkjkty mi t`n

kjtnrstktkod wotnr w nrn rnbuhn b mr ki t`n pnrhnjtof n mi

sòdn wnrn kjhrnosnb.

ugj, tùs gmbkiykjf t`n sdmpn mi t`n XS dmf. Im r kj-

stojhn, t`n sdmpn mi t`n XS dmf hòjfns ot t`n dnvnd mi t`n

pnrgnoldn lnb, S<, lnhousn po rt mi t`n hurrnjt dnovns t`n`mdn ojb idmws kjtm t`n lnb. ‐*

Os o fnjnrod rudn, kj òrb imrgotkmjs t`n pnrgno ldn

lnbs orn hòrohtnrkznb mj t`n XS dmf ly sdmpn hòjfns mr

hurvoturns tòt orn hmjvnx tmworb t`n jnfotkvn skbn mi

t`n dmf. Xòdns orn hòrohtnrkznb ly hurvoturns tòt orn

hmjvnx tmworb t`n pmsktkvn skbn mi t`n dmf. @kf`dy

rnskstkvn lnbs hmrrnspmjb tm nssnjtkoddy strokf`t ports mi

t`n XS dmf.

Bntnrgkjotkmj mi Xtotkh XS XXS). R`n XS bnidnhtkmj ks

gnosurnb wkt` rnspnht tm t`n sòdn losndkjn, o rninrnjhn

dkjn w`kh` hoj fnjnroddy ln trohnb odmjf t`n nxtrngn

pmsktkvn nbfns mi t`n XS hurvn. ^suoddy t`n sòdn dkjn ks

strokf`t ojb vnrtkhod. *

Kj ojy fkvnj w ndd, skjhn t`n gub sodkjkty ks hmjstojt

ojb t`n kjtnrstktkod wotnrs g oy tnjb tm ln hmjstojt, t`nrn

ks mitnj o bnikjktn tnjbnjhy imr t`n goxkgug XS bnidnh-

tkmjs tm ln t`n sogn imr t`n sogn typns mi pnrgnoldn imr-

gotkmjs ot hmgp oroldn bnpt` s. R ùs, kt ks usuoddy pmssk-

ldn tm brow, poroddnd tm t`n sòdn dkjn, o sojb dkjn mj t`n

dmf odmjf t`n goxkgug jnfotkvn bnidnhtkmjs mi t`n hdnoj

sojbs mi suiikhknjt t`khejnss.

Kt ks vnry dkendy tòt, imr odd t`n lnbs w`nrn t`n XS

pnoes rno h` t`n sojb dkjn, (?) t`n imrgotkmj-wotnr

rnskstkvkty ks prohtkhoddy t`n sogn, (<) t`n lnbs orn vkr-

tuoddy irnn irmg sòdy gotnrkod, ojb (8) t`n ogpdktubn mi

t`n bnidnhtkmj ks nquod tm t`n XXS . Imr t`kj lnbs kj hosnsw`nrn t`n XXS hojjmt ln bntnrgkjnb os olmvn (mr imr o

t`kj sòdy sojb), t`n XS rnobkjf irmg t`n dmf gust ln

hmrrnhtnb ly gnojs mi opprmprkotn hòrts kj mrbnr tm ml-

tokj t`n Nssp mr Npsp. <

Bntnrgkjotkmj mi \, irmg XXS

Xkjhn t`n vorkotkmjs mi ndnhtrmtkdtrotkmj pmtnjtkod irmg

sojb tm sòdn hoj fnjnroddy ln jnfdnhtnb, t`n XXS ks toenj

kj prohtkhn os nquod tm t`n hmrrnspmjbkjf vodun mi -NH os

dmjf os t`n XS ks —iuddy bnvndmpnb.‗

Kt ks hmjvnjknjt tm rnpdohn Nq. 0 ly

XS kj @orb Imrgotkmjs. @orb imrgotkmjs orn `kf`dy

rnskstkvn nxhnpt imr pnrgno ldn lnbs, w`n t`nr mkd- mrwotnr-lnorkjf, ojb sòdns, w`kh` orn kgpnrvkmus. R`n

\

Nssp 7 -Eh dmf+ . . . . . . . . . . .\ . (;)wn

XS hurrnjts fnj nrotnb ly t`n bkiinrnjt NGI ‛s idmw kjtm ‐i kndb nxpnrknjhn òs s`mwj tòt kj hnrto#j rnfkmjs t`nrn goy ln s`kits mi t`n sòdn

t`n `mdn mut mi t`n sòdn snhtkmjs ojb mut mi t`n `mdn kjtmd kjn. Xmgntkgns r`nsn s`kits orn imujb systng otthotty ot t`n =.ogn pdohns kj t`n

fnmdmfdhod hmdugj ojb hoj ln usnb os gorenrs.



NDNHR\KHOD DMFFKJF

w`nrn \, ks oj nqukvodnjt imrgotkmj-wotnr rnskstkvkty .

R`n hmgputotkmj mi \, ks fkvnj kj t`n hòrt mi Ikf.

2;.9, ojb \, ks bnrkvnb irmg \, ly gnojs mi t`n oux-

kdkory h` ort ot t`n dmwnr rkf`t mi Ikf. 2; .9. R`n smdkb

hurvns mj t`ks ouxkdkory hòrt hmrrnspmjb tm `kf`dy sodkjn

imrgotkmj wotnrs, w`n rn t`n prnsnjhn mi sodts bkiinrnjt

irmg JoHd ks jnfdkfkldn kj prohtkhn. R`ny orn bnrkvnb

irmg t`n ejmwj ohtkvkty/rnskstkvkty rndotkmjs`kps imr purn

JoHd smdutkmjs. R`n bos`nb hurvns hmrrnspmjb tm imrgo-

tkmj wotnrs mi dmw sodkjkty, w`n rn t`n prnsnjhn mi mt`nr

sodts (hodhkug ojb gofjnskug h`dmrkbns, sudiotns, ojb

lkhorlmjotns) òvn oj kgpmrtojt lnorkjf mj t`n ohtkvkty

voduns. R`nsn hurvns orn bnrkvnb irmg ngpkrkhod mlsnr-

votkmjs ojb hmvnr imrgotkmj wotnrs mi ovnrofn hmgpmsk-

tkmj. K; Jmtn tò t, imr kjtnrgnbkotn sodkjktkns (3.304

\, ~3.8 ot 6>‗ I), t`n vodun mi \,, s prohtkhoddy nquod

tm \,.R`n g ub ikdtrotn ks toenj `nrn os oj JoHd smdutkmj, ojb

t`ks ks fnjnroddy bmjn kj prohtkhn, nxhnp t imr gubs hmj-

tokjkjf fypsug, HoH?<, mr JoM@. Kj suh` hosns, t`nbntnrgkjotkmj mi \, irmg t`n XS hurvn rnqukrns t`n

gnosurngnj t mi t`n ohtkvkty mi t`n gub. O ikndb kjstru-

gnjt ks prmvkbnb imr t`ks purpmsn.

\nskstkvkty Dmffkjf Bnvkhns*

O fnjnrod hdosskikhotkmj mi t`n typns mi rhskstkvkty dmffkjf

bnvkhns wos fkvnj prnvkmusdy.

Ndnhtrkhod Xurvny (NX). Burkjf t`n ikrst <> ynors mi dmf-

fkjf prohtkhn, t` n stojborb NX (Ikf. 2;.<) usuoddy kjhdub-

nb, kj obbktkmj tm t`n XS, t`rnn hmjvnjtkmjod (ujimhusnb)

rnskstkvkty hurvns5 j ogndy, o s`mrt jmrgod urvn

(bkstojhn lntwnnj ndnhtrmbns O ojb G ks ?9 kj.), o dmjfjmrgodOG792 kj.) mr o s`mrt otnrodbkstojhn ln-

twnnj ndnhtrmbn s ojb O ojb 3 ks 9 tm ; it), ojb o stoj-borb otnrodOM7 ?0 it, 0 kj. kj fnjnrod), odd rnhmrb nb

skgudtojnmusdy. Kj smgn rnfkmjs, suh` os t`n Snrgkoj

loskj (wnst Rnxos ojb Jnw Gnxkhm), t`n s`mrt-jmrgod

spohkjf wos rnbuhnb tm ?3 kj., ojb t`n dkgnstmjn smjbn

wos rnhmrbnb kjstnob m i t`n dmjf jmrgod. R`n NX dmf ks

rorndy ruj tmboy, lut kt wos t`n stojborb dmf imr gojy

bnhobns.

Kjbuhtkmj-Ndnhtrkhod Xurvnys (KNX) (Ikfs. 2;.; ojb

2;.?3 ). R` n skgudtojnmus rnhmrbkjf mi kjbuhtkmj (hmj-

buhtkvkty ojb rnskstkvkty) hu rvns, ?9-kj. jmrgod, ojb XS

hurvn, ks o fmmb hmglkjotkmj imr t`n dmffkjf mi imjjo-tkmjs mi dmw tm gmb nrotn rnskstkvktkns kj irns` gubs. M i

dotn, t`n ?9-kj. jmrgod òs lnnj rnpdohnb ly o imhusnb

ndnhtrmbn systng, ojb twm kjbuhtkmj dmfs mi bkiinrnjt kj-

vnstkfotkmjs goy odsm rnpdohn t`n skjfdn kjbuhtkmj.

Imhusnb Ndnhtrmbn Bnvkhns. Kj wndds brkddnb wkt` vnry

sodkjn gub, mr kj `kf` rnskstkvkty imrgotkmjs, o dotnrmdmf

mr buod dotnrmdmf ks usnb w kt` o fogg o roy tmmd. Iuddnst

lnjnikt mi t`nsn hmglkjotkmjs usuoddy ks bnrkvnb ki o

gkhrmrnskstkvkty survny ks odsm ruj. Gkhrmrnskstkvkty

survnys fnjnroddy kjhdubn o gkhrmhodkpnr hurvn (`mdn-

bkogntnr rnhmrbkjf) (snn Ikfs. 2;.; ojb 2;.?3). Rm ovmkb

gudtkpdn rujs, gojy mi t`n olmvn bnvkhns orn hmglkjnbwkt` pmrmskty dmfs-ohmustkh, bnjskty, ojb jnutrmj dmfs.

R`nsn pmrmskty dmfs orn bkshussnb kj mt`nr hòptnrs.

‐Xnn Roldn 29.9 imr t`n jogns mi t`n vorkmus snrvkhn hmgpojkns‛ ?mmds.

2;-d ?

dLnb R`xejhrr, Innd

? ? K ?K < 82>9 9 KM <3 83 23>3

.<I-----------+ ?

Lnb R`bjnr , Innt ?

< 8 2 >9 9 KM <3 G 23>3

Ikf. 2;.;-X`mudbnr-lnb hmrrnhtkmjs, DDX (tmp) ojb DDB

(lmttmg).

DORD\MDMF

Idf. 2;.?3-Srkjhkpdn mi Bndoworn niinht.



2;-?< SNR\MDN^G NJFKJNN\KJF @OJBLMME

FNJN\ORM\ GNRN\

R-- - O

SMKJR

Ikf. 2;.?? -Jmrgod bnvkhn

(sh`ngotkh).

FNJN\ORM\ GNRN\ FNJN\ORM\ GNRN\

OGP DORN\OD

(3?

LOG DORN\OD

(l)

Ikf. 2;.?<-Dotnrod bnvkhn (sh`ngotkh).

\.-3 < 2 9 0 KM

Ikf. 2;.?8-Dolmrotmry hurvns imr jmrgod

smjbn mi spohkjf OG 7<b

t`rmuf` ujkjvobnb lnbs

gmrn rnskstkvn tòj obaohnjt

imrgotkmjs.

Hmjvnjtkmjod \nskstkvkty Bnvkhns

Burkjf t`n ikrst quortnr hnjtury mi wndd dmffkjf, t`n mjdy

ndnhtrkhod survnys ovokdoldn wnrn t`n hmjvnjtkmjod

rnskstkvkty dmfs pdus t`n XS. R`mu sojbs mi t`ng wnr n ruj

noh` ynor kj `mdns brkddnb odd mvnr t`n wmrdb. Xkjhn t`nj,

jnw dmffkjf gnt`mbs òvn lnnj bnvndmpnb tm gnosurnvoduns guh` hdmsnr tm \, ojb \,, `kh` orn t`n voduns

smuf`t. Jnvnrt` ndnss, t`n hmjvnjtkmjod NX (hmjskstkjf mi

XS, ?9-kj. jmrgod, 92-g. jm rgod, ojb ?0-it 0-kj. dotnrod)

stkdd ks lnkjf ruj kj smgn ports mi t`n wmrdb . Imr t`ks

rnosmj, ojb odsm lnhousn jnw kjimrgotkmj hoj mitnj ln

mltokjnb ly rnkjtnrprntkjf mdb NX dmfs, t`ks hòptnr kj-

hdubns bkshusskmj mj t`n prkjhkpdns ojb rnspmjsns m i t`n

NX gnosurngnjts.

Srkjhkpdns1 Jmrgod ojb Dotnrod Bnvkhns. Kj hmjvnj-

tkmjod rnskstkvkty dmffkjf o hurrnjt mi ejmwj kjtnjskty ks

snjt lntwnnj twm ndnhtrmbns, O ojb L (O mj t n smjbn, L

mj t`n smjbn mr ot t`n suriohn), ojb t`n rnsudtkjf pmtnjtkod

bkiinrnjhn ks gnosurnb lntwnnj mt`nr ndnhtrmbns G ojbJ. R`n oppornjt rnskstkvkty ks prmpmrtkmjod tm t`n

gnosurnb pmtnjtkod bkiinrnjhn.

Imr jmrgod bnvkhns, t`n bkstojhn OG ks sgodd (? tm 9

it) hmgpornb wkt` GJ , G L, ojb LJ. Kj prohtkhn J mr L

goy ln pdohnb kj t`n `mdn ot o dorfn bkstojhn olmvn O ojb

G (Ikf. 2;.??). R`n vmdtofn gnosurnb ks prohtkhoddy t`n

pmtnjtkod mi G (lnhousn mi hurrnjt irmg O), rninrrnb tm

oj kjikjktndy bkstojt Smkjt. R`n bkstojhn OG mi o jmrgod

bnvkhn ks kts spohkjf. R`n pmkjt mi gnosurng njt ks gkb-

woy lntwnnj O ojb G.

Imr dotnrod bnvkhns, gnosurkjf ndnhtrmbns G ojb J orn

hdmsn tm noh` mt`nr ojb dmhotnb snvnrod innt lndmw hurrnjt

ndnhtrmbn O. Hurrnjt-rnturj ndnhtrmbn L ks ot o frnot

bkstojhn olmvn O mr ot t`n suriohn. R`n vmdtofn gnosurnb

ks opprmxkg otndy nquod tm t`n pmtnjtkod frobknjt ot t`n

pmkjt mi gnosurngnjt 3, gkbwoy lntwnnj G ojb J.

R`n bkstojhn O3 ks t`n spohkjf mi t`n dotnrod bnvkhn. R`n

twm orrojfngnjts s`mwj kj Ikf. 2;.?< (kj w`kh` hurrnjt

ojb gnosurkjf ndnhtrmbns orn kjtnrhòjfnb) orn

nqukvodnjt os rnforb s gnosu rnb pmtnjtkods (ojb

rnskstkvktkns),

Hurvn Xòpns-Dolmrotmry \nsudts. Ikf. 2;.?8 s`mws

dolmrotmry hurvns irm g o jmrgod bnvkhn imr

`mgm fnjnmus rnskstkvn doynrs lntwnnj obaohnjt lnb s mi

dmw rnskstkvkty. R`n hurvns orn syggn trkhod wkt` rnspnht

tm t`n hnjtnr pdojns mi t`n doynrs. R`n sog n hurvns o rn

rnhmrbnb ki G ks olmvn O kjstnob mi, os kj t`n ikfurn, O

olmvn G.

R`n uppnr port mi Ikf. 2;.?8 s`mws o rnskstkvn lnb

t`khenr tòj t`n spohkjf (lnb t`khejnss, `, ks 9b` 5 spoh-

kjf OG ks <b` w`nrn b` s t`n `mdn bkogntnr). Ot t`n

lmujborkns mi t`n lnb t`n hurvn tnjbs tm ln rmujbnb mii

mwkjf tm t`n kjidunjhn mi t`n lmrn`mdn. Gmr nmvnr, t`n kj-

bkhotnb lnb t`khejnss (bkstojhn l ntwnnj t`n kjidnhtkmj

pmkjts S ojb S‛) ks dnss tòj t`n ohtuod t`khejnss. Jmrg od

hurvns tnjb tm s`mw rnskstkvn lnbs t`kjjnr tòj t`ny oh-

tuoddy orn (ojb hmjbuhtkvn lnbs t`khenr tòj t`ny ohtuoddy

orn) ly oj ogmujt nquod tm t`n spohkjf OG . R `n nrrmr kj

pkhekjf t` n lmujborkns mi t`khe rnskstkvn lnbs ks sgodd imr

s`mrt-spohkjf jmrgods, w`kh` ks mjn rnosmj imr t`n rn-hmrbkjf mi o s`mrt jmrgod.Os s`mwj kj t`n dmwnr port mi Ikf. 2;.?8, imr o

rnskstkvn doynr t`kjjnr tòj t`n spohkjf, t`n hurvn s`mw s



NDNHR\KHOD DMFFKJF 2;-?8

\.-

3? > km ?> <3

K ^-T\NIDNHR KMKJ SNOE ‛

Ikf. 2;.?2-Dolmrotmry hurvns imr dotnrod

smjbn mi spohkjf O3 7 ? b

t`rmuf` ujkjvobnb lnbs

gmrn rnskstkvn tòj obaohnjt

imrgotkmjs.

o bnprnsskmj mppms ktn t`n doynr wkt` twm syggntrkhod

sgodd pnoes , h ojb b, mj nkt`nr skbn. R` n gokj bksobvoj-

tofn mi t`n jmrgod bnvkhn ks tòt lnbs t`kjjnr tòj t`n

spohkjf, jm gottnr `m w rnskstkvn t` ny goy ln, oppno r mj

t`n dmf os lnkjf hmjbuhtkvn.

Ikf. 2;.?2 s`mw s skgkdor hurvns imr o dotnrod. R `n

dotnrod hurvns orn gorenbdy bkssyggntrkhod, ojb t`nkr

inoturns orn gmrn hmgpdnx. Ofokj t`n trojsktkmjs kj t`n

hurvns o t t`n lmujborkns òvn lnnj rmujb nb mii ly t`n ni-

inht mi t`n lmrn`mdn. V`nj t`n lnb ks t`khenr tòj t`n

spohkjf, t`n uppnr lmujbory mi t`n lnb ks jmt wndd bn-

ikjnb mj t`n dotnrod hurvn , ojb, os o w`mdn, t`n lnb op-

pnors os lnkjf bkspdohnb bmwjworb ly o bkstojhn nquod

tm t`n spohkjf OM.Kj t`n dmwnr port mi Ikf. 2;.?2 t`n dotnrod kjbkhotns o

rnskstkvn doynr t`kjjnr tòj t` n spohkjf ly o sòrp pnoe mi

rndotkvndy dmw oppornjt rnskstkvkty. Lndmw t`n doynr ks o

dmw-rnskstkvkty —ldkjb zmjn,‗ imddmwnb ly o —rnidnhtkmj

pnoe‗ ot o bkstojhn O3 lndmw t`n lmttmg lmujbory mi

t`n doynr. R `n ldkjb zmjn ks rnhmrbn b w`nj t`n rnskstkvn

strnoe ks dmhotnb lntw nnj t`n hurrnjt ndnh trmbn ojb t`n

gnosurkjf ndnhtrmbns.R`n dotnrod ks usniud imr t`n dmhotkmj mi t`kj, ` kf`dy

rnskstkvn strnoes, odt`muf ` kjtnrprntotkmj goy ln bkiikhudt

ki snvnrod rnskstkvn strnoes o rn hdmsn tmfn t`nr. O dmwnr

strnoe dmhotn b kj t`n ldkjb zmjn m i oj uppnr rnskstkvn

strnoe goy ln gkssnb, ojb t`n rnidnhtkmj pnoes g oy ln

gkstoenj imr ohtuod rnskstkvn strn oes kj t`n imrgotkmj. Imr

o rnskstkvn doynr mi t`khejnss opprmxkg otndy nquod tm t`n

spohkjf (hj‛tkhud r`khejnss), t`n dotnrod ks odgmst hm g-

pdntndy idottnjnb.Xkgkdor fnjnrodkzotkmjs orn pmsskldn imr dotnrod hurvns

rnhmrbn b imr lnbs gmrn hmjbuhtkvn tòj t`n surrmujbkjf

imrgotkmjs. V`n t`nr t`n doynr ks t`khe mr t`kj, t`n sòpn

mi t`n hurvn ks bkssyggntrkhod ojb t`n ojmgodkns orn

sprnob bmwjworb, mutskbn t`n lmttmg lmujborkns. R`noppornjt kjhrnosn mi lnb t`khejnss ks rmuf`dy nquod tm

OM.

Jmrgods ojb Dotnrods kj @orb Imrg otkmjs. Ikf.

Ikf. 2;.?>--\nspmjsns mi jmrgods ojb

dotnrods kj òrb imrgotkmjs

(quodktotkvn).

2;.?> s`mws sh`ngotkhoddy t`n lnòvkmr mi t`n jmrgods

ojb dotnrods kj t`khe, ` kf`dy rnskstkvn imrgotkmjs hmjtokj-

kjf pmrmus mr sòdy (tò t ks, gmrn hmjbuhtkvn) zmjns. Kj o

`kf`dy rnskstkvn imrg otkmj gmst mi t`n hurrnjt irmg ndnh-

trmbn O idmws up mr bmwj t `n lmrn`mdn, bkvkbkjf kj kj-

vnrsn prmpmrtkmj tm t`n rnskstojhns mi t`n twm pot`s,

w`kh` orn bntnrgkjnb gmstdy ly t`n rnskstojhn mi t`n

gub hmdugj kj t`n `mdn lntwnnj t`n hurrnjt ndn htrmbn

ojb t`n jnornst hmjb uhtkvn lnbs. Ot t`n hmjbuhtkvn lnbs,

bnpnjbkjf mj t`nkr t`khejnss ojb hmjbuhtkvkty, t`n hur-

rnjt òs dmw-rnskstojhn pot`s irmg t`n `mdn. R`n dmpskbnb

oppnoroj hn mi t`n jmrgod ojb dotnrod hurvns ks nx-

pdokjoldn kj tnrgs mi t`n ujnquod bkvkskmj mi hurrnjt

idmwkjf up ojb bmwj t`n `mdn.

R`n jmrgod, imr nxogpdn, òs G ojb J olmvn t`n hur-

rnjt ndnhtrmbn. R`n vmdtofn gnosurnb ks t`n m`gkh pm tnj-

tkod brmp kj t`n `mdn rnsudtkjf igg hurrnjt idmwkjf kj t`n

gub lntwnnj G ojb J. V`nj t`n bnvkhn ks jnor t`n lmt-

tmg mi o rnskstkvn lnb, gmst mi t`n hurrnjt idmws bmwj tm

t`n hmjbuhtkvn lnb aust lndmw, ojb t`nrn ks dkttdn pmtnjtkod

brmp lntwnnj G ojb J lnhousn t`n hurrnjt up ks sgodd.

V`nj t`n bnvkhn òs gmvnb iort`nr up kj t`n lnb, t`nhurrnjt bmwj bn hrnosns lnhousn t`n rnskstojhn mi tòt

pot` òs kjhrnosnb. Odsm, skjhn t`n rnskstojhn mi t`n up-

worb pot` òs bnhrnosnb, t`n hurrnjt up kjhrnosns.

R`nrnimrn, t`n pmtnjtkod brmp lntwnnj G ojb J kjhrnosns

os t`n bnvkhn g mvns u pworb ujtkd ndnhtrmbn J rnoh`ns t`n

jnxt hmjbuhtkvn lnb, w`nrn t`n upwo rb hurrnjt ks

bkvnrtnb irmg t`n `mdn. Olmvn tòt dnvnd t`n jmrgod

rnobkjf bnhrnosns.

R`n nxpdojotkmj mi t`n sòpn mi t`n dotnrod hurvn ks

skgkdor. R`n bkrnhtkmj mi t`n dmpskbnbjnss imr nkt`nr

bnvkhn bnpnjbs mj w`nt`nr t`n gnosurkjf ndnhtrmbns orn

olmvn mr lndmw t`n hurrnjt ndnhtrmbn. R`n bnprnsskmjs

rnob mj t`n hurvns mppmsktn t`n hmjbuhtkvn lnbs orn

sgmmt` ojb, kj t`n hosn mi t`n dotnrod, guh` lrmobnjnbojb bkspdohnb bmwjworb . Ohhurotn bntnrgkjotkmjs mi

lnb lmujborkns irmg t`n hurvns orn prohtkhoddy

kgpmsskldn.




FNJN\ORM\ GNRN\

Ikf. 2;.?9-Dkgnstmjn smjbn

(sh`ngotkh).

Dkgnstmjn Xmjbn. Imur hurrnjt ndnhtrmbns (O, O‛, L,

ojb L‛), hmjjnhtnb os s`mwj kj Ikf. 2;.?9 ly kjsudotnb

wkrns mi jnfdkfkldn rnskstojhn, orn syggntrkhoddy or-

rojfnb sm tòt OL7O‛L‛. O gnosurkjf ndnhtrmbn, G, ks

pdohnb kj t`n gkbbdn m i t`n bnvkhn. Bnpt`s orn gnosurnb

irmg ndnhtrmbn G. Kj prohtkhn OG 7 O‛G 783 mr 8.> kj.,

ojb OL 7O‛L‛ 72 mr > kj. R`n bnvkhn ks t`nrnimrn o syg-

gntrkhod bmuldn dotnrod.

Mppm sktn o t`khe, `kf`dy rnskstkvn doynr (up pnr port mi

Ikf. 2;.?6) prohtkhoddy odd t`n idmw mi hurrnjt ks hmjikjnb

tm t`n spohns lntwnnj O ojb L ojb lntwnnj O‛ ojb L‛.

Jm hurrnjt idmws irmg L mr L‛, up mr bmwj t`n `mdn owoy

irmg t`n bnvkhn. @njhn, irmg M`g‛s dow, L ojb L‛ orn

ot znrm pmtnjtkod. Xkgkdordy G ks ot t`n sogn pmtnjtkod os

O ojb O‛.

R`n pmtnjtkod mi G ks, t`nrnimrn, nquod tm t`n pmtnjtkod

brmp kj t`n gub, lnhousn mi t`n idmw mi hurrnjt, lntwnnj

O ojb L (mr O‛ mr L‛). O s dmjf os odd t`n ndnhtrmbns mi t`n

bnvkhns orn mppms ktn t`n rnskstkvn imrgotkmj t`ks pmtnjtkod

bkiinrnjhn ks bnpnjbnjt mjdy mj `mdn skzn ojb gub

rnskstkvkty5 ki t`nsn orn hmjstojt, o hmjstojt oppornjt

rnskstkvkty ks rnhmrbn b.

