48424467 answers for hw

Answers1Chapter

Waves Gelombang

2. B (i): The particles of medium vibrate perpendicularly with the direction of the propagation of the waves.B(i): Zarah medium bergetar berserenjang dengan arah perambatan gelombang.

Try This Out...The ripples formed travel outwards, starting from the point where the stone touches the surface of water.Riak yang terbentuk bergerak di luar, bermula dari titik di mana batu itu bersentuhan dengan permukaan air.

B (ii): The particles of the medium vibrate in parallel with the direction of the propagation of the waves.B(ii): Zarah medium bergetar secara selari dengan arah perambatan gelombang.

3.

Transverse wavesGelombang melintang

Longitudinal wavesGelombang membujur

1.1 (I) Aim: Method:

Activity

To study the characteristics of wavesUntuk mengkaji ciri-ciri gelombang

Perpendicular to the direction of the wave motionBerserenjang dengan arah gerakan gelombang

Parallel to the direction of the wave motionSelari dengan arah gerakan gelombang

1. The following activities were carried out.Aktiviti berikut dijalankan.

4. (a) Transverse wavesGelombang melintang

2. The observations were recorded in the spaces provided.Pemerhatian direkodkan dalam ruang yang disediakan.

(b) The ant will move from side to side, perpendicular to the waves motion.Semut akan bergerak dari sisi ke sisi, berserenjang dengan gerakan gelombang.

Observations: A The flame of the candle vibrates away and towards the loudspeaker.Nyalaan lilin bergetar menjauhi dan menujui pembesar suara.

Conclusion: 1. Waves transfer energy without transferring matter.Gelombang memindahkan tenaga tanpa pemindahan jirim.

2. (a) A transverse wave is a type of wave where the particles of the medium vibrate perpendicularly to the direction of the propagation of the wave.Gelombang melintang merupakan sejenis gelombang di mana zarah medium bergetar berserenjang dengan arah perambatan gelombang.

B

(i)

(b) A longitudinal wave is a type of wave where the particles of the medium vibrate in parallel with the direction of the propagation of the waves.Gelombang membujur merupakan sejenis gelombang di mana zarah medium bergetar secara selari dengan arah perambatan gelombang.

White string Tali putih

(II) A Aim: To study the characteristics of waves and damping of waves

(iii)White string Tali putih

Untuk mengkaji ciri-ciri gelombang dan pelembapan gelombang

Method: 1. The apparatus was arranged as shown in the diagram (a). Discussion: 1. Since the flame vibrates, there must be a transfer of energy to the flame. Energy is transferred from the vibrating cone of the loudspeaker to the flame through sound waves.Oleh kerana nyalaan bergetar, terdapat pemindahan tenaga kepada nyalaan. Tenaga dipindahkan dari kon pembesar suara yang bergetar ke nyalaan melalui gelombang bunyi. Radas disusun seperti yang ditunjukkan dalam rajah (a).

2. The 50 g weight was released so that it oscillated vertically.Pemberat 50 g dilepaskan supaya berayun secara menegak.

3. The time taken for 10 complete oscillations was taken using a stopwatch.Masa yang diambil untuk 10 ayunan lengkap diambil dengan menggunakan jam randik.

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Physics Form 5 Answers

4. The spring was oscillated and the amplitude of the oscillation was observed.Spring berayun dan amplitud ayunan diperhatikan.

5. The procedure was repeated using a simple pendulum as shown in the diagram (b).Prosedur diulang dengan menggunakan bandul ringkas seperti yang ditunjukkan dalam rajah (b).

Observation: Pendulums A, B, C and D were forced to oscillate. Pendulums A, B and D oscillated with small amplitude. The amplitudes of pendulum C increased slowly until it was bigger than the amplitude of pendulums A, B and D.Bandul A, B, C dan D dikenakan daya untuk berayun. Bandul A, B dan D berayun dengan amplitud yang kecil. Amplitud bandul C bertambah dengan perlahan-lahan sehingga amplitud bandul C menjadi lebih besar daripada amplitud bandul A, B dan D.

Results: 1. 8.0 s 8.0 2. = 0.8 s 10 1 3. = 1.25 Hz 0.8 4. 14.0 s 14.0 = 1.4 S 10 1 6. 0.71 Hz 1.4 5. Discussion: 1. As the number of oscillation increases, the amplitude becomes smaller.Apabila bilangan ayunan bertambah, amplitud menjadi semakin kecil.

Discussion: 1. Damping in an oscillating system occurs when the system loses energy to the surrounding, usually in the form of heat energy. This is due to the loses of energy in the oscillating system by factors such as air resistance and friction in various parts of the system.Pelembapan dalam sistem berayun wujud apabila sistem itu hilang tenaga ke persekitaran, selalunya dalam bentuk tenaga haba. Ini adalah kerana tenaga hilang dalam sistem berayun disebabkan oleh faktor-faktor seperti rintangan udara dan geseran di pelbagai bahagian sistem itu.

2. Pendulum C had the same length as pendulum P, both the pendulums had the same natural frequency. This caused pendulum C to receive more energy from pendulum P compared to the other pendulums.Bandul C mempunyai panjang yang sama seperti bandul P, kedua-dua bandul mempunyai frekuensi semula jadi yang sama. Ini menyebabkan bandul C menerima lebih banyak tenaga daripada bandul P berbanding dengan bandul-bandul lain.

2. Energy is lost from the oscillating system to the surrounding due to internal resistance and external resistance.Tenaga hilang daripada sistem berayun ke persekitaran disebabkan oleh rintangan dalam dan rintangan luar.

3. ResonanceResonans

3. (a) The retort clamp was adjusted to a suitable height so that the oscillating spring would not hit the base of the retort stand.Pengapit retort dilaraskan kepada ketinggian yang sesuai supaya spring berayun tidak melanggar dasar kaki retort.

Conclusion: 1. PeriodTempoh

FrequencyFrekuensi

(b) The thread of the pendulum was tied firmly to the retort clamp so that its length was always the same.Benang bandul diikat dengan kukuh pada pengapit retort supaya panjangnya sentiasa sama.

0.8 s 1.4 s 2. smaller / kecil loss / hilang heat / haba 3. resonance / resonans maximum / maksimum 1.2Activity

1.25 Hz 0.71 Hz

B Aim: To observe resonance in an oscillating systemUntuk memerhati resonans dalam sistem berayun

Method: 1. A Bartons pendulum was set up as shown in the diagram. Except for P and C, all the other pendulums were of different lengths.Bandul Barton disediakan seperti yang ditunjukkan dalam rajah. Kecuali P dan C, semua bandul lain mempunyai panjang yang berlainan.

(I) Aim: To study the characteristics of reflection ofUntuk mengkaji ciri-ciri pantulan

I plane water waves in a ripple tankgelombang satah air dalam tangki riak cahaya gelombang bunyi

II light

2. Pendulum P was set into oscillation.Bandul P disediakan untuk berayun.

III sound waves

3. The oscillations of the other pendulums were observed.Ayunan bandul-bandul lain diperhatikan.

Method: 1. The ripple tank was set up as shown in the diagram.Tangki riak disediakan seperti yang ditunjukkan dalam rajah.

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2. The legs of the ripple tank were adjusted so that the base of the tank was horizontal.Kaki-kaki tangki riak dilaraskan supaya tapak tangki mengufuk.

until the loudest ticking sound of the stopwatch was heard.Tiub kadbod lain dilaraskan dengan salah satu telinga yang diletakkan berdekatan dengan salah satu hujung tiub dan dilaraskan sehingga bunyi detik jam randik yang paling kuat didengar.

3. A horizontal beam vibrator was used to create plane waves.Penggetar alang mengufuk digunakan untuk membentuk gelombang satah.

4. The speed of the vibrator was adjusted to produce a set of waves that can be clearly seen with the help of a stroboscope.Laju penggetar dilaraskan untuk menghasilkan satu set gelombang yang dapat dilihat dengan jelas dengan bantuan stroboskop.

4. The angle of reflection, r, of the sound wave was measured.Sudut pantulan, r, bagi gelombang bunyi diukur.

5. Steps 2 to 4 were repeated for i = 45 and 60.Langkah-langkah 2 hingga 4 diulang bagi i = 45 and 60.

Results: i r Discussion: 1. The angle of incidence, i is the same as the angle of reflection, r.Sudut tuju, i adalah sama seperti sudut pantulan, r.

5. A straight reflector was placed so that the angle of incidence of the waves, i = 30o.Pemantul lurus diletakkan supaya sudut tuju gelombang, i = 30o.

30 30

45 45

60 60

6. The angle of reflection, r, of the waves was measured.Sudut pantulan, r, bagi gelombang diukur.

7. The wavelength of the incident waves and the reflected waves were observed carefully and compared.Panjang gelombang bagi gelombang tuju dan gelombang terpantul diperhatikan dengan berhati-hati dan dibandingkan.

2. The wavelengths are the same.Panjang gelombang adalah sama.

8. Steps 5, 6 and 7 were repeated for i = 45o and 60o.Langkah-langkah 5, 6 dan 7 diulang bagi i = 45 and 60.

3. The frequency of the waves depends on the vibrating frequency of the source of the waves.Frekuensi gelombang bergantung pada frekuensi bergetar sumber gelombang.

Results: 1.

i

30 30

45 45

60 60

r

2. Both waves are the same.Kedua-dua gelombang adalah sama.

4. Since v = f , if f and are unchanged, v will also be unchanged. Hence, the speed of the incident waves and the reflected waves are the same.Oleh kerana v = f , jika f dan tidak berubah, v juga tidak berubah. Maka, laju gelombang tuju dan gelombang terpantul adalah sama.

(II) Method: 1. The apparatus was set up as shown in the diagram.Radas disediakan seperti yang ditunjukkan dalam rajah.

5.

Direction of propagation of wave Arah perambatan gelombang N

2. The activity was carried out to determine the angle of reflection, r, corresponding to the angle of incidence of light, i = 30, 45 and 60.Aktiviti ini dijalankan untuk menentukan sudut pantulan, r, sepadan dengan sudut tuju cahaya, i = 30, 45 and 60.

Wave front Muka gelombang

i r Reflector Pemantul

Results: i r (III) Method: 1. The apparatus was set up as shown in the diagram.Radas disediakan seperti yang ditunjukkan dalam rajah.

30 30

45 45

60 60

Conclusion: 1. The angle of incidence and the angle of reflection of waves are the same.Sudut tuju dan sudut pantulan gelombang adalah sama.

2. The wavelength, frequency and speed of the incident waves and the reflected waves are the same.Panjang gelombang, frekuensi dan laju bagi gelombang tuju dan gelombang terpantul adalah sama.

2. The cardboard tube was arranged with the stopwatch at an incident angle, i = 30.Tiub kadbod disusun dengan jam randik pada sudut tuju, i = 30.

