Introduction

DATABYTE was founded by a group of engineersfrom IIT/BARC/TIFR in 1981.

Since 1988, we have been involved in developmentwork related to Indian languages.

Among other things, we have developed andcurrently manufacture

1. Bilingual Message Terminals.

2. Microprocessor based MultilingualMOVING TEXT DISPLAY SYSTEMSwith embedded editor for Devnagari,Bengali, Gujarati, Telugu, Tamil, Malayalam,Kannada, Punjabi, Oriya, Assamese,Kashmiri, Sindhi, Arabic etc.

3. Multi-lingual keyboard driver forWINDOWS.

A common keyboard overlay for all Indian andother scripts has been developed. This overlaycalled LIPIKAR is such that anyone alreadyproficient in typing on English keyboard(QWERTY or any other) can start typing inscript of his choice without having to learn anew overlay.

LIPIKAR overlay is applicable for all Brahmibased scripts : Devnagari, Bengali, Tamil, Telugu,Assamese, Gujarati, Kannada, Malayalam, Oriya,Punjabi and Perso Arabic based Scripts : Urdu,Sindhi & Kashmiri. The overlay is universal innature and can be adapted for most other scriptsof the world.

As an off-shoot of Lipikar, a universalintermediate script for all Indian and otherscripts has been developed. This script has beencalled LISI.

LISI uses only printable ASCII character set andeven if one sees the typed text of an Indian orother script in LISI (plain English), one can readit with ease.

The script allows single web search for articlesof different scripts posted in LISI. The scriptcan support all 8-bit and Unicode fontsavailable from different vendors and can serveas an intermediate script for conversion oftext in font of one vendor into font ofanother vendor. The code also enablestrans-literation of text from one script to another.

LIPIKAR (A universal keyboard overlay for allIndian and other scripts)

&

LISI (Language Independent Script forInternet)

LIPIKAR

A universal keyboard overlay for all Indian andother scripts *

State of Art

At present, many different keyboard layouts are inuse. Some of the prominent ones are...

Inscript Asterix Eng Itr Newroma Script

Abitr Compset Godrej K_P_Rao Rajya Script1

Akruti Crtronic Godrej1 Mtnk Raming Srg

Akshar Devyani Indica Naidunia Raming Typewrit

Apple Doe Inscript Network Roma

All these overlays require considerable practiceand familiarity before one can use themeffectively. One also has to necessarily putstickers or print otherwise the Indian scriptlegends alongside the English legends on thekey tops.

In addition there are some phonetic or “type asyou spell Eng” keyboard layouts. These layouts,owing to inherent ambiguities, are not simpleto understand and use. Their providersthemselves do not recommend them for regularuse for Indian scripts.

4.8 Databyte Equipment Pvt. Ltd.

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1. LIPIKAR Overlay

LIPIKAR keyboard overlay is very simple tounderstand and use. Once the basic approachis understood, anyone knowing English typingcan start typing in any of the Indian languageswithout any training. It does not require anyoverlay stickers etc. to be put on the QWERTYkeyboard.

Though it uses same basic keys for English andIndian scripts, it is not a phonetic keyboard.There is absolutely no ambiguity. There is aspecific key-stroke for each of the alphabets,matras, vowels and special characters of thescript. The same overlay is applicable for allIndian scripts, Perso Arabic based Scripts andother scripts.

The LIPIKAR keyboard overlay has beendesigned to achieve the following objectives...

The same keyboard overlay is applicable for allBrahmi based scripts : Devnagari, Bengali, Tamil,Telugu, Assamese, Gujarati, Kannada,Malayalam, Oriya, Punjabi and Perso Arabicbased Scripts : Urdu, Sindhi & Kashmiri. Theoverlay is universal in nature and can be adaptedfor most other scripts of the world.

Any one knowing English typing will be able totype in any script of his choice with ease.

It is so simple to understand and use that oneneed not put overlay stickers on the English(QWERTY and others) keyboard.