Ki t`n bnvkhn ks dmhotnb aust olmv n o hmjbuhtkvn strnoe

(os kj t`n dmwnr port mi Ikf. 2 ;.?6), t`n strnoe ks niinh-

tkvndy o dmw rnskstojhn hmjjnhtkjf obaohnjt pmrtkmjs mi

t`n bnvkhn tm pmkjts ot zng pmtnjtkod. Sort mi t`n hurrnjtjmw idmws kj t`n pot`s kjbkhotnb ly t`n orrmws, ojb t`n

pmtnjtkod mi ndnhtrmbn G ks hmrrnspmjbkjfdy bnhrno snb.

R`n hmjbuhtkvn strnoe ks kjbkhotnb mj t`n dmf ly o

rndotkvndy sòrp, syggntrkhod bnprnsskmj.

R`n dkgnstmjn smjbn fkvns hdnornr ojb skgpdnr dm fs kj

òrb imrgotkmjs, lut gnosurngnj ts wkt` t`n dkgnstmjn

smjbn orh strmjfdy o iinhtnb ly t`n gub hmdugj. V`nj

t`n imrgotkmjs orn guh` gmrn rnskstkvn tòj t` n gub, t`n

rnobkjfs orn opprnhkoldy dmwnr tòj t`n imrgotkmj

rnskstkvktkns.

Oppdkhotkmj m i Hmjvnjtkmjod \nskstkvkty Dmf s. R`n

t`rnn bnvkhns tòt orn fnjnroddy rnhmrbn b kj t`n hmjvnj-

tkmjod ndnhtrkhod dmf (?9-kj. jmrgod, 92kj. jmrgod, ojb?0-it, 0-kj. dotnrod) wnrn bnskfjnb tm prmvkbn t`n gmst

hmgpdn tn kjimrgotkmj wkt` o systng mi jmjimhusnb

gohgbnvkhns.

Ikf. 2;.?6-Srkjhkpdn mi dkgnstmjn smjbn

(sh`ngotkh).

R`n s` mrt jmrgod ks wndd obop tnb imr lnb bnikjktkmj,

lmujbory bntnrgkjotkmj, ojb hmrrndotkmj m i imrgotkmjs mi

dmw mr gmb nrotn rnskstkvktkns (sojb-sòdn snrkns). R`n

dotnrod fnjnroddy s`mw s sòrp pno es ot t`n dnvnd mi t`kj

rnskstkvn lnbs, lut t`n bnikjktkmj mi t`nsn lnb s ks mitnj

mlshurnb ly ldkjb zmjns ojb spurkmus pnoes .

R`n prnhkskmj mi t`n jmrgod ojb dotnrod hurvns imr lnb

bnikjktkmj ks dkgktnb kj òrb imrgotkmjs ojb ks quktn pmmr

w`nj sodty gubs orn usnb. Xmg nwò t ln ttnr rnsmdutkmj ks

mltokjnb wkt` t`n dkgnstmjn smjbn. Kj odd hosns, im rgo-

tkmj bndkjnotkmj ks gmrn bntokdnb ojb ohhurotn wkt` t`n KD

ojb imhusnb bnv khns (D D) ojb wkt` t`n gkhrmbnvkhn s. Kj

òrb imrgotkmjs t`n ?9-kj. jmrgod ojb t`n dkgnstmjn

smjbn hoj prmvkbn oj opprmxkgotkmj tm t`n vodun mi \kojb `njhn oj opprm oh` imr imrgotkmj iohtmr nvoduotkmj.

R`n hopolkdktkns mi t`n hmjvnjtkmjod tmmds imr t`n bntnr-

gkjotkmj mi \, rn bkshussnb dotnr kj t`ks hòptnr.

Kjbuhtkmj Dmffkjf

R`n KD wos ikrst bnvndmp nb tm gnosurn imrgotkmj

rhskstkvkty kj lmrn`mdns hmjtokjkjf mkd-losnb gubs. ‐M

Ndnhtrmbn bnvkhns bm jmt wmre kj t`nsn jmjhmjbuhtkvn

gubs, ojb ottngpts tm usn wodd-shroth`nr ndnhtrmbns

prmvnb ujsotksiohtmry. Nxpnrknjh n smmj bngm jstrotnb

tòt t`n kjbuhtkmj tmmds òb gojy obvojtofns mvnr t`n

hmjvnjtkmjod NX imr dmffkjf wndds brkddnb wkt` wo tnr-losnb gubs ]<

Kjbuhtkmj dmffkjf bnvkhns orn imhusnb tm gkjkgkzn t`n

kjidunjhn mi t`n lmrn`mdn ojb mi t`n surrmujbkjf imrgo-

tkmjs. R`ny orn bnskfjnb imr bnnp kjvnstkfotkmj ojb

rnbuhtkmj mi t`n kjidunjhn mi t`n kjvobnb zmjn.

Srkjhkpdn

Srohtkhod kjbuhtkmj smjbns kjhdubn o systng mi snvnrod

trojsgkttnr ojb rnhnkvnr hmkds. @mwn vnr, t`n prkjhkpdn

hoj ln ujbnrstmmb ly hmjskbnrkjf o smjbn wkt` mjdy mjn

trojsgkttnr hmkd ojb mjn rnhnkvnr hmkd (Ikf. 2;.?0).

@kf`-irnqunjhy OH mi hmjstojt kjtnjskty ks snjt

t`rmuf` t`n trojsgkttnr hmkd. R`n odtnrjotkjf gofjntkh

ikndb tùs hrnotnb kjbuhns snhmjbory hurrnjts kj t`n imr-gotkmjs. R`nsn hurrnjts idmw kj hkrhudor frmujb-dmmp

pot`s hmoxkod wkt` t`n trojsgkttnr hmkd. R`nsn frmujb-

dmmp hurrnjts, kj turj, hrnotn gofjntkh ikndbs tòt kjbuhn



NDNHR\KHOD DMFFKJF

skfjods kj t`n rnhnkvnr hmkd. R`n kjbuhnb rnhnkvnr skfjods

orn nssnjtkoddy prmpmrtkmjod tm t`n hmjbuhtkvkty mi t`n imr-

gotkmjs. Ojy skfjod prmbuh nb ly bkrnht hmupdkjf mi

trojsgkttnr ojb rnhnkvnr hmkds ks lodojhnb mut ly t`n

gnosurkjf hkrhukts.

R`n KD mpnrotns tm obvojtofn w`nj t`n lmrn`mdn idukb

ks oj kjsudotmr-nvnj okr mr fos. Lut w`nj prmpnrdy

bnskfjnb t`n tmmd odsm wkdd wmre vnry wndd w`nj t`n

lmrn`mdn hmjtokjs hmj buhtkvn gub, prmvkbnb tòt t`n

gub ks jmt tmm sodty, t`n imrgotkmjs orn jmt tmm rnskstkvn,

ojb t`n lmrn`mdn bkogntnr ks jmt tmm dorfn.

Nqukpgnjt

Imur typns mi kjbuhtkmj nqukpgnjt orn jmw kj usn.

?. R`n 9II23 KNX tmmd kjhdubns o skx-hmkd kjbuhtkmj

bnvkhn mi 23-kj. jmrgod spo hkjf, o ?9-kj. jmrgod, ojb oj

XS ndnhtrmbn. R`n kjbuhtkmj orroy prmvkbns t`n frnotnst

dotnrod bnpt` mi kjvnstkfotkmj prnsnjtdy ovokdoldn wkt` kj-

buhtkmj tmmds.

<. R`n 9II<0 KNX ks o sgodd-bkogntnr (<% kj.) tmmdimr usn kj sdkg `mdns. Kt ks o shodnb-bmwj vnrskmj mi t`n

9II23, òvkjf o <0-kj. hmkd spohkjf, ojb kjhmrpmrotns o

stojborb ?9-kj. jmrgod ojb oj XS.

8. R`n Buod Kjbuhtkmj-Dotnrmdmf 0 BKDR G) mr

Xp`nrkhoddy Imhu snb Dmf XID) systng usns o bnnp-

rnobkjf kjbuhtkmj bnvkhn (KB, skgkdor tm t`n 9II23), o

gnbkug kjbuhtkmj bnvkhn (KG ), oj DD0 (mr oj XID), ojb

oj XS ndnhtrmbn. R`n KG bnvkhn ò s vnrtkhod rnsmdutkmj

skgkdor tm tòt mi t`n 9II23 tmmd lut olmut òdi t`n bnpt`

mi kjvnstkfotkmj. Kt ks guh` gmrn oiinhtnb ly dorfn `mdn

bkogntnrs ojb/mr sodty gubs. R`n BKD dmf, wkt` kts t`rnn

imhusnb rnskstkvkty rnobkjfs mi bkiinrnjt bnpt` s mi kj-

vnstkfotkmj, ks supnrkmr tm t`n KNX dmf imr bntnrgkjotkmj

mi \, jb \, kj nxtrngn rojfns mi kjvoskmj b npt`s ojbkj hosns mi ojjudus.

2. R`n KXI/Xmjkh hmglkjotkmj kjhmrpmrotns oj KB

gnosurngnj t skgkdor tm tòt irmg t`n 9II23 tmmd, t`n

jnw KXI dmf, oj XS hurvn tò t goy ln ndnhtrmjkhoddy hmr-

rnhtnb imr jmksn, o lmrn`mdn hmgpnjsotnb (L@H) smjkh

dmf, ojb oj mptkmjod foggo roy hurvn. Mi dotn, t`n L@H

smjkh tmmd hoj ln rnpdohnb kj t`ks tmmd strkjf ly o hmg-

lkjotkmj jnutrmj/bnjskty bnvkhn.

Dmf Srnsnjtotkmj ojb Xhodns

R`n XS ojb/mr foggo gy hurvn orn rnhmrbnb kj Rrohe ?

imr odd tmmds5 t`ny hoj ln rnhmrbn b skgudtojnmusdy wkt`

KXIksmjkh nqukpgnjt. O fogg o roy hurvn goy odsm ln

ruj wkt` 9II23 mr BKD nqukpgnjt.

Ikf. 2;.?; kddustrotns t`n stojborb KNX prnsnjtotkmj.

R`n kjbuhtkmj hmjbuhtkvkty hurvn ks smgntkgns rnhmrbnb

mvnr lmt` Rrohes < ojb 8. R`n dkjnor shodn ks kj

gkddkg`ms pnr gntnr (gu/g), kjhrnoskjf tm t`n dnit. Kj

Rrohe < lmt` t`n ?9-kj. jmrgod oj b t`n rnhkprmho tnb kj-

buhtkmj hurvns orn rnhmrbn b mj t`n hmjvnjtkmjod dkjnor

rhskstkvkty shodn.

R`n BKD kjtrmbuhnb t`n dmforkt`gkh frkb imr rnskstkvkty

prnsnjtotkmjs. R`n hurrnjt imrg ks t`n — dmf-dkjnor‗ frkb

s`mwj kj Ikf. 2;.<3 . Kj t`ks, t`n rnskstkvkty hurvns mj t`n

bntokd dmf (> kj. K?33 it) òvn o spdkt 2-bnhobn dmforkt`gkh

shodn. M j t`n hmrrndotkmj dmf (? mr < kj./?33 ik), t`n shodn

ks dkjnor. R`ks prnsnjtotkmj miinrs snvnrod obvojtofnsmvnr t`n mt`nr odtnrjotkvns. R`n bntokd dmf òs fmmb

rnobolkdkty kj dmw rnskstkvktkns, o wkbn rojfn wkt`mut

loheup trohns, ojb t`n nosn mi rnobkjf rnskstkvkty rotkms

Ikf. 2;.?0-Kjbuhtkmj-dmffkjf nqukpgnjt

(sh`ngotkh).

XSMJROJNM X SM NJd K Od \tX dX K d Yd r[ HMJB Hd K YK d [

g d d d vmd t r 1 m`g gg g d d , g ms g . &

K .

=*--

--

Ikf. 2;.?;-Kjbuhtkmj-ndnhtrkhod dmf prnsnjtotkmj.




XSM@d OJtM K SM tJd d Od

g d d k vmd t s

1 1 1 1 1 , 1

k d kb 1 .-.- ]]-*.

~~

a-r.+

D -0 1 * 1.5..1.1.v5 ‐?,):+.` k 1..

8-J -]]11..

11 1t-.,1. 11‐1 111K

a y5*

1 11

+-

~

1..11

1 6‛1

K.. 1166,,.K

1?..1,11 1

+1.11

1. ‐1

Ikf. 2;.<?~KXIemjkh prnsnjtotkmj.

Ikf. 2;.<3-Buod Kjbuhtkmj Dotnrmdmf 0 prnsnjtotkmj.

ki kt wnrn irmg o `mgmfnjnmus gnbkug. O snhmjbory

sekj-niinht hmrrnhtkmj goy ln rnqukrnb w`nj t`n gnbko

surrmujbkjf t`n smjbn orn jmt mi ujkimrg hmjbuhtkvkty.

Xuh` hmrrnhtkmjs orn kjhmrpmrotnb kj vorkmus kjtnrprnto-

tkmj hòrts.

bkrnhtdy irmg t`n dmforkt`gkh shodn. R`n dkjnor shodn ks

gmrn noskdy hmrrndotnb wkt` nordknr dmfs. R`ks imrgot òs

fokjnb ohh nptojhn os t`n stojborb imr rnskstkvkty dmfs.R`n KXI dmf kj hmglkjotkmj wkt` t`n smjkh dmf rnqukrns

o gmbkikhotkmj mi t`ks frkb usofn lnhousn Rrohe 8 ks

jnnbnb imr t`n smjkh Ot hurvn. R`n frkb sndnhtn b ks s`mwj

kj Ikf. 2;.<?.

Xekj Niinht

Kj vnry hmjbuhtkvn imrgotkmjs t`n kjbuhnb snhmjbory

hurrnjts orn dorfn, ojb t`nkr gofjntkh ikndbs orn kgpmr-

tojt. R`n gofjntkh ikndbs mi t`nkr frmujb dmmps kjbuhn

obbktkmjod NG I‛s kj mt`nr frmujb dmm ps. R`ks kjtnrohtkmj

lntwnnj t`n dmmps housns o rnbuhtkmj mi t`n hmjbuhtkvkty

skfjod rnhmrbnb ly t`n kjbuhtkmj dmf. R`ks skfjod rnbuh-

tkmj ks ejmwj os —sekj niinht.‗Kjbuhtkmj dm fs usuoddy orn outmgotkhoddy hmrrnhtnb im r

sekj niinht burkjf rnhmrbkjf. R`n hmrrnhtkmj ks losnb mj

t`n gofjktubn mi t`n ujhmrrnhtnb tmmd rnspmjsn trnotnb os

Fnmgntrkhod Iohtmr

V`nj hmjbuhtkvktkns orn jmt `kf`, sekj niinht goy ln

jnfdnhtnb, ojb t`n rnspmjsn mi kjbuhtkmj dmfs hoj ln

bnshrklnb kj tnrgs mi hmjbuhtkvktkns ojb —fnmgntrkhod

iohtmrs‗ mi t`n vmdugns surrmujbkjf t`n tmmd. R`n

fnmgn trkhod iohtmr, F, mi o vmdugn òvkjf o spnhkikh

fnmgn trkhod mrknjtotkmj wkt` t`n smjbn ks skgpdy t`n iroh-

tkmj mi t`n tmtod skfjod t` ot wmudb m rkfkjotn wkt` tòt

vmdugn kj oj kjikjktn `m gmfnj nmus gnbkug. Imr hmg-

putotkmj mi fnmgntrkhod iohtmr tm ln prohtkhod, kt ks

jnhnssory tm ossugn tòt t`n vmdugns hmjimrg tm syg-

gntry mi rnvmdutkmj olmut t`n smjbn.

R`n gofjktubn mi t`n skfjod kj hmjbuhtkvkty ujkts ks t`n

prmbuh t mi t`n fnmgn trkhod iohtmr ojb t`n hmjbuhtkvkty mi

t`n gotnrkod, ojb t`n tmtod skfjod snjsnb ly t`n tmmd ks t`n



NDNHR\KHOD DMFFKJF

KJRNF\ORNB \OBKO D FNMGNR\KHOD IOHRM\

2;-?6

K

3V

3

Ikf.

3.9

-Jm Xekj Niinht

----Xekj Niinht Kjhdubnb1 Hosn mi

-3 23 33 ?<3 ?93 <33 <23 <03 8<3 893

BKOGNRN\ MI KJYOBNB QMJN bk (kj.)

2;.<<-Fnmgntrkhod iohtmr. Bos`nb hurvn kjhdubns sekj niinht ujbnr hmjbktkmjs s`mwj, imr t`n

KDb bnvkhn.

sug mi t`nsn prmbuhts imr odd vmdugns wkt`kj rojf n

(w`kh` nxtnjbs tm kjikjkty, lut hoj ln hkrhugshrklnb tm

prohtkhod dkgkts). Xkjhn t`n F‛s obb up tm ujkty ly bnikjk-

tkmj, t`ks hoj ln stotnb1

HtD7HtF, +H<F<+H8F8...+HJFJ, . . . (?3)

w`n rn H ojb F rninr tm t`n zmjns mi bkiinrkjf hmjbuhtkvk-ty ojb J ks t`n tmtod juglnr mi suh` zmjns.

R`n h`kni skfjkikhojhn mi t`ks hmjhnpt ks t`n ioht tòt o

vmdugn mi spohn bnikjnb mjdy ly kts fnmg ntry rndotkvn tm

t`n smjbn òs o ikxnb ojb hmgputoldn fnmgntrkhod iohtmr.

R`ks pnrgkts t`n hmjstruhtkmj mi got`ng otkhoddy smujb

hmrrnhtkmj hòrts tm ohhmujt imr t n niinhts mi lmrn`mdn

gub, t`n kjvobnb zmjn, ojb obaohnjt lnbs mj t`n \,

gnosurng njt, prmvkbkjf sygg ntry mi rnvmdutkmj nxksts. <

R`nsn hòrts kjhmrpmrotn t`n snhmjbory sekj niinht hmr-

rnhtkmj gnjtkmjnb olmvn.

Kjvoskmj Niinhts

Ikf. 2;.2 kddustrotns oj kjvobnb imrgotkmj. Kt kjhdubns

vmdugns òvkjf snvnrod hmjbuhtkvktkns, H,, H,, Hk,

ojb H, (hmrrnspmjbkjf tm \,, \,,, k, jb \,). `n

tmtod hmjbuhtkvkty skfjod, HR, rnhnkvnb irmg t`ks zmjn ly

t`n kjbuhtkmj tmmd ks

H,7H,F,+H,F,+HkFk+H,F,. . . . . . .(dd)

Ki t`n zmjn wnrn kjikjktndy t`khe, t`ks wmudb ln t`n mjdy

skfjod rnhnkvnb , ojb HR 7 H,D. Ki t`n tmmd ks o 9II2 3, t`n

`mdn skzn gmb nrotn, ojb t`n gub rndotkvndy irns`, t`n

lmrn`mdn skfjod ks jnfdkfkldn, ojb t`n H,, ojb Hk zmjns

hoj ln gnrfnb kjtm mjn imr t`ks nxogpdn.

Ki o gmb nrotn bkogntnr mi kjvoskmj, soy 9> kj., ks

ossugnb, Ikf. 2;.<< rnvnods tòt t`n fnmgntrkhod iohtmr

mi odd gotnrkod wkt`kj t`n 9>kj. bkogntnr ks 3.<. Ki \,r,stoenj nquod tm 2 \,, `nj H,, 7H,/2, ojb t`n kjbuhtkmj

tmmd rnspmjsn ks

H,7H,F,,+V,,

7(H,/2) (3.<)+H,(M.X),

73.0> H,.

Kj t`n sogn hmjbktkmjs, lut uskjf sodty gub sm tòt

\,, \,k2, n rnspmjsn ks

FKD 72 H,(M.<) + H, (3.0),

7?.9 H,,

w`kh` kddustrotns t`n —hmjbuhtkvkty-snnekjf‗ hòrohtnr-

kstkh mi t`n kjbuhtkmj bnvkhns, ojb s`mws w`y t`ny gust

ln usnb wkt` bkshrntkmj kj sodt-gub njvkrmjgnjts. Os o

rudn mi tùgl, \, `mudb ln dnss tòj olmut <.> \,, jb

bk (bkog ntnr mi kjvobnb zmjn) jm frnotnr tòj ? 33 kj. imr

sotksiohtmry \, ntnrgkjotkmj irmg 9II23 -typn kjbuhtkmj

dmfs.

Ojjudus

Kj mkd-lnorkjf imrgotkmjs mi dmw X, ojb `kf` pnrgnolkdk-

ty, oj ojjudus mi dmw rnskstkvkty , \, , goy nxkst lntwnnjt`n idus`nb zmjn, \,,, jb t`n vkrfkj imrgotkmj. V`nj

\, ks frnotnr tòj \,, ,, s dnss tòj \,, jb t`n ni-

inhts mi t`n twm mj t`n kjbuhtkmj dmf tnjb tm hojhnd.

@mw nvnr, t`n `kf` hmjbuhtkvkty mi t`n ojjudus òs gmrn

niinht kj gnbkug kjvoskmj rojfns (<b` 4 bk 4 2 mr >b`),

ojb kt goy housn o skjfdn KB tm rnob rnskstkvktkns dmwnr

tòj nkt`nr \,, r \, R`n B KD 0 tmmd ks mitnj hopoldn mi

bntnhtkjf t`n prnsnjhn mi ojjudk, skjhn kj t`nsn hkr-

hugstojhns t`n KG gnosurngnjt rnobs dmwnr tòj nkt`nr

t`n DD0 mr t`n KB voduns,

R`kj Lnb Hmrrnhtkmjs

R`n sekj-niinht hmrrnhtkmj ohhmgpdks`nb outmgotkhoddy kj

t`n kjbuhtkmj tmmds ossugns kjikjktndy t`khe lnbs. Xekj

niinht kj t`kj lnbs goy rnqukrn obbktkmjod hmrrnhtkmjs,

ojb t`nsn orn prmvkbnb kj \ni. <.



2;-? o SNR\MDN^G NJFKJNN\KJF @OJBLMME

Ikf. 2;.<8-Xh`ngotkh mi imhuskjf-ndnhtrmbn bnvkhns.

Lmrn`mdn Hmrrnhtkmjs

Hmjbuhtkvkty skfjods irmg t`n gub hoj ln nvoduotnb us-

kjf fnmg ntrkhod iohtmrs. Hò rt \hmr-2 (\ni. <) fkvns hmr-

rnhtkmjs imr t`n vorkmus kjbuhtkmj tmmds ojb stojbmiis. Mj

t`n losks mi lkt skzn t`n jmgkjod lmrn`mdn skfjod ks

smgntkgns rngmvnb irmg t`n rnhmrbnb dmf. V`nj t`n

`mdn skfjod ks skfjkikhojt, dmf `nobkjfs s`mudb odwoys ln

hmjsudtnb tm oshnrtokj w`nt` nr t`ks wos bmjn. R `ks

prnhoutkmj oppdkns g mst irnqunjtdy tm t`n KG gnosurn-

gnjt mi t`n BKD tmmd.

Imr `mdn bkog ntnrs kj t`n rojfn mi 6 tm ?8 kj. t`nrn ks

oj ujhnrtokjty mi olmut i3.333 8 mj t`n fnmg ntrkhod ioh-

tmr mi t`n lmrn`mdn imr t`n 9II23 smjbn. R`ks rnsudts

irmg snvnrod iohtm rs, kjhdubkjf bkogntnr ojb sòpn mi t`n

lmrn`mdn, gubho en t`khejnss, stojbmii, ojb smjbn tkdt.Rm prnhdubn t`n pmssklkdkty mi hugudotkvn nrrmrs nx-hnnbkjf <3% mi t`n 9II23 rnobkjf, t`n tmmd s`mudb jmt

ln usnb w` nrn t`n rnskstkvkty tm ln gnosurnb ks frnotnr

tòj olmut >33 \,.

Ynry \nskstkvn Imrgotkmjs

R`nrn ks oj ujhnrtokjty mi olmut >< gM/g mj t`n znrm mi

t`n prnsnjt kjbuhtkmj smjbns (9II23 , KB, ojb KG), ojb

hmjsnqunjtdy t`n rnskstkvkty nrrmr goy ln frnot os hmj-

buhtkvkty opprmoh`ns znrm. Rm prnhdubn oj nrrmr mi gmrn

tòj <3% , t`n imrgotkmj hmjbuhtkvkty s`mudb ln frnotnr

tòj ?3 gu/g (k.n., t`n rnskstkvkty dnss tòj ?33 _.g).

R`ks nrrmr hoj smgntkgn s ln prohtkhoddy ndkgkjotnb ly

bmwj` mdn hodklrotkmj tnh`jkquns ki suktoldn imrgotkmjs

orn prnsnjt.

Hodklrotkmj

Srkgory hodklrotkmj ks pnrimrgn b ly pdohkjf o tnst dmmp

ormujb t`n smjbn. R`n hmjbuhtkvn dmmp òs o rnskstojhn,

w`kh` ò s lnnj obaustnb tm prmbu hn o hnrtokj hmjbu htkvk-

ty skfjod kj t`n smjbn. Oj obbktkmjod hodklrotkmj prm-

hnburn ` os o skfjod prmb uhnb kjtnrjoddy kj t`n smjbn tm

obaust t`n hmjtrmd-pojnd snjsktkvkty imr prmpnr fodvojmg-

ntnr bnidnhtkmjs. R`n —znrm nrrmrs‗ mi t`n ndnhtrmjkhs kj

t`n nqukpgnjt orh odsm h`nhenb ojb lodojhnb mut.

—Hodklrotn tokds,‗ usuoddy ottoh`nb tm t`n dmf, snrvn os o

rnhmrb mi t`n hodklrotkmj tnsts gobn lnimrn ojb oitnr t`ndmffkjf ruj.

Kj smgn rnfkmjs kt ks pmsskldn tm h`nhe t` n hodklrotkmj

mi t`n KD ly mlsnrvkjf tòt t`n hmjbuhtkvkty rnobkjf mp-

pmsktn oj kgpnrvkmus imrgotkmj mi nxhnnbkr,fdy `kf`

rnskstkvkty (suh` os oj`ybrktn) rnprnsnjts t`n sug mi oddspurkmus skfjods. Ki t`n `mdn bkogntnr ks ejmwj, kt ks t`nj

pmsskldn tm hmrrnht t`n KD rnobkjf sm tòt t`n rojfn m i

ujhnrtokjty ks rnbuhnb ojb frnotnr ohhuroh y ks mltokjnb kj

imrgotkmjs mi prohtkhod kjtnrnst.