3. The direction of incident waves and the reflected waves are different.Arah bagi gelombang tuju dan gelombang terpantul adalah berbeza.

3. The other cardboard tube was adjusted with one of the ears placed close to one end of the tube and adjusted

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Precautions: 1. Activity (I) was carried out in an environment where there would be no wind so that the wave front could be seen more clearly.Aktiviti (I) dijalankan di persekitaran di mana tidak terdapat angin supaya muka gelombang dapat dilihat dengan lebih jelas.

Plat kaca berbentuk trapezium itu digantikan dengan plat kaca cembung dan kemudian plat kaca cekung. Bagi setiap kes, muka gelombang di kawasan tangki yang dalam dan cetek diperhatikan.

Observations:Deep area Kawasan Shallow area Kawasan cetek dalam Deep area Shallow area Kawasan Kawasan cetek dalam

2. In Activity (II), the plane mirror was arranged to stand vertically so that the incident ray and the reflected ray were on the horizontal plane.Dalam Aktiviti (II), cermin satah disusun secara menegak supaya sinar tuju dan sinar terpantul berada pada satah mengufuk.

3. Activity (III) was carried out in a quiet place so that the sound of the ticking stopwatch was heard more clearly.Aktiviti (III) dijalankan di tempat yang senyap supaya bunyi jam randik berdetik didengar dengan lebih jelas.

Incident wave Gelombang tuju Incident wave Gelombang tuju

Incident wave Gelombang tuju

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Activity Untuk mengkaji ciri-ciri pembiasan

Aim: To study the characteristics of refraction of I plane water waves in a ripple tankgelombang satah air dalam tangki riak cahaya gelombang bunyiDeep area Shallow Kawasan area dalam Kawasan cetek

II light

III sound waves

Deep area Kawasan dalam

(I) Method: 1. The ripple tank was arranged as shown in the diagram.Tangki riak disusun seperti yang ditunjukkan dalam rajah.

Incident wave Gelombang tuju


3. The tank was filled with water. The trapezium-shaped glass plate was placed in the ripple tank to create a shallow area.Tangki diisi dengan air. Plat kaca berbentuk trapezium diletakkan dalam tangki riak untuk membentuk kawasan cetek.


Shallow area Kawasan cetek


Discussion: 1. The wavelength of the waves in the shallow area is smaller than that in the deep area.Panjang gelombang bagi gelombang di kawasan cetek adalah lebih kecil daripada gelombang di kawasan dalam.

4. A horizontal beam vibrator was used to create plane (straight) waves.Penggetar alang mengufuk digunakan untuk membentuk gelombang satah (lurus).

2. They are the same. Frequency of the waves is the same as the frequency of the vibrating source.Gelombang-gelombang itu adalah sama. Frekuensi gelombang adalah sama dengan frekuensi sumber bergetar.

5. The speed of the vibrator was adjusted to produce a set of waves that could be clearly observed on the screen with help of a stroboscope.Laju penggetar dilaraskan untuk menghasilkan satu set gelombang yang boleh diperhatikan dengan jelas pada skrin dengan bantuan stroboskop.

3. As v = f and f is a constant, therefore v . Hence, the waves is faster in the deep area compared to the shallow area.Jika v = f dan f adalah malar, maka, v . Maka, gelombang adalah lebih cepat di kawasan dalam berbanding dengan kawasan cetek.

6. The position of the glass was adjusted with its edge parallel with the vibrator and the wave fronts in the deep and shallow areas of the tank were observed.Kedudukan kaca dilaraskan dengan sisinya selari dengan penggetar dan muka gelombang di kawasan tangki yang dalam dan cetek diperhatikan.

4. The direction of propagation of waves changes. The waves undergo refraction.Arah perambatan gelombang berubah. Gelombang mengalami pembiasan.

7. The trapezium-shaped glass plate was replaced with the convex glass plate and then with the concave glass plate. For each case, the wave fronts in the deep and shallow areas of the tank were observed.


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2. A ray of light was directed at an incident angle, i = 30 to the glass block and the ray that entered the glass block was observed. The angle of refraction, r, was recorded.Sinar cahaya diarahkan pada sudut tuju, i = 30 ke blok kaca dan sinar yang memasuki blok kaca diperhatikan. Sudut pembiasan, r, direkodkan.

Isyarat audio yang paling kuat yang dikesan oleh mikrofon diperoleh pada titik di mana pembesar suara, belon dan mikrofon berada dalam satu garis lurus.

2. When the balloon was removed, the audio signal detected by the microphone was weaker.Apabila belon dialihkan, isyarat audio yang dikesan oleh mikrofon semakin lemah.

3. Step 2 was repeated for i = 45, 60 and 75.Langkah 2 diulang bagi i = 45, 60 dan 75.

Discussion: 1. Carbon dioxide is denser than the surrounding air.Karbon dioksida lebih tumpat daripada udara di persekitaran.

Observation: 1.Glass Block Blok kaca Incident ray Sinar tuju

2. The sound waves from the loudspeaker were focused by the balloon filled with carbon dioxide at the point where the microphone was placed.Gelombang bunyi daripada pembesar suara difokuskan oleh belon berisi karbon dioksida pada tiitk di mana mikrofon diletakkan.

2.

i r

30 19

45 28

60 36

75 40

3. The direction of propagation of sound waves changes. The waves undergo refraction.Arah perambatan gelombang bunyi berubah. Gelombang mengalami pembiasan.

Discussion: 1. i is greater than r.i lebih besar daripada r.

2. The direction of propagation of light waves changes. The waves undergo refraction.Arah perambatan gelombang cahaya berubah. Gelombang mengalami pembiasan.

Conclusion: When the waves travel from one medium to another of different density at non-zero angle of incidence, they change the direction and this phenomenon is known as the refraction of waves.Apabila gelombang bergerak dari satu medium ke satu lagi medium lain yang mempunyai ketumpatan yang berlainan pada sudut tuju bukan sifar, gelombang-gelombang itu mengubah arah dan fenomena ini dikenali sebagai pembiasan gelombang.

(III) Method: 1. The apparatus was set up as shown in the diagram. The oscilloscope was adjusted to detect the sound waves emitted from the loudspeaker.Radas disediakan seperti yang ditunjukkan dalam rajah. Osiloskop dilaraskan untuk mengesan gelombang bunyi yang dipancarkan oleh pembesar suara.

Precautions: 1. Activity (I) was carried out in a dark place and the surrounding air was calm so that the pattern of waves could be seen clearly on the screen.Aktiviti (I) dijalankan di tempat gelap dan udara di persekitaran tenang supaya corak gelombang dapat dilihat dengan jelas pada skrin.

2. The amplitude of the sound waves shown by the oscilloscope was observed.Amplitud gelombang bunyi yang ditunjukkan oleh osiloskop diperhatikan.

2. Activity (II) was carried out in a dark place so that the refracted rays could be seen clearly.Aktiviti (II) dijalankan di tempat gelap supaya sinar terbias dapat dilihat dengan jelas.

3. The position of the microphone was adjusted by moving nearer to the balloon or further away from it until the biggest amplitude of the waves was observed on the oscilloscope.Kedudukan mikrofon dilaraskan dengan menggerakkan lebih dekat atau lebih jauh daripada belon sehingga amplitud gelombang terbesar diperhatikan pada osiloskop.

3. Activity (III) was carried out in a quiet environment so that the signal on the CRO was clear.Aktiviti (III) dijalankan di persekitaran senyap supaya isyarat pada OSK adalah jelas.

4. The balloon was removed and the amplitude of the waves was observed again. This amplitude was compared with that observed in step 3.Belon dialihkan dan amplitud gelombang diperhatikan sekali lagi. Amplitud ini dibandingkan dengan pemerhatian dalam langkah 3.

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Activity Untuk mengkaji ciri-ciri belauan

Aim: To study the characteristics of diffraction of I plane water waves in a ripple bankgelombang satah air dalam tangki riak cahaya gelombang bunyi

II light

Observations: 1. The strongest audio signal detected by the microphone was obtained at a point where the loudspeaker, balloon and microphone were in a straight line.

III sound waves

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(I) Method: 1. The ripple tank was arranged as shown in the diagram.Tangki riak disusun seperti yang ditunjukkan dalam rajah.

2. The waves become more spreaded as the gap or obstacle becomes smaller.Gelombang menjadi semakin merebak apabila celah atau penghalang menjadi semakin kecil.

2. The legs of the ripple tank was adjusted so that the base of the tank was horizontal. The tank was filled with water.Kaki-kaki tangki riak dilaraskan supaya tapak tangki mengufuk. Tangki itu diisi dengan air.

3. The phenomenon of the diffraction of waves is the spreading out of waves when they move through a gap or around an obstacle.Fenomena belauan gelombang merebak apabila gelombang bergerak melalui celah atau penghalang.

3. A horizontal beam vibrator was used to create plane (straight) waves.Penggetar alang mengufuk digunakan untuk membentuk gelombang satah (lurus).

4. They are the same.Gelombang-gelombang itu adalah sama.

5. They are the same because the waves originated from the same vibrating source.Gelombang-gelombang itu sama kerana gelombanggelombang itu berasal dari sumber bergetar yang sama.

4. The speed of the vibrator was adjusted to produce a set of waves that could be clearly observed on the screen with the help of a stroboscope.Laju penggetar dilaraskan untuk menghasilkan satu set gelombang yang boleh diperhatikan dengan jelas pada skrin dengan bantuan stroboskop.

6. Since f and are unchanged, the speed of the incident waves and the diffracted waves is the same.Oleh kerana f dan tidak berubah, laju gelombang tuju dan gelombang terbelau adalah sama.

5. The position of the barriers was adjusted for different width of the gap.Kedudukan penghalang dilaraskan bagi lebar celah yang berlainan.

7. The energy per unit area of the diffracted waves is less compared to the incident waves. The amplitude of the diffracted waves is smaller compared to the incident waves.Tenaga per unit luas bagi gelombang terbelau adalah kurang berbanding dengan gelombang tuju. Amplitud gelombang terbelau adalah lebih kecil berbanding dengan gelombang tuju.

6. The wave fronts that emerged from the gap were observed.Muka gelombang yang muncul dari celah diperhatikan.

7. The width of the gap was fixed and the frequency of the vibrator was adjusted.Lebar celah ditetapkan dan frekuensi penggetar dilaraskan.


8. The wave fronts that emerged from the gap were observed.Muka gelombang yang muncul dari celah diperhatikan.

2. A ray of light was directed from the laser pen through the single-slit onto the screen.Sinar cahaya diarahkan dari pen laser melalui celah tunggal ke atas skrin.