Unlike some “phonetic” overlays, there isabsolutely no ambiguity in its usage. There isa specific key-stroke for each of the alphabets,matras, vowels, special characters and alternateforms of characters. It can be easily adapted formost scripts.

It is suitable for bilingual (English and selectedscript) text.

It requires minimum number of strokes to typethe text precisely. It uses only basic printableEnglish alphabet, leaving most of thepunctuation and special symbols free for use inthe bilingual text.

It incorporates provision to accommodatealternate forms, derivative forms and specialcharacters that may be available in a script.

Typing in LIPIKAR is strictly spelling based andis not affected by the conjuncts (character formsrepresenting combination of multiple alphabets)that may be available in a script.

Typing Devnagari text with LIPIKAR

For all primary characters type correspondingEnglish keys.

For � �� �� �� �� � �� � � �� �� � �� �� �

Type k g c j t d n p b m y r l w s h

e.g. ����� = kml ��������= nyn � ��� = prm

For derived characters, type Shift + correspondingprimary characters.

For �� �� � �� �� �� �� � �� � ��

Type K G C J T D N P B L S

e.g. �� = Gr ����= rT

For ��� ��!��"��#�� type corresponding character twice.

For � ! " #�

Type tt TT dd DD SS

e.g. ! � = ddr ��� = mttr

Matras have been assigned to correspondingEnglish vowels.

For � $ % & ' ( ) �( �)

Type a or Ai I u U e E o O

e.g. ���&$������ = sunita �(��%�= dewI ��)��� = kOSl

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To get a Vowel character, type the correspondingMatra twice.

For * *� + +, - . / /( *�( *�)

Type aa AA ii II uu UU ee EE oo OO

e.gÒ. *������� = AAwaj -#���� = uuSSa

For Special characters, type ; and correspondingprimary character.

For 0 1� 2� 3 4� 5 6� 7� 8 9 �9

Type;a ;c ;g ;G ;J ;r ;s ;t ;5 ;e ;o

e.g. 5���&� = ;rtu 6��� = ;sm

Additional Characters

For : ; < = > ��?���@A�����B C

Type * ^ \ : . R RR

e.g. �;�� = b^k D��� = kRm �B�� = ttRk

For Half Character type ‘ ( Single Quote ) e.g.For E type k’

To force a character in Halant form type ‘ ( SingleQuote ) twice.e.g. For���F� type k’’

For Dot Space type ~

LIPIKAR is more fully defined in table I, table IIand table III.

Examples of typing in Devnagari

$������ kiman �� �� grm �)��G�� kEwl’y

��(��� sewa ����(�� gNeS ����, gr’m

������� smaj ���� kmL �H�! kn’ndd

�&���� kuNal �&=�� du:K ���$I w’yk’ti

/� eek J(�� fRem *$��� aag’ni

�&� ful �?($#��� pReSSit �&K� bud’Da

*:� aa*k �?����� pRBaw *�F��&�� aad’But

���:� ca*d �B� ttRk $����� wiS’w

+;� ii^tt ���, kr’m $�� F � wiTT’TTl

-����� uuj’wla ����,�� pr’yay /9!���(�(� ;eeddw’hokett

*����� aaBaL ��#��, wr’SSa $��L���%, wiD’yar’TI

�(��!� kewdda ��$��,�% Sr’milI �C#��� kRRSS’Na

�M���� kruNa ���N��� wr’’ya O��� hRRdy

��:���� s*gm �9��� k;epttn -�&, uur’du

$��D�� wikRm ��9��?(! k;omRedd *��&,�� aar’jun

���3F���� wa;G’my ������ mht’w $1���%�� ;citIj

���(�� Koj �?$�� pRdip 2���� ;gan

��( ������ ���������� mera Bart mhan

$�������(������(����:���������%���)��< jis deS me g*ga bhtI hE \

Special feature to accommodate alternate &derivative forms of an alphabet

Some scripts have alternative forms of samecharacters such as����&�#� in Devnagari and * &Ç in Urdu.

LIPIKAR uses four mechanisms to representalternative forms, derivatives and similaralphabets...