Xuggory

?. R`n KD hoj ln usnb gmst niinhtkvndy kj `mdns ikddnb

wkt` gmbnrotndy hmjbuhtkvn brkddkjf gu bs, jmjhmjbuh-

tkvn gubs, ojb kj ngpty `mdns.

<. Ynrtkhod imhuskjf ks fmmb , goekjf pmsskldn rndkoldn

nvoduotkmj mi lnbs bmwj tm olmut > it t`khe wkt` 9II23,

KB, ojb KG bnvkhns, ojb bmwj tm olmut 8 % it t`khe wkt`

9II<0 tmmds.

8. R`n bnnp kjbuhtkmj dmfs (KDb) orn mjdy gmb nrotndy

oiinhtnb ly kjvoskmj kj rndotkvndy irns` gubs, ojb fmmb

\, bntnrgkjotkmjs orn pmsskldn w`nrn \, s dnss tòj

olmut <.> \, ojb bk ks dnss tòj ?33 kj.

2. R`n t`rnn hurvns mi t`n BKD fkvn gmrn prnhksn

ejmwdn bfn mi kjvoskmj prmikdns ojb `njhn lnttnr \,voduns kj t`n hosns mi bnnp kjvoskmj mr ojjudus.

>. R`n dmf-dkjnor prnsnjtotkmj mi t`n BKD ojb mt`nr

KD‛s gnnts gmst dmf rnqukrngnjts lnttnr tòj odtnrjotkvn

bkspdoys.

Imhusnb-Ndnhtrmbn Dmfs

R`n rnspmjsns mi hmjvnjtkmjod NX hoj ln frnotdy oiinhtnb

ly t`n lmrn`mdn ojb obaohnjt imrgotkmjs. R`nsn kj-idunjhns orn gkjkgkznb ly o iogkdy mi rnskstkvkty tmmds

tòt usn imhuskjf hurrnjts tm hmjtrmd t`n pot` toenj ly t`n

gnosurn hurrnjt. R`nsn hurrnjts orn suppdknb irmg

spnhkod ndnhtrmbns mj t`n smjbns.

Nqukpgnjt

R`n imhusnb-ndnh trmbn tmmds kjhdubn t`n Dotnrm mfs (DD)

ojb XID‛s. R `nsn tmmds orn guh` supnrkmr tm t`n NX

bnvkhns imr dorfn \&\, voduns (sodt gubs ojb/mr `kf`dy

rnskstkvn imrgotkmjs) ojb imr dorfn rnskstkvkty hmjtrosts

wkt` obaohnjt lnbs (\A\, r \,K\,). ny orn guh` lnt-

tnr imr rnsmdutkmj mi t`kj tm gmbnrotndy t`khe lnbs.

Imhuskjf-ndnhtrmbn systngs orn ovokdoldn wkt bnnp,

gnbkug, ojb sòddmw bnp t`s mi kjvnstkfotkmj.Bnvkhns uskjf t`ks prkjhkpdn òvn os quojtktotkvn op-

pdkhotkmjs t`n bntnrgkjotkmj mi \, jb mi \,. R`n \,tmmds orn Dotnrmdmf 6 (DD6), Dotnrmdmf 8 (DD8), ojb



NDNHR\KHOD DMFFKJF

\NXKXRKYKR[ -

2;-?;

DORN\DMF 3,3,78<‗72b,O,O,703‗7?3b,d

OH,7 ?0%‗ 7 <0b

Ikf. 2;.<2--\nspmjsn mi Dotnrmdmf 6 ojb NX mppmsktn o t`kj, rnskstkvn, jmjkjvobnb lnb, wkt` vnry-Xod-

ty gub (dolmrotmry bntnrgkjotkmj).

DDB mi t`n bnnp buod dotnrmdmf. R`n gnbkug-tm-

sòddmw-rnobkjf bnvkhns, odd kjtnfrod wkt` hmglkjotkmj

tmmds, orn Dotnrmdmf 0 (DD0) mi t`n BKD, DD X mi t`n

sòddmw buod dotnrmdmf, ojb t`n XID mi t`n KXIksmjkh

hmglkjotkmj.

Dotnrmdmf 6. R`ks bnvkhnK hmgprksns o hnjtnr ndnhtrmbn

Om, ojb t`rnn pokrs mi ndnhtrmbns1 G ? ojb Gz5 G‛ ? ojbG‛z5 ojb Od ojb O< (Ikf. 2;.<8 ). R`n ndnhtrmbns mi

noh` pokr orn syggntrkhoddy dmhotnb wkt` rnspnht tm O3

ojb orn hmjjnhtnb tm noh` m t`nr ly o s`mrt-hkrhuktkjf

wkrn.

O hmjstojt hurrnjt ?, ks snjt t`rmuf` ndnhtrmbn Om.

R`rmuf ` luhekjf ndnhtrmbns O, ojb OQ, oj obaustoldn

hurrnjt ks bnvndmpnb 5 t`n luhekjf hurrnjt kjtnjskty ks ob-

austnb outmgotkhoddy sm tòt t`n twm pokrs mi gmjktmrkjf

ndnhtrmbns, G , ojb Gz ojb G ‛ , ojb G ‛ <, orn lrmuf`t

tm t`n sogn pmtnjtkod. R`n pmtnjtkod brmp ks gnosurnblntwnnj mjn mi t`n gmjktmrkjf ndnhtrmbns ojb oj ndnh-

trmbn ot t`n suriohn (k.n., ot kjikjkty). Vkt` o hmjstojt KM

hurrnjt, t`ks pmtnjtkod vorkns bkrnhtdy wkt` imrgotkmj

rnskstkvkty.

Xkjhn t`n pmtnjtkod bkiinrnjhn lntwnnj t`n G ? Gz

pokr ojb t`n G ‛ K -G‛ < pokr ks gokjtokjnb ot znrm, jm hur-

rnjt irmg O3 ks idmwkjf kj t`n `mdn lntwnnj G K ojb G‛ ?

mr lntwnnj G< ojb G‛<. R`nrnimrn, t`n hurrnjt irmg

O3 gust pnjntrotn `mrkzmjtoddy kjtm t`n imrgotkmjs.

Ikf. 2;.<8 s`mw s t`n bkstrklutkmj mi hurrnjt dkjns w`nj

t`n smjbn ks kj o `mgmfnjnmus gnbkug5 t`n —s`nnt‗ mi

?3 hurrnjt, kjbkhotnb ly t`n òth`n b o rno, rntokjs o iokrdy

hmjstojt t`khejnss up tm o bkstojhn irmg t`n lmrn`mdn

smgnw òt frnotnr tòj t`n tmtod dnjft` O, O< mi t`n

smjbn. Nxpnrkgnjts òvn s`mwj tòt t`n s`nnt mi KM hur-

rnjt rntokjs sulstojtkoddy t`n sogn sòpn mppmsktn t`kj

rnskstkvnlnbs.

R`n t`khejnss mi t`n KM hurrnjt s`nnt ks 8<kj. (bkstojhn 3 K 3< mj Ikf. 2;.<8), ojb t`n dnjft` O K O<

mi t`n smjbn ks 03 kj.

Ikf. 2;.<2 h mgp orns t`n hurvns mltokjnb nxpnrkgn j-

toddy mppmsktn o t`kj rnskstkvn lnb uskjf t`n hmjvnjtkmjod

bnvkhns (?9 ojb 92-kj. jmrg ods ojb ?0-it, f-kj. dotnrod)

wkt` t`n hmrrnspmjbkjf DD6 rnhmrbkjf. R`n hmjvnjtkmjod

bnvkhns fkvn pmmr rnsudts5 t`n DD6, kj spktn mi bkiikhudt

hmjbktkmjs (\A\,,, ks >,333), s`mw s t`n lnb vnry hdnordy

ojb rnobs hdmsn tm \,. Oj XS hurvn goy ln rnhmrbnb mj

bnpt` skgudtojnmusdy wkt` t`n DD6 .

Dotnrmdmf 8

Dken DD6, DD8 odsm usns hurrnjts irmg luhekjf ndnh-

trmbns tm imhus t`n gnosurkjf hurrnjt kjtm o `mrkzmjtod

s`nnt pnjntrotkjf kjtm t`n imrgotkmj. @mw nvnr, os snnj kj

Ikf. 2;.<8, dorfn ndnhtrmbns orn usnb. Xygg ntrkhoddy

pdohnb, mj nkt`nr skbn mi t`n hnjtrod O 3 ndnhtrmbn, orn

twm vnry dmjf (olmut >-it) ndnhtrmbns, Od ojb OQ, w`kh`

orn s`mrtnb tm noh` mt`nr. O hurrnjt, ?3, idmws irmg t`n

O3 ndnhtrmbn w `msn pmtnjtkod ks ikxnb. Irmg Od ojb O<

idmws o luhekjf hurrnjt, w`kh` ks outmgotkhoddy obaustnb

tm gokjtokj O, ojb O< ot t`n pmtnjtkod m i O3 Odd ndnh-

trmbns mi t`n smjbn orn tùs `ndb ot t`n sogn hmjstojt

pmtnjtkod. R`n gofjktubn mi t`n KM hurrnjt ks t`nj prm-

pmrtkmjod tm imrgotkmj hmjbuhtkvkty.

R`n KM hurrnjt s`nnt ks hmjstrokjnb tm t`n sòbnb, op-

prmxkgotndy bkse-sòpn b orno kj Ikf. 2;.<8. R`n

t`khejnss, 3, 3<, mi t`n KM hurrnjt s`nnt ks usuoddy olmut

?< kj., g uh` t`kjjnr tòj imr DD6. Os o rnsudt, DD8 òs o

lnttnr vnrtkhod rnsmdutkmj ojb s`mws gmrn bntokd tòj

DD6 . Iurt`nrgmrn, t`n kjidunjhns mi t`n lmrn`mdn ojb mi

t`n kjvobnb zmjn orn sdkf`tdy dnss.

R`n skgudtojnmus rnhmrbkjf mi oj XS hurvn ks pmsskldn,

lut t`n XS òs tm ln bkspdohnb kj bnpt` , usuoddy ly olmut

<> it, lnhousn mi t`n dorfn g oss mi gntod kj t`n smjbn.

@mwnvnr, o fogg o roy hurvn ks jmrgoddy ruj

skgudtojnmusdy wkt` t`n DD8 imr dkt`mdmfy bnikjktkmj,skjhn t`n XS òs vnry dkttdn h` orohtnr kj t`n sodt gubs

w`nrn t`n DD ks usnb. R`nrn ks odsm ovokdoldn o

skgudtojnmus DD8-jnutrmj/fog go roy hmglkjotkmj tmmd.



2;-<3

DDB

g

o- - -1R---Id`‛

Ikf. 2;.<>-Xh`ngodkh mi t`n buod dotnrmdmf.

Fuorb-Ndnhtrmbn Bnvkhn. Kj t`n fuorb-ndnhtrmbn

systng, t`n survnykjf hurrnjt idmw s kjtm t`n obaohnjt imr-

gotkmjs irmg o gnosurkjf ndnhtrmbn bkspmsnb lntwnnj

rndotkvndy dmjf uppnr ojb dmwnr fuorb ndnhtrmbns irmg

w`kh` hurrnjt odsm idmws. R`n fuorb ndnhtrmbns tnjb tm

hmjikjn t`n hurrnjt irmg t`n gnosurkjf ndnhtrmbn tm o

fnjnroddy `m rkzmjtod pot`. R`n gnosurkjf ojb fuorb ndnh-trmbns orn hmjjnhtnb t`rmuf` o vnry dmw kgpnbojhn, os

jnhnssory tm gnosurn t` n survnykjf hurrnjt suppdknb tm

t`n gnosurkjf ndnhtrmbn.

O rnskstkvkty vodun ks mltokjnb ly rnhmrbkjf t`n rotkm mi

t`n vmdtofn mi oj ndnhtrmbn kj t`n ossngldy (rninrrnb tm o

bkstojt pmkjt) tm t`n hurrnjt ngkttnb irmg t`n gnosurkjf

ndnhtrmbn. R`n fuorb-n dnhtrmbn bnvkhn ks usnb gmstdy kj

òrb-rm he tnrrktmrkns imr bntokdnb lnb bnikjktkmj, hmrrndo-

tkmj, ojb os o `ndp kj rnsnrvmkr nvoduotkmj. Imr t`n bntnr-

gkjotkmj mi \, kt ks prninroldn tòt \,iK\, ln sgodd (dnss

tòj 2), os kj t`n hosn mi sodty gubs.

Dotnrmdmf 0. R`n sòddmw-kjvnstkfotkmj DD 0 bnvkhn ks

rnhmrbnb wkt` sgodd ndnhtrmbns mj t`n BKD smjbn. Kt ks

skgkdor kj prkjhkpdn tm DD 6 bnvkhn nx hnpt i mr kts s`mrtnr

spohkjfs. R`n t`khejnss mi t`n ?3 hurrnjt s`nnt ks ?2 kj.,

ojb t`n bkstojhn lntwnnj t`n twm luhekjf ndnhtrmbn s ks

smgn wòt dnss tòj 23 kj. R`n hurrnjt-rnturj ndnhtrmbn ks

dmhotnb o rndotkvndy s`mrt bkstojhn irmg Om . Vkt` t`ks

hmjikfurotkmj, t`n DD 0 tmmd fkvns sòrp vnrtkhod bntokd,

ojb t`n rnobkjfs or n gmrn kjidunjhnb ly t`n lmrn`mdn ojb

t`n kjvobnb zmjn* tòj orh t`msn imr DD6 ojb DD 8. R `n

DD0 boto orn rnhmrbnb wkt` t`n BKD mj o spdkt 2-bnhobn

dmforkt`gkh shodn.

Buod Dotnrmdmf. Xkjhn t`n gnosurn hurrnjt mi oj DD òs

tm trovnrsn gub ojb kjvobnb zmjn tm rnoh` t`n ujbks-

turlnb imrgotkmj, t`n gnosurng njt ks jnhnssorkdy o hmg-

lkjotkmj mi niinhts. Vkt` mjdy mjn rnskstkvkty gnosurn-

gnjt, t`n kjvoskmj prmikdn ojb \,, òb tm ln ejmwj mr

SNR\MDN^G NJFKJNN\KJF @OJBLMME

R`khe Lnbs

0‗ @m

--- \P,7 3.? \t

- \x3 ‛ \t

0 <3 23 93 03

Bkogntnr b k ? kjh`ns

Ikf. 2;.<9-\obkod psnubmfnmgntrkhod iohtmrs, irns` gubs

(smdkb) ojb sodty gubs (bos`nb).

nstkgotnb kj mrbnr tm hodhudotn \, . R`n jnnb imr o snhmjb

gnosurng njt ot o bkiinrnjt bnpt` m i kjvnstkfotkmj

rnsudtnb kj t`n buod dotnrmdmf/fogg o roy tmmds (Ikf.

2;.<>).

Mjn vnrskmj mi t`n tmmd rnhmrbs t`n twm dotnrmdmfs sn-

qunjtkoddy5 ojmt`nr bmns kt skgudtojnmusdy ojb òs obbnb

o sòddmw GKH\MXID GXID) imr \,, kjimrgotkmj. Lmt`

hoj rnhmrb o foggo roy hurvn mj bnpt`, skgudtojnmusdy

wkt` t`n rnskstkvkty hurvns. Oj XS hoj odsm ln ruj.

Ly usn mi niinhtkvndy dmjfnr luhekjf ndnhtrmbn s ojb o

dmjfnr spohkjf, t`n DDB (bnnp dotngdmf) òs lnnj fkvnj

o bnnpnr kjvnstkfotkmj tòj nkt`nr D D6 mr DD8 bnvkhns.

R`n DDX (sòddmw dotnrmdmf) usns t`n sogn ndnhtrmbns kj

o bkiinrnjt gojjnr (Ikf. 2; .<> rkf`t) tm oh`knvn o hurrnjtlnog nquod kj t`khejnss tm tòt mi DD B, <2 kj., lut òv-

kjf o guh` sòddmwnr pnjntrotkmj. R`n DD X bnpt` mi kj-

vnstkfotkmj dkns lntwnnj t`msn mi t`n DD6 ojb DD0

bnvkhns (Ikf. 2;.<9).

Xp`nrkhoddy Imhusnb Dmf. R`n XID dmf ks port mi t`n

KXI/smjkh hmglkjotkmj, ojb kt wos bnvndmp nb os oj kg-

prmvngnjt mvnr lmt` t`n ?9-kj. jmrgod ojb t`n DD0 os o

s`mrt-spohkjf hmgpojkmj tm t`n bnnp kjbuhtkmj dmf.

Jmrg od rnskstkvkty bnvkhns rndy mj t`n hmjhnpt mi nquod

kjtnjskty mi hurrnjt robkotkmj kj odd bkrnhtkmjs, os wmudb

òppnj kj o `mgmfnjnmus ksmtrmpkh gnbkug. V`nj t`n

hurrnjt bkstrklutkmj ks bkstmrtnb irmg t`n sp`nrkhod g mbnd,

os ly t`n prnsnjhn mi o lmrn`mdn, t`n rnobkjfs gust ln

hmrrnhtnb ly bnporturn hurvns. R`n XID bnvkhn usns

imhuskjf hurrnjts tm njimrhn oj opprmxkg otndy sp`nrkhod



NDNHR\KHOD DMFFKJF 2;-<?

Ikf. 2;.<6-Dotnrmdmf rnhmrbnb mj `ylrkb shodn.

sòpn mj t`n nqukpmtnjtkod suriohns m vnr o wkbn rojfn miwnddlmrn vorkoldns. R`n lmrn`mdn niinht ks vkrtuoddy

ndkgkjotnb w`nrn b` > ?3 kj., ynt gmst mi t`n rnspmjsn ks

irmg t`n kjvobnb zmjn kj odd lut nxtrngn hmjbktkmjs.

Xhodns. R`n dkjnor rnskstkvkty shodns mrkfkjoddy usnb imr

DD boto wnrn pmmrdy oboptnb tm rnhmrb t`n wkbn rojfn mi

gnosurngnj ts hòrohtnrkstkh mi t`nsn tmmds. Odt`muf`

dkjnor shodns orn stkdd usnb mhhoskmjoddy, hmgp rnssnb

shodns mi nkt`nr t`n `ylrkb m r dmforkt`gkh typn òvn sup-

pdojtnb t` n dkjnor imr quojtktotkvn wmre.

R`n `ylrkb shodn, ikrst usnb mj t`n DD8 dmf, prnsnjtnb

dkjnor rnskstkvkty mj t`n ikrst òdi mi t`n frkb trohe ojb

dkjnor hmjbuhtkvkty mj t`n dost òdi. Rùs, mjn

fodvojmg ntnr hmudb rnhmrb odd rnskstkvktkns irmg znrm tmkjikjkty. (Xnn Ikf. 2;.<6.)

R`n dmforkt`gkh shodn wos usnb ikrst wkt` t`n buod kj-

buhtkmj tmmd, ojb kt òs odsm lnnj oboptn b imr t`n DD ojb

t`n XID bnvkhns (Ikf. 2;.<0). Kt hmglkjns rnobolkdkty

ojb bntokd kj dmw gskstkvktkns wkt` o wkbn rojfn mi

voduns, ojb kt odsm miinrs t`n obvojtofn mi frop`kh

(qukhe-dmme) kjtnrprntotkmjs.

Kjidunjhn m i Vnddlmr n Y orkoldns

R`nsn dmffkjf bn vkhns hoj ln skfjkikhojtdy oiinhtnb ly

t`n lmrn`mdn gub, t`n kjvobnb zmjn , ojb obaohnjt lnbs.

Hòrts \hmr-? ojb \hmr-< mi \ni. < prmvkbn jnnbnb hmr-

rnhtkmjs. V`nrn mjdy mjn gnosurngnj t ks ovokdoldn,

smgn ejmw dnbfn mr ossugptkmj mi bnpt` mi kjvoskmjgust ln usnb imr bnrkvkjf \,. \nobkjfs gust ln hmr-

rnhtnb imr lmrn`mdn niinht lnimrn t`n s`mudbnr-lnb hòrts

orn njtnrnb. (Xnn Ikfs. 2;.<; ojb 2;.;.) R`nsn ikfurns

?3

‐A --KKk

1 1. K K K

D

1 r---

K4- -D-1 1

-?. .]1

‗

k

1 11 k K

.1 11‐K. .].~ --.1.

.1 115i1 1 ??

z‛5 5r5k.].]

iR 11[1 . .

? 6 11115- .kka

1 1y .~]

41 1

+e

11111111.1K 1

kk1D/11 111 1,1..1 1

R K ‐1-a 5

?‛- k

R..... -11?111?1K . 1

R r..... i1 1 ‐1111 1

/

D.... .

1 ]1..

‐ .K..

Ikf. 2;.<;-Dotnrmdmf mvnr sogn kjtnrvod os Ikf. 2;.<<, rnhmrb-

nb mj dmforkt`gkh shodn.

Ikf. 2;.<;--X`mudbnr-lnb hmrrnhtkmjs, DD8 (tmp) ojb DD6

(lmttmg).



2;-<< SNR\MDN^G NJFKJNN\KJF @OJBLMME

fkvn \, /\, os o iujhtkmj mi lnb t`khejnss, \, lnkjf t`n imrgotkmj wotnrs-oj b (<) tm prmvkbn hmrrndotkmj ojb \,,

hmrrnhtnb rnskstkvkty ojb \, t`n oppornjt rnskstkvkty hmr- bntnrgkjotkmjs kj hmjaujhtkmj wkt` bnnpnr-rnobkjf \,

rnhtnb imr lmrn`mdn niinht. bnvkhns.

Ssnubmfnmgntrkhod Iohtmrs Gkhrmrnskstkvkty Bnvkhns

Fnmg ntrkhod iohtmr goy ln bnikjnb os tòt irohtkmj mi t`n

tmtod skfjod tòt wmudb mrkfkjotn irmg o vmdugn òvkjf o

spnhkikh fnm gntrkhod mrknjtotkmj wkt` t`n smjbn kj oj kj-

ikjktn `mgmf njnmus gnbkug.

R`n mjdy wndd-dmffkjf bnvkhns imr w`kh` t`ks hmjhnpt

ks smujb orn t`n kjbuhtkmj tmmds, lnhousn mjdy wkt` t`nsn

ks t`n gnosurkjf fnmgntry kjbnpnjbnjt mi vorkotkmjs kj

\A\,. @mw nvnr, kt ks usniud tm hmjstruht hòrts losnb

mj —psnubmfnmg ntrkhod iohtmrs‗ imr mt`nr rnskstkvkty

bnvkhns, im r purpmsns mi hmgporotkvn nvoduotkmj. Xuh` o

hòrt ks s`mwj kj Ikf. 2 ;.<9 kj w`kh` t`n kjtnfrotnb

psnubmfnm gntrkhod iohtmrs mi prmfrnsskvndy dorfnr

hydkjbnrs orn pdmttnb vs. t`n bkogntnrs mi t`n hydkjbnrs.

R`n oppornjt rnskstkvkty, \,, gnosurnb kj o t`khe lnb ks

fkvnj opprmxkg otndy ly

Gkhrmrnskstkvkty bnvkhns orn usnb tm gnosurn \,,

(rnskstkvkty mi t`n idus`nb zmjn) ojb tm bndkjnotn

pnrgnoldn lnbs ly bntnhtkjf t`n prnsnjhn mi gubhoe n. Kj

t`n bkshusskmj tòt imddmws, t`n gkhgdmf (GD ) wkdd ln

trnotnb kj hmjskbnroldn bntokd, jmt lnhousn mi kts rndotkvn

kgpmrtojhn-t`n gkhgdotnrmdmf (GDD ), t`n prmxkgkty

dmf (SD), ojb t`n GXI D orn supnrkmr tmm ds imr mltokjkjf

\,,-lut lnhousn kts prkjhkpdn ks iujbognjtod, ojb kt ks

stkdd t`n lnst mi t`n t`rnn gkhrmrnskstkvkty bnvkhns imr

bndkjnotkjf pnrgnoldn-lnb lmujborkns, `njhn imr goekjf

—sojb hmujts.‗

Gnosurngnjts mi \,, orn kgpmrtojt imr snvnrod

rnosmjs. V`nj kjvoskmj ks gmbn rotn tm bnnp, ejm wdnbfn

mi t`n \, vodun goens pmsskldn gmrn ohhurotn bntnr-

gkjotkmjs mi trun rnskstkvkty ojb `njhn mi soturotkmj.Odsm, smgn gnt`m bs imr hmgputkjf soturotkmj orn

njtnrnb wkt` t`n rotkm \A\,. Odsm, kj hdnoj imrg otkmjs,

o vodun mi I goy ln hmgputnb irmg \,, ojb \,,i, ki X,r,

ks ejmwj m r nstkgotnb. Irmg I, o vodun im r pmrmskty goy

ln imujb.

\,7\,,F,k+\,(d-F,5), . . . (?<)

w`nr n F,5 ks t`n psnubmfnm gntrkhod iohtmr. Kt gust ln

ngpò skznb tòt o psnubmfnm gntrkhod iohtmr rndotkjf tm

oj ndnhtrmbn-typn rnskstkvkty bnvkhn ks oppdkholdn kj mjdy

mjn snt mi hmjbktkmjs, ojb t`nrnimrn hòrts mi t`ks typn orn

jmt vodkb os fnjnrod-purpmsn kjvobnb-zmjn hmrrnhtkmj

hòrts. R `n gmst usniud inoturn mi t`n Ikf. 2;.< 9 h` ort ks

kts frop`kh hmg porksmj mi t`n rndotkvn hmjtrklutkmj mi kj-

vobnb zmjns tm t`n rnspmjsns mi t`n vorkmus tmmds.

R`n Bndoworn Niinht

Ki lmt` L ojb J ndnhtrmbns orn pdohnb bmw j`mdn os kjIkf. 2;.?3, DD boto goy nx`klkt —Bndoworn niinht‗* (mr

—frobknjt‗ ) kj snhtkmjs dmhotnb aust lndmw t`khe jmjhmj-

buhtkvn lnbs suh` os oj`ybrktn. Kt oppnors os oljmrgoddy

`kf` rnskstkvkty imr 03 it mr sm lndmw t`n rnskstkvn lnb.

R`n D D8 ks t`n mjdy ikndb tmmd jmw uskjf t`ks

orrojfngnjt.

Ikf. 2;.?3 kddustrotns t`n niinht ojb kts housns. Os L

njtnrs t`n t`khe oj`ybrktn, t`n hurrnjt idmw ks hmjikjnb tm

t`n lmrn`mdn, ojb ki t`n lnb ks t`khe njmuf` (snvnrod ùj-

brnb innt) prohtkhoddy odd t`n hurrnjt wkdd idmw kj tòt port

mi t`n `mdn lndmw L. R`nj w`nj J njtnrs t`n lnb, kt hoj

jm dmjfnr rngokj jnor zng pmtnjtkod os kjtnjbnb. Kt ks nx-

pmsnb tm oj kjhrnoskjf jnfotkvn pmtnjtkod os kt rksns ior-

t`nr irmg t`n lnb lmujbory. R`ks pmtnjtkod o ppnors ot t`nsuriohn os oj kjhrnosn kj t`n rnskstkvkty gnosurngnj t.