9. The barrier of different width was placed and the shadow of the barrier was observed.Penghalang dengan lebar yang berbeza diletakkan dan bayang-bayang penghalang itu diperhatikan.

Observations:

3. The distance and the positions of the pen and the single-slit were adjusted until a clear pattern of the light from the laser beam was observed on the screen.Jarak dan kedudukan pen dan celah tunggal dilaraskan sehingga corak cahaya daripada alur laser diperhatikan dengan jelas pada skrin.

4. The width of the single-slit was adjusted and the pattern on the screen was observed for different width of the slit.Lebar celah tunggal dilaraskan dan corak pada skrin diperhatikan bagi lebar celah yang berlainan.

5. The single-slit was replaced with a piece of blackcoloured paper which has a tiny pinhole on it.Celah tunggal digantikan dengan sekeping kertas yang berwarna hitam yang mempunyai lubang jarum halus di atasnya.

6. A ray of light was directed from the laser pen through the pinhole and the pattern formed on the screen was observed. Discussion: 1. The waves emerging from the gap spreaded out.Gelombang yang muncul dari celah merebak. Sinar cahaya diarahkan dari pen laser melalui lubang jarum itu dan corak yang terbentuk pada skrin diperhatikan.

7. The pinhole was enlarged and step 6 was repeated.Lubang jarum itu diperbesar dan langkah 6 diulang.

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Observations: (a) (b)

3. However, due to the spreading of the waves, the energy per unit area of the diffracted waves is less than the incident waves. Hence, the amplitude of the diffracted waves is smaller compared to the incident waves.Namun begitu, oleh kerana gelombang merebak, tenaga per unit luas bagi gelombang terbelau adalah kurang daripada gelombang tuju. Maka, amplitud gelombang terbelau adalah lebih kecil berbanding dengan gelombang tujunya.

(c)

(d)


Discussion: 1. Light undergoes diffraction when it passes through a narrow slit.Cahaya mengalami belauan apabila cahaya melalui celah sempit.

2. Diffraction pattern becomes less distinct.Corak belauan menjadi semakin kurang jelas.

2. Activity (II) was carried out in a dark place so that the diffracted pattern could be seen clearly.Aktiviti (II) dijalankan di tempat gelap supaya corak terbelau dapat dilihat dengan jelas.

3. Diffraction of light occurs.Belauan cahaya berlaku.

4. Diffraction pattern becomes less distinct.Corak belauan menjadi semakin kurang jelas. (III)

3. Activity (III) was carried out in an isolated building so that the sound heard was not due to reflection of any nearby building.Aktiviti (III) dijalankan di bangunan terasing supaya bunyi yang didengar tidak disebabkan oleh pantulan dari bangunan yang berdekatan.

Method: 1. The outdoor activity was carried out as shown in the diagram.Aktiviti luar dijalankan seperti yang ditunjukkan dalam rajah.

1.5

Activity

2. Music from the cassette or CD player was listened at a position that was blocked by the adjacent building as shown in the diagram.Muzik daripada kaset atau pemain CD didengar pada suatu kedudukan yang dihalang oleh bangunan yang bersebelahan seperti yang ditunjukkan dalam rajah.

Aim: To study the interference pattern ofUntuk mengkaji corak interferens

I water waves in a ripple bankgelombang air dalam tangki riak cahaya gelombang bunyi

II light

Observation: Music from the CD player was heard.Muzik daripada pemain CD didengar.

III sound waves (I) Method:

Discussion: 1. Music from the CD player could be heard even though it was blocked by the building, showed that diffraction of sound waves had occurred.Muzik daripada pemain CD dapat didengar walaupun muzik itu telah dihalang oleh bangunan, menunjukkan bahawa belauan gelombang bunyi telah berlaku.

1. The ripple tank was arranged as shown in the diagram.Tangki riak disusun seperti yang ditunjukkan dalam rajah.


Conclusion: 1. Diffraction of waves occurs when there is a spreading out of waves after they move through a gap or move around an obstacle.Belauan gelombang berlaku apabila gelombang merebak selepas gelombang itu bergerak melalui celah atau penghalang.

3. Two spherical dippers were attached to the beam vibrator so that the bottom of the spheres touch the surface of the water in the ripple tank.Dua pencelup sfera dilekatkan pada penggetar alang supaya dasar sfera menyentuh permukaan air dalam tangki riak.

2. The wavelength, frequency and speed of the diffracted waves are the same as that of the incident waves.Panjang gelombang, frekuensi dan laju gelombang terbelau adalah sama seperti gelombang tujunya.

4. The speed of the vibrator was adjusted to produce two sets of waves that could be clearly observed on the screen with the help of a stroboscope.Laju penggetar dilaraskan untuk menghasilkan dua set gelombang yang dapat diperhatikan dengan jelas pada skrin dengan bantuan stroboskop.

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5. The interference pattern formed by the superposition of the two sets of waves was observed.Corak interferens yang dibentuk oleh superposisi bagi dua set gelombang diperhatikan.

4. The double-slit was replaced with another double-slit that had a bigger separation between the slits, a and steps 2 and 3 were repeated.Dwicelah digantikan dengan satu lagi dwicelah lain yang mempunyai jarak pemisahan yang lebih besar di antara celah, a dan langkah-langkah 2 dan 3 diulang.

Observation:

Observations: (a)

(b)

Dipper Pencelup

Discussion: 1. (a)+ =

Discussion: 1. Alternate bright fringes and dark fringes were formed.Pinggir cerah dan pinggir gelap terbentuk berselang-seli.

2. A bright fringe was observed when constructive interference occurred. A dark fringe was observed when destructive interference occurred.Pinggir cerah diperhatikan apabila interferens membina berlaku. Pinggir gelap diperhatikan apabila interferens memusnah berlaku.

Constructive interferenceInterferens membina

(b)+ =

3. The distance between two adjacent bright fringes becomes smaller.Jarak di antara dua pinggir cerah yang bersebelahan menjadi semakin kecil.

Constructive interferenceInterferens membina

(III) Method: 1. The apparatus was set up as shown in the diagram in an open space.

(c)+ =

Radas disediakan seperti yang ditunjukkan dalam rajah dalam ruang terbuka.

2. The two identical loudspeakers were connected to the signal generator. Destructive interferenceInterferens memusnah Dua pembesar suara yang serupa disambungkan kepada penjana isyarat.

2. (a) Oscillating vertically with big amplitudeBerayun secara menegak dengan amplitud besar

3. The two loudspeakers were adjusted so that they were 1.5 m apart.Dua pembesar suara dilaraskan supaya jarak di antara dua pembesar suara itu 1.5 m.

(b) At rest / not movingDalam keadaan rehat / tidak bergerak


4. The signal generator was adjusted to a frequency of about 400 Hz.Penjana isyarat dilaraskan kepada frekuensi yang lebih kurang 400 Hz.

2. A ray of light was directed from the laser pen through the double-slit onto the screen.Sinar cahaya diarahkan dari pen laser melalui dwicelah ke atas skrin.

5. A string was tied to two vertical sticks so that it was parallel to the edge of the table and was of the same height as the loudspeakers. The string was positioned about 2 m from the loudspeakers.Tali diikat pada dua kayu menegak supaya tali itu selari dengan sisi meja dan sama tinggi dengan pembesar suara. Kedudukan tali adalah lebih kurang 2 m dari pembesar suara.

3. The distance and the positions of the pen and the double-slit were adjusted until a clear interference pattern of the light from the laser beam was observed on the screen.Jarak dan kedudukan pen dan dwicelah dilaraskan sehingga corak interferens cahaya daripada alur laser diperhatikan dengan jelas pada skrin.

6. A microphones was connected to the cathode ray oscilloscope that was adjusted to indicate sound signals from the loudspeakers.Mikrofon disambungkan kepada osiloskop sinar katod yang dilaraskan untuk menunjukkan isyarat bunyi daripada pembesar suara.

A8


7. The microphone was moved slowly along the string.Mikrofon digerakkan dengan perlahan-lahan sepanjang tali.

8. The signals shown on the screen of the CRO were observed.Isyarat yang ditunjukkan pada skrin OSK diperhatikan.

4. The sound produced by the loudspeaker and the sine wave on the screen of the CRO were observed. The observations were recorded in the table provided.Bunyi yang dihasilkan oleh pembesar suara dan gelombang sin diperhatikan pada skrin OSK. Pemerhatian direkodkan dalam jadual yang disediakan.

Observation: 1. Alternate strong and weak audio signal was detected.Isyarat audio yang kuat dan lemah dikesan berselang-seli.

5. The volume of the audio signal generator was adjusted to a fixed value but its frequency was gradually increased.Bunyi penjana isyarat audio dilaraskan kepada suatu nilai tetap tetapi frekuensinya ditingkatkan secara beransur-ansur.

2. Strong signal was detected when constructive interference occurred. Weak signal or no signal was detected when destructive interference occurred.Isyarat kuat dikesan apabila interferens membina berlaku. Isyarat lemah atau tiada isyarat dikesan apabila interferens memusnah berlaku.

6. The sound produced by the loudspeaker and the sine wave on the screen of the CRO were observed. The observations were recorded in the table provided.Bunyi yang dihasilkan oleh pembesar suara dan gelombang sin diperhatikan pada skrin OSK. Pemerhatian direkodkan dalam jadual yang disediakan.


Observations: Change in the sound produced by the loudspeakerPerubahan bunyi yang dihasilkan oleh pembesar suara

Change in the sine wave on the screen of the CROPerubahan gelombang sin pada skrin OSK

2. Activity (II) was carried out in a dark place so that the interference pattern could be seen clearly.Aktiviti (II) dijalankan di tempat gelap supaya corak interferens dapat dilihat dengan jelas.

AmplitudeAmplitud

FrequencyFrekuensi

LouderLebih nyaring

IncreasedBertambah

UnchangedTidak berubah

3. Activity (III) was carried out in an open space so that there were no reflection from nearby buildings which could affect the experiment.Aktiviti (III) dijalankan dalam ruang terbuka supaya tiada pantulan dari bangunan yang berdekatan yang akan mempengaruhi eksperimen.

Higher pitchKelangsingan yang lebih tinggi


IncreasedBertambah

Discussion: 1. (a) When the amplitude of the sound waves increases, its loudness increases.Apabila amplitud gelombang bunyi bertambah, kenyaringannya bertambah.

1.6

Activity Untuk mengkaji kesan

Aim: To study the effect of I amplitude on the loudnessamplitud ke atas kenyaringan

(b) When the frequency of the sound waves increases, its pitch increases.Apabila frekuensi gelombang bunyi bertambah, kelangsingannya bertambah.

II frequency on the pitch of sound Method:

frekuensi ke atas kelangsingan bunyi

Conclusion: 1. The loudness of a sound depends on its amplitude. When the amplitude increases, its loudness increases.Kenyaringan bunyi bergantung pada amplitudnya. Apabila amplitud bertambah, kenyaringannya bertambah.