• Shifted position. e.g :- s = ���, S = ��� ; n= ���, N = ��

• Multiple pressing of a key to get successivealternate forms.

e.g :- S = ���, SS = #� ; kR = D�, kRR = �C

• Pressing one or more dots after the characterto get successive alternative forms.

e.g :- j = �� , j. = ��>>�� ; y = ����, y. = ��>

• Pressing ; before the character for specialderived characters.

e.g :- ;g = 2��, ;c =�1�

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• Since English has only one character T tocorrespond to ����&���� , and one character Dto correspond to �����& !��, LIPIKAR treats� & !� as alternative form of ���� & �� .

• Thus one types t, T, d, D for ��, ��, �, ���& tt, TT, dd, DD for ��, , !, ".

• Note :- In a particular script, if multipleoccurrences of an alphabet has not beenassigned any specific meaning then instead ofthat alphabet followed by a dot (Nukta) onecan also type that alphabet twice. Thus... InDevnagari . . .k. = ��>; g. = ���> >�; S. = �#� ; d. =��> ; dd = !>

In Urdu... j. = � ; j.. = � ; j ... = � ; j ....= ��; s. = � ; s.. = �

Typing text in other Brahmi based scripts

Since LIPIKAR is based on precise spelling andnot on any specific conjuncts of a script, typingin any Brahmi based script is identical to typingin Devnagari as described earlier. Table II showshow same LIPIKAR is applicable to Devnagari,Bengali, Tamil, Telugu, Assamese, Gujarati,Kannada, Malayalam, Oriya, Punjabi.

Typing in Perso Arabic based Scripts : Urdu,Sindhi & Kashmiri

Typing in Perso Arabic based scripts is again verysimilar to typing in Devnagari except thefollowing:

Perso Arabic based scripts do not have separatealphabets for derived or aspirated sounds. Suchsounds are generally represented by adding “h”to the primary alphabet. For these scripts, Lipikarallows one to type either shift + primary alphabetor Primary character + h.

Table III compares typing in Devnagari andUrdu using LIPIKAR.

Bilingual Text

LIPIKAR allows mixing of English words withthe script of one’s choice in the same document.“CapsLock OFF “ selects English & “CapsLockON “ selects the other script.

Implementation of LIPIKAR in Databyte’smoving display system

We have incorporated LIPIKAR in our movingtext display system called BizBooster. BizBoostersupports all Indian scripts. For the last threeyears, all our users of BizBooster are able to entertext in the script of their choice using LIPIKARoverlay after an initial briefing of 15 minutes.

2. LISI

Language Independent Script for Internet *

An important by-product of Lipikar is LISI.

While using LIPIKAR overlay to type in anIndian Script, What one type will directlygenerate the text in LISI.

e.g.

For... /������������& ����$����������������(�-$����� ��������������<

one will have to type... eek nya surj nikla, jgme uujiyara Ca gya \

which is... /������������& ����$����������������(�-$����� ����������� in LISI code.

Table II, Table III, Table IV and Table V fullydefine LISI in conjunction with LIPIKAR.

State of Art

There is no such intermediate script which cansupport all Indian scripts, Perso Arabic scriptsand possibly many other scripts of the world isavailable.

Having a directly coupled keyboard overlaycommon to all supported scripts enhances itsusefulness many fold.

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Main achievement of LISI

The LISI script and code have been designed toachieve the following objectives...

Text in LISI should pass through any system orcommunication channel that can handleprintable ASCII character set.

The script is such that, in absence of any suitableconverter program, even if one sees the typedtext of Indian script in LISI (plain English), onewill be able to read it with ease. Even if someone not familiar with LISI sees a text in LISI, hewill be able to read it with minor aberration.

One can use LISI to chat over the internet orother media.

The two users engaged in “chat” need not havecompatible fonts from the same vendor selected.

The script can support all 8-bit and Unicodefonts available from different vendors and canserve as an intermediate script for conversion oftext from font of one vendor into text in font ofanother vendor.

At present almost all software for Indian scriptsuse font encoded text which is not suitable forweb search. Though UNICODE takes care of“font encoded” problem, it does not allow singlesearch for all Indian scripts.