DD6 ojb DDB bnvkhns jmrgoddy usn suriohn ndnhtrmbns

imr hurrnjt rnturj. sm t`ny orn jmt sulanht tm Bndow orn ni-

innt. @mwnvnr, o sgodd ojtk-Bndoworn niinht òs lnnj

mlsnrvnb, w`kh` prmb uhns rnskstkvktkns tòt orn tmm dmw

aust lndmw t`n rnskstkvn lnbs.

Rm gnosurn \, o sòddmw-kjvnstkfotkmj tmmd ks

bnskroldn, skjhn t`n \,, zmjn goy smgntkgns nxtnjb mj-

dy o inw kjh`ns lnymjb t`n `mdn wodd. Odsm, t` n rnobkjf

s`mudb prninroldy jmt ln oiinhtnb ly t`n lmrn`mdn.

O skbnwodd-pob tmmd ks kjbkhotnb. R`n pob, horrykjf

s`mrt-spohkjf ndnhtrmbn bnvkhns, ks prnssnb ofokjst t`n

gubhoe n, tùs rnbuhkjf t` n s`mrt-hkrhuktkjf niinht mi t`n

gub. H urrnjts irmg t`n ndnhtrmbns mj t`n pob gust poss

t`rmuf` t`n gubhoen tm rnoh` t`n \,, zmjn.Gkhrmrnskstkvkty rnobkjfs orn gmrn mr dnss oiinhtnb ly

gubhoen, bnpnjbkjf mj kts rnskstkvkty, \,,, ojb

t`khejnss, `,, Gmrnmvnr, gubhoens hoj ln ojksmtgpkh,

wkt` gubhoen rnskstkvkty poroddnd tm t`n lmrn`mdn wodd

dnss tòj tòt ohrmss t`n gubh oen. Gub hoen ojksmtrmpy

kjhrnosns t`n gubhoen niinht mj gkhgrnskstkvkty

rnobkjfs, sm tòt t`n niinhtkvn, mr ndnhtrkhod, gubhoe n

t`khejnss ks frnotnr tòj tòt kjbkhotnb ly o hodkpnr. R`n

gkhgrnskstkvkty tmmds kjhmrpmrotn tw m-org hodkpnrs,

w`kh` s`mw t`n skzn ojb hmjbktkmj mi t`n lmrn`mdn.

Nqukpgnjt

Srnsnjt nqukpgnjt kjhdubns o hmglkjotkmj tmmd wkt` twm

pobs gmujtnb mj mppmsktn skbns. M jn ks t`n GD pob, ojbt`n mt`nr goy ln imr nkt`nr t`n GDD mr t`n SD, os rn-

qukrnb ly gubho en hmjbktkmjs. R`n gnosurng njts orn

rnhmrb nb skgudtojnmusdy. R`n GXID ks o hmglkjotkmj

tmmd, w`kh` hoj ln ruj wkt` nkt`nr imrgotkmj bnjskty mr

buod dotngdmf nqukpgnjt.

HmjhduskmjsmjhduskmjsDmf Srnsnjtotkmjmf Srnsnjtotkmj

\nskstkvkty bnvkhns w kt` t`n imhuskjf n dnhtrmbn p rkjhkpdnnskstkvkty bnvkhns w kt` t`n imhuskjf ndnhtrmbn prkjhkpdnR`n gkhrmrnskstkvkty dmfs orn shodnb, mi hmursn, kj`n gkrrjr&rtkvktv djuh jj- o-sdnb, mi hmursn, kj

gnnt hnrtokj dmffkjf rnqu krngnjts lnttnr t oj mt`nr typnsnnt hnrtokj dmffkjf rnqukrngnjts lnttn- +`mj j+`pr +d~jmh ‐~nskstkvkty ujkts. V`nj rnhmrbn b ly ktsndi, t`n GD bototsndi, t`n GD boto

jmw ovokdoldn. R`nsn rnqukrngnjtsmw ovokdoldn. R`nsn rnqukrngnjts orn (?) tm toenorn usuoddy rnhmrbn b mvnr Rrohe s < ojb 8 mj o dkjnor

gnosurng njts dnobkjf tm bntnrgkjotkmjnosurngnjts dnobkjf tm bntnrgkjotkmj mi \, kj hmjbk-rnskstkvkty shodn. R`n gkhrmhodkpnr boto orn kj Rrohe ?.

tkmjs imr w`kh` t` n kjbuhtkmj tmmdkmjs imr w`kh` t`n kjbuhtkmj tmmds orn jmt wnddR`n G GD mr SD ks rnhmrbnb mj o imur-bnhobn

suktnb-k.n., \, voduns kj nxhnss mi ?33uktnb-k.n., \, voduns kj nxhnss m i ?33 _-g ojb/mr gub

dmforkt`gkh shodn mj t`n rkf`t mi t`n bnpt` trohe (Ikf.

rnskstkvktkns mi t`n sogn mrbnr mr dmwnrnskstkvktkns mi t`n sogn mrbnr mr dmwnr tòj t`m sn mi t`n2;.83). R`n hodkpnr ks rnhmrbnb kj Rrohe ?. V`nj t`n GD

‐Xm-hoddnb lnhousn ? wos kdrst mlsnrvnb ,j K`n Bndoworn sow v, ,,,r [Xm-hoddnb lnhousn ? wos kdrst mlsnrvnb ,j K`n Bndoworn sojb mi t`n Bndoworn loskjboto orn odsm rnhmrbn b, t`ny orn kj Rrohe ? mj o dkjnor

(wnst Rnxos) R`ks sojb ujbnrdtns o vnry t`khe oj`ybrktn lnbwnst Rnxos) R`ks sojb ujbnrdtns o vnry t`khe oj`ybrktn lnb shodn. R`n GXID boto orn odsm rnhmrbnb mj t`n



NDNHR\KHOD DMFFKJF

dmforkt`gkh frkb. V`nj ruj wkt` t`n buod dotnrmdmf, kt ks

prnsnjtnb mj t`n sogn ikdg os t`n DD hurvns. Vkt` t`n

Hmg pnjsotnb Imrgotkmj Bnjskty (IB=) dmf, kt gust ln

prnsnjtnb mj o snporotn ikdg, skjhn t`n IBH dmf usns o

dkjnor frkb5 t`n twm dmfs orh jmrgoddy rnhmrbn b

skgudtojnmusdy.

Gkhrmdmf

Vkt` t`n gkhrmdmf tmm?,<8 twm s`mrt-spohkjf bnvkhns

wkt` bkiinrnjt bnp t`s mi kjvnstkfotkmj prmvkbn rnskstkvkty

gnosurng njts mi o vnry sgodd vmdugn mi gubh oen ojb

imrgotkmj kggnb kotndy obamkjkjf t`n lmrn`mdn. R`ny

rnobkdy bntn ht t`n prnsnjhn mi ojy gubhoen, kjbkhotkjf

kjvobnb (`njhn pnrgnoldn) imrgotkmjs.

Srkjhkpdn. Orgs ojb sprkjfs p rnss o rullnr pob ofokjst

t`n `mdn wodd. Kj t`n iohn mi t`n pob orn kjsnrtnb t`rnn

sgodd ndnhtrmbn s kj dkjn, spo hnb ? kj. oport. Vkt` t`nsn

ndnhtrmbns o ? P d-kj. gkhgkjvnrsn, \, Pd, ojb o <-kj.

gkhrmjmrgod, \<, orn rnhmrbnb skgudtojnmusdy.

Os brkddkjf gub ikdtnrs kjtm t`n pnrgnoldn imrgotkmjs,gub smdkbs ohhugudotn mj t`n `mdn wodd, imrgkjf o gub-

hoen. R`n rnskstkvkty mi t`n gubho en ks olmut nquod tm, mr

sdkf`tdy f rnotnr tòj, t`n rnskstkvkty mi t`n gub. Gu bhoen

rnskstkvkty ks usuoddy hmjskbnroldy sgoddnr tòj t`n

rnskstkvkty mi t`n kjvobnb zmjn jnor t`n lmrn`mdn.

R`n <-kj. g khrmjmrgod òs o frnotnr b npt` mi kj-

vnstkfotkmj tòj t`n ? x d-kj. gkhgkjv nrsn. Kt ks

t`nrnimrn dnss kjidunjhnb ly t`n gubh oen ojb rnobs o

`kf`nr rnskstkvkty, prmbuhkjf —pmsktkvn‗ hurvn snporo-

tkmj. Kj t`n prnsnjhn mi t`n dmw-rnskstkvkty gubh oen, lmt`

bnvkhns wkdd gnosurn gmb nrotn rnskstkvktkns, usuoddy

rojfkjf irmg olmu t < tm ?3 tkgns \,

K jtnrprntotkmj. Smsktkvn snporotkmj kj o pnrgnol dn

zmjn ks kddustrotnb kj Ikf. 2;.8 3, ot Dnvnd O. R`n hodkpnrs`mw s nvkbnjhn mi gubh oen. @ mwnv nr, q uojtktotkvn kj-

inrnjhns m i pnrgnolkdkty orn jmt pmsskldn irmg t`n GD

boto. V`nj jm gubhoen nxksts, imr wòtnvnr rnosmj, t`n

GD boto goy ykndb usniud kjimrgotkmj os tm lmrn`mdn

hmjbktkmj mr dkt mdmfy , lut t`n dmf ks jmt quojtktotkvndy

kjtnrprntoldn.

^jbnr iovmroldn hkrhugstojhns, \, voduns hoj ln

bnrkvnb irmg t`n GD ly usn mi Ikf. 2;.8?. \,, voduns

imr t`ks purpm sn hoj ln gnosurnb bkrnhtdy m r nstkgotnb

igg \ni. <, ojb `,, ks mltokjnb irmg t`n hodkpnr.

Dkgktotkmjs mi t`n gnt`mb orn (?) t`n rotkm \,,d\,, gust

ln dmwnr tòj olmut ?> (pmrmskty gmrn tòj ?> %), (<)

` ,,,7gust ln jm frnotnr tòj ‐/< j., ojb (8) bnpt` mi kjvo-

skmj òs tm ln mvnr olmut 2 kj., mt`nrwksn t`n GD

rnobkjfs orn oiinhtnb ly \,. Nqs. 9 mr ?2 pnrgkt t`n

pmrmskty bnrkvotkmj irmg t`n GD gnosurngn jts. Imr

t`ks, t`n vodun mi X,, gust ln rnosmjoldy wndd ejmwj.

Gub Dmf

R`n GD smjbn ks dmwnrnb kjtm t`n `mdn wkt` orgs hdmsnb.

Nxhn pt kj `mdns sgoddnr tòj 0 kj., t`n gnosurkjf pob

wkdd rojbmgdy iohn owoy irmg t`n wodd port mi t`n tkgn,

ojb kts rnobkjf t`nj wkdd ln bntnrgkjnb gmstdy ly t`n

gub. O rnhmrbkjf mi t`nsn rnobkjfs, hmjvnjknjtdy gobn

fmkjf bmwj, snrvns os o —gub dmf,‗ mj w`kh` t`n

dmwnst rnskstkvktkns hmrrnspmjb tm t`n uppnr dkgkt mi t`n

kj-sktu vodun mi \,. R`ks dmf òs snvnrod pmtnjtkod op-pdkhotkmjs, kjhdubkjf hrmssh`nhekjf t`n suriohn \,

gnosurngnj t, bntnhtkjf gub-systng h òjfns, ojb kbnj-

tkiykjf bmwj`mdn wotnr idmws.

K \NXKXRKYKR[ydd, KK -

2;-<8

\NXKXRKYKR[

1`rj, - r

,K 8 ‐63 038‗gmm=

Ikf. 2;.83-Srnsnjtotkmj mi prmxkgkty dmf-gkhrmdmf

Itf. 2;.8?-Kjtnrprntotkmj hòrt imr 0-kj.-`mdn snrkns

H gkhrmdmf imr w`kh` obaohnjt ndnh-

trmbns orn ? kj. oport. \, kj bnskfjotns

rnobkjf mi <-kj. gkhrmjmrgod (OG, 7<

kj.) ojb \Kx, ,—, ks K- ly K-kj. gkhrmkj-

vnrsn (OG, 7 ? kj., G, G, 7 ? kj.). Rypn

K `ybroudkh pob, jmjkjsudotnb smjbn.



2;.<2 SNR\MDN^G NJFKJNN\KJF @OJB LMME

Ikf. 2;.8<-Gkhrmdotnrmdmf pob s`mwkjf ndnhtrmbns (dnit) ojbsh`ngotkh hurrnjt dkjns (rkf`t).

Gkhrmdotnrmdmf GDD)

Ikf. 2;.88-Hmgporotkvn bkstrklutkmj mi hurrnjt dkjns mi

Gkhrmdotnrmdmf ojb Gkhrmdmf.

Mj GD (Ikf. 2;.8?) imr voduns mi \KM/\,, frnotnr tòj

olmut ?> , t`n hurvns imr hmjstojt voduns mi \,,d\,, orh

hrmw bnb5 os o rnsudt, t`n ohhurohy mi t`n bntnrgkjotkmj

mi \, irmg t`n G D ks pmmr kj t`ks rnfkmj. Vkt` t`n G DD

gnt`m b, kt ks pmsskldn tm bntnrgkjn \,, ohhurotndy imr

`kf`nr voduns mi \,,d\,,, prmvkbnb, `mwnvnr, tòt t`n

gubhoen t`khejnss bmns jmt nxhnnb P kj.

Srmxkgkty Dmf SD)

Srkjhkpdn. R`n GDD pob ks s`mwj kj Ikf. 2;.8<.<2 O

sgodd ndnhtrmbn, Om, ojb t`rnn hmjhnjtrkh hkrhudor ndnh-trmbns orn nglnbbnb kj o rullnr pob oppdknb ofokjst t`n

`mdn wodd. O hmjstojt hurrnjt, K,, ks ngkttnb t` rmuf`

ndnhtrmbn OM. R`rmuf` t`n mutnr ndnhtrmbn, O K , ks snjt o

hurrnjt outmgotkhoddy obaustnb sm tòt t`n pmtnjtkod bki-

inrnjhn lntwnnj t`n twm gmjktmrkjf ndnhtrmbns ks gokj-

tokjnb nssnjtkoddy nquod tm znrm. R`n ?3 hurrnjt idmwkjf

post t`n G ? ndnhtrmbn hojjmt rnoh` G < ojb ks imrhnb tm

idmw kj o lnog kjtm t`n imrgotkmjs. R`n hurrnjt dkjns orn

s`mwj mj t`n ikfurn. R`n KM hurrnjt jnor t`n pob imrgs o

jorrmw lnog, w`kh` mpnjs up ropkbdy ot o inw kjh`ns

irmg t`n iohn mi t`n pob. R`n G DD rnobkjf ks kjidunjhnb

gmstdy ly t`n imrgotkmj wkt`kj t`ks jorrmw lnog .

Srkjhkpdn. R`n prmxkgkty tmmd ks skgkdor kj prkjhkpdn tm

t`n GD D tmmd. R`n ndnhtrmbns orn gmujtnb mj o

smgnwòt wkbnr pob, w`kh` ks oppdknb tm t`n wodd mi t`n

lmrn`mdn5 t`n systng ks outmgotkhoddy imhusnb ly

gmjktmrkjf ndnhtrmbns.

\nspmjsn. Sob ojb ndnhtrmbn bnskfj orh suh` tòt

ksmtrmpkh gubhoens up tm % kj. òvn vnry dkttdn niinht mj

t`n gnosurngnjts (snn Hòrt \xm-< kj \ni. <). Ki t`n kj-

voskmj ks sòddmw, t`n rnobkjf mi t`n prmxkgkty bnvkhn ks

kjidunjhnb ly \,. R`n rnskstkvkty gnosurnb hoj ln nx-

prnssnb os

\iD7Fpk\xm+(d-Fpk)\,, .

Ikf. 2;.88 hmgp orns quodktotkvndy t`n hurrnjt-dkjn

bkstrklutkmjs mi t`n GDD ojb t`n GD w `nj t`n hmr-

rnspmjbkjf pob ks oppdknb ofokjst o pnrgnol dn imrgotkmj.

R`n frnotnr t`n vodun mi \,,d\,, t`n frnotnr t`n tnjbnj-

hy imr t`n gkhrmdmf ?3 hurrnjt tm nshopn t`rmuf` t`n gub-

hoen tm rnoh` t n gub kj t`n lmrn`mdn. Hmjsnqunjtdy, imr

`kf` \,K\,, voduns, t`n rnobkjfs mi t`n GD rnspmjb

vnry dkttdn tm vorkotkmjs mi \,. Mj t`n hmjtrory, odd t`n

GDD K3 hurrnjt idmws kjtm t`n imrgotkmj ojb t`n GDD

rnobkjf wkdd bnpnjb gmstdy mj t`n vodun mi \,,.

w`nrn F,k ks t`n psnubmfnmgntrkhod iohtmr mi t`n kjvobnb

zmjn. R`n vodun mi F,k os o iujhtkmj mi kjvoskmj

bkogntnr bk ks fkvnj kj Ikf. 2; .825 t`ks hòrt fkvns mjdy

oj opprmx kgotn vodun mi F,5 , w`kh` kj ioht odsm bnpnjbs

tm smgn nxtnjt mj t`n bkogntnr mi t`n lmrn`mdn ojb mj t`n

rotkm \,, d\, .

Ki bk ks frnotnr tòj 23 kj., FpK ks vnry hdmsn tm ? ojb,

ohhmrbkjfdy, \SD wkdd bkiinr dkttdn irmg \,, . Ki bk ks dnss

tòj 23 kj., \, ks smgnw`nrn lntwnnj \,, ojb \,,

usuoddy guh` hdmsnr tm \,, tòj tm \, . \SD hoj ln iokrdy

hdmsn tm \, mjdy ki t`n kjvoskmj ks vnry sòddmw (mi hmursn

w`nj \,, ojb \, orn jnordy nquod, t`n vodun mi \SD wkdd

bnpnjb vnry dkttdn mj b,).

GKH\MXID GXID)

\nspmjsn. Dolmrotmry tnsts òvn s`mwj tòt t`n vkrfkj R`ks ks o pob-gmujtnb XID bnvkhn. Kt nglmbkns twm

imrgotkmj òs prohtkhoddy jm kjidunjhn mj t`n GD D bkstkjht obvojtofns mvnr mt`nr gkhrmrnskstkvkty bnvkhns1

rnobkjfs ki t`n kjvoskmj bnpt` ks gmrn tòj 8 mr 2 kj. R`n (?) kt ks hmgpotkldn wkt` mt`nr dmffkjf tmmds, spnhkikhoddy

kjidunjhn mi gubhoe n ks jnfdkfkldn up tm ` gr 7 % kj. lut t`n IBH ojb t`n skgudtojnmus buod dotnrmdmfy (XBD ),

kjhrnosns ropkbdy wkt` frnotnr t`khejnssns. Hòrt \xm-< w`kh` ndkgkjotns t`n jnnb imr o snporotn dmffkjf ruj tmkj \ni. < fkvns opprmp rkotn hmrrnhtkmjs5 `mw nvnr, ki gub- mltokj \, kjimrgotkmj, ojb (<) kt rnspmjbs tm sòddmw

hoens t`khenr tòj % kj. orh ojtkhkpotnb, t`n SD ks prh- \, zmjns kj t`n prnsnjhn mi gubhoen. R`n GXID fkvns

inrrnb imr \,, bntnrgkjotkmj. fmmb \.w rnsmdutkmj kj t`khe-gu bhoen hmjbktkmjs, lut

Gub

Gub Hmen

Gkhrmdmtnrmdmf Gdhrmdmf



NDNHR\KHOD DMFFKJF

bmns jmt rnqukrn o s frnot oj kjvoskmj bnpt` o s bmns t`n

SD. R`ks hòrohtnrkstkh goens kt usniud kj o wkbnr rojfn

mi hmjbktkmjs tòj nkt`nr t`n SD mr t`n GDD. R`n niinht

mi gubhoen mj t`n GXID boto ks s`mwj kj \ni. <.

Srkjhkpdn. Xp`nrkhod imhuskjf ks t`n sòpkjf mi t`nnqukpmtnjtkod suriohns prmbu hnb ly t`n rnskstkvkty bnvkhn

tm opprmxkg otndy sp`nrkhod imrg. R`n imhuskjf ks oh-hmgpdks`n b ly ouxkdkory ndnhtrmbns, os kj t`n GD D ojb

SD5 lut, kjstnob mi lnkjf im rhnb kjtm o jorrmw l nog, t`n

gnosurn hu rrnjt ks gnrndy prnvnjtnb irmg imddmwkjf t`n

lmrn`mdn g ub mr gubhoen pot`s. O horniud sndnhtkmj mi

ndnhtrmbn spohkjfs oh `knvns oj mptkgod hmgprmg ksn ln-

twnnj tmm guh` ojb tmm dkttdn bnpt` mi kjvnstkfotkmj.

Hmjhduskmjs

R`n GD pnrgkts o vnry ohhurotn bndkjnotkmj mi

pnrgnoldn lnbs kj odd typns mi imrgotkmjs. Kt hoj odsm

prmvkbn sotksiohtmry \,, ojb pmrmskty bntnrgkjotkmjs

ujbnr iovmroldn hmjbktkmjs, w`kh` orn (?) \,,K\,, 4 ?>,

(<) `,, h % kj., ojb (8) bnpt` m i kjvoskmj frnotnr tòjolmut 2 kj.

R`n imhusnb gkhrmrnskstkvkty tmmds hoj prmvkbn fmmb

\,, voduns ujbnr o guh` wkb nr rojfn mi hmjbktkmjs. R`n

GD D ks dkgktnb h`knidy ly gubhoen t`khejnss, lut ks wndd

oboptnb tm sodt-losn g ubs. V`nj `,, nxhnnbs % kj., t`n

SD mr t`n GXID dmf ks prninroldn.

^sns ojb Kjtnrprntotkmj mi Vndd Dmfs

Lnb Bntnhtkmj ojb Bnikjktkmj

Imrgotkmjs njhmujtnrnb kj ujhosnb lmrn`mdns goy ln

bntnhtn b ojb t`nkr lmujborkns bnikjnb ly o juglnr mi bki-

inrnjt dmfs. R`n XS ojb s`mrt-kjvnstkfotkmj hurvns orn

gmst hmggmjdy usnb. Imr frnot bntokd, t`n gkhrmbnvkhn s

orn supnrkmr-GD kj irns` gubs ojb GD D kj vnry sodty

gubs. O sulstktutn imr t`n XS kj sodt gubs ks t`n foggo

roy dmf, w`kh` bkstkjfuks`ns sòdns irmg jmjsòdn lnbs.

Odsm, t`n smjkh ojb bnjskty dmfs hmudb ln usnb kj odd

typns mi imrgotkmjs, wkt` ojy typn mi gub.

Kj `mdns ikddnb wkt` jmjhmjbuhtkvn gubs, mr kj ngpty

`mdns, t`n kjbuhtkmj, robkotkmj, tng pnroturn, smjkh (jmt

oppdkholdn kj ngpty `mdns), oj b pnròp s snhtkmj-foufndmfs hoj prmvkbn usniud kjimrgotkmj. Xmgntkg ns hmjvnj-

tkmjod bnvkhns wkt` wodd shroth`n rs, imr hmjtoht wkt` t`n

imrgotkmj, goy ln ruj.

Smrmus ojb Snrgnoldn Lnbs-Xojb Hmujt. Smrmus

ojb pnrgnoldn lnbs orn mi prkgory kjtnrnst skjhn t`ny orn

t`n pmtnjtkod mkd ojb fos rnsnrvmkrs. O sojb-hmujt bntnr-

gkjotkmj mi t`n tmtod niinhtkvn t`khejnss mi o pnrgnoldn

snhtkmj, nxhdubkjf sòdn strnoes ojb mt`nr kgpnrgnoldn

zmjns, hoj ln bnrkvnb irmg ndnhtrkhod dmfs.

Irns` Gubs. R`n XS ojb gkhrmrnskstkvkty bnvkhns orn

t`n prkjhkpdn hurvns imr dmhotkjf ojb bnikjkjf pnrgnoldn

lnbs. R` n XS òs o fmmb rnsmdvkjf pmwnr kj imrgotkmjs

mi dmw ojb gmbnrotn rnskstkvkty. Kj vnry rnskstkvn imrgo-

tkmjs kt hoj stkdd bntnht s` odns ojb pnrgnol dn lnbs, lut kt

hojjmt bnikjn t`nkr lmujborkns ohhurotndy. Kj gmst typns

mi imrgotkmjs t`n GD ks lnst imr nstoldks`kjf t`n bntokdnb

dmhotkmj mi t`n lmujborkns mi pnrgnoldn lnbs.

R`n gkhrmhodkpnr `ndps kj t`n dmhotkmj mi pnrgnoldn

lnbs lnhousn kt hoj usuoddy bntnht t`n gub hoens. por-

tkhudordy ki t`n obaohnjt imrgotkmjs orn opprmxkg otndy ot

lkt skzn. Xò dns, mj t`n mt`nr òj b, fnjnroddy tnjb tm hovn

K

K

T

i6

KKK

/

/

i

\KM‛ \,-- \ P,,7 3 K K,

Bnpt` mi Kjvoskmj, kj

Ikf. 2;.82-Ssnubmfnmgntrkhod iohtmrs, GDD ojb SD.

mr nrmbn g mrn tòj t`n pnrgnoldn mr òrb kgpnrvkmus

lnbs. Ynry mitnj, ojb gmstdy kj sojb-sòdn snrkns, t`n

bkiinrnjhn lntwnnj t`n rnobkjfs mi o s`mrt-kjvnstkfotkmjojb o dmjf-kjvnstkfotkmj bnvkhn ks o hdnor kjbkhotkmj mi

t`n prnsnjhn mi o pnrgnoldn lnb.

Xodt Gubs. R`n hmglkjotkmj mi vnry sodty gub wkt`

gmbn rotn-tm-`kf` imrgotkmj rnskstkvkty obvnrsndy oiinhts

t`n hmjvnjtkmjod (jmjimhusnb) bnvkhns ojb t`n XS hurvn.

Odsm, gub hoens orn t`kj5 os o hmjsnqunjh n, t`n

gkhrmhodkpnr (mr odsm t`n snhtkmj foufn) ks jmt mi frnot

`ndp imr t`n bntnhtkmj mi pnrgnoldn snhtkmjs lut bntnhts

hdnordy t`n hovnb sòdns. Kj hmjaujhtkmj wkt` t`n DD ojb

GDD t`n foggo roy dmf bkstkjfuks`ns lntwnnj sòdns

ojb jmjsòdns, ojb t`n jnutrmj, smjkh dmf, ojb bnjskty

dmf prmvkbn kjbkhotkmjs mi pmrmskty.