1. The apparatus was arranged as shown in the diagram.Radas disusun seperti yang ditunjukkan dalam rajah.

2. The audio signal generator and the CRO were adjusted so that a sound was produced by the loudspeaker and a sine wave was observed on the screen of the CRO.Penjana isyarat audio dan OSK dilaraskan supaya bunyi dihasilkan oleh pembesar suara dan gelombang sin diperhatikan pada skrin OSK.

2. The pitch of the sound depends on its frequency. When the frequency increases, its pitch increases.Kelangsingan bunyi bergantung pada frekuensinya. Apabila frekuensi bertambah, kelangsingannya bertambah.

3. The frequency of the audio signal generator was adjusted to a fixed value but its volume was gradually increased.Frekuensi penjana isyarat audio dilaraskan kepada suatu nilai tetap tetapi bunyinya dikuatkan secara beransur-ansur.

1.7

Activity

Aim: To study the components and the characteristics of the electromagnetic spectrumUntuk mengkaji komponen dan ciri-ciri spektrum elektromagnet

A9


ComponentKomponen

CharacteristicsCiri

ApplicationAplikasi

Radio wavesGelombang radio

The longest wavelength and the lowest frequency in the EM spectrumPanjang gelombang yang paling panjang dan frekuensi yang paling pendek dalam spektrum EM

For communication aircraft and ships, used in broadcasting in television and radio stationsUntuk komunikasi pesawat udara dan kapal, digunakan dalam siaran televisyen dan stesen radio

MicrowavesGelombang mikro

Wavelength shorter than radio wavesPanjang gelombang lebih pendek daripada gelombang radio

Satellite-based communication, microwave ovens and mobile phonesKomunikasi satelit, ketuhar gelombang mikro dan telefon bimbit

Infrared wavesGelombang inframerah

Also known as infrared radiation. Shorter wavelength than microwavesJuga dikenali sebagai sinaran inframerah. Lebih pendek daripada gelombang mikro

Cooking, night vision and remote control for televisionMemasak, penglihatan malam dan kawalan jauh televisyen

Visible lightCahaya nampak

Can be detected by human and animal eyes. Shorter wavelength than infrared wavesDapat dikesan oleh mata manusia dan haiwan. Panjang gelombang lebih pendek daripada gelombang inframerah

Enable vision, photography and photosynthesisMembolehkan penglihatan, fotografi dan fotosintesis

Ultraviolet lightCahaya ultraungu

Shorter wavelength than visible light. Also known as ultraviolet radiationPanjang gelombang lebih pendek daripada cahaya nampak. Juga dikenali sebagai sinaran ultraungu

Killing germs and bacteria for sterilisation of surgical tools and plant seedlingsMembunuh kuman dan bakteria untuk pensterilan alat pembedahan dan biji benih tumbuhan

X-raySinar-X

Shorter wavelength than ultraviolet light. Very high frequency, hence, high energy and penetrating powerPanjang gelombang lebih pendek daripada cahaya ultraungu. Frekuensi sangat tinggi, maka, tenaga dan kuasa penembusan tinggi

Medical field X-ray photography, inspect baggage in airport, inspect metal casting and welded joints to avoid possible faultsBidang perubatan fotografi sinar-X, mengesan bagasi di lapangan terbang, mengesan acuan logam dan sendi kimpalan untuk mengelakkan kesilapan yang mungkin berlaku

Gamma raySinar gama

The shortest wavelength and the highest frequency in the EM spectrum. High energy and penetrating powerPanjang gelombang yang paling pendek dan frekuensi yang paling tinggi dalam spektrum EM. Tenaga dan kuasa penembusan tinggi

Cancer treatment, sterilisation of surgical tools and foodRawatan kanser, pensterilan alat pembedahan dan makanan

Mastery Exercise Objective Questions 1. A 6. D 11. D 2. B 7. B 12. B 3. A 8. A 13. D 4. C 9. C 14. B 5. A 10. D 15. B

(b) ReflectionPantulan

(c) (i)


(ii) UnchangedTidak berubah

Subjective Questions Section A / Bahagian A 1. (a)Wave fronts Muka gelombang

2. (a)

RefractionPembiasan

DiffractionBelauan

P Q

R S

N Barrier / Penghalang

(b) The depth of the sea decreases as it approaches the shore.Kedalaman laut berkurang apabila gelombang laut mendekati pantai.

A 10


(c)

Incident waves Gelombang tuju Diffracted waves Gelombang terbelau

(b) (i)

Diagram 3.2 The wave moves along the slinky spring. [1]Rajah 3.2 Gelombang bergerak sepanjang spring slinki.

The particles of the spring vibrate in the direction perpendicular to the direction of the wave. [1]Zarah-zarah spring bergetar dalam arah yang berserenjang dengan arah gelombang.

3. (a) (i)

Diagram 3.3 The wave moves along the slinky spring. [1]Rajah 3.3 Gelombang bergerak sepanjang spring slinki.

The particles of the spring vibrate in the direction parallel to the direction of the wave.Zarah-zarah spring bergetar dalam arah yang selari dengan arah gelombang.

[1]

(ii) Bright fringe : Constructive interference of light occurs.Pinggir cerah : Interferens membina bagi cahaya berlaku.

In the propagation of a wave, energy is transferred along the direction of the wave but the particles of the medium do not travel along with the wave. [1]Semasa perambatan gelombang, tenaga dipindahkan sepanjang arah gelombang tetapi zarah-zarah medium tidak bergerak sepanjang gelombang

Dark fringe : Destructive interference of light occurs.Pinggir gelap : Interferens memusnah bagi cahaya berlaku.

(ii) Diagram 3.2 Transverse waveRajah 3.2 Gelombang melintang

[1] [1] 7

(b) a = 0.4 mm, D = 4 m 2.1 x= = 0.7 cm 3 ax 0.4 103 0.7 102 = = D 4 = 7 107 m Section B / Bahagian B 4. (a) (i) A wave is a travelling disturbance through a medium from a vibrating or oscillating source. [1]Gelombang merupakan gangguan yang bergerak melalui medium dari satu sumber bergetar atau berayun.

Diagram 3.3 Longitudinal waveRajah 3.3 Gelombang membujur

(c) (i)

Electromagnetic waves are transverse waves / travel through vacuum with a speed of 3.0 108 m s1 / do not carry any charge / consist of a combination of oscillating electric field and magnetic field (Any 2 of these). [2]Gelombang elektromagnet merupakan gelombang melintang / bergerak melalui vakum dengan laju 3.0 108 m s1 / tidak membawa sebarang cas / terdiri daripada kombinasi medan elektrik dan medan magnet (Mana-mana satu).

(ii) Microwaves are suitable for transmission. [1]Gelombang mikro sesuai untuk penghantaran.

(ii) To create the wave in:Untuk membentuk gelombang dalam:

Diagram 3.2, the student needs to give the slinky spring a quick jerk in the direction perpendicular to the spring. [1]Rajah 3.2, pelajar perlu memberikan sentakan cepat pada spring slinki dalam arah yang berserenjang dengan spring.

When the transmitted waves hit an aeroplane, they are reflected by the body of the aeroplane. [1]Apabila gelombang penghantaran mengenakan kapal terbang, gelombang dipantulkan oleh jasad kapal terbang.

Diagram 3.3, the student needs to give the slinky spring a quick push in the direction parallel with the spring. [1]Rajah 3.3, pelajar perlu memberikan tolakan cepat pada spring slinki dalam arah yang selari dengan spring.

The reflected waves are received by a receiver attached to the transmitter.

[1]

Gelombang terpantul diterima oleh penerima yang dilekatkan dengan penghantar.

3

By knowing the speed, v, of the waves and the time, t, taken for the waves to travel from the transmitter and reflected back to the receiver, the distance of the aeroplane

A 11


from the transmitter, s, can be determined by the formula 2s = v t. [3]Dengan mengetahui laju, v bagi gelombang dan masa, t, yang diambil oleh gelombang untuk bergerak dari penghantar dan dipantulkan kembali kepada penerima, jarak di antara kapal terbang dan penghantar, s boleh ditentukan oleh formula 2s = v t.

(iv) Wavelength remains unchanged.Panjang gelombang kekal tidak berubah.

[1] [1] [1]

Frequency remains unchanged.Frekuensi kekal tidak berubah.

Speed remains unchanged.Laju kekal tidak berubah.

The transmitter system and receiver system must be able to rotate in all directions, to detect aeroplanes at different locations. [1]Sistem penghantar dan sistem penerima mestilah dapat berputar dalam semua arah, untuk mengesan kapal terbang pada lokasi yang berbeza.

Amplitude becomes smaller compared to the incident waves. [1]Amplitud menjadi lebih kecil berbanding dengan gelombang tuju.

10 (b) (i) Activity 2Aktiviti 2

[1]

The information concerning locations and distances are given and computed with the help of computers. [1]Maklumat mengenai lokasi dan jarak diberi dan dikira dengan bantuan komputer.

The frequency of the waves is constant, same as the frequency of the oscillating spring. [1]Frekuensi gelombang adalah malar, sama frekuensi dengan spring berayun.

10 Section C / Bahagian C 5. (a) (i) Diffraction is the spreading out of waves when they move through a gap or around an obstacle. [1]Belauan merupakan penyebaran gelombang apabila gelombang bergerak melalui celah atau penghalang.

Due to the change of speed, the wavelength decreases as the waves move towards the shallow end of the tank. [1]Disebabkan oleh perubahan laju, panjang gelombang berkurang apabila gelombang itu bergerak ke hujung tangki yang cetek.

(ii) Activites 1 and 4Aktiviti 1 dan 4

[1]

(ii) The set shown in Diagram 4.2 will show a bigger effect of diffraction. This is because the narrower the gap, the more the waves spread out. [2]Set yang ditunjukkan dalam Rajah 4.2 akan menunjukkan kesan belauan yang besar. Ini adalah kerana semakin sempit celah, semakin banyak gelombang yang merebak.

In both the activities, the objects oscillated with decreasing amplitude. [1]Dalam kedua-dua aktiviti, objek berayun dengan amplitud yang semakin berkurang.

(iii) Activity 3Aktiviti 3

[1]

(iii) Diagram 4.1 shows the diffracted waves curving at the edge only.Rajah 4.1 menunjukkan gelombang terbelau melengkung pada bahagian sisinya sahaja.

Coherent waves emerging from the two loudspeakers overlap with each other.Gelombang koheren muncul daripada dua pembesar suara itu saling bertindih.

[1]

Diagram 4.2 shows the diffracted waves becoming circular waves.Rajah 4.2 menunjukkan gelombang terbelau menjadi gelombang membulat.

