* GB785003 (A)

Description: GB785003 (A) ? 1957-10-23

Improvements in ion-exchange processes

Description of GB785003 (A) Translate this text into Tooltip

[75][(1)__Select language] Translate this text into

The EPO does not accept any responsibility for the accuracy of data and information originating from other authorities than the EPO; in particular, the EPO does not guarantee that they are complete, up-to-date or fit for specific purposes.

COMPLETE SPECIFICATION Improvements in Ion-Exchange Processes We, THE PERMUTIT COMPANY LIMITED, a British company, of Permutit House, Gunners bury Avenue, London, W.4, do hereby declare the invention, for which we pray that a patent may be granted to us, and the method by which it is to be performed, to be particularly described in and by the following statement:- Resins possessing ion- exchange properties are commonly made either by condensation reactions or by processes involving polymerisa tion of a compound containing a double bond. The ion-exchange properties may be the result of the presence of active groups in the start ing materials or the result of some subsequent treatment. The resins made by polymerisation of compounds containing a double bond (polymerised resins) have various advantages which are causing them to be increasingly used. These vary from one resin to another and include improved ion-exchange properties generally and improved chemical stability, but

they all have higher exchange capacity. On the other hand, they all present the disadvan tage that the ion-exchange process is slower, especially when the resins are partially spent. Now as they have a higher exchange capacity a smaller volume of the polymerised resins is needed to produce the same volume of treated liquid and therefore when, as is usual, the resins are used as a bed through which the liquid flows, the bed is smaller. There is a practical limit to the reduction in the depth of the bed, so the diameter of the bed is usually reduced as well in comparison with a bed d condensation resins designed to produce the same volume of treated liquid. Because of the reduction in the diameter of the bed, the rate of flow of liquid at a given input is higher, which in view of the reduction in the rate of ionmexchange reaction is the reverse of what is required if full advantage is to be taken of the higher ion-exchange capacity. In fact the flow of the liquid through the bed must be stopped before all the capacity of the resin that would be available at lower rates of flow has been utilised; if this is not done, liquid, which has not been fully treated will be obtained. According to this invention the flow of liquid to a bed of polymerised resins is progressively reduced as the ion-exchange process proceeds. The flow of liquid may be reduced continuously or in step-wise fashion. Moreover, the rate of reduction need not be uniform throughout, for example, an initially high rate of reduction can itself be reduced as the process proceeds. Further the flow may be steady for a period at either the start or at the end of the process or both. The advantages obtained by the present invention will be better understood by a consideration of the following experinaents. A given bed of resin was used and a liquid passed through it at rates of 27.5, 73 and 150 ml/min/sq. centimetre of bed cross-section, i.e. the ratios of the rate of flow were 1:2.65:5.45. The gradient length in the bed, being the distance between the point where breakthrough of the ions being exchanged occurs and the point of complete exhaustion of the resin, increased only in the ratio 1:1.74: 3.3. It will be seen that the gradient length does not increase proportionally to the flow rate and it is accordingly advantageous to have as high a flow rate as possible. At the same time it can be seen that it is advantageous to

reduce the flow rate towards the end of the run, since this will allow a greater volume of liquid to pass through before breakthrough. The control d the rate of flow may be applied to either the influent or effluent liquid. Preferably a flow controller or variable valve provided in either the inlet or outlet pipe is progressively closed as the exchange run procreeds. The flow controller or valve may be driven in any convenient way, e.g. through a cam, and the reduction in the flow may begin at the start of the run or after, say, one-third of the run has taken place. Alternatively, a self-regulating controller which counter-poises a weight against a diaphragm can be used, the weight being made to travel along a beam supporting the weight by a motor driven at any desired rate and over any desired period. In this way the rate of flow of liquid through the bed is controlled so that it is substantially at the optimum value for the ion-exchange material as this becomes more and more spent. Accordingly instead of setting the flow at the rate at which the bed will produce fully treated liquid just before it is regenerated and maintaining it at that value throughout the run the flow can be set initially at a much higher rate and then reduced during the run. Better use is therefore made of the ion-exchange capacity of the material and more treated liquid obtained from a given volume of material in a given time. The invention is of particular value in the treatment of liquids containing large ions, which require a comparatively long tine to penetrate into the resins. Examples of such large cations are cuprammonium ions and examples of such large anions are complex metallic ions such as oxygen-containing complex anions of chromium, molybdenum, tungsten and uranium. To show the advantages obtained by the invention three tests were carried out with a bed of a strongly basic anion-exchange resin 50 cm. high and having a cross-sectional area of 2 sq. cm. The bed was used to take up uranyl trisulphate complex anions from an aqueous solution. First, the bed was charged with nitrate ions and the solution passed through it at a rate of 40 ml/min/sq. centimetre of bed cross-section. 12.2 litres of liquor was passed before uranium was detected in the effluent This breakthrough occurred after 152 minutes. At this stage 17.5 % of the available capacity of the resin had not been used. Second, the bed was again charged with nitrate ions and the solution passed through it at a rate of 5 mls/min/sq. cm. 14.5 litres of liquor was passed before uranium broke through. At this stage only 2 O,,o/ of the avail- able capacity of the resin had not been used, but the time taken to achieve this was 2660 minutes.