Hmrrndotkmj

R`n prmhn ss mi hmrrndotkjf twm (mr gmrn) dmfs kj bkiinrnjt

wndds bnpnjbs nssnjtkoddy mj t`n skgkdorkty kj sòpn s mr

mutdkjns mi t`n hurvns (Ikf. 2 ;.8>). Kj smgn rnfkmjs su h`

hmrrndotkmjs goy ln noskdy gobn imr wndds gkdns oport5 kj

mt`nr hosns (w`nrn snrkmus ioudtkjf, dnjtkhudor bn pmskts,

mr ujhmjimrgktkns orn prnsnjt) kt goy ln bkiikhudt tm hmr-

rndotn dmfs irmg wndds mjdy o inw ùjbrnb innt oport. R`n

ejmwdnb fn mi imrgotkmj bkp irmg bkpgntnr bntnrgkjo-

tkmjs ossksts kj hmrrndotkmj.

Hmrrndotkmjs orn iohkdktotnb w`nj t`n hurvns s`mw

hòrohtnrkstkh — gorenrs‗ suh` os o wndd-ejmwj hòde mr

sòdn snhtkmj. R`kj rnskstkvn lnbs suh` os dkfjktns mr

nvopmrktns irnqunjtdy iurjks` voduoldn hmrrndotkmj pmkjts.

Imr dmjf-rojfn hmrrndotkmj, t`n bnvkhns tòt kjvnstkfotn

dorfn vmdugns mi imrgotkmj orn lnst. @mwnvnr, w`nj t`n



2;-<9

Ikf. 2;.8>-Nxogpdn mi dmjf-bkstojhn hmrrndotkmj.

poy zmjns orn ejmwj kj o ikndb, t`ny hoj ln hmrrndotnb kj

frnot bntokd irmg wndd tm wndd ly hmgporkjf t`n GD mr

GDD5 tùs, t`n fnmgntry mi t`n rnsnrvmkr hoj ln

mltokjnb.

Kjvnstkfotkmj mi Smrm skty

Nvoduotkmj mi imrgotkmj pmrmskty irmg ndnhtrkhod dmf s ks

losnb mj bntnrgkjotkmj mi t`n imrgotkmj iohtmr, I\,

w`kh` ks rndotnb tm pmrmskty, 2, ly Nq. <. I\ hoj ln

imujb irmg t`n vodun mi \,, os bntnrgkjnb irmg t`n GD

mr GDD w kt` Nq. 9 rnwrkttnj os

\I\7- \x* (X,)<, . . . . . . (?2)

gi

w`nrn X,, 7 ? -X,, .

Rm bntnrgkjn \, irmg gkhrmrnskstkvkty gnosurh-

gnrkts, kt ks jnhnssory tòt kjvoskmj ln bnnp njmuf` tòt

t`n gnosurngnj ts orn jmt oiinhtnb ly t`n imrgotkmj

rnskstkvktkns lnymjb t`n idus`nb zmjn. Oj nxhnnbkjfdy

frnot gubhoen t`khejnss goy odsm dkgkt t`n ohhurohy mi

t`n \, bntnrgkjotkmj. Imr rndkoldn pmrmskty kjtnrprnto-

tkmj irmg GD boto t`n pmrmskty s`mudb ln frnotnr tòj

olmut ?< tm ?>%.

Kj oj mkd-lnorkjf sojb, t`n rnskbuod mkd soturotkmj

(\MX ) gust ln surgksnb imr usn kj Nq. ?2. Roekjf o

vodun mi <3% imr t`n \MX w mudb jmt usuoddy njtokd tmm

frnot oj nrrmr kj gmst hosns, ot dnost kj imrgotkmjs wkt`

frojudor pm rmskty ojb hmjtokjkjf dkf`t mkds. Frnotnr

\M X‛s orn irnqunjt, `mwn vnr, h`knidy kj t`n hosns mi

`kf`dy vkshmus mkd. Fos-lnorkjf imrgotkmjs odsm snng tm

bkspdoy `kf` rnskbuod fos soturotkmjs kj t`n idus`nb zmjn

ki t`n pnrgnolkdkty ks `kf`. R`ks ks lnhousn mi snfrnfotkmj

niinhts rnsudtkjf irmg o hmglkjotkmj mi frovkty ojb

hopkddory imrhns. Lnhou sn mi t`nsn rnskbuod soturotkmjs,

t`n GD goy s`mw wotnr hmjtohts.

Rm h`nhe t`n rnsudts mi t`n gkhrmrnskstkvkty bnvkhns, mr

tm rnpdohn t`ng kj hosn t`ny orn jmt ovokdoldn, I\ goy ln

bntnrgkjnb os nquod tm \mK\,, \. lnkjf t`n trun

rnskstkvkty mi t`n imrgotkmj ot o dnvnd w`nrn kt ks ?33%wotnr lnorkjf. Nxtropmdotkmj mi o vodun mi I\ bntnrgkjnb

ot o wotnr-lnorkjf dnvnd tm t`n mkd-lnorkjf snhtkmj wkt`kj

t`n sogn imrgotkmj kgpdkns tòt t`n dkt`mdmfkhod

SNR\MDN^G NJFKJNN\KJF @OJBLMME

hòrohtnrkstkhs orn opprmxkg otndy hmjstojt, w`kh` ks jmt

odwoys t`n hosn, `mwnvnr.

Xtkdd ojmt`nr opprm oh` mitnj usnb kj òrb imrgotkmjs ks

losnb mj t`n vodun mi \k, t`n ovnrofn rnskstkvkty mi t`n kj-

vobnb zmjn nstkgotnb irmg t`n rnobkjfs mi t`n dkgnstmjn

smjbn mr t`n s`mrt jmrgod.<>,<9 R`ks prmhnburn òs

prmvnb voduoldn kj gojy hosns.

Mt`nr Rmmds imr Mltokjkjf Smrmskty. R`n smjkh dmf, t`n

jnutrmj dmf, ojb t`n bnjskty dmf orn kjhrnoskjf kj kgpmr-

tojhn os ouxkdkorkns tm t`n ndnhtrkhod dmfs imr kgprmvnb

pmrmskty bntnrgkjotkmj.* Kj obbktkmj, wkt` t`n prnsnjt

sogpdn toenr, rndkoldn bntnrgkjotkmj mi imrgotkmj iohtmr

ojb pmrmskty orn mitnj pmsskldn irmg skbnwodd hm rns.

Kjvnstkfotkmj mi Idukb Hmjtnj t

_uktn mitnj fmmb quodktotkvn aubfgnjts olmut o imrgo-

tkmj os o pmtnjtkod prmbuhkjf zmjn hoj ln òb ly bkrnht

vksuod kjspnhtkmj mi t`n dmf. Loskhoddy suh` aubfgnjts

usuoddy bnpnjb mj (?) kbnjtkikhotkmj mi o pnrgnoldn imr-gotkmj ly gnojs mi t`n XS, gubhoen kjbkhotkmjs mj

gkhrmhodkpnr, pmsktkvn snporotkmj mj GD , kjbkhotkmj m i

kjvoskmj ly snporotkmj lntwnnj sòddmw- ojb bnnp-

kjvnstkfotkmj gohgrnskstkvkty hurvns, nth., ojb (<) kj-

bkhotkmj ly t`n bnnp-kjvnstkfotkmj rnskstkvkty bnvkhns tòt

\, kj t`n pnrgnoldn imrgotkmj ks opprnhkoldy dorfnr t oj

t`n rnskstkvkty, \m, tòt t`n imrgotkmj wmudb ln nxpnhtnb

tm òvn ki wotnr lnorkjf.

V`nj kt hoj ln ossugnb tòt t`nrn ks jm olrupt hòjfn

kj t`n sodkjkty mi t`n imrgotkmj wotnrs, t`n robkus mi kjvo-

skmj, nth., quodktotkvn nvoduotkmjs mi soturotkmj goy ln

gobn ly hmgporkjf o pmrmskty dmf wkt` o rnskstkvkty dmf

mvnr o dorfn njmuf` snhtkmj mi imrgotkmjs. Xuh` o

gnt`mb, kj w`kh` t`n jnutrmj dmf wos t`n smurhn mi t`n

pmrmskty boto, wos prmpmsnb snvnrod ynors ofm.<6 Odsm,

t`n pmssklkdkty mi ohhurotn g nosurngnjts mi pmrmskty w kt`

t`n smjkh ojb bnjskty dmfs òs<;

ggptnb skgkdor

quodktotkvn kjtnrprntotkmj prmhnburns.

V`nj kjvoskmj ks jmt tmm bnnp, sm tòt t`n bnnp-

kjvnstkfotkmj rnskstkvkty bnvkhns rnob iokrdy hdmsn tm \,,

t`n imddmwkjf prmhnbu rns orn oppdkholdn.

?. Xmjkh** trojskt tkgn goy ln pdmttnb vs. o bnnp KD

rnskstkvkty (kj hosn mi irns` gubs ) mr vs. t`n DDB

rnskstkvkty (kj hosn m i sodty gubs). <; Ly o prmpn r h`mkhnmi shodns, dkjns mi hmjstojt rnskstkvkty kjbnx, K,, lnhmgn

strokf`t dkjns mj t`n hòrt, os kj Ikf. 2;.89. R`n dkjn mi

?33% wotnr soturotkmj (Q\7 ?) ks hmjstruhtnb os t`n dkjnlmujbkjf t`n dnitgmst pdm ttnb pmkjts ojb posskjf t`rm uf`

t`n pmkjt hmrrnspmjbkjf tm kjikjktn rnskstkvkty ojb znrm

smjkh dmf pmrmskty. Dkjns imr mt`nr voduns mi k\ goy t`nj

ln hmjstruhtnb. Kt ks pmsskldn tm bkstkjfuks` lntwnnj mkd-

mr fos-lnorkjf ojb wotnr-lnorkjf zmjns ly t`n rndotkvn

pmsktkmjs mi t`n pdmttnb pmkjts. Imr o zmjn tm ln mkd- mr

fos-prmbuhtkvn t`n pdmttnb pmkjt s`mudb iodd opprnhkoldy

tm t`n rkf`t mi ojb lndmw t`n dkjn mi ?33% soturotkmj.

R`ks g nt`mb ks usniud nvnj ki t`n imrgotkmj-wotnr

rnskstkvkty ks jmt kjktkoddy wndd ejmwj.

<. Ly usn mi pmrmskty bnrkvnb irmg t`n smjkh mr jnutrmj

dmf ojb t`n rnskstkvkty irmg t`n bnnp-kjvnstkfotkmj dmf,

oppornjt v oduns mi t`n imrgotkmj-wotnr rnskstkvkty

‐R`n s`mj-kjtnrvod smjkh vndmhkty dmf (Xmjy dmf) KX bkshussn b K‗ Hòp. >3. R`n

jnutrmj dof KX bdshusssb dj Hòp. > ?.

—Vkt` smgn prnhoutmjs. bnj%ty mr jnwmj boto goy ln ngpdmynb K‗ pdohn 3? ;3~

boto kj o skgkdor hrmsspdmt tnh`jkqun



NDNHR\KHOD DMFFKJF 2;-<6

\, 7\,KI\ goy ln hmgputnb (uskjf Nqs. < mr 8 tm ml-

tokj I\). V`nj toludotnb kj tnrgs mi bnpt`, t`msn op-

pornjt voduns tòt stojb bnikjktndy olmvn t`n ovnrofn

trnjb kjbkhotn t`n prnsnjhn mi `ybrmhorlm j soturotkmj.

R`ks prmhnburn ks ropkb ojb oppdkholdn kj sòdy sojbs. Kt

ks odsm oppdkholdn w`nj imrgotkmj-wotnr sodkjkty vorkns

opprnhkoldy wkt` bnpt` , prmvkbnb tòt t`n vorkotkmj ks

frobuod ojb hmjtkjumus.

8. R`n rnobkjfs mi o s`mrt-kjvnstkfotkmj rnskstkvkty dmf

s`mudb fkvn kjbkhotkmjs mi t`n vorkotkmjs kj t`n imrgotkmj

iohtmr (ojb pmrmskty). Ohhmrbkjfdy, `ybrmhorlm j sotug-

tkmj hoj odsm ln quodktotkvndy bntnrgkjnb ly nxogkjkjf

t`n rotkms mi t`n rnobkjfs m i o s`mrt-kjvnstkfotkmj bnvkhn

(suh` os o s`mrt jmrgod, DDX, mr SD) tm t`msn mi t`n bnnp

kjbuhtkmj dmf (KG) mr DDB . R`n twm snts mi rnobkjfs

goy ln usnb tm dmhotn pm kjts mj o frop`kh pdmt, o s

bnshrklnb prnvkmusdy, mr tm hmjstruht o hmjtkjumus hurvn

mi t`n rotkm vs. bnpt`. Kj nkt`nr hosn t`n hmgporksmj ks

iohkdktotnb ki t`n dmfs òvn lnnj rnhmrbn b mj o

dmforkt`gkh snjsktkvkty shodn.R`n imddmwkjf prmhnb urn ks `ndpiud w`nj, lnhou sn mi

bnnp kjvoskmj, t`n vodun mi t`n trun rnskstkvkty ks kj

bmult. R`n pmrmskty irmg t`n smjkh dmf ks hmgpornb wkt`

t`n pmrmskty hm gputn b irmg o sòddmw-kjvnstkfotkmj

rnskstkvkty dmf (suh` os s`mrt jmrgod, dkgnstmjn smjbn,

DDX mr SD). R`n dottnr pmrmskty ks oiinhtnb ly ojy

rnskbuod mkd soturotkmj, w`nrn os t` n smjkh dmf pmrmskty ks

jmt. Qmjns w`nrn t`n twm pmrmsktkns bkiinr s`mudb oh-

hmrbkjfdy kjbkhotn pmtnjtkoddy prmbu htkvn imrgotkmjs.

Odsm, kj òrb imrgotkmjs (w`nrn pnrgnolkdkty ks

fnjnroddy dmw) o rnskstkvkty frobknjt (hmrrnspmjbkjf tm o

soturotkmj frobknjt) ks mlsnrvnb mj t`n dmfs lntwnnj t` n

zmjn mi dmwnst wotnr soturotkmj ojb t`n dnvnd mi ?33%

wotnr soturotkmj. R`n nxkstnjhn mi t`ks frobknjt ks t`nlosks mi o gnt`mb imr t` n bndkjnotkmj mi kjtnrvods

soturotnb wkt` `ybrmhorlmjs. 8m

_uojtktotkvn Kjtnrprntotkmj*

_uojtktotkvn bntnrgkjotkmjs mi t`n `ybrmhorlfj soturo-

tkmj irmg ndnhtrkhod dmfs orn nssnjtkoddy bntnrgkjotkmjs mi

t`n wotnr soturotkmj, X,, kj t`n ujhmjtogkjotnb zmjn.

\nhoddkjf Nq. >

R`n nvoduotkmj mi \, ks o goamr stnp kj t`n bntnrgkjo-

tkmj. Nvoduotkmj mi I\ ks nqukvodnjt tm oj nvoduotkmj mi

pmrmskty, os odrnoby bkshu ssnb. \. goy ln bntnrgkjnb kj

o ?33% wotnr-soturotnb snhtkmj mi t`n sogn sojb mr kj o

dkt`mdmfkhoddy skgkdor sojb.

Xmg n kjtnrprntotkmj prmhnbu rns bm jmt rnqukrn nxpdkhkt

nvoduotkmj mi \, ojb I\ Odmjf w kt` o ejmwdnbfn mi t`n

XXS, mr nqukvodnjtdy t`n rotkm \&\,, t`ny orn losnb mj

t`n rotkms mi rnobkjfs toenj wkt` bnnp- ojb sòddmw-

kjvnstkfotkmj bnvkhns Un.f., \,,K\, gnt`mb, kjbuhtkmj-

ndnhtrkhod dmf (KND) kjtnrprntotkmj, \mhe y Gmujtokj

gnt`m bW. O spnhkod o pprmo h` ks oppdknb kj hosn mi sòdy

imrgotkmjs.

‐Mjdy ~mgp~totgjs tòt hoj ln gobn ly òjb wdd ln stubdnb `nrn Dotnst ~jtnrprnto-

loj tnh`jkquns otn gobn ly hmgputnrs ojb orn nxpdodjnb ujbnr R`n Bkfktod Ofn.

XMJKH DMF R\OJXKR RKGN. u XNHIR

XMJH DMF SM\MXKR[

(ROEKJF [G*,\,P‛ <?.333 IR/XNH)

-86e-+-

I, (IM\ rj 1 < ?

Ikf. 2;.89--_uodktotkvn gnt`mb imr bki-

inrnjtkotkjf wotnr-lnorkjf

ojb mkd- mr fos-lnorkjf

zmjns ly pdmttkjf bnnp-

kjvnstkfotkmj rnskstkvkty

voduns ofokjst smjkh-dmf

trojskt tkgns. R`n mrbkjotn

shodn ks prmpmrtkmjod tm

(d/\)—.

Bntnrgkjotkmj mi \t. Hmjvnjtkmjod rnskstkvkty dmfs hoj

prmvkbn imr t`n vodun mi \, mjdy imr t`khe lnbs, skjhn t`nrnobkjfs kj fnjnrod hojjmt ln rnosmjoldy hmrrnhtnb imr

t`n niinht mi obaohnjt imrgotkmjs. R`n dmjf dotnrod,

lnhousn mi kts dorfn robkus mi kjvnstkfotkmj, ks prohtkhoddy

ujoiinhtnb ly t`n gub hmdugj ojb t`n kjvobnb zmjn ojb

fkvns o fmmb opprmxkgotkmj mi \, w`nj t`n lnbs orn

rnosmjoldy ujkimrg mvnr o t`khejnss mi ot dnost 83 it.

Xuh` iovmroldn hmjbktkmjs orn sndbmg gnt kj prohtkhn.

R`n dmjf-jmrgod rnobkjf usuoddy rnqukrns o hmrrnhtkmj

imr t`n lmrn`mdn niinht. R `ks hmrrnhtkmj ks suiikhknjtdy oh-

hurotn kj irns` gub. R`n rnobkjf ks hdmsn tm \, w`nj t`n

lnb t`khejnss ks ot dnost ?3 tm ?> it ojb kjvoskmj ks

sòddmw. R`n niinht mi bnnp kjvoskmj hoj ln ohhmujtnb

imr, tm smgn nxtnjt, ly gnojs m i bnporturn hurvns. 8?,8<

Hmrrnhtkmj imr kjvoskmj rnqukrns t`n `ndp mi mt`nr bnvkhns

wkt` s`mrtnr robkk mi kjvnstkfotkmj (GD ojb/mr s`mrt jmr-

god), w`kh` prmvkbn voduns m i t`n kjvobnb-zmjn

rnskstkvkty.

R`n obvojtofn mi t`n KDB ojb t`n DDB ks tòt ujbnr

usuod hmjbktkmjs mi oppdkhotkmj t`nkr rnobkjfs orn prohtk-

hoddy ujoiinhtnb ly t`n gub hmdugj mr ly t`n obaohnjt

imrgotkmjs imr lnb t`khejnssns frnotnr tòj olmut > tm 9 it.

R`n KDb, wkt` t`n prnsnjt tnh`jkqun, ks opprmp rkotn imr

dmffkjf kj irns` gub. Kts ohhurohy ks nxhnddnjt imr imrgo-

tkmjs rnobkjf up tm >3 3-g ojb rnosmjoldn up tm <33

j-g. Olmvn tòt ikfurn t`n ohhurohy ks jmt sm fmmb . R`n

KDb fkvns \, w`nj t`n kjvoskmj bkogntnr bmns jmt nxhnnb

<> tm 23 kj. ojb hoj ln hmrrnhtnb imr bnnp kjvoskmj. R`nouxkdkory rnobkjfs orn t`n GD ojb/mr t` n s`mrt jmrgod, mr

lnttnr, t` n DD0 mr XID, portkhudordy kj hosn mi hmj-

smdkbotnb imrgotkmjs.



2;-<0 SNR\MDN^G NJFKJNN\KJF @OJBLMME

R`n D D ks t`n nssnjtkod tmmd imr t`n dmffkjf mi òrb imr- XOR^\ORKMJ BNRN\G KJORKMJgotkmjs kj sodty gub. Kt fkvns \, imr sòddmw kjvoskmj

(b5 dnss tòj ?> tm <> kj.). Hmrrnhtkmj imr kjvoskmj ksgobn wkt` t`n `ndp mi t`n GDD mr GXID. R`n gmst niik-

hknjt woy tm hmrrnht imr kjvoskmj ojb tùs mltokj \, ks t`n

usn mi o t`rnn-dmf hmglkjotkmj1 (?) BKD mr buod kjbuh-

tkmj/XID kj irns` gubs ojb kj smit ojb kjtnrgnbkotn imr-

gotkmjs ojb (<) buod dotnrmdmf/\, kj òrb imrgotkmjs mr

sodty gubs. R`n sm-hoddnb —luttnridy mr tmrjobm hòrts‗

kj \ni. < prmvkbn o skgpdn prm hnburn tm ml-

tokj \,.

Goxkgug Srmbuhkldn Mkd Kjbnx

Ki t`n pmrmskty, 2, mi o imrgotkmj ks ujkimrg ojb kj-

tnrfrojudor, t`n quojtktkns X,2 ojb X,$ rnprnsnjt t`n

ogmujts mi wotnr pnr ujkt mi lude vmdugn prnsnjt kj t`npmrns mi t`n idus`nb ojb ujhmjtogkjotnb zmjns, rnspnh-

tkvndy. R`n bkiinrnjhn [7(X,, -X,)+ ks t`n ogmujt mi

mkd pnr lude vmdugn bkspdohnb ly t`n gub ikdtrotn. [ ks

hoddnb —goxkgug prmbuhkldn mkd kjbnx‗ lnhousn kt op-prmxkg otns t`n goxkgug ogmujt mi mkd pnr lude vmdugn

prmbuhkldn wkt` wotnr brkvn. [ ks fkvnj opprmx kgotndy ly

t`n nquotkmj <;

[7C d`(-+) . . ?>)

Nvoduotkmj mi [ ly t`ks nquotkmj bmns jmt rnqukrn o bkrnht

ejmwdnb fn mi pmrmskty, 2, imrgotkmj soturotkmj, X,, mr

idus`nb-zmjn soturotkmj, X,, (mr \MX ).

\otkm Gnt`mbs

Kt ks kgpmsskldn, kj t`n spohn ovokdoldn, tm prnsnjt odd dmf-

kjtnrprntotkmj tnh`jkquns mr tm prnsnjt odd hòrts ojb

toludotkmjs gobn up t`nrnmi. Imr t`n prohtkhkjf dmf kjtnr-

prntnr gmst mi t`n hòrts jnnbnb orn kjhdubnb kj \ni. <.

R`n \,K\, Gnt`mb. Imr hdnoj imrgotkmjs, soturotkmjs

hoj ln hmgp utnb irmg t`n ngpkrkhod rndotkmjs`kp imujb

ly hmglkjotkmjs Nqs. > ojb 9,

sw7sxm(~.~)O . . . . (?9)

Ojy gnt`mb w`kh` fkvns hmrrnht voduns imr \,, , \,,

\ gik ojb \, goy ln usnb tm bntnrgkjn X,, prmvkbnb X,,

ks ejmwj mr hoj ln rnosmjoldy surgksnb.

R`n hòrt mi Ikf. 2;.86 p rmvkbns o hmjvnjknjt woy imr

smdvkjf Nq. ?9. R`n rotkm \ \,* ks njtnrnb kj olshkssos

(uppnr shodn) ojb t`n rotkm \KM/\, kj mrbkjotns. Irmg t`n

pmkjt sm pdmttnb, oj mldkqun dkjn ks nxtnjbnb up tm kts kj-

tnrsnhtkmj wkt` t`n nbfn m i t`n hòrt5 irmg t`ks kjtnrsnh-

tkmj, o `mrkzmjtod dkjn ks browj w`kh` fkvns t`n voduns mi

X, imr bkiinrnjt voduns mi X,, .

R`n vodun mi X, imujb bkrnhtdy ly kjtnrpmdotkmj ln-

twnnj t`n twm jnorly mldkqun dkjns ks losnb mj t`n

ossugptkmj tòt X,, , mj t`n ovnrofn, ks rndotnb tm >,

t`rmuf` t`n ngpkrkhod nquotkmj X,, 7 o,. Vkt`kj t`ndkgkts w`nrn \ ,+ 7 \,, (k.n., \, lntwnnj 3.30 ojb 3.8

M-g ot 6>‗ I), t`n Nssp hoj ln njtnrnb, kjstnob mi

\ \,, uskjf t`n dmwnr frkb.

Gkhrmdmf Xòdy-Xojb Gnt`mb. R`n ogpdktubns mi lmt`

t`n XS bnidnhtkmj ojb t`n rnskstkvktkns orn rnbuhnb ly t`n

prnsnjhn mi kjtnrstktkod sòdn kj o imrgotkmj. Kj smgn nx-

\wh

Ikf. 2;.86-Kjtnrprntotkmj hòrt imr \A\, ojb sòdy-sojb

gnt`mbs. (Vmrekjf dkjns kddustrotn nxogpdn miIkf. 2;.80).

trngn hosns sòdy mkd sojbs orn òrbdy bkiinrnjtkotnb irmg

t`n obaohnjt sòdns mj t`n dmfs. Iurt`nrgmrn, t`n GD

bmns jmt s`mw guh` snporotkmj lntwnnj t`n hurvns. Kj-

tnrprntotkmjs kj sòdy sojbs, t`nrnim rn, orn fnjnroddy

gobn ujbnr hmgporotkvndy ujiovmroldn hmjbktkmjs. R`n

prohtkhod gnt` mb mi kjtnrprntotkmj bnshrklnb `nrnoitnr ks

quktn opprmxkgotn ojb ks oppdkholdn mjdy w`nj t`n

ogmujt mi sòdkjnss ks jmt tmm frnot.*R` n prohtkhod g nt`mb m i kjtnrprntotkmj kj sòdy imrgo-

tkmjs88 ks losnb mj t`n mlsnrvotkmjs gobn mj ikndb dmfs

tòt kj ?33% wotnr-soturotnb sòdy sojbs t`n SXS

(psnubmstotkh XS) ks fkvnj ly

\Npsp7-Eh dmf=, ].

\m(?6)

Imr oj kjtnrdogkjotnb sojb-sòdn imrgotkmj hmjtokjkjf

mkd ojb/mr fos, t`n SXS hoj ln nxprnssnb ly t`n nquotkmj

\N SXS7-Er. dmfi-<3?srE,. dm+, .

, ?,

w`nrn osp ks t`n XS rnbuhtkmj iohtmr ojb ks bnikjnb os

Npp/N~p. Imr hdnoj sojbs, osp 7 ? ojb Nq. ?0 rnbuhns

tm Nq. ?6 os o spnhkod hosn.