The microphone detects loud and weak sounds which correspond to constructive and destructive interferences. [1]Mikrofon mengesan bunyi kuat dan lemah sepadan dengan interferens membina dan memusnah.

Wavelength of the diffracted waves remains unchanged. [3]Panjang gelombang bagi gelombang terbelau kekal tidak berubah.

(iv) Activity 2Aktiviti 2

[1]

The floating object oscillates up and down when the waves pass by it. [1]Objek yang terapung itu berayun secara menaik dan menurun apabila gelombang melaluinya.

10 Written Practical Section A / Bahagian A 1. (a) (i) x is inversely proportional to a.x berkadar songsang dengan a.

[1]

A 12


1 1 (ii) If a = 2.0 m, a = = 0.5 m1 2Jika

From the graph, x = 1.0 mDaripada graf

[3]

Lamp Lampu

(iii) Gradient of the graph =Kecerunan graf

1.95 m = 1.95 m2 [3] 1.0 m1 7 [1]Ripple tank Tangki riak Stroboscope Stroboskop

ax (b) = D D x = a , D = 4.0 m 1 4.0 = Gradient of the x a graph.Kecerunan graf x

Rubber band Gelang getah Vibrator Penggetar Reflector Pemantul

4.0 = 1.95 Therefore, =Maka,

1 a

[2] [1] 4

Screen Skrin

1.95 0.49 m 4.0

(c) This experiment is done in an open space to reduce the effect of reflection.Eksperimen ini dijalankan dalam ruang terbuka untuk mengurangkan kesan pantulan.

(v) 1. The apparatus is arranged as shown above.Radas disusun seperti yang ditunjukkan di atas.

[1]

2. The legs of the ripple tank are adjusted so that the depth of the water is uniform.Kaki tangki riak dilaraskan supaya kedalaman air adalah seragam.

Section B / Bahagian B 2. (a) The direction of the reflected waves depends on the direction of the incident waves. [1]Arah gelombang terpantul bergantung pada arah gelombang tuju.

3. Switch on the motor and adjust the rheostat to produce a low frequency of the waves.Hidupkan motor dan laraskan reostat untuk menghasilkan satu gelombang berfrekuensi rendah.

(b) The angle of reflection of the waves is equal to the angle of incidence of the waves. [1]Sudut pantulan gelombang adalah sama dengan sudut tuju gelombang.

4. The reflector is adjusted so that incident angle, i = 30.Pemantul itu dilaraskan supaya sudut tuju i = 30o.

(c) (i)

To show that the law of reflection is also applicable to water waves.Untuk menunjukkan hukum pantulan juga boleh dihubungkaitkan dengan gelombang air.

5. Measure the reflected angle, r with a protractor. [1]Ukur sudut terpantul, r dengan jangka sudut.

6. Repeat by using i = 30, 45, 60 and 75. [1]Ulang dengan menggunakan i = 30, 45o ,60o dan 75o

(ii) Manipulated variable: Angle of incidence, iPemboleh ubah dimanipulasikan: Sudut tuju, i

Responding variable: Angle of reflection, rPemboleh ubah bergerak balas: Sudut pantulan, r

(vi) [1]

Incident angle, iSudut tuju, i

30

45

60

75

Constant variable: Depth of waterPemboleh ubah dimalarkan: Kedalaman air

(iii) Apparatus and materials: Ripple tank, accessories, stroboscope, protractor, white paper as screen [1]Radas dan bahan: Tangki riak, aksesori, stroboskop, jangka sudut, kertas putih sebagai skrin

Reflected angle, rSudut terpantul, r

30

45

60

75[2]

(vii) Compare the value of r with the corresponding value of i.Bandingkan nilai r dengan nilai i yang sepadan.

(iv) Arrangement of apparatus:Susunan radas:

[2]

The result shows that r = i.Keputusan menunjukkan r = i.

Therefore, the hypothesis is accepted.Oleh itu, hipotesis diterima.

[2] 12

A 13


2Chapter

Electricity Elektrik

Discussion: 1. There was a force in existence between the electrodes when the E.H.T. was switch on.Terdapat suatu daya wujud di antara elektrod apabila V.L.T. dihidupkan.

Try This Out...Rubbing a balloon with a piece of soft cloth causes electrons to move from the cloth to the balloon, giving the balloons an overall negative charge. When two negatively charged balloons are brought near to each other, they will repel one another.Menggosok belon dengan secebis kain lembut menyebabkan elektron bergerak dari kain ke belon, menjadikan belon-belon itu bercas negatif secara keseluruhan.

2. The talcum powder maps out the electric field lines that cannot be seen.Bedak talkum memetakan garis medan elektrik yang tidak dapat dilihat.

3.+

+

2.1

Activity

Aim: To study the electric field and the effects of an electric fieldUntuk mengkaji medan elektrik dan kesan medan elektrik

4. (a)

P

Method: 1. The following activities were carried out.Aktiviti-aktiviti berikut dijalankan.

+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +

Q

Metal plate Plat logam


Observations: A

(b) negative / negatif repulsive / tolakan positively / positif repulsive / tolakan (c) It is to enable the flow of charges between the ball and the charged metal plates.Untuk membolehkan cas mengalir di antara bola dengan plat logam bercas.

+

+

5. The heat from the flame of the candle ionised the surrounding air into positive charges and negative charges. Positive charges were attracted by the negative plate whereas negative charges were attracted by the positive plate. The movement of the charges caused the flame to be dispersed into two directions.Haba daripada nyalaan lilin mengionkan udara di sekeliling kepada cas positif dan cas negatif. Cas positif ditarik ke plat negatif manakala cas negatif ditarik ke plat positif. Pergerakan cas menyebabkan nyalaan disebarkan ke dua arah.

B

The polystyrene ball oscillated between the two plates, touching one plate after another.Bola polistirena berayun di antara dua plat, menyentuh dari satu plat ke plat lain.

6. Positive charges are heavier than negative charges. Hence, the momentum of positive charges towards the negative plate is bigger than that of negative charges towards the positive plate.Cas positif lebih berat daripada cas negatif. Maka, momentum cas positif terhadap plat negatif adalah lebih besar daripada cas negatif terhadap plat positif.

C

+

Conclusion: 1. a region where an electric charge experiences a forcekawasan di mana cas elektrik mengalami suatu daya

Candle Lilin

2. repel, attractmenolak, menarik

3. lines of force, positive, negativegaris-garis daya, positif, negatif

A 14


Precaution: Insulated connecting wires were used. When charging and adjusting the electrodes, the E.H.T. was switched off.Dawai penyambung berpenebat digunakan. Apabila elektrod bercas dan dilaraskan, V.L.T. dimatikan.

Discussion: 1. (a) The values of current at all the positions are the same in a series circuit.Nilai arus pada semua kedudukan adalah sama dalam litar bersiri.

2.2 Aim:

Activity

(b) The bigger the value of the resistance, the higher the potential difference across it.Semakin besar nilai rintangan, semakin tinggi beza keupayaan yang merentasinya.

To study series circuits and parallel circuitsUntuk mengkaji litar bersiri dan litar selari

2. (a) The bigger the value of the resistance, the smaller the current flowing through it.Semakin besar nilai rintangan, semakin kurang arus yang mengalir melaluinya.

Method: 1. The following activities were carried out.Aktiviti-aktiviti berikut dijalankan.

(b) The values of potential difference across the resistors in a parallel circuit are the same.Nilai beza keupayaan merentasi resistor dalam litar selari adalah sama.


Conclusion: CircuitLitar

Results: Series circuit: / Litar bersiri: Ammeter reading: / Bacaan ammeter: PositionKedudukan

CurrentArus

Potential differenceBeza keupayaan

Series I/A 0.24 0.24 0.24 0.24 ParallelSelari Bersiri

Same value throughout the circuitSama nilai dalam litar

A1 A2 A3 A4 Voltmeter reading: / Bacaan voltmeter: PositionKedudukan

Changes. The higher the resistance, the higher the potential difference across itBerubah. Semakin tinggi rintangan, semakin tinggi beza keupayaan merentasinya.

Changes. The higher the resistance, the smaller the currentBerubah. Semakin tinggi rintangan, semakin kecil arus

Same value across each branch of the circuitSama nilai merentasi setiap cabang litar

V/V 0.50 1.20 2.45

V1 V2 V3 Parallel circuit: / Litar selari: Ammeter reading: / Bacaan ammeter: PositionKedudukan

Precautions: 1. All the terminals in the circuits were checked to make sure that the connections were tight to provide good contacts.Semua terminal dalam litar diperiksa untuk memastikan sambungannya adalah ketat untuk memberikan sentuhan yang baik.

I/A 1.60 0.70 0.30

A1 A2 A3 Voltmeter reading: / Bacaan voltmeter: PositionKedudukan

2. The circuits were switched on only when readings were taken to minimise the heating effect on the circuit.Litar dihidupkan hanya apabila bacaan diambil untuk meminimumkan kesan haba ke atas litar.

3. The voltmeters and the ammeters were checked and corrected to prevent any zero error. V/V 3.50 3.50 3.50Voltmeter dan ammeter diperiksa dan dibetulkan untuk mengelakkan ralat sifar.

V1 V2 V3

4. The readings of ammeters and voltmeters were taken with the eye directly above the indicator to prevent parallax error.Bacaan ammeter dan voltmeter diambil dengan mata terus di atas penunjuk untuk mengelakkan ralat paralaks.

A 15


2.3 Aim:

Activity

1. To determine the relationship between the potential difference across a dry cell and the current that flows through itUntuk menentukan hubungan antara beza keupayaan merentasi sel kering dengan arus yang mengalir melaluinya

2. When the current flowing through the circuit increased, the quantity of charge flowing per unit time increased. Hence, more energy was lost in moving a larger amount of charge across the electrolyte. Because of this, there was a bigger drop in potential difference measured by the voltmeter.Apabila arus mengalir melalui litar bertambah, kuantiti cas yang mengalir per unit masa juga bertambah. Maka, semakin banyak tenaga yang hilang untuk menggerakkan amaun arus yang lebih besar merentasi elektrolit. Oleh itu, kejatuhan beza keupayaan yang lebih besar diukur oleh voltmeter.

2. To determine the values of the electromotive force and the internal resistance of a dry cellUntuk menentukan nilai daya gerak elektrik dan rintangan dalam bagi sel kering

Method: 1. The circuit was set up as shown in the diagram. The switch was turned on and the rheostat was adjusted to give a small reading of the ammeter, I.Litar disediakan seperti yang ditunjukkan dalam rajah. Suis dihidupkan dan reostat dilaraskan untuk memberi bacaan kecil pada ammeter, I.