If all the web sites which support IndianLanguages start posting information in LISI, asingle search will identify all the articles availablein all LISI supported scripts.

˚ By being the intermediate script forinterchange, LISI allows easy transliteration oftext from one script to another.

Chat over Internet

One can use LISI to chat over the internet orother media. The two users engaged in “chat”need not have compatible fonts from the samevendor selected. They only need to have the

“LISI to selected font” converter programactivated.

Even if the receiver does not have a suitable LISIto Script converter program installed, as LISIuses only printable character codes, he will seereadable ASCII text on his screen and canprecisely read the content. He can even convertthe saved chat into script-font of his choice later.

Single web-search for all Indian scripts

At present most solutions for Indian scripts usefont encoded text which are not suitable for websearch. Though UNICODE takes care of ‘fontencoded’ problem, it does not allow single searchfor all Indian scripts.

Today if anyone wants to search all informationavailable on Mahatma Gandhi in various IndianLanguages, there is no way. Even if all the websites were using UNICODE, one will have toconduct a separate search for each script.

If all the web sites which support IndianLanguages start posting information in LISI...

A single search will identify all the articlesavailable in all LISI supported text.

• A user can download a file in LISI and thenconvert it into font of his choice.

Unification of all Fonts for all Indian scripts

LISI can supports all 8-bit and Unicode fontsavailable from different vendors giving the usera wide choice. In contrast Unicode severelyrestricts the choice of fonts available to the user.

If every vendor of fonts for Indian script startsoffering a converter between his font and LISI,then converting a text file from one font toanother will become quite simple. One has tofirst convert the original text file to LISI and thenLISI file can be converted to any other font ofone’s choice.

Can Speak but Can’t read or write

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Today a sizable urban population can speak theregional language but can not read the scriptmuch less write in it. Need to communicate inIndian scripts being so occasional, they certainlydo not have the patience to learn any of thekeyboard overlays available from vendors ofIndian script packages. With LIPIKAR and LISI,such neo-literate can write a letter to theirparents in their regional language usingDevnagari or any other script they know andthen print it in the script their parents know.Imagine a mother’s delight in receiving a letterfrom her son that she can read herself instead ofhaving it read by the neighbor.

Imagine if all the rich literature available in Urduis put on internet in LISI, people can downloadit and print it in Devnagari or any regional scriptthey know.

Conversion between Perso Arabic based Scriptsand Brahmi based Scripts

To facitate such conversion, every font designermust provide, if not already provided, a dot-space in his font. As the name implies, a dot-space is space character having a width of onedot. Its use is explained below.

Some scripts have multiple forms of samecharacters such as, �� &�#��in Devnagari and �&�� in Urdu.

Multiple occurrence of an alphabet in LISIimplies successive alternate form of thecorresponding character. e.g. S. means 2ndform of S and S.. means 3rd form of S

While converting from LISI to a script, if thescript does not have 2nd or 3rd of the precedingalphabet, use its first form but put dot-spacesin place of unused repeat characters in the scriptfile. While converting back from script file toLISI, the dot-spaces are converted back intopreceding characters. Thus when this script textis converted back to LISI and then to the originalscript (say Urdu), one will get back the text one

started with. The advantage of dot-space is thatwithout affecting readability of the convertedtext, it indicates use of specific alternative formin the original text.

If the text actually happens to have the samealphabet coming one after other, they areseparated by “-” in LISI. Thus, while convertingfrom text to LISI, separate successive occurrenceof an alphabet by “-”.

If the text actually has a “-” separating samealphabet, while converting from text to LISI,put two “-”.

While converting from LISI to text, remove first“-” separating same alphabet.

Sample text in Devnagari & LISI.

*���(�������(�� ��������� �����(����� ���(�(����(�<�����(���(�(�� �������

$��������������& ���(�� �������%���(�%����%�������(���&*���<

�'�� (���(�(���1�����������$��������-$��,������(���&*���>��>��>��>��>��>��>��>

aayoD’ya ke raja dSrT ke car bette Te \ phle betteram ka wiwah jnkpur ke raja kI bettI sIta sehuAA\

dusre bette l;cmN ka wiwah uur’mila se huAA .. . . . . . .