Ohhmrbkjf tm Nq. ?0 t`n bntnrgkjotkmj mi X,,, kj o sòdy

sojb rnqukrns t`n ejmwdnbfn mi \,, , X,, , \,, N,, ojb

NXXS. R`n Nssp hoj ln bntnrgkjnb irmg hdnoj sojbs

rnosmjoldy hdmsn tm t`n sòdy imrgotkmjs hmjskbnrnb. R`n

Npsp ks fkvnj ly t`n bnidnhtkmj mi t`n XS hurvn ot t`n

dnvnd mi t`n lnb, oitnr hmrrnhtkmj imr lnb t khejnss, ki

jnhnssory. R`n vodun mi X,,, 7d -X,,, ofokj gust ln

surgksnb.

R`n smdutkmj mi t`n nquotkmj imr X,,. ks fkvnj ly Ikf.

2;.86 , w`kh` oppdkns tm lmt` hdnoj ojb sòdy imrgotkmjs.Imr o sòdy sojb, t`n SXS ojb \,,/\, orn ikrst njtnrnb kj

olshksso ojb mrbkjotn, rnspnhtkvndy. R`ks fkvns us t`n op-

‐Xojn mt`nr sòdy-sojb rninrnjhns orn \nis. 0 ojb ;.



2;-<;DNHR\KHOD DMFFKJF

]]- ]]]D]].]..]

Ikf. 2;.80-X ody-sojb nxogpdn1 kjbuhtkmj-ndnhtrkhod survny ojb gkhrmdmf-gkhrmhodkpnr

survny kj wndd mj Dmukskojo Fudi Hmost. K=, 7 ?.2>, \,, 7 ?.<, ojb \,, 7 ?.8 ot

L@R (?2MMI).b7 08/k kj.

pornjt soturotkmj. Rm ikjb t`n trun soturotkmj, o dkjn ks

browj t`rm uf` t`n mrkfkj (hkrhdnb), ojb t`n pmkjt

rnprnsnjtkjf t`n oppornjt soturotkmj5 ojb t`ks dkjn ks nx-

tnjbnb ujtkd kt kjtnrhnpts t`n Nssp mr t`n hmrrnspmjbkjf

vodun mi \,iK\,. R`n soturotkmj ot t`ks pmkjt ks trnotnb kjt`n sogn g ojjnr os kj t`n \,,K\, gnt`mb olmvn.

Ki t`n Nssp ks jmt ejmwj ojb \, , s ujmltokjoldn, kt ks

jmt pmsskldn tm bntnrgkjn t`n wotnr soturotkmj, X,,..

Jnvnrt` ndnss, pdmttkjf t`n rotkm \,,K\, vs. SXS mj Ikf.

2;.86 wkdd s`mw w`nt`nr mr jmt t`n sojb iodds mj t`n

?33 % wotnr-soturotkmj dkjn. Ki kt iodds smgn bkstojhn

lndmw t`ks dkjn, t`nrn ks o hòjhn imr prmbuhtkmj.

Jmtn tòt kj sojb-sòdn dogkjotkmjs t`n vodun mi X,,, ks

t`n wotnr soturotkmj mi t`n sojb ktsndi. Kj sojbs hmjtokj-

kjf bkssngkjotnb sòdn, kt ks t`n wotnr lmujb ly t`n

quortz frokjs ojb b mns jmt kjhdubn t`n wotnr `ndb ly t`n

hmddmkbs.Nxogpdn Srmldng ?. Ikf. 2;.80 s`mws t`n KND ojb

t`n GD mvnr o pmrtkmj mi o wndd kj Aniinrsmj Bovks

Sorks`, DO. R`n sòdy sojb irmg 0,329 tm 0,3>2 it wkdd

ln kjtnrprntnb. R`n gub rnskstkvkty ot imrgotkmj

tngpnroturn mi ?23³I ks ?.2> _-g, \,, 7 ?.8 _-g, ojb

\,,,,7 ?.< ;-g ot ?23 ³I. Lkt skzn ks 0% kj.

Irmg t`n KND, t`n Npsp ks ->> gY. R`n Nssp (sojb

ot 6,083 tm 6,0>3 it) ks - ?83 gY. Rùs husp ks 3.2<. R`n

s`mrt-jmrgod rnskstkvkty \ ?9 ks <.< j-g, ojb t`n

kjbuhtkmj-dmf rnskstkvkty \,D ks ?.; L-g. Kjvoskmj ks

ejmwj tm ln quktn sòddmw, os iurt`nr sulstojtkotnb ly

t`n rnobkjfs mi t`n gkhrmdmf. R`nrnimrn \,D goy ln

toenj os nquod tm \,.

Os s`mwj ly t`n pmsktkvn snporotkmj mj t`n GD, t`rnn

bkstkjht pmrmus kjtnrvods, O, L, ojb H, oppnor lntwnnj

0,329 ojb 0,3>2 it. R`n voduns mi \,, ojb `,, imr noh`

kjtnrvod orn imujb ly usn mi Ikf. 2;.8? . Rùs, imr Kjtnr-

vod O \,, ks 2.3, imr Kjtnrvod L kt ks >.9, ojb imr Kjtnrvod

H kt ks 9.0. R`n ov nrofn \,, ks >.>, ojb imr odd t`rnn kjtnr-

vods t`n gubhoen t`khejnss ks % kj. Jmtn tòt t`ngkhrmhodkpnr kjbkhotns o `mdn bkogntnr mi 6 8/2 j., n xohtdy

? kj. sgoddnr tòj lkt skzn, hmrrnspmjbkjf tm o %-kj.

gubh oen, tùs vnrkiykjf t`n `,, voduns irmg Ikf. 2;.8 ?.




aII 23‗ KJB^HRdMrA - ?9‗JM\GOD

XOR^\ORKMJ BNRN\GKJORKMJ

R@KHE LNBX MI DMV OJB GNBK^G \NXKXRKK K , K

KM‛ < 8 2 > 9aL[dM

; ] KJRN\S\NR MJD[

L ~. X@MVJ SN\GNOlu

6 ]L[ GKH\MDMF

9 LM JMR ^XN V@NJ- . ~~~\,,/\,4~ IM\b 7 8b

-2

q

T -8

XHODNX ~OSS\MPKGORE,7

63

03

;3

?33

JMRN JMJ dJ5OBNB VORN\ XOJBX MI DMV \NXKXRKYKR[ VKDD FKYN

R@N[ O\N ^XÔDD[ \NHMFJKQNB L[ JNFORKYN XNSO\ORKMJ

MJ GKH\MDMF. KJ OJ[ HOXN JM MKD @OX LNNJ IM^JB LNDMV

3 6 M@G

Ikf. 2;.8;-23-kj. kjbuhtkmj dmf, d&kj. jmrgod kjtnrprntotkmj hòrt. (Vmrekjf dkjns kd-

dustrotn nxogpdn mi Ikf. 2;.23.)

Odd jnhnssory boto orn jmw ot òjb1

\x3 7 >.> B-g

\,(7\,D) 7 ?.; j-g

N SXS 7 ->> gY

N XXS 7 - ?83 gY

osp 7 3.2<

jmrgod rnob kjf gust jmt ln pnrturlnb ly t`n prnsnjhn mi

rnskstkvn strnoes.

E, 7 (imr t`n XS) ot ?23³I ks hdmsn tm 6;

\,r,K\, 7 <.;, ojb

\.,,,d\,,,i 7 2.9

R`n hòrt kjhmrpmrotns opprmxkgotn hmgpnjsotkmj imr

t`n prnsnjhn mi oj ojjudus, ossugkjf nquod vkshmsktkns

imr t`n mkd ojb wotn r ojb oj X,, kj t`n idus`nb zmjn mi ?>

tm 83%. Rm usn t`n hòrt t`n vodun mi t`n rotkm \~~K\KD

(rnskstkvkty igg ?9-kj. jmrgod bkvkbnb ly t`n KD

rnskstkvkty), hmrrnhtnb, ki jnhnssory, imr niinht milmrn`mdn ojb obaohnjt imrgotkmjs, ks pdmttnb nkt`nr vs.

t`n XXS (dmwnr frkb) njtnrnb mppmsktn t`n opprmprkotn imr-

gotkmj tngpnroturn mr vs. \,iK\, (uppnr shodn).

Ikf. 2;.86 ks njtnrnb wkt` \,,K \, 7<.; ojb SXS7 ->> Smkjts ioddkjf wkt`kj t`n sòbnb orno hmrrnspmjb tm

ot E, 76;, dmhotkjf o pmkjt mj t`n hòrt. R`nj o dkjn ks wotnr-lnorkjf sojbs. Smkjts ioddkjf lndmw t`n sòbnb

browj t`rmuf` t` ks pmkjt irmg t`n mrkfkj ojb nxtnjbnb orno hmrrnspm jb tm mkd soturotkmj. O pprmxkg otn soturotkmj

ujtkd kt kjtnrsnhts t`n vnrtkhod dkjn nrnhtnb ot Nssp 7 - ?83 shodns orn prmvkbnb imr ba voduns mi 8b` ojb >b`. R`n

gY imr E, 76;. R`ks kjtnrsnhtkmj fkvns o vodun mi X, bos`nb dkjns rnprnsnjt dkjns mi nquod soturotkmj mj t`n

nquod tm 28 %, ossugkjf tòt X,, ks ?>%, w`kh` ks hòrt. R`n hrktkhod soturotkmj hmrrnspmjbs tm X,^793% kj

rnosmjoldn. R`n sojb wos pnrimrotnb irmg 0,329 tm smit imrgotkmjs ojb >3% kj hmjsmdkbotnb sojbstmjns.

0,3>3 it ojb gobn 6> LMS B ojb <03,333 hu it/B fos R`nsn goy jmt ln t`n hmrrnht hrktkhod soturotkmjs imr

t`rmuf` o 6/92-kj. h`men. gojy dkgnstmjns.

KND Kjtnrprntotkmj Gnt`mb. O hòrt im r prohtkhod kjtnr-

prntotkmj mi idukb soturotkmj irmg t`n rnobkjfs m i t`n KND

hmglkjotkmj ks s`mwj kj Ikf. 2;.8 ;, \ni. <. R`n hmjbk-

tkmjs dkgktkjf vodkb usn mi t`n hòrt orn1 (?) t`n kjvoskmj

bkogntnr bk gust ln lntwnnj <b` ojb ?Mb` (b` ks t`n

`mdn bkogntnr), (<) \,, gust ln frnotnr tòj \,, w`kh` ksfnjnroddy iudikddnb ki \,,iK\, ks frnotnr tòj t`rnn tm dkvn,

os imr irns` gubs ojb sodkjn imrgotkmj wotnrs, ojb (8)

t`n lnbs gust ln iokrdy `mgm fnjnmus-k.n., t`n s`mrt-

Imr sòdy imrgotkmjs o hmjstruhtkmj dken tòt usnb kj

t`n sòdy-sojb gnt`m b hoj ln usnb kj Ikf. 2;.8; .

Odt`muf` jmt rkfmrmusdy hmrrnht, t`ks prmhnburn s`mudb

fkvn ohhnptol dn rnsudts ki t`n sòdkjnss ks jmt tmm frnot.

Xkjhn kt ks jmt odwoys ejmwj lnimrnòj b w`n t`nr t`n

kjtnrprntotkmj hòrt (Ikf. 2; .8;) ks wkt`kj kts dkgkts mi op-

pdkholkdkty, kt ks usniud tm ngpdmy t`n vodun mi pmrmskty mrimrgotkmj iohtmr, w`nj ejmwj irmg kjbnpnjbnjt

smurhns, tm h`nhe t`n rnsudts ly gnojs mi Nq. >. Bntokds

mi t`ks —pmrmskty lodojhn‗ h`nhe orn fkvnj kj \ni. 82.



NDNHR\KHOD DMFFKJF 2;-8?

Ikf. 2;.23-Kjbuhtkmj-ndnhtrkhod dmf ojb gkhrmdmf-gkhrmhodkpnr dmf mj o wndd kj [mujf Hmuj-

ty, RP. K=,,, 7 3.;> ojb \ ,,,, 7 3.9? ot L@R (??6MI). b7 6% kj.

Nxogpdn Srmldng <. Ikf. 2;.23 s`mws port mi t`n

kjbuhtkmj-ndnhtrkhod dmf ojb GD mj o wndd kj [mujf

Hmujty, RP. R`n sojb ot t`n lmttmg mi t`n ikfurn ks bkvkb-

nb kjtm twm ports, O ojb L, ly o t`kj, òrb strnoe, os

s`mwj mj t`n GD. O ojb L wkdd ln kjtnrprntnb snporotn-

dy. Jnhnssory wndd boto orn \, 73.;> oj b \,,di73.9?, ot

L@R m i ??6³I5 `mdn bkogn tnr, b,, , ks 6% kj.

Kjtnrvod O. Irmg t`n kjbuhtkmj-ndnhtrkhod dmf,

\KD7?6.> \-g, \?978<.> \-g, XS7-;> gY, ojb

L@R ks ??6³I. Oppdykjf Ikf. 2;.8;, t`n rotkm

\,9K\?~78<.>/?6.>7?.0>. R`n XS ks -;> gY, sm

t`n pmkjt ks ikxnb mj t`n hòrt, fkvkjf oj ovnrofn X, miolmut 83 % .

Kjtnrvod L. @nrn t`n \KD 7<9.3 \-g ojb \?9786.3

j-g. \?9?\KD786.3/<9.37?.2<. R`n XS ks -;3 gY ot

??6³I. R`ks ikxns o pmkjt mj Ikf. 2;.8;, w`kh` fkvns o

vodun mi X, mi olmut <> % . Brkddstng tnsts mj t`n twm kj-

tnrvods s` mwnb tòt t`n sojb hmjtokjnb fos ojb bkstkddotn,

wkt` o `kf`nr idmwkjf prnssurn mvnr Kjtnrvod L.

\mhey Gmujtokj Gnt`mb. R`n \mhey Gmujtokj

gnt` mb*‛ wos bnvndmp nb imr t`n kjtnrprntotkmj mi hmj-

vnjtkmjod ndnhtrkhod dmfs tm ykndb voduns m i X, ojb 2 kj

kjvobnb, hdnoj, òrb imrgotkmjs w`nj t`ny orn suiik-

hknjtdy t`khe ojb `mgm fnjnmu s. Kt ks jnhnssory tòt t`n

kjvoskmj ln suh` tòt t`n ovnrofn rnskstkvktkns rnhmrbn bly t`n s`mrt jmrgod ojb t`n dotnrod (w`nj hmrrnhtnb imr

lmrn`mdn niinht) opprmxkgotn t`n ovnrofn voduns mi \a

ogk \,, rnspnhtkvndy. Imr t`ks tm ln trun, t`n s`mrt-

jmrgod rnobkjfs s`mudb l n ot dnost ? 3 tkgns t`n gub

rnskstkvkty. Mjdy ovnrofn voduns, m vnr t`khe kjtnrvods, hoj

ln mltokjnb wkt` t`ks gnt`m b.

\k7I\\wkI, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (?;)

w`nrn1

?. \,k ks t`n rnskstkvkty mi t`n wotnr imujb kj t`n kjvob-

nb zmjn. Kt ks usuoddy gobn up mi ikdtrotn ojb kjtnrstktkod

(hmjjotn) wotnr gkxnb kj suh` prmpmrtkmj tòt

? iw-7-+ (? iw)-, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .\wk \w \jzi

(<3)

w`nrni, ks t`n irohtkmj mi kjtnrstktkod (hmjjotn) w otnr kj

t`n tmtod gkxturn (usuoddy > tm ?3% ).

<. Xk ks t`n wotnr soturotkmj kj t`n kjvobnb zmjn. Kt òs

lnnj imujb ly nxpnrknjhn tòt Xk * 7X,5 sm

\k7I\,KXw. Kjosguh` os \,7I\~K X,*, wn mltokj

X,7(\kK\,)t(\wkK\,).

Xkjhn \,K\wk 7i,+(d -i,)\,/\,,,i, kt imddmws tòt

\,kK\, ks o iujhtkmj mi t`n XS vodun. R`n uppn r port mi

Ikf. 2;.2? fkvns o frop`khod smdutkmj mi t`n nquotkmj imr

X,. R`n XS ks njtnrnb kj mrbkjotn ojb t`n rotkm \kK\, mjmldkqun dkjns. R`n kjtnrsnhtkmj fkvns t`n olshksso X,.

R`n dmwnr port mi t`n hòrt ks usnb tm mltokj t`n pmrmsk-

ty ly uskjf t`n wotnr soturotkmj, X,, aust imujb, wkt` t`n



2;-8< SNR\MDN^G NJFKJNN\KJF @OJBLMME

Ikf. 2;.2?-Kjtnrprntotkmj hòrt imr

\mhey Gmujtokj gnt`mb.

vodun mi \,K\,. R`n kjtnrsnhtkmj iodds mj mr lntwnnj

mldkqun dkjns tòt orn frobuotnb kjtm pmrmskty voduns, oh-

hmrbkjf tm t`n @ugldn imrgudo, Nq. <. R`ks gnt`mb

s`mudb jmt ln usnb kj sodt gubs.

Ndnhtrmgofjntkh Srmpofotkmj Rmmd

Srkjhkp dn. R`n NSR ‛‗ (ndnhtrmgofjntkh prmpofotkmj

tmm?8‛ ) gnosurns t`n trovnd tkgn ojb ottnjuotkmj rotn mi

oj ndnhtrmgofjntkh wovn t`rmuf` t` n imrgotkmj jnor t`n

lmrn`mdn. Kj obbktkmj, o hodkpnr ojb o GD hoj odsm ln

rnhmrbnb. R`n tmmd hoj ln hmglkjnb wkt` t`n foggo roy,

jnutrmj, mr bnjskty kjstrugnjts.

R`n prmpofotkmj tkgn mi wotnr bkiinrs sòrpdy irmg

t`msn mi fos, mkd, mr gotrkx rmhe ojb ks, gmrnmv nr, dkttdn

oiinhtnb ly t`n sodkjkty mi t`n wotnr. R`ks tmmd pnrgkts t`n

nvoduotkmj mi wotnr soturotkmj tòt ks rndotkvndy kjbnpnj-

bnjt mi wotnr rnskstkvkty (sodkjkty) ojb, kj ioht, ks gmst oh-

hurotn kj t`n irns`nr wotnrs.

Bkndnhtrkh pnrgkttkvkty ks mjn mi t`n gokj io htmrs bntnr-

gkjkjf ndnhtrmgofjntkh prmpofotkmj kj o gotnrkod.

Bkndnhtrkh pnrgkttkvkty mi ojy gnbkug ks prmpmrtkmjod tm

t`n ndnhtrkh bkpmdn g mgnjt pnr ujkt vmdugn. R`n ndnhtrkh

ROLDN 2;.8-NDNHR\MGOFJNRKH

S\MSOFORKMJ YOD^NX

\ndotkvn Bkndnhtrkh

Snrgkttkvkty,

Fos mr okr ? m

Mkd <.<Votnr >9-93_uortz 2.6

Dkgnstmjn 6.>Bmdmgktn 9.;

Oj`ybrktn 9.>

Dmss-Irnn

Srmpofotkmj Rkgn,

t,,

8.82.;

<>-83

6.<;.?9.69.2

bkpmdn gmgnjt ks gobn up mi mjn mr gmrn niinhts1 ndnh-

trmjkh, kmjkh, kjtnriohkod, ojb bkpmdor. Xkjhn noh` mi t`nsn

bmgkjotns mvnr o hnrtokj roj fn mi t`n ndnhtrmgofjntkh

spnhtrug, t`ny hoj ln snporotnb nxpnrkgnjtoddy. *R`n ndnhtrmjkh hmjtrklutkmj rnsudts irmg t`n bkspdohn-

gnjt mi ndnhtrmj hdmubs, ojb ks t`n mjdy mj n tòt mpnrotnsot mptkhod irnqunjhkns. R`n kmjkh ojb kjtnriohkod hmjtrklu-

tkmjs hmgn irmg bkspdohngnjt ojb gmvng njt mi kmjs,

`njhn orh hmjikjnb tm dmw irnqunjhkns. R`n bkpmdor hmj-

trklutkmj ks irmg pnrgojnjt ndnhtrkh bkpmdns, w`kh` mrknjt

t`ngsndvns kj t`n bkrnhtkmj mi oj oppdknb ndnhtrkh ikndb.

Vkt` t`n nxhnptkmj mi wotnr, t`nrn orn vnry inw gotnrkods

olujbojtdy imujb kj joturn tòt òvn pnrgojnjt ndnhtrkh

bkpmdns. O lmrn`mdn bkndnhtrkh gnosurng njt kj t`n

?3;-@ z irnqunjhy rnfkmj, w `nrn t`n bkpmdn pmdorkzotkmj

mi wotnr bmgkjotns, s`mudb dnob tm o gnosurngnjt mi

wotnr hmjtnjt tòt ks kjbnpnjbnjt mi sodkjkty.

Roldn 2;.8 fkvns dolmrotmry-gnosurnb voduns mi prmpo-

fotkmj tkgn ojb bkndnhtrkh pnrgkttkvkty (rndotkvn tm okr) mi

typkhod rnsnrvmkr gotnrkods.

Rmmd. R`n tmmds jmw kj t`n ikndb horry twm trojsgkttnrs

ojb twm rnhnkvnrs mj o wodd-hmjtoht pob, hmjikfurnb os

s`mwj kj Ikfs. 2;.2< ojb 2;.28. R`nsn trojsgkttnrs ojb

rnhnkvnrs gust ln ojtnjjos tm mpnrotn os t ny bm kj t`n

gkhrmw ovn irnqunjhy rojfn. R `n tmmd usns o bkiinrnjtkod

gnosurngnj t losnb mj t`n skfjods bntnhtnb ly jnor ojb

ior rnhnkvnrs, skgkdor kj prkjhkpdn tm t`n wkbndy usnb

gnt`mb mi gnosurkjf Ot wkt` o twm-rnhnkvnr smjkh tmmd.

Kj o skgkdor gojjnr, t`n twm rnhnkvnrs p rmbuhn hojhnddo-

tkmj mi ojy niinhts housnb ly gubhoe n mr vorkotkmjs kj

skfjod hmupdkjf (sm dmjf os lmt` rnhnkvnrs orn oiinhtnb

nquoddy).

Rm rnbuhn ojy nrrmr housnb ly smjbn tkdt, t`n NSR usnsoj ojtnjjo hmjikfurotkmj skgkdor tm t`n trojsbuhnr orroy

usnb kj o lmrn`mdn-hmg pnjsotnb smjkh tmmd. Rrojsgkttkjf

ojtnjjos orn pdohnb olmv n ojb lndmw t`n rnhnkvnr pokr

ojb orn pudsnb odtnrjotndy. Xkgpdn fnmgntrkh hmjskbnro-

tkmjs s`mw tòt ki t`nsn twm trojsgksskmj gmbn s orh

ovnrofnb , t`n ikrst-mrbnr niinhts mi pob tkdt wkdd ln

ndkgkjotnb.

R`n loskh prkjhkpdn mi t`n tmmd kjvmdvns o suriohn mr

dotnrod ndnhtrmgofjntkh wovn doujh`nb odmjf t`n suriohn

mi o hmjbuhtkjf pob. Kj t`n olsnjhn mi gubhoe n, t`n

ndnhtrmgofjntkh wovn wmudb gmvn odmjf t`n pob iohn

post twm rnhnkvkjf ojtnjjos, lut kj t`n jmrgod lmrn`mdn

hosn wkt` gubh oen prnsnjt, prmpofotkmj toens pdohn mj

t`n suriohn lntwnnj gubhoen ojb imrgotkmj. R`n pòsn

s`kit ojb ottnjuotkmj pnr ujkt bkstojhn odmjf t`n suriohn

mi t`n pob orn prmpmrtkmjod tm N ojb H (os s`mwj kj

t`nmry) imr o pdojn w ovn.

Kt òs lnnj bngmjstrotnb lmt` t`nmrntkhoddy ojb nx-

pnrkgnjtoddy tòt imr gub hoe ns up tm % kj. t`n trovnd

tkgn gnosurnb ly t`n NSR ks nssnjtkoddy t`n sogn os t`n

trovnd tkgn kj t`n kjvobnb zmjn wkt`mut ojy gub hoen.

Olmvn suh` t`khejnss t`n gnosurngnj t bntnrkmrotns

ropkbdy ujtkd t`n tmmd rnspmjbs mjdy tm t`n gub. Dkgktnb

nxpnrknjhn wkt` okr- ojb mkd-losnb gub-ikddnb tmmds kj-

bkhotns t` ot nvnj vnry t`kj doynrs mi t`nsn idukbs lntw nnj

t`n pob ojb t`n imrgotkmj housn t` n tmmd tm rnspmjb mjdy

tm t`n idukb ojb jmt t`n imrgotkmj. R`ks ks lnhousn mi t`n

s`mrt trovnd tkgn mi t`nsn idukbs. R`n tmmd hmjtokjs o

? d-F@z gkhrmw ovn trojshnkvnr. R`n trojsgkttnr ks

hopoldn mi fnjnrotkjf gmrn tòj < V mi mutput pmwnr




w`kdn t`n rnhnkvnr hoj prmhnss o 3.8 pkhm wott (pV)skfjod. R`ks oddmws ohhurotn gnosurngnjts kj imrgotkmjsw`nj \ opprmoh`ns 3.8 o-g.

R nmry. Ossugkjf o pdojn wovn vorykjf skjusmkboddy kjtkgn, t`n ndnhtrkh ikndb, N, ot t`n snhmjb rnhnkvnr ks fkvnj

ly

N7N,,n ‐ [D lAt . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (<?)

w`nrn ks t`n ndnhtrkh ikndb ot t`n ikrst rnhnkvnr5 D ks t`nbkstojhn lntwnnj t`n twm rnhnkvnrs5 a ks t`n vnhtmrkodmpnrotmr ik 5 m ks t`n ojfudor irnqunjhy5 t ks t`n tkgnmi trovnd mi t`n wovns mvnr o bkstojhn D kj t`n imrgotkmj5

ojb y ks t`n hmgpdnx prmpofotkmj iohtmr fkvnj ly

y7h[+ap, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..(<<)

w`nrn ks t`n ottnjuotkmj iohtmr (hmniikhknjt) kjjnpnr/g, ojb ks t`n pòsn iohtmr kj rob/g.

Imr o —dmssdnss‗ imrgotkmj,* mr7M. Irmg Nq. <?, t`n pòsn vndmhkty vSM ks fkvnj ly

D ?

pm t. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (<8)

[m t

w`nrn t`n sulshrkpt m kjbkhotns dmss-irnn hmjbktkmjs ojbtpm ks t`n dmss-irnn prmpofotkmj tkgn mi o fkvnj gnbkugkj js/g.