3. By referring to the diagram, the maximum energy per unit charge across the circuit, E, is equal to the current multiplied by the total resistance in the circuit.Dengan merujuk kepada rajah, tenaga maksimum per unit cas merentasi litar, E, adalah sama dengan arus darab dengan jumlah rintangan dalam litar.

The total resistance = R + rJumlah rintangan

2. The readings of the ammeter and voltmeter were taken and recorded as I and V respectively.Bacaan ammeter dan voltmeter diambil dan direkodkan sebagai I dan V masing-masing.

Hence,Maka,

E = I (R + r) and E = IR + Irdan

3. The rheostat was adjusted to produce four more sets of readings of the ammeter and voltmeter and recorded as I and V respectively.Reostat dilaraskan untuk menghasilkan empat set bacaan ammeter dan voltmeter dan direkodkan sebagai I dan V masing-masing.

According to Ohms law, IR = V,Berdasarkan hukum Ohm,

Hence,Maka,

E = V + Ir 4. (a) E = V + Ir Therefore, V = E Ir or V = rI + EOleh itu, V = E Ir atau V = rI + E

Results: Ammeter reading, I / ABacaan ammeter, I / A

0.2 2.6

0.3 2.5

0.4 2.4

0.5 2.2

0.7 1.9

Voltmeter reading, V / VBacaan voltmeter, V / V

(b) From the equation in (a), E is the value of the vertical intercept of the VI graph and r is equal to the absolute value of the gradient of the graph.Daripada persamaan di (a), E merupakan nilai pintasan menegak graf VI dan r sama dengan nilai mutlak kecerunan graf.

Graph:Graph of potential difference, V against current, I V / V Graf beza keupayaan, V melawan arus, I 3.0 E

(c) By extrapolating the graph until it cuts the vertical axis, E which is the vertical intercept of the graph is obtained.Dengan mengekstrapolasi graf sehingga garis itu memotong paksi menegak, E di mana pintasan menegak graf diperoleh.

2.0

E = 2.9 VKecerunan graf

The gradient of the graph =1.0

Therefore, r = (1.4) Oleh itu, =1.4 0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 I/A

2.2-2.9 0.5 0 = 1.4

Conclusion: 1. When a dry cell is connected to a circuit, the potential difference across it drops when the current flowing in the circuit increases.Apabila sel kering disambungkan kepada litar, beza keupayaan merentasinya jatuh apabila arus yang mengalir dalam litar bertambah.

Discussion: 1. The potential difference across the dry cell decreases as the current flow increases.Beza keupayaan merentasi sel kering berkurang apabila arus yang mengalir bertambah.

A 16


2. The value of the electromotive force of a dry cell is equal to the vertical intercept of the VI graph whereas the value of its internal resistance, r, is equal to the absolute value of the gradient of the VI graph.Nilai daya gerak elektrik sel kering adalah sama dengan pintasan menegak graf VI manakala nilai rintangan dalam, r sama dengan nilai mutlak kecerunan graf VI.

4. 1. Air conditioners, lights and fans are switched off when nobody is using them during lunch time or after office hours.Penyaman udara, lampu dan kipas ditutup apabila tiada sesiapa yang menggunakannnya semasa makan tengah hari atau selepas waktu kerja.

Precaution: The circuit was switched off whenever the readings were not taken from the meters. This is to reduce energy loss in the form of heat to increase the accuracy of the experiment.Litar dimatikan apabila bacaan tidak diambil daripada meter. Ini adalah untuk mengurangkan kehilangan tenaga dalam bentuk haba untuk meningkatkan kejituan eksperimen.

2. Water heater is switched off when a person is shampooing.Pemanas air ditutup apabila seseorang itu sedang bersyampu.

3. Television is turned off when nobody is watching it.Televisyen ditutup apabila tiada sesiapa yang menontonnya.

2.4 Aim:

Activity

Mastery Exercise Objective Questions1. C 6. D 11. D 2. C 7. B 12. D 3. D 8. A 13. D 4. C 9. D 14. B 5. B 10. A 15. C

1. To study the meaning of electrical energy and electrical powerUntuk mengkaji maksud tenaga elektrik dan kuasa elektrik

2. To study the meaning of power ratingUntuk mengkaji maksud perkadaran kuasa

3. To compare the energy used in some common electrical appliances for a fixed period of timeUntuk membandingkan tenaga yang digunakan dalam alat elektrik biasa bagi tempoh masa yang tetap.

Subjective QuestionsSection A / Bahagian A

1. (a) (i)

As P = IV, I = Therefore, I =Oleh itu,

P V 600W = 2.5 A 240V

Discussion: E 1. (a) As V = , but, Q = It Apabila Q tetapi, Therefore, E V = , and E = VIt It dan E VIt (b) P = = t t Hence, P = VIMaka, Oleh itu,

(ii) P = IV, but according to Ohms lawP = IV, tetapi mengikut Hukum Ohm,

I=

V R

Therefore, P =Oleh itu,

R (V) andV2 Pdan

V

R = = (b) (i)

2. P = 30 W, t = 12 3600 = 43 200 s E = P t = 30 43 200 = 1 296 000 J 3. Appliance Alat Fan / Kipas Television / Televisyen Computer / Komputer Refrigerator / Peti sejuk Air conditioner /Penyaman udara

(240 V)2 = 96 600 W

Electrical energy transforms to heat energy.Tenaga elektrik berubah kepada bentuk tenaga haba.

Energy used in 1 hour / JTenaga yang digunakan dalam 1 jam / J

(ii) Using formula E = VIt,Dengan menggunakan formula = E = VIt,

180 000 360 000 720 000 1 080 000 3 600 000 6 480 000 12 960 000

E-Jug : E = 240 3.5 8.0 60 = 403 200 J Super-Boil: E = 240 4.5 6.5 60 = 421 200 J Safe-n-Save: E = 240 6.0 5.5 60 = 475 200 J (iii) E-Jug is the most energy-efficient because it uses the least amount of energy.E-jug menggunakan tenaga dengan paling efisien kerana E-jug menggunakan amaun tenaga yang paling rendah.

Washing Machine /Mesin basuh

Water heater / Pemanas air

A 17


2. (a) Resistance of the wire is the gradient of the VI graph.Rintangan dawai merupakan kecerunan graf VI.

The sum of the potential difference across the two bulbs in the series circuit is equal to the potential difference of the dry cell. [1]Jumlah beza keupayaan merentasi dua mentol itu adalah sama dengan beza keupayaan merentasi sel kering itu.

(b) P has a bigger cross-sectional area than Q.P mempunyai luas keratan rentas yang lebih besar daripada Q.

(c) The gradient of the graph for wire P is smaller than that of wire Q. Therefore, the resistance of wire P is smaller than resistance of wire Q.Kecerunan graf bagi dawai P adalah lebih kecil daripada kecerunan graf bagi dawai Q. Oleh itu, rintangan dawai P adalah lebih kecil daripada rintangan dawai Q.

The current flowing through each bulb in the parallel circuit is higher than the current flowing in the series circuit. [1]Arus yang mengalir melalui setiap mentol dalam litar selari adalah lebih tinggi daripada arus yang mengalir dalam litar bersiri.

(d) The bigger the cross-sectional area, the lower the resistance of a conductor.Semakin besar luas keratan rentas, semakin rendah rintangan konduktor.

6 (c) The fan and the heating element are arranged in parallel as shown in the diagram. [1]Kipas dan unsur pemanas disusun secara selari seperti yang ditunjukkan dalam rajah.

(e) The combined resistance is lower than that of wire P. It is also lower than that of wire Q. This is because the cross-sectional area of the combined wires is greater than that of each individual wire.Rintangan bergabung lebih rendah daripada rintangan dawai P. Rintangan bergabung juga lebih rendah daripada rintangan dawai Q. Ini adalah kerana luas keratan rentas dawai bergabung itu adalah lebih besar daripada rintangan setiap dawai individu.

Switch A controls both the fan and the heating element as shown in the diagram. [1]Suis A mengawal kedua-dua kipas dan unsur pemanas seperti yang ditunjukkan dalam rajah.Fan Kipas Heating element Unsur pemanas Power supply Bekalan kuasa Switch A Suis A

Section B / Bahagian B 3. (a) (i) From electrical energy to heat energy and light energy [1]Daripada tenaga elektrik kepada tenaga haba dan tenaga cahaya.

Switch B Suis B Switch C Suis C

(ii)

[1] So that the fan and the heating element can only be switched on when switch A is on. [1] Parallel circuitLitar selari

Series circuitLitar bersiri

[3] 4

Supaya kipas dan unsur pemanas hanya dapat dihidupkan apabila suis A dihidupkan.

(b) The bulbs in parallel circuit is brighter than those in series circuit.

Switch B controls the heating element only as shown in the diagram. [1]Suis B hanya mengawal unsur pemanas seperti yang ditunjukkan dalam rajah.

[1]

Mentol dalam litar selari adalah lebih cerah daripada mentol dalam litar bersiri.

The bulbs in the same circuit have the same brightness. [1]Mentol dalam litar yang sama mempunyai kecerahan yang sama.

Switch C controls the mains circuit from the power supply as shown in the diagram.

[1]

Suis C mengawal litar sesalur daripada bekalan kuasa seperti yang ditunjukkan dalam rajah.

The potential difference across each bulb in the parallel circuit is the same as that of the dry cell. [1]Beza keupayaan merentasi setiap mentol dalam litar selari adalah sama dengan beza keupayaan merentasi sel kering.

The body of the hair dryer is made of insulator like plastic. [1]Jasad pengering rambut diperbuat daripada penebat seperti plastik.

Insulator like plastic can prevent any current leakage.Penebat seperti plastik dapat mencegah kebocoran arus.

[1]

The potential difference across each bulb in the series circuit is smaller than that of the dry cell. [1]Beza keupayaan merentasi setiap mentol dalam litar bersiri adalah lebih kecil daripada beza keupayaan merentasi sel kering.

The material of the body must have high melting point to prevent melting. [1]Bahan jasadnya mesti mempunyai takat lebur yang tinggi untuk mencegah peleburan.

A 18


The material of the body should be poor heat conductor to prevent heating. [1]Bahan jasadnya seharusnya konduktor haba yang lemah untuk mengelakkan pemanasan.

(ii) Guide for selection: for suitable and for not suitablePanduan pemilihan: bagi yang sesuai dan bagi yang tidak sesuai

10 Section C / Bahagian C 4. (a) (i) From the graph, when I = 0.20 A, V = 2.4 V [1]Daripada graf, apabila

Characteristics Resistivity/ Melting Ciri m point / C Wire / Dawai

Density/ kg m3

Rate of expansion

Kerintangan Takat lebur Ketumpatan Kadar /m / C / kg m3 pengembangan

Therefore, the resistance of the filament,Oleh itu, rintangan filamen,

P Q [1] R

V 2.40 R= = = 12 I 0.20

(ii) The temperature of the bulb increases as the current increases. [1]Suhu mentol bertambah apabila arus bertambah.