Note the...

Easy readability of text even in plain LISI.

The fewer strokes required to type the text inLIPIKAR/LISI.

Bilingual Text

LISI supports mixing of English words with thescript of one’s choice in the same document.While converting Bilingual text to LISI, put‘(reverse quote) before each English word.

Conversion from LISI to Font and from Fontto LISI

Table IV gives a summary of conversion from

51

text in LISI to text in some font.

Table V gives a summary of conversion fromtext in some font to text in LISI.

Table I : Summary of LIPIKAR overlay

Primary & Derived Characters

For Type For Type For Type For Type

�P k �� c �� t � tt

�� K � C �� T TT

�� g �� j � d ! dd

�� G �� J �� D " DD

3 ;G 4� ;J �� n �� N

� p �� y � h

P�PP P A �� s

� b � l �� S

�� B � L #� SS

�� m �� v or w

Matras Vowels

For Type For Type For Type For Type

� a � A * aa *� AA

$ i % I + ii +, II

& u ' U - uu . UU

( e ) E / ee /( EE

�( o �)( O *�( oo *�( OO

Special Characters Additional Characters

For Type For Type For Type

0 ;a 9 ;e : *

1� ;c �9 ;o ;9 ^

2� ;g /9 ;ee > .

3 ;G *�9 ;oo �?��or �B R

4� ;J � ;E C RR

5P ;r �� ;O , r’ or q

6� ;s / � ;EE N r’’ or qq

7� ;t *�� ;OO = :

8 ;5 < \

For half character type ‘ (Single Quote) e . g .For �� type g’

To force a character in halant form type ‘ ‘ (SingleQuote) twice e.g. For ��F� type g ‘ ‘

For Dot space type ~

See Table II for a more complete specification ofLIPIKAR overlay.

Table IV : Conversion from LISI to Font

Primary & Derived Characters

LISI FONT LISI FONT LISI FONT LISI FONT

k �P c �� t �� tt �

K �� C � T �� TT

g �� j �� d � dd !

G �� J �� D �� DD "

;G 3 ;J 4� n �� N ��

p � y �� h �

f P�PP r s ��

b � l � S ��

B �� L � SS #�

m �� w ��

Matras Vowels

LISI Font LISI Font LISI Font LISI Font

a � A � aa * AA *�

i $ I % ii + II +,

u & U ' uu - UU .

e ( E ) ee / EE /(

o �( O �)( oo *�( OO *�

52

Special Characters Additional Characters

LISI Font LISI Font LISI Font

;a 0 ;e 9 * :

;c 1� ;o �9 ^ ;9

;g 2� ;ee /9 . >

;G 3 ;oo *�9 R ?� or ��B

;J 4� ;E � RR C

;r 5P ;O �� r’ ,

;s 6� ;EE / � r’’ N

;t 7� ;OO *�� : =

;5 8 \ <

Rules & Example

If a char is repeated beyond available alt forms,replace unused repeat chars by Dotskk =��PQ

Remove single “-” after conversionS-S = ����

Convert “—” into “-”S—S = ��R��

Remove ‘ (Reverse quote) from start of Englishwordskml eek ‘flower hE =������/��ST@UVA��)

Table V : Conversion from Font to LISI

Primary & Derived Characters

LISI Font LISI Font LISI Font LISI Font

�P k �� c �� t � tt

�� K � C �� T TT

�� g �� j � d ! dd

�� G �� J �� D " DD

3 ;G 4� ;J �� n �� N

� p �� y � h

P�PP f r �� s

� b � l �� S

�� B � L #� SS

�� m �� w

Matras Vowels

Font LISI Font LISI Font LISI Font LISI

� a � A * aa *� AA

$ i % I + ii +, II

& u ' U - uu . UU

( e ) E / ee /( EE

�( o �)( O *�( oo *�) OO

Special Characters Additional Characters

Font LISI Font LISI Font LISI

0 ;a 9 ;e : *

1� ;c �9 ;o ;9 ^

2� ;g /9 ;ee > .