Irmg Goxwndd‛ s nquotkmjs, kt hoj ln s`mwj tòt

y. 7aw awtpm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (<2)

w`nrn ¾ ks t`n gofjntkh pnrgnolkdkty (@/g). Xkjhn gmstimrgotkmjs mi kjtnrnst orn jmjgofjntkh, ¾ mi t`n imrgo-tkmj ks t`n sogn os tòt mi irnn spohn (¾M 7 rP ?3

-6

@/g), ojb ks t`n bkndnhtrkh pnrgkttkvkty (I/g). V`njt`n imrgotkmj ks dmssy, y ojb orn hmgpdnx.

Ikf. 2;.2<‒Xh`ngotkh mi NSR ojtnjjopob, s`mwkjf prkjhkpdn mi

<-rnhnkvnr gnosurngnjt mi

*Imrgotkmj wkt` jm ndnhtrmgofjntkh njnrfy dmssns trojskt tkgn.

Ikf. 2;.28‒R`n NSR ojtnjjo pob.




Xquorkjf Nq. << ojb Nq. < 2 ojb nquotkjf t`n rnod ojb

kgofkjory tnrgs, wn òvn

w</.Dmh7p< -o=, . . . . . . <>)

ojb

wp,H7<o^p, . . (<9)

w`nrn H ks t`n nqukvodnjt hmjbuhtkvkty (o/g) mi t`n

dmssns kj t`n imrgotkmj. Bkvkbkjf Nq. <> ly w<,

p< o<Smn7--- w< ,< . . . . . . . K.. . . . . . . .

Irmg Nq. <2, 23~7tpm<. Xkjhn ikdw7t,d ks t`n trovnd

tkgn kj t`n dmssy gnbkug,

o<

tpm<- K=--*

- tp? w< . . . . . . . (<0)

\ngng lnrkjf tòt 3? s t`n ottnjuotkmj iohtmr, N q. <0 kg-

pdkns tòt t`n ohtuod prmpofotkm j tkgn kj o hmjbuhtkvn imr-

gotkmj ks dmjfnr tòj tò t mi o hmrrnspmjbkjf dmss-irnn

imrgotkmj. Ki t`n prmpofotkmj wovn ks jmt o pdojn wov n,

suktoldn sprnobkjf-dmss hmrrnhtkmjs tm t`n gnosurn b ot-

tnjuotkmj (O,,,) orn gobn lnimrn Nq. <0 ks oppdknb. Rùs

t`n hmrrnhtnb ottnjuotkmj O,. 7Okmf -F,[ (bL/g) w`nrn

F,, ks t`n fnmg ntrkhod sprnobkjf dmss ojb OK ,,~ `n rn-

hmrbnb ottnjuotkmj kj bL/g . F,= ks olmut >3 bL/g kj okr

mr F,i 72>.3+ ?.8r,/ +M. ?0r,/. @nrn tp/ ks t`n rnhmrbnb

trovnd tkgn kj js/g.

Kjtnrprntotkmj. R`n rojfn mi trovnd tkgn njhmujtnrnb kj

t`n lmrn`mdn kj hmggmj rnsnrvmkr rmhe vorkns irmg 9.8

js/g imr o 23-pu sojbstmjn ikddnb wkt` `ybrmhorlmjs tm

?6.< js/g im r o 23-pu w otnr-ikddnb dkgnstmjn. Kj tnrgs mi

pòsn s`kit, t`ks hmrrnspmj bs tm ojfdns lntwnnj ?33 ojb

<63‗ w`nj hmg putnb mvnr o 2-hg rnhnkvnr spohkjf.

R`n NSR dmf rnspmjbs prkgorkdy tm t`n lude vmdugn mi

wotnr kj t`n imrgotkmj. Xkjhn t`n tmmd òs o rndotkvndy

sòddmw bnpt` mi kjvnstkfotkmj-olmut ? tm 9 kj. bnpnjb-

kjf mj t`n hmjbuhtkvkty-kt jmrgoddy rnspmjbs tm t`n

idus`nb zmjn mi oj kjvobnb snhtkmj.

Nq. <0 hoj ln trojsimrgnb kjtm

tpm7 (tA- ) d` . . . . . . . . . . . . . (<;)

R`n oppornjt wotnr-ikddnb pmrmskty (bNSR ) hoj ln bnrkvnb

kj o woy skgkdor tm t`n bnrkvotkmj mi t`n pmrmskty irmg

smjkh Ot. Rùs

2tpm tpg

NSR 7 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (83)

tpwm tpg

tpwm , t`n dmss-irnn prmpofotkm j tkgn mi wotnr, v orkns wkt`

t`n tngpnrotu rn ojb sdkf`tdy wkt` prnssurn ojb hoj ln ml-

tokjnb os

w`nrn R ks t`n tngpnroturn. —I. Ejmwdnbfn mi wotnr

sodkjkty ks jmt rnqukrnb tm mltokj r,,,,.,,

*o K‗ jnp nrdg ojb O ,~~ KX bVg Xghn 8 jnpnr 7 9.999 bL, O ,mf 79.99&t

R`n dmss-irnn prmp ofotkmj tkgn mi gotrkx, tpg, ks kj-

bkhotnb mj Roldn 2; .<. R`n joturn mi t`n gotrkx hoj ln

bntnrgkjnb ly t`n ejmwdnbfn mi t`n oppornjt gotrkx bnj-

skty ojb kjtnrpmdotkjf lntwnnj dkt`mdmfy bnjskty v oduns.

R`n wotnr soturotkmj X,, ks fkvnj ly

tpm Xxm2tpwm(d -Xxm)2tp` i(? -+p,, . . (8?)

mr

s . w 7

t p m - t pg + b ‛ ( t pg - t p ` ), . . (8<)(tp,, ] tp`)

w`nrn tp` ks t`n prmpofotkmj tkgn imr `ybrmhorlm j ojb 2

ks t`n pmrmskty mi t`n imrgotkmj. Xkjhn tpg ojb tp` orn

iokrdy hdmsn, w n hoj nstkgotn X,, rmuf`dy os

X,7 -. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88)

2

Nxogpdn Srmldng 8. Ikf. 2;.22 ks oj nxogpdn mi t`ndmf prnsnjtotkmj hurrnjtdy kj usn. Rrohe ? hmjtokjs o hmj-

vnjtkmjod hodkpnr hu rvn, toenj irmg t`n gmtkmj mi t`n

loheup pob, ojb t`n ottnjuotkmj hurvn, shodnb kj bL/g.

Rrohes < ojb 8 orn fkvnj tm t`n prkjhkpod gnosurngnj t,

trovnd tkgn (tp/), kj js/g. Rrohe 8 odsm prnsnjts t` n skfjod

dnvnds irmg t`n twm rnhnkvnrs. R`n h`kni usn mi t`nsn

hurvns ks tm gmjktmr t`n prkgory skfjod bntnhtkmj ot t`n

rnhnkvnrs, w`kh` p rmvkbns oj kjbkhotkmj mi t`n rndotkvn

rndkolkdkty mi t`n dmf porog ntnrs ot ojy dnvnd.

O sndi-nvkbnjt ojb vnry rnod obvojtofn goy ln kjinrrnb

irmg t`n 2-hg spohkjf lntwnnj rnhnkvnrs5 t`n tmmd òs

nxhnddnjt vnrtkhod rnsmdutkmj. R`n dmf mi Ikf. 2;.22 oh-

tuoddy dmmes mvnrohtkvn kj spmts, l ut kts rnpnotolkdkty

tnstkikns tò t t`n rnhmrbkjf ks vodkb. Kj ioht, t`n boto

rnhmrbn b ly t`n tmmd orn tmm bntokdnb imr bkrnht gnrfkjf

wkt` mt`nr dmfs ly gnojs mi hmgpu tnr. Ovnrofkjf

(sgmmt`kjf) sulrmutkjns orn tùs rnqukrnb prndkgkjorkns

imr prmfrogs uskjf NSR boto.

Nxogpdn Srmldng 2. Ikf. 2;.2> s`mws oj KXI dmf ojb

t`n pmrmskty hmgputnb irmg bnjskty. jnutrmj, ojb NSR

dmfs. Qmjn O ks mlvkmusdy fos lnorkjf, os nvkbnjhnb lyt`n jnutrmj pmrmskty rnobkjf guh` dnss tòj t`n bnjskty.

R`n NS R pmrm skty ks o dkttdn `kf`n r tòj t`n jnutrmj

pmrmskty ojb guh` dnss tòj t`n bnjskty pmrmskty, hmjikr-

gkjf t`n prnsnjhn mi `ybrmhorlmjs.

Qmjn L nx`klkts o bkiinrnjt pmrmskty prmikdn. Mjhn

ofokj t`n jnutrmj pmrmskty ks dnss tòj t`n bnjskty pmrmsk-ty, kjbkhotkjf t`n prnsnjhn mi smgn dkf`t `ybrmhorlmjs,

lut jmw t`n NSR pmrmskty ks dnss tòj lmt` jnutrmj ojb

bnjskty pmg sktkns. Xkjhn t`n tmtod pmrmskty irmg jnutrmj

ojb bnjskty dmfs ks rmuf`dy

$J +~B

27- ,<

ojb t`n `ybrmhorlmj vmdugn ks

t`n vmdugn mi `ybrmhorlm js oiinhtkjf t`n t`rnn pmrmskty

tmmds ks olmut t`n sogn imr Qmjns O ojb L os bntnrgkjnb

irmg t`n NSR boto. @mw nvnr, t`nrn ks o guh` strmjfnr

dkf`t `ybrmhorlmj niinht mj t`n jnutrmj ojb bnjskty dmfs

kj Qmjn O . Rùs, kt wmudb ln nxpnhtnb tòt Qmjn L hmj-

tokjs gmrn hmjbnjsotn mr mkd tòj Qmjn O.



NDNHR\KHOD DMFFKJF 2;-8>

Ottnjuot kmj ,

b L / g8 >mh

>j Ho d kpnr d> d-----------w---.

k

h-

-

n8

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Rrovnd Rkgn,At,d ?, jsnh /g

Ikf. 2;.22-Oj ujovnrofnb NSR dmf s`mws ikjn bntokd. \npnot snhtkmjs (iokjt hurvns) mi t`n ottnjuotkmj

ojb t,, hurvns s`mw nxhnddnjt rnpnotolkdkty.




FOGGO \O[K

93 +23]----

HODSN\

]]]]]]]] I1

3

3

?K - - -

~?~3 —9--w-----------t hl NSR XOJB

Ikf. 2;.2>-KXI ojb NSRKHJD KIBH dmfs.

Qmjn H oppno rs tm hmjtokj smgn rnskbuod `y brmhor-

lmjs, skjhn t`n NSR pm rmskty ks mitnj sdkf`tdy dnss tòj

t`n jnutrmj ojb bnjskty pmrmsktkns. R`nrn ks o dkttdn gmrn

`ybrmhorlmj kj t`n sòdknr lm ttmg port mi Qmjn H tòj kj

t`n hdnojnr tmp pmrtkmj.

R`n vnry tmp mi Qmjn B hmjtokjs mkd skjhn t`n NSRgnosurngnj t ks guh` dmw nr tòj t`n jnutrmj ojb bnjskty

pmrmsktkns, w`kh` rnob olmut t`n sogn. V otnr-lnorkjf

zmjns orn kbnjtkiknb w`nj t`n NSR pmrmskty ks olmut t`n

sogn mr `kf`nr tòj t`n jnutrmj ojb bnjskty pmrmskty.

Rùs, Qmjn N ks hdnordy wotnr lnorkjf, os ks t`n lmttmg

mi Qmjns L ojb B.

Goh`kjn prmfrog s orn ovokdoldn tm fkvn hmgpdn tn

quojtktotkvn kjtnrprntotkmj mi odd t`nsn dmfs. R`ks ks

nspnhkoddy kgpmrtojt kj t`n stuby mi tor sojbs mr hrubn

mkds w`nrn t`n `ybrmhorlmj ks jmt idus`nb ly t`n gub

ikdtrotn ojb w`nrn X,, ks vnry jnor X, . R`nsn stubkns orh

odsm mi frnot kjtnrnst tm prmvkbn voduns mi rnskbuod mkd

soturotkmjs.

R`n Bkfktod Ofn

Lnimrn ?;93, odd dmfs wnrn rnhmrbnb kj ojodmf imrg mj

ikdg mr popnr. G ofjntkh topn rnhmrbkjf wos kjtrmbuhnb kj

?;93 tm rnhmrb bkpgntnr. X`mrtdy t`nrnoitnr, vorkmus

mt`nr dmfs wnrn odsm rnhmrbnb mj topn, tùs pnrgkttkjf

t`n usn mi hmgputnrs imr vorkmus purpmsns. Lnimrn dmjf,

hmgp utnrs wnrn gob n oj kjtrkjskh port mi t`n rnhmrbkjf

systngs mj t`n dmffkjf truhes. R`ks òs rnvmdutkmjkznb

t`n hopohkty imr boto ohquksktkmj ot t`n wnddsktn. Ot t`n

sogn tkgn, gojy hmgputnr-prmhnssnb prmbuhts òvn

lnhmg n ovokdoldn kj rnod tkgn mr mjdy o s`mrt tkgn oitnr

dmffkjf ks hmgp dntnb ot t`n wnddsktn.

ROLDN 2;.2-VNDDXKRN OJOD[XKX OYOKDOLDN KJ \NOD RKGN

Fnjnrkh Jogn Bnrkvotkmj Dmf Kjput \nqukrn b Srnsnjtotkmj Xh`dugl nrfnr Fnoròrt Brnssnr Vndnx]]]]]]

\...‗ Ossugns odd imrgotkmjs hm jtokj ?3 3% wotnr. Xkgudtojnmus Xkjodn hurvn kj \,,, \ wo \ wo \ *o

Hmgputns oppornjt \ w, \ wo 7 \ , /I

^sns bnnp rnskstkvkty ojb sòddmw imhusnb

rnskstkvkty tm nstkgotn \A\, rotkm.

..]nskstkvkty ojb Rrohe ? mj

pmrmskty. ^suoddy dmforkt`gkh

smjkh ojb shodn.

kjbuhtdmj

Xkgudtojnmus bnn p Xkjfdn hurvn kj \,K\t

rnskstkvkty ojb Rrohe ?

sòddmw imhusnb hmgpotkldy

j7skstkvkty

—I‗ mvnrdoy mr Bnrkvns I irmg o pmrmskty hurvn tòt KX pdoynb Bnnp rnskstkvkty

—\m ‗ mjtm dmforkt`gkh rnskstkvkty os \,. ojb pmrmstty

mvnrdoy

Hmgpot kldn

pmrmskty

shodns

Ojy hmglkjotkmj mi pmrmskty dmfs wkt` sogn Xkgudtojnmus

dkt`mdmfy ossugptkmjs tm hmgputn pmrmskty. pmrmskty dmfs

@mdn vmdugn ^sns hodkpnr dmfs tm hmgpu tn `mdn vmdugn imr Hodkpnr hurvn-hngnjt hodhudotkmj. prninroldy <

hurvns ot ;3³

suh` os 2.org

bkpgntnr

Irohturn ^sns bki inrnjhns kj obaohnjt pob rnobkjfs &org bkpgntnr

dmhotkjf dmf irmg 2-org bkpgntnr tm kjinr irohturns.

shodnb os o

psnubm XS

hurvn.Xkjfdn bos`nb \,

hurvn kj

Rrohes < ojb

8 mj

dmforkt`gkh

shodn.

Hmbnb hurvns kj Hmgpot kldn

Rrohes < ojb pmrmskty

8 wkt` foggo shodns

roy ojb

hodkpnr kj

Rrohe ?.

Skps mr t kh Lmrn`mdn

gores kj vmdugn

bnpt` hmdugj

ot nvnry ?3 hu

itojb ?MMhu

itObaohnjt pob Irohturn

\m —I‗ hurvn —I‗ Hurvn

Hmgpot kldn Hmgpot kldn Hmgpot kldn

pmrmskty pmrmskty pmrmskty

shodns shodns shodns

Lmrn`mdn Lmrn`mdn Lmrn`mdn

vmdugn vmdugn vmdugn

Irohturn Irohturn Bkpgntnr

rnobkjfs orn

supnrkgpmsnb

ojb ojy

snporotkmj ks

hmbnb.

kbnjtki khotkmj

?3;

bntnhtmr

dmf

dmho`mj

CK

irohturn

?3;



NDNHR\KHOD DMFFKJF

ROLDN 2;.>-VNDDXKRN OJOD[XKX OYOKDOLDN KJ \NSDO[‗ RKGN

2;-86

Fnjnrkh Jogn Bnrkvotkmj

Gnrfnb ojb \npdoys odd dmfs, s`kits bnpt`s ojb goens

bnpt` s`kitnb sogp dn hodhudottojs suh` os \,,, \ xm,

boto \,/\r, hmgpo tkldn pmrmskty shodns mrhrmss pdmt pmrmskt kns.

Vnddsktn ^sns odd dmfs tm prmvkbn o ikrst mrbnr

nvoduotkmj dmf hmgputnr ojodysks.

Imrgot kmj bkp Hmgputns imrgotrmj btp i rmg 2-org

hmgputotkmjs bkpgntnr

Rrun vnrtkhod Hmgp utns dYB mi ojy pmkjt irmg bkpgntn r

bnpt` dmf mrknjtotkmj boto

Dmf Kjput \nqu rrnb Srnsnjtotkmj Xh`dug lnrfnr

Ojy dmfs ruj mj ^suoddy 8 tm > Hylnrdmme

topn. trohes. Yorkns Soss ?

ly snrvkhnhmgpojy,

bkpdoys mjdy

dmf boto.\nskstkvkty ojb ^suoddy 8 mr 2 Hylnrdmme

pmrmskty trohes. @os

rnsnrvmkr boto

bnrkvnb irmg

dmf boto.

2-org bkpgntnr Imrgot kmj bkp, Hylnrbkp

`mdn bnvkotkmj,

hodkpnrs.

Hmjtgumu s \npdoy mi ojy RYB

bkpgntnr pdus dmf mj RYB

ojy dmf tm ln shodn

Fnoròrt Brnssnr Vndnx

hrmss-pdmt Srmdmf Hmgp utnr

(x-pdmt) Yoj

Vndd Srmdmf HOD

nvoduotkmj

dmf

INB BBD Srm-Bkp

RYB RYB

hmjvnrtnb dm

RYB

‐Odd dmfs ovokdoldn kj rnod t kgn orn odsm ovorKoldn j rnpdoy tkgn Ki rnhmrbn b mj g ofjntkh op n

Vkt`mut ojy bmult, t`n bkfktod ofn ks rnspmjskldn imr

t`n hrnotkmj m i jnw nqukpgnjt bnng nb kg pmsskldn

lnimrn. Gojy kjtnrprntotkmj tnh`jkquns ojb stubkns tmboy

hmudb jm t ln gobn wkt`m ut t`n usn mi hmgp utnrs. Ikjoddy,

ndnhtrmjkh trojsgksskmj mi dmf boto ks o prnsnjt rnodkty,

iohkdktotkjf nxhòj fn lntw nnj w ndds ojb miikhns, tmwjs

ojb hmjtkjnjts. Oj mvnrvknw mi t`ks vost ikndb ks

jnhnssory.

Gofjntkh Ropns

OSK-rnhmgg njbnb stojborb imrgot pnrgkts dmffkjf snr-

vkhn hmgpojy topns tm ln rnob ly gmst hmgputnrs. Gmrn

nxòustkvn trnotgnjt mi t`n sulanht ks ovokdoldn bkrnhtdy

irmg t`n snrvkhn hmgpojkns. _uodkty hmjtrmd mi t`n

gofjntkh topn ks njsurnb kj rnod tkgn kj kjtnfrotnb dmf-

fkjf systngs òvkjf mj-lmorb hmgputnrs.

Hmgp utnb Dm f Srmbuhts

Dmf ojodysks p nrimrgnb ly o hmgp utnr ks ovokdoldn tm t`n

dmf usnr ot t`rnn bkiinrnjt dnvnds.

?. \nod-tkgn —qukhe-dmme‗ prmbuh ts, suggo rkznb kj

Roldn 2; .2, ruj ot t`n sogn tkgn t` n dmf ks lnkjf ruj.

Gojy mi t`nsn hurvns, suh` os \, ojb I hurvns, orn

rnhmrbnb mj t`n stojborb dmfs ojb orn mitnj pdohnb kj t`n

XS mr rnskstkvkty trohes.

<. Vnddsktn dmf ojodysks prmbuh ts, sugg orkznb kj

Roldn 2;.>, orn fnjnroddy ovokdoldn ot t`n wnddsktn kj

rnpdoy tkgn. V nddsktn ojodysks ks gobn oitnr t`n dmffkjf ks

hmgpdn tnb. R`n prmhnss kjvmdvns pdoykjf l ohe topnb dmfs

ojb uskjf oj opprmp rkotn dmf ojodysks prmfrog , suh` os o

sòdy-sojb ojodysks mr o bkpgn tnr hmg putotkmj.

8. Hmgputkjf hnjtnr prmbuhts og prmvkbnb wndd oitnr

t`n dmffkjf ks ikjks`nb (boys mr wnne s dotnr) ojb orn

fnjnroddy gmrn hmgprn`njskvn tòj nkt`nr mi t`n wnddsktnprmbuh ts. Kj fnjnrod, t`nsn hmgputotkmj s iodd kjtm t`rnn

hotnfmrkns1 sòdy-sojb ojodysks, hmgpdnx dkt`mdmfystuby, ojb bkpgntnr prmhnsskjf. R`n gmst-usnb prmbuhts

orn sugg orkznb kj Roldn 2;.9. Mt`nr, dnss irnqunjtdy

usnb prmbuh ts suh` os tor sojb ojodysks mr gnhòjkhod

prmpnrtkns orn jmt kjhdubnb5 bntokds mj t`nsn goy ln ml-

tokjnb bkrnhtdy irmg t`n snrvkhn hmgpojy.

ROLDN 2;.9-DMF OJOD[XKX OYOKDOLDN I\MG HMGSOJ[ HMGS^RKJF HNJRN\X

Fnjnrkh Jog n Bnrkvotkmj Dmf Kjput \nqukrn b Srnsnjtotkmj Xh`dug lnrfnr Fnoròrt

Obvojhn b ^sns gmst smp`kstkhotnb ojodytkhod ojb \sskstkv`y, bnjskty, ^suoddy 2 trohes XO\O LOJB Hmgsojb

sojbstmjn stotkstkhod gnt`mbs tm hmrrnht ojb hmgputn jnutrmj, fogg o prnsnjtotkmjojodysks dmfs kj sojbstmjns ojb sòdy sojbstmjns. roy wkt` smjkh mi dkt`mdmfy, [M^J —I‗ Sokrs

bnskroldn soturotkmj,

pmrmskty ojb

lude vmdugn.

Obvojhn b ^sns gmst smp`kstkhotnb ojodytkhod ojb \nskstkvkty, bnjskty, ^suoddy 2 trohes HMOKLOJB Hmgdkt`

horlmjotn stotkstkhod gnt`mbs tm hmrrnht ojb hmgputn jnutrmj, foggo prnsnjtot kmj

ojodysks dmfs kj horlmjotn ojb dkt`mdmfkhoddy hmgpdnx roy wkt` smjkh mi dkt`mdmfy, FDMLOd. Irox

rnsnrvmkrs ojb soturotkmj,

gkhrmrnskstkvkty pmrmskty, ojb

bnskroldn lude vmdugn.

Obvojhn ^sns gmst obvojhnb hmrrndotkmj dmfkh tm *-org bkpgntnr Orrmw pdmt wkt` HD^XRN\ JNP^Xbkpgn tnr hmgputn bkps imddmwnb ly o stotkstkhod hodkpnr, (struhturod) ojbhmgpu to- smrtkjf tm rntokj t`n gmst rndkoldn boto. hmrrndotkmj FNMBdS

t kmjs hurvn ojb (strotkfrop`kh)

`mdn bnvkotkmj.

Odsm ovokdoldn1

ozkgut`

irnqunjhy,

gmbki knb

Xh`gkbt pdmts,

`kstmfrogs,

ojb dkstkjfs.

Brnssnr Vndnx

NSKDMF HOD

XojbstmjnOjodysks

NSKDMF HO,

Hmgpdnx

\nsnrvmkr

Ojodysks

Brnssnr Bkpdmf

hmgputnb ojodysks

bkpgntnr



2;-80

SOXX JN

SNR\MDN^G NJFKJNN\KJF @OJBLMM E

HM#iJXOdNB i^@ORdHV2

BNJRoR grmg

HMG=NJXORNB

JNdAgmJ rmKmsg

Ikf. 2;.29-H[LN\DMME Soss Mjn dmf.

Oj nxogpdn mi wn ddsktn dmf ojodysks ks t`n

HvLN\DMME pgfrog, 89 w`kh` rnqukrns os o gkjkgug

suktn mi dmfs o bnnp kjvnstkfotkmj rnskstkvkty,HJD ‗-IBH‗ (hmgpnjsotnb jnutrmj/bnjskty dmfs), o

foggo roy, mr XS hurvn. R`n H[LN\DMME hmgputotkmj

ks losnb mj t`n buod-wotnr gmbnd ojb ks jmrgoddy gobn

kj twm possns.

Mj t`n Soss Mjn dmf (Ikf. 2;.29), t`n XS hurvn ks mj

Rrohe ? wkt` t`n foggo roy. Mj Rrohe <, kj imur hyhdns,

orn imujb t`n \, hurvn, t`n \, (hmgputnb igg \,),

ojb t`n pmrmskty fkvnj ly t`n HJD . Rrohe 8 s`mws t`n

pmrmskty fkvnj ly t`n bnjskty, 23, t`n pmrmskty fkvnj ly

t`n jnutrmj, ipJ, ojb o hgsspdmt pmrmskty hmgputnb irmg

‐ ‐ B og k ‐ ‐ J .

Mj Soss Rwm dmf (Ikf. 2; .26), t`n Rrohe ? fkvns t`n

sòdn kjbnx, w`kh` ks t`n gkjkgug sòdn kjbnx mi snvnrod

sòdn kjbkhotmrs mltokjnb irmg t`n XS hurvn, t`n foggo

roy, ojb t`n goxkgug ojb gkjkgug jnutrmj rnob kjfs.

Rrohe < s`mws \, os o bos`nb hurvn ojb \m os o smdkb

hurvn. R`n dnit òdi mi Rrohe 8 òs t`n wotnr soturotkmj

ojb t`n rkf`t òdi òs t`n pmrmskty ojb lude vmdugn irnn

wotnr. O bkiinrnjtkod hodkpnr ks prnsnjtnb os o bmttnbhurvn wkt` lkt skzn kj t`n gkbbdn mi Rrohe 8. O fos idof

oppnors kj t`n bnpt` trohe w`nj o dorfn `ybrmhorlmj hmr-

rnhtkmj wos jnhnssory tm mltokj t`n pmrmskty irmg

jnutrmj/bnjskty dmfs.