Based on the characteristics, the most suitable wire is R.Berdasarkan ciri-ciri, dawai yang paling sesuai ialah R.

The gradient of the V-I graph increases as the current increases. [1]Kecerunan graf V-I bertambah apabila arus bertambah.

Hence, the resistance increases as the temperature of the bulb increases.

[1] 5

It has low resistivity, high melting point and low rate of expansion. Although it does not have low density, it has other advantage compared to wires P and Q. [5]R mempunyai kerintangan rendah, takat lebur yang tinggi dan kadar pengembangan yang rendah. Walaupun R tidak mempunyai ketumpatan rendah, R mempunyai kelebihan yang lain berbanding dengan dawai P dan Q.

Maka, rintangan bertambah apabila suhu mentol bertambah.

(b) (i)

Suitable characteristicsCiri yang sesuai

ReasonsSebab

(c) (i)

Low resistivityKerintangan rendah

To reduce the heating effect and energy wastageUntuk mengurangkan kesan haba dan pembaziran tenaga

V = 240 V, P = 60 W P=VI 60 I= = 0.25 A 240

10 [1] [1] [1] [1]

High melting The wire does not melt point easily and ensure better Takat lebur conductivity in the circuit.tinggi Dawai tidak mudah melebur dengan mudah dan memastikan kekonduksian yang lebih baik dalam litar

(ii) E = P t = 60 12 3600 = 2 592 000 J

(iii) Most of the energy supplied is wasted as heat energy to the surrounding. [1]Kebanyakan tenaga yang dibekalkan dibazirkan sebagai haba ke persekitaran.

5 Written Practical Section A / Bahagian A 1. (a) (i) Current, IArus, I

Low densityKetumpatan rendah

Low weight as required by the computerRingan seperti yang diperlukan oleh komputer

[1] [1] [1]

Low rate of expansionKadar pengembangan rendah

To avoid unnecessary lengthening of the connecting wires that may cause short circuits or stress on the connecting wires.Untuk mengelakkan pemanjangan dawai penyambung yang tidak perlu dan boleh menyebabkan litar pintas atau tegasan pada dawai penyambung [5]

(ii) Potential difference, VBeza keupayaan, V

(iii) Type of bulbs, e.m.f. of batteryJenis mentol, d.g.e. bateri

(b)

Number of bulbsBilangan mentol

Ammeter readings / ABacaan ammeter / A

Voltmeter readings / VBacaan voltmeter / V

1 2 3

0.3 0.5 0.8

2.5 2.2 1.8 [3]

A 19

Physics Form 5 Answers (c)V/V

(iv) Arrange the apparatus as shown in the diagram.Radas disediakan seperti yang ditunjukkan dalam rajah.

[1]

3 0.9

Switch Suis

2

0.6 1

Constantan wire Wayar konstantan

A

0

I/A 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0

V

[3]

(d) (i)

As the current increases, the potential difference decreases linearly.

(v)

[1]

Apabila arus bertambah, beza keupayaan berkurang secara linear.

1. Use a 10 cm constantan wire and adjust the rheostat to a suitable value of current. Read the value of the potential difference from the voltmeter.Gunakan dawai konstantan 10 cm dan laraskan reostat pada nilai arus yang sesuai.

(ii) From the graph, when I = 0 A, V = 3.0 V.Daripada graf, apabila

Therefore, e.m.f. = 3.0 V.Oleh itu, d.g.e.

[1]

2. Adjust the rheostat to produce 4 more sets of values of I and V. Record the readings.Laraskan reostat untuk menghasilkan 4 set nilai I dan V lagi. Rekodkan bacaan.

Internal resistance of the dry cellRintangan dalam sel kering

= (gradient of the graph) = 1.5 = (kecerunan graf)

[1] 12

3. Repeat the procedure for the length of the same type of constantan, l = 30 cm and 50 cm. [2]Ulang prosedur bagi dawai yang sama jenis tetapi panjang, l = 30 cm dan 50 cm.

Section B / Bahagian B 2. (a) The resistance of a conductor depends on its length.Rintangan konduktor bergantung pada panjangnya.

(vi) The data are tabulated as follows.Data-data dijadualkan seperti berikut.

[1]

l = 10 cm Ammeter reading, I/ABacaan ammeter, I / A

(b) The longer the conductor, the higher its resistance. [1]Semakin panjang konduktor, semakin tinggi rintangannya.

(c) (i)

To determine the relationship between the length of a conductor and its resistanceUntuk menentukan hubungan antara panjang konduktor dengan rintangan

Voltmeter reading, V/VBacaan voltmeter, V / V

[1]

l = 30 cm Ammeter reading, I/ABacaan ammeter, I / A

(ii) Manipulated variable: Length of conductorPemboleh ubah dimanipulasikan: Panjang konduktor

Responding variable: Resistance of conductorPemboleh ubah bergerak balas: Rintangan konduktor

Constant variable: Cross-sectional area, type of the conductors and temperature [1]Pemboleh ubah dimalarkan: Luas keratan rentas, jenis konduktor dan suhu


[1]

l = 50 cm Ammeter reading, I/A [1]Bacaan ammeter, I / A

(iii) Dry cells, dry cell holder, constantan wire, ammeter, voltmeter, rheostat, connecting wires, crocodile clips and switch

Sel kering, pemegang sel kering, dawai konstantan, ammeter, voltmeter, reostat, dawai penyambung, klip buaya dan suis


[1]

A 20


(vii) For each table, a graph of V-I is plotted.Untuk setiap jadual, satu graf V-I diplotkan.V/V 50 cm

Radas disediakan seperti yang ditunjukkan dalam rajah.

2. The current was switched on.Arus dihidupkan.

3. The plastic plate was tapped slowly and the pattern formed by the iron filings was observed.Plat plastik diketuk dengan perlahan-lahan dan corak yang dibentuk oleh serbuk besi diperhatikan.

30 cm 10 cm 0 I/A

4. Four compasses were placed around the wire. The directions shown by the compasses were observed.Empat kompas diletakkan di sekeliling dawai. Arah yang ditunjukkan oleh kompas-kompas itu diperhatikan.

The gradient of the V-I graph is equal to the resistance of the wire. Hence, by comparing the gradient of the graphs, the longer the wire, the higher its resistance. The hypothesis is accepted. [2]Kecerunan graf V-I adalah sama dengan rintangan dawai itu. Oleh itu, dengan membandingkan kecerunan graf, semakin panjang dawai, semakin tinggi rintangan. Hipotesis diterima.

5. The pattern and direction of the magnetic field were sketched.Corak dan arah medan magnet dilakarkan.

6. The connections to the d.c. power supply were reversed. The pattern of the iron filings and direction of the compasses were observed.Sambungan kepada bekalan kuasa a.t. disongsangkan. Corak serbuk besi dan arah kompas-kompas itu diperhatikan.

12

7. The pattern and direction of the magnetic field were sketched.Corak dan arah medan magnet dilakarkan.

8. The current was switched off.Arus dimatikan.

3Chapter

Electromagnetism Keelektromagnetan

(II) 1. The apparatus was set up as shown in the diagram.Radas disediakan seperti yang ditunjukkan dalam rajah.

Try This Out...Increase in the reading of the electronic balance is due to magnetic force of repulsion between the magnets. The force increases as both of the magnets are moved closer to each other. You can convert the reading from unit grams to Newton.Pertambahan bacaan neraca elektronik adalah disebabkan oleh daya tolakan di antara magnet-magnet itu. Daya ini bertambah apabila kedua-dua magnet itu bergerak menghampiri satu sama lain. Anda boleh mengubah bacaan daripada unit gram kepada Newton.

2. Steps 2 to 8 in (I) were repeated.Langkah-langkah 2 hingga 8 di (I) diulang.

(III) 1. The apparatus was set up as shown in the diagram.Radas disediakan seperti yang ditunjukkan dalam rajah.

2. Steps 2 to 8 in (I) were repeated.Langkah-langkah 2 hingga 8 di (I) diulang.

Observations: (I)

3.1

Activity

Aim: To study the pattern and direction of the magnetic field due to a current in aUntuk mengkaji corak dan arah medan magnet yang disebabkan oleh arus dalam

I straight wiredawai lurus

Current into the paperArus masuk ke dalam kertas

Current out of the paperArus keluar dari kertas

II circular coilgegelung bulat

(II)

III solenoidsolenoid

Method: (I) 1. The apparatus was set up as shown in the diagram.

A 21


(III)

3. The current was switched off and the connections to the power supply were reversed.Arus dimatikan dan sambungan kepada bekalan kuasa disongsangkan.

4. The current was switched on again and the motion of the short copper wire was observed.Arus dihidupkan semula dan gerakan dawai kuprum pendek diperhatikan.

Observations: Discussion: 1. When more turns of copper wire are used, a clearer magnetic field pattern can be observed. The magnetic field lines from each turn of wire will combine to produce a stronger magnetic field.Apabila lebih banyak lilitan dawai kuprum digunakan, suatu corak medan magnet yang lebih jelas boleh diperhatikan. Garis medan magnet daripada setiap lilitan dawai akan bergabung untuk menghasilkan suatu medan magnet yang lebih kuat.

Current in short copper wireArus dalam dawai kuprum pendek

Motion of short copper wireGerakan dawai kuprum pendek

Current flows in one directionArus mengalir dalam satu arah

Moves in one directionBergerak dalam satu arah

Current flows in opposite directionArus mengalir dalam arah yang berlawanan

Moves in opposite directionBergerak dalam arah yang berlawanan

2. The current flowing in the copper wires is quite large. Switching off the current will avoid the copper wires from being overheated.Arus yang mengalir dalam dawai kuprum agak besar. Matikan arus untuk mengelakkan dawai kuprum daripada menjadi terlalu panas.

Discussion: 1. Yes, the magnetic field due to the magnadur magnetsYa, medan magnet disebabkan oleh magnet magnadur

3. The shape of the conductorBentuk konduktor

4. The direction of the currentArah arus

2. There are two magnetic fields: the field from the magnadur magnets and the field produced by the current in the copper wire.Terdapat dua medan magnet: medan daripada magnet magnadur dan medan yang dihasilkan oleh arus dalam dawai kuprum.

Conclusion: The pattern and direction of the magnetic field due to a current in the wire depends on the shape of the wire and the direction of the current.Corak dan arah medan magnet yang disebabkan oleh arus dalam dawai bergantung pada bentuk dawai dan arah arus.