W ;G *�9 ;oo ?� or BR

4� ;J � ;E C RR

5P ;r �� ;O , r’

6� ;s / � ;EE N r’’

7� ;t *�� ;OO = :

8 ;5 < \

RulesExample

If repeat chars do not represent alt-form, seperatethem with “-”#� = SS , ���� = S-S ,��#��� = SS-S

If “-” present in Devnagari text between samecharacters, make it “—”��R#� = S—SS

Convert Dot Space into previous char.�Q = kk

Add ‘ (Reverse quote) at start of each English word.�����/��ST@UVA��)��= kml eek ‘flower hE

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54

Table II : Shows how same LIPIKAR is applicable to Devnagari, Punjabi, Gujarati, Oriya, Bengali,Assamese, Telugu, Kannada, Malayalam, Tamil...

LIPIKAR

Key Strokes LISI DEV PNJ GJR ORI BNG ASM TLG KND MLM TML

k k � � � � � � �� � � �

k. k. �> � � � - � - - - -

K K �� � � � � � � � � -

K. K. ��> � � � - � - - - -

g g �� � �� � � � �� � � �

g. g. ��> � � � - � - - - -

G G �� � �� � � � ����� � � -

c c �� � �� � � � � � � �

C C � � � � � �� � � -

j j �� � � � � � �

j. j. ��> � � � - - - - - -

J J �� � � ����� � � -

t t �� �� �� �

T T �� � �� � � � -

d d � � � � � �� � � -

D D �� � �� � ��� � � -

n n �� � �� � � �� �

n. n. ��> � � � - - - - - �

N N �� � �� � � � � � � �

tt tt � � � � � � � � �

TT TT � � � � � �� � � -

dd dd ! � � � � � �� � � -

dd. dd. !> � � �� �� �� - - - -

DD DD " � � � � � ��� � � -

DD. DD. "> �� � �� �� �� - - - -

p p � � �� � � � �� � �

f or P f � � � � � � ��� � � -

f. or P. f. �> �� � � � - - - - -

b b � � �� � � � � � � -

LIPIKAR

Key Strokes LISI DEV PNJ GJR ORI BNG ASM TLG KND MLM TML

B B �� � �� � � � ��� � � -

m m �� � � � � � ���� �� � �

y y �� �� � �� �� ���� ��� � �

y. y. ��> � � � � � - - - -

r r j � � �� � �� � �

r. r. > - � � � � � � � �

l l � k �� � � � � � � �

L L � - � � � � �� � � �

L. L. �> - � � � � � � � �

v or w v �� m �� � � � �� � � �

S S �� o �� �� �� �� � �

SS or S. SS #� - � ! � � �� ! � �

s s �� n !� " � �� " �

h h � p " # ! �� # ! �

Matras

a a � ! � $ � � � $ " �

i i $ " # % � " % # �

I I % # $ & � # ! &' $ �

u u & $ % ' � $ " � % �

U U ' % & ( � % # ( & �

e e ( & ' ) & $ %' ' �

E E ) ' () )* ! ' %& %) (( �

o o �( ( �' )$ "� &(� ' %(' '" ��

O O �) ) �() )+ "# &() ( * ) ��

^ ^ ; � * , $ * � � * �

* * : * + - % + � + + �

.(Nukta) . > � � � � � � � *� ‘

(halant ‘ F + , . & , ) , , �or half )

: : = � - / ' - * - - �

\ \ < , . $ ( . + . . �

55

Vowels

aa aa * - � 0 ) / , / /

AA AA *� -! �� 1 )� 0� - 0 0 !

ii ii + ". / 2 *+ !1 . 1 1 "

II II +, .# 0 3 , 2 / 2 1) #

uu uu - /$ 1 4 - 3 0 3 2 $

UU UU . /% 2 5 . 4 1 4 2) %

ee ee / .0 �' 6 / 5 2 5 3 &

EE EE /( -' ��( 7 0 6 3 6 (4 �

oo oo *�( 1 ��' 8 1 7 4 7 5" '