YMDOS ks oj nxogpdn mi o hmgpdnx ojodysks prmfrog

(Ikf. 2;.2 0). Kt ks losnb mj t`n buod-wotnr gmbn d, os ks

t`n [LN\DMME prmfro g gnjtkmjnb prnvkmusdy, lut t`n

hmgputotkmjs orn ior gmrn rnikjnb ojb t`n rnsudts gmrn

ohhurotn. Imr o bntokdnb stuby mi t`n buod-wotnr gmbnd,

snn \nis. 86 ojb 80. R`n buod wotnr gmbnd skgpdy soys

tòt kj o sòdy sojb, kts nqukvodnjt imrgotkmj wotnr hmj-

buhtkvkty ks bnpnjbnjt mj t`n rndotkvn ogmujt mi

—lmujb‗ wotnr ojb —irnn‗ wotnr.

R`n hmjbuhtkvkty mi t`n lmujb wotnr ks imujb ly t`n

usn mi t`n jnorly sòdn rnskstkvkty ojb t`n tmtod pmrmskty

fkvnj ly t`n ovnrofn mi HJ D. Kj o dken gojjnr, t`n irnn



NDNHR\KHOD DMFFKJF 2;-8;

H[LN\DMME

F\OKJ BVR[

v (*-------- ----

923

VR \NXXRVd[ VORN\ SM\MV[mwKu [* [ ,m_ ,AOJ\OdMJ OJOD[XX

BNNS \NJRKYKR[ ? OSm -) G XQN

Ikf. 2%26-H[LN\DMME Soss Rwm dmf.

wotnr hmjbuhtkvkty ks imujb ly usn mi t`n rnskstkvkty mit`n hdnoj wo tnr sojb ojb kts tmtod pmrmskty. Kj o sòdy

wotnr sojb, t`n nqukvodnjt wotnr hmjbuhtkvkty ks imujb kj

t`n sogn woy ly uskjf t` n rnskstkvkty mi t`n sòdy wotnr

sojb ojb kts tmtod pmrmskty. Ejmwkjf t`n lmujb ojb irnn

wotnr hmjbuhtkvktkns, kt ks nosy tm hmgp utn t`nkr irohtkmjs

mi t`n tmtod pmrmskty tòt orn jnhnssory tm mltokj t`n sogn

nqukvodnjt wotnr hmjbuhtkvkty mi t`n sòdy wotnr sojb.

R`n irohtkmjs mi lmujb ojb irnn wotnr hoj ln rndotnb tm

t`n rndotkvn bnidnhtkmjs mi t`n foggo roy mr XS hurvn,

nth., tù s pnrgkttkjf t`n usn mi suh` hodklrotkmjs w`nj

ojodyzkjf ` ybrmhorlmj soturotnb zmjns. R`n ojodysks ks

bmjn ly uskjf o bkspnrsnb-hdoy-typn nquotkmj.

Jmgnjhdoturn

o,,i 7 h`ngkhod ohtkvkty mi gub ikdtrotn

o,. 7 h`ngkhod ohtkvkty mi imrgotkmj wotnr

O,. 7 hmrrnhtnb ottnjuotkmj mi o imrgotkmj

O dmf 7 rnhmrbnb ottnjuotkmj mi o imrgotkmj

H 7 nqukvodnjt hmjbuhtkvkty mi dmssns kj t`n

imrgotkmj

H,t 7 hmjbuhtkvkty os fkvnj ly kjbuhtkmj dmf

HR 7 tmtod hmjbuhtkvkty skfjod

Hk 7 hmjbuhtkvkty mi kjvobnb zmjn

H, 7 hmjbuhtkvkty mi gub

H, 7 trun hmjbuhtkvkty mi imrgotkmj

h x3 7 hmjbuhtkvkty mi idus`nb zmjn

N 7 ndnhtrkh ikndb

N . 7 tmtod ndnhtrmh`ngkhod NGI

NA 7 dkqukb-aujhtkmj NG I

NG 7 sòdn-gnglrojn NGI

Npsp 7 psnubmstotkh XS

Nsp 7 stotkh XS



2;-23

tddMdk M\MXKR[ S\NXNJRORKMJ

?

- +

~

k d

+++

Ikf. 2;.20-@kf`-pmrmskty prnsnjtotkmj.

Nj 7 ndnhtrkh ikndb ot t`n ikrst rnhnkvnr

I\ 7 imrgotkmj rnskstkvkty iohtmr

I\,T 7 rnskstkvkty iohtmr mi imrgotkmj wotnr

I\,,, 7 rnskstkvkty iohtmr mi wotnr kj kjvobnb zmjn

i,,. 7 irohtkmj mi kjtnrstktkod (hmjjotn) wotnr kj t`n

tmtod gkxturn

Fk 7 fnmgntrkhod iohtmr mi kjvobnb zm jn

F,, 7 fnmgntrkhod iohtmr mi gub

F,a 7 psnubmf nmgntrkhod iohtmr mi t`n kjvobnb

zmjn

F, 7 fnmgntrkhod sp rnobkjf dmss

F, 7 fnmgntrkhod iohtmr, trun imrgotkmj

F,,, 7 fnmgntrkhod iohtmr mi idus`nb zmjn

k\ 7 rnskstkvkty kjbnx

a 7 vnhtmrkod mpnrotmr A-d

SNR\MDN^G NJFKJNN\KJF @OJBLM ME

E,. 7 ndnhtrmh`ngkh od hmniikhknjt

g 7 hngnjtotkmj nxpmjnjt m r iohtmr

j 7 soturotkmj nxpmjnjt

\, 7 oppornjt rnskstkvkty

\ 7 ojjudus rnskstkvkty

k1 7 hmrrnhtnb rnskstkvkty\KD kjbuhtkmj-dmf rnskstkvkty

\pD 7 prmxkgkty-dmf rnskstkvkty

\, 7 rnskstkvkty mi kjvobnb zmjn

\,,. 7 rnskstkvkty mi gubh oen

\ 2 7 rnskstkvkty mi gub ikdtrotn

\, 7 trun imrgotkmj rnskstkvkty

\, 7 imrgotkmj-wotnr rnskstkvkty

\ 7 nqukvodnjt imrgotkmj -wotnr rnskstkvkty

\K 7 rnskstkvkty mi t`n wotnr imujb kj t`n

kjvobnb zmjn

\ 7 rnskstkvkty mi idus`nb zm jn

k1 7 rnskstkvkty mi o hdnoj (jmjs`ody) imrgotkmj

soturotnb wkt` ?33% wotnr

\K,? 7 rnskstkvkty mi ?- P ? kj. gkhrmkjvnrsn

\< 7 rnskstkvkty mi <-kj. gkhrmjmrgod

\ ?9 7 s`mrt-jmrgod rnskstkvkty

Xk 7 wotnr soturotkmj kj t`n kjvobnb zmjn

X,, 7 rnskbuod mkd soturotkmj

X, 7 imrgotkmj wotnr soturotkmj

Xx3 7 wotnr soturotkmj kj t`n idus`nb zmjn

‐p` 7 prmpofotkmj tkgn imr `ybrmhorlmj

tS/ 7 trovnd tkgn kj t`n dmssy gnbkug

tSg7 dmss-irnn prmpo fotkmj tkgn mi gotrkx

tSm7 dmss-irnn prmpofotkmj tkgn

tpwm 7 dmss-irnn prmpo fotkmj tkgn mi wotnr

[ 7 goxkgug prmbuhkldn mkd kjbnx

—XS 7 XS rnbuhtkmj iohtmr

y 7 hmgpdnx prmpofotkmj iohtmr

t 7 rndotkvn bkndnhtrkh pnrgkttkvkty

p 7 gofjntkh pnrgnolkdkty

2~ 7 bnjskty pmrmskty

VNSR 7 ndnhtrmgofjntkh prmpofotkmj tmmd pmrmskty

$@H 7 `ybrmhorlmj pmrmskty

2~ 7 jnutrmj pmrmskty

w 7 ojfudor irnqunjhy

Ollrnvkotkmjs

HJDRG 7 hmgpnjsotnb jnutrmj dmfBKD 7 buod kjbuhtkmj-dotnrmdmf 0

NSR 7 ndnhtrmgofjntkh prmpofotkmj tmmd

NX 7 ndnhtrkhod survny

IBH ‐rG7 hmgpnjsotnb bnjskty dmf

KB 7 bnnp-rnobkjf kjbuhtkmj bnvkhn

KND 7 kjbuhtkmj-ndnhtrkhod dmf

KNX 7 kjbuhtkmj-ndnhtrkhod survny

KD 7 kjbuhtkmj dmf

KDb 7 bnnp kjbuhtkmj dmf

KG 7 gnbkug-rnobkjf kjbuhtkmj bnvkhn

KXI 7 kjbuhtkmj sp`nrkhoddy-imhusnb dmf

DD 7 dotnrmdmf

DDB 7 bnnp dotnrmdmfDDX 7 s`oddmw dotnrmdmf

GD 7 gkhrmdmf



NDNHR\KHOD DMFFKJF

GDD 7 gkhrmdotnrmdmf

GXID 7 sòddmw GKH\MXID

SD 7 prmxkgkty dmf

XBD 7 skgudtojnmus buod dotnrmdmf

XID 7 sp`nrkhoddy imhusnb dmf

XXS 7 stotkh XS

\ninrnjhns

K.

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8.

2.

>.

9.

6.

0.

;.

?3.

KK.

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?8

?2.

?>.

?9.

?6.

?0.

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<3.

<?.

Bujdop, @.I. ojb @owt`mrjn. @.\.1 — Hodhudotkmj mi Votnr

\nskstkvktkns irmg H`ngkhod Ojodysks,‗ A. Snr. Rnh`. (Audy ?;>6)

<3<-?65 Rrojs., OKGN, ?;<.

o. —Dmf Kjtnrprntotkmj Hòrts,‗ Xh`duglnrfnr Vndd Xnrvkhns

?;6;).

l. —Dmf Kjtnrprntotkmj Hòrts,‗ Brnssnr-Otdos (?;0?).

h. —Hòrts imr t`n Kjtnrprntotkmj mi Vndd Dmfs,‗ Vndnx (?;6;)

ND-?33<.

b. —Hòrt Lmme.‗ Fnoròrt (?;0<).

Dogmjt. J.1 —\ndotkmjs`kps Lntwnnj t`n Gub \nskstkvkty, Gub

Ikdtrotn \nskstkvkty, ojb t`n Gub Hoen \nskstkvkty mi Mkd Ngudskmj

Gub Xystngs,‗ A. Snt. Rnh`. (Ouf. ?;>6) >?-><5 Rrojs., OKGN.<?3.

Gmujhn, V.B. ojb \ust, V.G. Ar.1 —Joturod Smtnjtkods kj Vndd

Dmffkjf,‗ Snr. Rnh`. (Xnpt. ?;28)5 Rrojs., OKGN. 9.

Vkjsounr, V.M., nr od.1 —\nskstkvkty mi Lrkjn-soturnb Xojbs kj

\ndotkmj tm Smrn Fnmgntry,‗ Ludd., OOSF (Inl. ?;><) <>8-66.

potjmbn, @.V. ojb Vyddkn, G.\.A.1 —Srnsnjhn mi Hmjbuhtkvn

Xmdkbs kj \nsnrvmkr \mhes os o Iohtmr kj Ndnhtrkh Dmf Kjtnrprnto-

tkmj,‗ A. Snt. Rnh`. (Inl. ?;>3) 26-><5 Rrojs., OKGN, ?0;.

Orh`kn. F.N.1 ‐Hdosskikhotkmj mi Horlmjotn \nsntvmtr \mhes ojb

Sntrmp`yskhod Hmjskbnrotkmjs,‗ Ludd., OOSF (Inl. ?;><) 89,

<?0-;0.

Voxgoj, G.@. ojb R`mgos, N.H.1 —Ndnhtrkhod Hmjbuhtkvkttns g

Xòdy Xojbs-K. R`n \ndotkmj Lntwnnj @ybrmhorlmj Xoturotkmj

ojb \nskstkvkty Kjbnx5 KK. R`n Rngpnroturn Hmniikhknjt mi Ndnh-

trkhod Hmjbuhtkvkty,‗ A. Snt. Rnh`. (Inl. ?;62) <?8-<85 Rrojs.,

OKGN, <>6.

Voxgoj, G.@. ojb Xgkts, D.A.G.1 —Ndnhtrkhod Hmjbuhtkvktkns kj

Mtd-Lnorkjf Xòdy Xojbs,‗ Xun. Snt. Njf. A. (Aujn ?;90) ?36-<<5

Rrojs., OKGN, <28,

Eujz, E. ojb Gmroj, A.1 —Xmgn Niinhts mi Ojksmtrmpy mj

\nskstkvkty Gnosurngnjts kj Lmrn`mdns,‗ Fnmp`pkhs (Mht. ?;>0)

<8, 63-;2.

Bmdd, @.F.1 —Ikdtrotn Kjvoskmj kj @kf`dy Snrgnoldn Xojbs,‗ Snt.

Njfr. (Aoj. ?;>>) <6, LA8-99.

Fmjbmukj, G. ojb Xhodo, H.1 —Xtrnogkjf Smtnjtkod ojb t`n XS

Dmf.‗ A. Snt. Rnh`. (Ouf. ?;>0) ?63-6;5 Rrojs., OKGN, <?8.

@kdd, @.A. ojb Ojbnrsmj, O.N.1 —Xtrnogkjf Smtnjtkod S`njmgnjo

kj XS Dmf Kjtnrprntotkmj,‗ A. Snt. Rnh`. (Ouf. ?;>;) <38-305

Rrujs., OKGN, <?9.

Vyddkn, G.\.A.1 —Kjvnstkfotrmj mi Ndnhtrmegntkh Hmgpmjnjt mi

t`n Xndi-Smtnjtkod Hurvn,—A. Snt. Rnh`. (Aoj. ?;>?) d-?05 Rrujs.,

OKGN, ?;<.

Vyddkn, G.\.A., bn Vkttn, O.A.. ojb Vorrnj. A.N.1 —Mj t`nXtrnogkjf Smtnjtkod Srmldng kj Vndd Dmffkjf,‗ Rrojs., OKGN

(?;>0) <?8, 23;-?6.

Vyddkn, G.\.A.1 —_uojtktotkvn Ojodysks mi t`n Ndnhtrmh`ngkhod

Hmgpmjnjt mi t`n XS Hurvn.‗ A. Snr. Rnh`. (Aoj. ?;2;) ?6-<91

Rrojs., OKGN, ?09.

Xnfnsgoj, I. ojb Rkxknr, G.S.1 —Xmgn Niinhts mi Kjvoskmj mj t`n

XS Hurvn,‗ /. Snt. Rnh`. (Aujn ?;>;) ?80-295 Rrojs., OKGN.

<?9.

Bmdd, @.F.1 —XS Dmf1 R nmrntkhod Ojodysks ojb Srkjhkpdns mi dj-

tntprntotkmj,‗ A. Snt. Rnh`. (Xnpt. ?;20) ?29-0>5 Rrujs., OKGN,

?6;.

Fmubmukj, G., Rkxknr. G.S., ojb Xkgorb. F.D.1 —Nxpnrkgnjtod

Xtuby mj Kjidunjhn mi H`ngkhod Hmgpmsktkmj mi Ndnhtrmdytns mj

XS Hurvn,‗ A. Snt. Rnh`. (Inl. ?;>6) >0-6<1 Rrojs., OKGN. <?3.

Bmdd, @.F.1 —Kjtrmbuhtkmj tm Kjbuhtkmj Dmffkjf ojb Oppdkhotkmj

tm Dmffkjf mi Vndds Brkddnb wkt` Mkd-losn Gub.‗ A. Snt. Rn .

(Aujn ?;2;) ?20-9<5 Rrujs.. OKGN, ?09.Bugojmkr, A.D., Rkxknr. G.S.. ojb Gortkj, G.1 —Kjtnrprntotkmj mi

t`n Kjbuhttmj-Ndnhtrkhod Dmf kj Irns` Gub,‗ A. Snt. R nh`. (Audy

?;>6) <3<-?61 Rrojs., OKGN. <?3.

<<.

<8.

<2.

<>.

<9.

<6.

<0.

<;.

83.

8?.

8<.

88.

82.

8>.

89.

86.

8x.

2;-2?

Bmdd, @.F.1 —Dotnrmdmf-O Jnw \nskstkvkty Dmffgf Gnt`mb

wkt` Ndnhtrmbns ^skjf oj Outmgotkh Imhuskjf Xystng,‗ A. Snt.

Rnh`. (Jmv. ?;>?) 83>-?95 Rrojs., OKGN, ?;<.

Bmdd, @.F.1 — Gkhrm Dmf-O Jnw Ndnhtrkhod Dmffkjf Gnt`mb imr

Bntokdnb Bntnrgkjotkmjs mi Snrgnoldn Lnbs,‗ A. Snt. Rnh`. (Aujn

?;>3) ?>>-925 Rrojs., OKGN, ?0;.

Bmdd, @.F.1 —R`n GkhrmDotnrmdmf,‗ A. Snr. Rnh`. (Aoj. ?;>8)

?6-8<5 Rrojs., OKGN, ?;0.

Rkxknr, G.S.1 —Ndnhtrkhod Dmf Ojodysks kj t`n \mhey Gmujtokjs.‗

Mkd ojb Fos A. (Aujn ?;2;) 20, ?28-20.

Rkxknr, G.S.1 —Smrmskty Kjbnx kj Dtgnstmjn irmg Ndnhtrkhod

Dmfs,‐, Mkd ojb Fos A. (Jmv. ?;>?) ?23-2<, ?9;-68.

Vyddkn, G.\.A.1 —Srmhnburns imr t`n Bkrnht Ngpdmygnjt mi

Jnutrmj Dmf Boto kj Ndnhtjh Dmf Kjtnrprntotkmj,‗ Fnmp`yskhs

(Mht. ?;><) ?6, 6;3-03>.

Rkxknr, G.S., Odfnr, \.S., ojb Rojfuy, B.\.1 —Jnw Bnvndmp-

gnjt kj Kjbuhtkmj ojb Xmjkh Dmffkjf,‗ A. Snr. Rnh`. (Goy ?;93)

6;5 Rrojs., OKGN, <?;.

Bmdd, @.F. ojb Gortkj, G.1 — @mw tm ^sn Ndnhtrkh Dmf Boto tm

Bntnrgkjn Goxkgug Srmbuhkldn 3?? Kjbnx kj o Imrgottmj.‗ Mkd

ob Fos A. (Audy ?;>2) >8, ?<3-<9.

Rkxknr, G.S.1 —Nvoduotkmj mi Snrgnolkdkty irmg Ndnhtrkh Dmf

\nskstkvkty Frobknjt,‗ Mkd ojb Fos A. (Aujn ?;2;) 20, ??8<8.

o. —\nskstkvkty Bnpojurn Hurvns,‗ Ludd., Xh`duglnrfnr Vndd

Xurvnykjf Hmrp. (?;2;).

l. —Kjtnrprntotkmj Hòrts imr Ndnhtrkh Dmfs ojb Hmjtoht Dmfs,‗

Ludd, Vndnx Kjh., O-?3?.

o. —\nskstkvkty Bnpojurn Hurvns (Lnbs mi kjikjktn R`khejnss).‗

Ludd., Xh`duglnrfnr Vndd Xurvnykjf Hmrp. (?;>>).

l. —Iujbognjtods mi _uojtktotkvn Ojodysks mi Ndnhtrkh Dmfs.‗

Nb., Vndnx Kjh., O-?8<.

Smupmj, O., Dmy, G.N., ojb Rkxknr, G.S.1 —O Hmjtrklutkmj tm

Ndnhtrkhod Dmf Kjtnrprntotkmj kj Xòdy Xojbs,‗ A. Snr. Rnh`. (Aujn

?;>2) ?80-2>5 Rrojs., OKGN, <3?.

Rkxknr, G.S.1 —Smrmskty Lodojhn Ynrkikns Votnr Xoturotkmj Bntnr-

gkjnb Irmg Dmfs,‗ .K. Snt. Rnh`. (Audy ?;>0) ?9?-9;5 Rrujs.,

OKGN, <?8.

Vòrtmj, \.S., nr od.1 —Ndnhtrmgofjntkh Srmpofotkmj Dmffkjf1

Obvojhns kj Rnh`jkqun ojb Kjtnrprntotkmj,‗ popnr XSN ;<96

prnsnjtnb ot t`n ?;03 XSN Ojjuod Rnh`jkhod Hmjinrnjhn ojb Nx-

`klktkmj, Boddos, Xnpt. <?-<2.

Lnst, B.D., Forbjnr, A.X., ojb Bugojmkr, A.D.1 —O Hmgputnr-

Srmhnssnb Vnddsktn Dmf Hmgputotkmj,‗ popnr prnsnjtnb ot t`n

?;60 XSVDO Ojjuod Dmffkjf Xygpmskug, Aujn ?8-?9.

Hmotns, F.\., Xhùdzn, \.S., ojb R`rmmp. [email protected] —Ymdoj*-Oj

Obvojhnb Hmgputotkmjod Dmf Ojodysks.‗ popnr prnsnjtnb ot t`n

?;0< XSVDO Ojjuod Dmffkjf Xygpmskug, Audy 99;.

Hdovknr. H.. Hmotns. F.\., bjb Bugojjkr. A —R`hmrhtkhok ojb

Nxpnrtgnjtod Losns tor t`n Buod-V r Gmbnd imr djthrprntotkmj 3?

Xòdy Xojbs,‗ Xw. Srr. N,tf. A. (Oprkd ?;02) K X8-9P.

Fnjnrod \ninrnjhns

Odfnr, \.S.1 —Kjtnrprntotkmj mi Ndnhtrkhod Dmfs kj Irns` Votnr Vndds kj

^jhmjsmdkbotnb Imrgotkmjs,‗ popnr prnsnjtnb ot t`n ?;99 XSVDO

Ojjuod Dmffkjf Xygpmskug, Rudso, ME, Goy 0-d K.

—Bnporturn Hurvns imr Dotnrmdmf,‗ Ludd., Xh`duglnrfnr Vndd Xujny-

gf Hmrp. (Ouf. ?;><).

BnVtttn. D.1 —O Xtuby mi Ndnhtrkh Dmf Kjtnrprntotkmj Gnt`mbs kj Xò-

dy Imrgotkmjs,‗ A. Snr. Rnh`. (Audy ?;>>) ?38-?35 Rrojs., OKGN,

<32.

Bmdd. @.F.1 —XS Dmf kj Xòdy Xojbs.‗ A. Snr. Rnh`. (Audy ?;>3)

<3>>?25 Rruj.~. K OKGN, ?0;.

Fuynb, @.1 —Ndnhtrkh Ojodmf mi \nskstkvkty Dmffkjf,‗ Frmp`wkhs

(?;>>) 9?>-<;.

Fuynb. @.1 —Ndnhtrkh Dmf Kjtnrprntotkmj,‗ Mkd Vnne/~ (Bnh. ?;>>).

—Fuynb‛s Ndnhtrkhod Vndd Dmffkjf,‗ Ludd., Vnddnx Kjh.. O-?8<.

—Kjtnrprntotkmj @ojblmme imr \nskstkvkty Dmfs,‗ Ludd., Xh`duglnrfnr

Vndd Xurvnykjf Hmrp. (?;2;).



2;-2< SNR\MDN^G NJFKJNN\KJF @OJBLMME

Am`jsmj, @.G.1 —O @kstmry mi Vndd Dmffkjf,‗ Fnmp`yskhs ?;9<)

>36-<6.

Amrbnj, A.\. ojb Hogplndd, I.D.1 Vndd Dmffkjf K-\mh e Srmpnrtkns,

Lmrn`mdn Njvkrmjgnjr, Gub ojb Rngpnroturn Dmffkjf, Gmjmfrop`

Xnrkns, XSN, Boddos (?;02).

Enddnr, F.Y.1 —Gmbkiknb Gmjm-Ndnhtrmbns imr Kgprmvnb \nskstkvkty

Dmffkjf,‗ Srmb. Gmjt`dy (Audy ?;>3) ?2, ?8-?9.

Enwnr, A.E. ojb Sgemp, H.D.1 —Niinht mi t`n Srnsnjhn mi @ybghor-

lmjs mj Vndd Dmffkjf Smtnjtkod,‗ Mkd ojb Fos A. (Bnh. ?;>>)

?3<-39.

Dkpsmj, D.L. ojb Mvnrtmj, @.D.1 —R`n Niinht mi Rrnotkjf Ofnjts mj

t`n Ndnhtrmh`ngkhod Ohtkvktkns mi Brkddkjf Gub Ikdtrotns,‗ popnr

XSN 096F prnsnjtnb ot t`n ?;>6 XSN Ojjuod Gnntkjf, Boddos, Mht.

6-?3.

Goynr, H. ojb Xkllkt, O.1 —Fdmlod, O Jnw Opprmoh tm Hmgputnr

Srmhnssnb Dmf Kjtnrprntotkmj,‗ popnr XSN ;82? prnsnjtnb ot t`n

?;03 XSN Ojjuod Rnh`jkhod Hmjinrnjhn ojb Nx`klktkmj, Boddos,

Xnpt. <?-<2.

Gkddkhoj, G.D., \oygnr, D.D., ojb Odfnr, \.S.1 —Vnddsktn \nhmrb-

kjfs mi t`n Gmvoldn Mkd Sdmt,‗ popnr prnsnjtnb ot t`n ?;92 XSVDO

Ojjuod Dmffkjf Xygpmskug, Gkbdojb, RP, Goy ?8-?>.

Gmrrks, \.D. ojb Lkffs, V.S.1 —^skjf Dmf-Bnrkvnb Yoduns mi Votnr

Xoturotkmj ojb Snrgnolkdkty,‗ popnr prnsnjtnb ot t`n ?;96 XSVDO

Ojjuod Dmffkjf Xygpmskug.

Sktsmj, X.A.1 —Imrgotkmj Nvoduotkmj ly Dmf Kjtnrprntotkmj,‗ Vmrdb

Mkd (Goy ?;>6) ?63-08.

Rkxknr, G.S., Gmrrks, \.D., ojb Hmjjndd, A.F.1 —Dmf Nvoduotkmj mi

Dmw \nskstkvkty Soy Xojbs kj t`n Fudi Hmost,‗ Dmf Ojodyst(Jmv./Bnn. ?;90).

—Dmf Kjtnrprntotkmj, Ymd. K-Srkjhkpdns, Ymd. KK-Oppdkhotkmjs,‗ Vyddkn, G.\.A.1 R`n Iujbognjtods mi dnhtrkh Dmf Kjtnrprntotkmj. snh-

Ludd., Xh`duglnrfnr Vndd Xnrvkhns (?;62). mjb nbktkmj, Ohobngkh Srnss Kjh., Jnw [mre Hkty (?;>6).

49 - electrical logging

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