3. There is a force acting on the copper wire.Terdapat suatu daya yang bertindak pada dawai kuprum.

4. The direction of the currentArah arus

Precaution: Ensure that there are no other magnets nearby that may attract the iron filings and prevent them from displaying the pattern of the magnetic field.Pastikan tiada magnet lain yang berdekatan dapat menarik serbuk besi dan mengelakkannya daripada memaparkan corak medan magnet.

5. A force acts on a wire that carries a current in a magnetic field.Suatu daya bertindak pada dawai yang membawa arus dalam medan magnet.

Conclusion: A conductor carrying a current in a magnetic field will experience a force. The direction of the force depends on the direction of the current.Satu konduktor yang membawa arus dalam medan magnet akan mengalami suatu daya. Arah daya bergantung pada arah arus.

3.2

Activity

Aim: To study the force on a current-carrying conductor in a magnetic fieldUntuk mengkaji daya pada konduktor yang membawa arus dalam medan magnet

Precaution: The insulation on the short copper wire and the copper tracks must be completely removed to have good electrical contact.Penebatan dawai kuprum pendek dan landasan kuprum mestilah dialihkan sepenuhnya untuk mendapatkan sentuhan elektrik yang baik.

Method: 1. The apparatus was set up as shown in the diagram.Radas disediakan seperti yang ditunjukkan dalam rajah.

2. The current was switched on and the motion of the short copper wire was observed.Arus dihidupkan dan gerakan dawai kuprum pendek diperhatikan.

3.3

Activity

Aim: To study the turning effect on a current-carrying coil placed in a magnetic field

A 22

Physics Form 5 Answers Untuk mengkaji kesan putaran ke atas gegelung yang membawa arus dalam medan magnet

is turned on so that a larger force acts on it to begin the rotation.Gegelung harus berada pada kedudukan mengufuk sebelum suis dihidupkan supaya daya yang lebih besar akan bertindak padanya untuk memulakan putaran.


2. The current was switched on. The motion of the coil was observed.Arus dihidupkan. Gerakan gegelung diperhatikan.

3.4

Activity

3. The connections to the power supply were reversed. Step 2 was repeated.Sambungan kepada bekalan kuasa disongsangkan. Langkah 2 diulang.

Aim: To investigate the factors that affect the speed of rotation of an electric motorUntuk menyiasat faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhi laju putaran motor elektrik

Observations: Switch at power supplySuis pada bekalan kuasa

Method: 1. The apparatus was set up as shown in the diagram of Activity 3.3. The coil with 40 turns round the wooden former was used.Radas disediakan seperti yang ditunjukkan dalam rajah Aktiviti 3.3. Gegelung dengan 40 lilitan pada rangka kayu digunakan.

CurrentArus

CoilGegelung

OFFDIMATIKAN

No currentTiada arus

StationaryPegun

ONDIHIDUPKAN

Current flowsArus mengalir

RotatesBerputar

2. The voltage of the d.c. power supply was set to 1 V. The current was switched on and the speed of rotation of the motor was observed.Voltan bagi bekalan kuasa a.t. ditetapkan pada 1 V. Arus dihidupkan dan laju putaran motor diperhatikan.

ON with connections reversedDIHIDUPKAN dengan sambungan disongsangkan

Current flows in opposite directionArus mengalir dalam arah yang berlawanan

Rotates in the opposite directionBerputar dalam arah yang berlawanan

3. Step 2 was repeated with a voltage of 2 V.Langkah 2 diulang dengan voltan 2 V.

4. The voltage of the d.c. power supply was set back to 1 V.Voltan bagi bekalan kuasa a.t. ditetapkan semula pada 1 V.

Discussion: 1. The force on the side of the coil next to the North pole acts in one direction while the side of the coil next to the South pole experiences a force in the opposite direction.Daya pada sisi gegelung di sebelah kutub Utara bertindak dalam satu arah manakala sisi gegelung di sebelah kutub Selatan mengalami suatu daya dalam arah yang berlawanan.

5. Another pair of magnadur magnets were added to the U-shaped steel yoke as shown in the diagram. The current was switched on and the speed of rotation of the motor was observed.Sepasang lagi magnet magnadur ditambah kepada dening keluli berbentuk-U seperti yang ditunjukkan dalam rajah. Arus dihidupkan dan laju putaran motor diperhatikan.

2. The pair of forces acting in opposite directions on the two sides of the coil produces a turning effect. This causes the coil to rotate.Sepasang daya yang bertindak dalam arah yang berlawanan pada dua sisi gegelung menghasilkan kesan putaran. Ini menyebabkan gegelung berputar.

6. One pair of the magnadur magnets were removed. The coil was replaced with another coil of 80 turns of wire. The current was switched on and the speed of rotation of the motor was observed.Sepasang magnet magnadur dikeluarkan. Gegelung digantikan dengan satu lagi gegelung lain dengan 80 lilitan dawai. Arus dihidupkan dan laju putaran motor diperhatikan.

Observations: d.c. power Magnadur Number of supply magnets turns in coilBekalan kuasa a.t. Magnet magnadur Bilangan lilitan gegelung

3. The current in the coil is reversed.Arus dalam gegelung disongsangkan.

Rotation of coilPutaran gegelung

4. The coil rotates in the opposite direction.Gegelung berputar dalam arah yang berlawanan.

1V 2V 1V 1V

1 pair1 pasang

40 turns40 lilitan

Medium speedLaju sederhana

Conclusion: A current-carrying coil in a magnetic field experiences a pair of forces that produce a turning effect.Gegelung yang membawa arus dalam medan magnet mengalami sepasang daya yang menghasilkan kesan putaran.

1 pair1 pasang

40 turns40 lilitan

Higher speedLaju yang lebih tinggi

2 pair2 pasang

40 turns40 lilitan


Precaution: The coil should be in a horizontal position before the switch

1 pair1 pasang

80 turns80 lilitan


A 23


Discussion: 1. The current is proportional to the voltage supplied.Arus adalah berkadar terus dengan voltan yang dibekalkan.

ditunjukkan dalam rajah. Pesongan penunjuk galvanometer diperhatikan.

2. The speed of rotation increases when the voltage supplied increases.Laju putaran bertambah apabila voltan yang dibekalkan bertambah.

4. Steps 2 and 3 were repeated for directions 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6.Langkah-langkah 2 dan 3 diulang bagi arah 2, 3, 4, 5 dan 6.

Observations: Motion of rodGerakan rod

3. The strength of the magnetic field increases.Kekuatan medan magnet bertambah.

DeflectionofgalvanometerpointerPesongan jarum galvanometer

4. The speed of rotation increases when the strength of the magnetic field increases.Laju putaran bertambah apabila kekuatan medan magnet bertambah.

Rod at restRod dalam keadaan rehat

No deflectionTiada pesongan

Direction 1Arah 1

Deflected in one directionTerpesong dalam satu arah

5. The speed of rotation increases when the number of turns of the coil increases.Laju putaran bertambah apabila bilangan lilitan gegelung bertambah.

Direction 2Arah 2

Deflected in the opposite directionTerpesong dalam arah yang berlawanan

6. Current in the coil, strength of the magnetic field and the number of turns of the coilArus dalam gegelung, kekuatan medan magnet, bilangan lilitan gegelung

Direction 3Arah 3


Direction 4Arah 4


Conclusion: The speed of rotation of an electric motor increases when the current in the coil, the strength of the magnetic field or the number of turns of the coil increases.Laju putaran motor elektrik bertambah apabila arus dalam gegelung, kekuatan medan magnet atau bilangan lilitan gegelung bertambah.

Direction 5Arah 5


Direction 6Arah 6


Discussion: 1. The magnetic field lines are horizontal lines from the North pole to the South pole.Garis medan magnet merupakan garisan mengufuk dari kutub Utara ke kutub Selatan.

Precaution: The current should be switched on long enough and the observation is recorded. After that, the current is switched off to avoid overheating the wires of the coil.Arus harus dihidupkan dengan cukup lama dan pemerhatian direkodkan. Selepas itu, arus dimatikan untuk mengelakkan gegelung dawai daripada menjadi terlalu panas.

2. Electric currentArus elektrik

3. Directions 1 and 2Arah 1 dan 2

3.5

Activity

4. A current flows in the copper rod when its motion cuts across the magnetic field lines.Suatu arus mengalir dalam rod kuprum apabila gerakannya memotong merentasi garis medan magnet.

Aim: To observe electromagnetic induction in a straight wire and solenoidUntuk memerhatikan aruhan elektromagnet dalam dawai lurus dan solenoid


(I) Method: 1. The apparatus was set up as shown in the diagram.Radas disediakan seperti yang ditunjukkan dalam rajah.

2. The bar magnet was pushed into the solenoid. The deflection of the galvanometer pointer was observed.Magnet batang ditolak ke dalam solenoid. Pesongan penunjuk galvanometer diperhatikan.

2. The copper rod was stationary between the poles of the magnet. The reading of the galvanometer pointer was observed.Rod kuprum pegun di antara kutub-kutub magnet. Bacaan penunjuk galvanometer diperhatikan.

3. The bar magnet was stationary in the solenoid. The reading of the galvanometer was recorded.Magnet batang pegun dalam solenoid. Bacaan galvanometer direkodkan.

3. The rod was moved quickly in Direction 1 as shown in the diagram. The deflection of the galvanometer pointer was observed.Rod itu digerakkan dengan cepat dalam Arah 1 seperti yang

4. The bar magnet was pulled out of the solenoid. The deflection of the galvanometer pointer was observed.Magnet batang ditarik keluar dari solenoid. Pesongan penunjuk galvanometer diperhatikan.

A 24


5. The bar magnet was stationary. The solenoid was pushed towards the bar magnet.Magnet batang pegun. Solenoid ditolak menujui magnet batang.

3.6

Activity

Aim: To study the factors that affect the magnitude of the induced currentUntuk mengkaji faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhi magnitud arus teraruh

6. The solenoid was pulled away from the bar magnet. The deflection of the galvanometer pointer was observed.Solenoid ditarik menjauhi magnet batang. Pesongan penunjuk galvanometer diperhatikan.


Observations: Bar magnetMagnet batang

SolenoidSolenoid

GalvanometerGalvanometer

2. A bar magnet was pushed very slowly into the solenoid of 600 turns. The maximum reading of the galvanometer was recorded.Magnet batang ditolak dengan sangat perlahan ke dalam solenoid 600 lilitan. Bacaan maksimum galvanometer direkodkan.

Pushed into the solenoidDitolak ke dalam solenoid

StationaryPegun

Shows a deflectionMenunjukkan pesongan

StationaryPegun

StationaryPegun

No deflectionMenunjukkan pesongan

3. The bar magnet was pushed quickly into the solenoid of 600 turns. The maximum reading of the galvanometer was recorded.Magnet batang ditolak dengan cepat ke dalam solenoid 600 lilitan.

48424467 answers for hw

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