OO OO *�) -) ��() 9 2 8 5 8 5) (�

Miscellaneous

r ‘ or q r ‘ , 3 3 9

r ‘ ‘ or qq r ‘ ‘ N �

‘ r or R R ? B 4 %

‘ rr or RR RR C � 5 : 4 : 6 9 6 �

Special Alphabets & Matras

;a ;a 0 6 5 4�

;c ;c 1� 7� 6 ; 7�

;g ;g 2� 8� 89

;G ;G 3 2 9 ; 7 < : : 7 )

;J ;J 4� 3 :� < 8! =' ; ; 8 *

;r ;r 5 ; ���� 9

;s ;s 6� <�

;t ;t 7� =�

;e ;e 9 � � � � � � � * �

;ee ;ee /9 � � � � � � � * �

;o ;o �9 � � � � � � � * �

;oo ;oo *�9 � � � � � � � * �

;E ;E H � � � � � < % ( +

;EE ;EE /H � � � � � => < 4 ,

;O ;O %H � � � � � ? %( (" +�

;OO ;OO *�H � � � � � @ = 5 (

;5 ;5 8 �

56

57

Table III : Typing in Devnagari and Urdu usingLIPIKAR

LIPIKAR LISI Devnagari URDU

Key Strokes (Hindi, Basic, Start,

Marathi, Middle,

Nepali ) End,Shosha

Dependingon the

position of

the alphabet

within the

word, LISI

automatically

selects theappropriate

form

k k � �����k. k. �> �� ����K K �� ��K. K. ��> g g �� ������g. g. ��> �������G G �� ��;G ;G 3 �c c �� �������C C � ��j j �� ������j. j. ��> �j.. j.. ��> �j... j... ��> ������j.... j.... ��> �J J �� ��t t �� ������

t. t. �� T T �� ��d d � !D D �� �"n. n. ��>

N N ��

tt tt � #����$TT TT �$dd dd ! %dd. dd. !> �DD DD " �%DD. DD. "> ��p p � &����'f or P f � �'����f. or P. f. �> (�)�*�*�b b � +����,B B �� �-m m �� .����/y y �� �y. y. ��>

r r 0r. r. >

l l � 1L L �

L. L. �>

S S �� 2�������S. or SS S. #� 2�������s s �� �� � � #s. s. �� ��������s.. s.. �� ����s... s... �� ��������h h � 3����4

h. h. � �5�� ��6�7Vowels

a a � 8i i $ 9I I % �:����u u & "U U ' ;"e e ( <�����E E ) ����o o �( "O O �) ;"^ ^ ; 4��=���* * : >: : = �� �\ \ < ?Matras

aa aa * @aa. aa. * A�B�C��aa.. aa.. * ;AA AA *� �ii ii + 9@II II +, :@uu uu - DEUU UU . E"Dee ee / <@EE EE /( <;@oo oo *�( "@OO OO *�) "@;Miscellaneous

r ‘ or q r ‘ ,

r ‘ ‘ or qq r ‘ ‘ N

‘ r or R R ? B

‘ r r or RR RR C

58

. (Nukta) . X

‘ (halant or half ) ‘ F

Note :- In a particular script, if multiple occur-rences of an alphabet has not been assigned anyspecific meaning then instead of that alphabet fol-lowed by a dot (Nukta) one can also type thatalphabet twice.

Thus , In Devnagari ... k. = �>� ; g. = ��>>����; S.= �#��� ; d. = �>� ; d. = !>

In Urdu... j. = ��; j.. = � ; j ... = ��� ; j ....= � ; s. = ���� ; s.. = ��

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Mr. J. K. GuptaHead Office :

Databyte Equipment Pvt. Ltd.Narayan Peth, Laxmi Raod,

Pune – 411 030.Tel : 91-020-24454742

Fax : 91-020-24457032E-mail : databyteindia@vsnl.com)