Third, the bed was again charged with nitrate ions and the solution passed through it at an initial rate of 85 ml/min/sq. cm., this rate being gradually reduced at the rate of 0.5 ml/min/sq. cm./min. to a final value of 2 ml/min/sq. cm. 14.4 litres of liquor was passed before uranium broken through. At this stage only 2% of the available capacity of the resin had not been used, the time taken being 166 minutes. What we claim is: - 1. A process in which a liquid undergoes ion-exchange while flowing through a bed of a resin possessing ion-exchange properties and made by a process involving polymerisation of a compound containing a double bond and in which the flow of the liquid is progressively reduced as the ion-exchange process proceeds. 2. An ion-exchange process according to Claim 1 applied to a liquid containing cuprammonium ions or cations of similar size. 3. An ion-exchange process according to Claim 1 applied to a liquid containing oxygencontaining complex anions of chromium, molybdenum, tngsten or uranium or anions of similar size. PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION Improvements in Ion-Exchange Processes We, THE PERMUTIT COMPANY LIMITED, a British company, of Permutit House, Gunners bury Avenue, London, W.4, do hereby declare this invention to be described in the following statement: Resins which either possess ion-exchange properties or to which such properties may be imparted are commonly made either by condensation reactions or by polymerisation. The polymerised resins possess various advantages which are causing them to be increasingly used. These vary from one resin to another and include higher exchange capacity, improved ion-exchange properties generally and improved chemical stability. On the other hand, they all present the disadvantage that the ion-exchange process is slower, especially when the resins are partially spent. Now a smaller volume of the polymerised resins is needed to produce the same volume of treated liquid and therefore when, as is usual, the resins are used as a bed through which the liquid flows, the bed is smaller. There is a practical iimit to reduction in the depth of the bed, so the diameter of the bed is usually reduced as well in comparison with

a bed of condensation resins designed to produce the same volume of treated liquid. Because of the reduction in the diameter of the bed the rate of flow of liquid at a given input is higher, which in view of the reduction in the rate of ion-exchange reaction is the reverse of what is required if full advantage is to be taken of the increased ion-exchange capacity. In fact the flow of the liquid through the bed must be stopped before all the capacity of the resin that would be available at lower rates of flow has been utilised; if this is not done, liquid which has not been fully treated will be obtained. According to this invention the flow of liquid to a bed of ionexchange polymer is

* GB785004 (A)

Description: GB785004 (A) ? 1957-10-23

Process for the production of ferritic springs for watches, and likeapparatus and springs obtained by this process

Description of GB785004 (A)

A high quality text as facsimile in your desired language may be available amongst the following family members:

CH331268 (A) CH331268 (A) less Translate this text into Tooltip

[78][(1)__Select language] Translate this text into

The EPO does not accept any responsibility for the accuracy of data and information originating from other authorities than the EPO; in particular, the EPO does not guarantee that they are complete, up-to-date or fit for specific purposes.

PATENT SPECFICXTION 785,004 4.' Date of Application and filing Complete

; Specification: Oct18, 1955 No 29688155. Application made in Switzerland on Oct 18, 1954. y Complete Specification Published: Oct 23, 1957. Index at acceptanoe:-Classes 82 ( 1), A 8 (A 2: A 3:d J:;:Q,:R:U:W:Z 2:Z 5 'Z 12), A( 13: A:150); 83 ( 2), A 155; and 83 ( 4), V 2. International Classification:-B 21 b, B 23 p, G 22 oc COMPLETE SPECIFICATION Process for the Production of Ferritic Springs for Watches, and like Apparatus and Springs obtained by this Process We, INSTITUT DR ING REINHARD STRAUMANN A G, a Swiss Corporation of Waldenburg, Basle-Campagne, Switzerland, do hereby declare the invention, for which we pray that a patent may be granted to us, and the method by which it is to be performed, to be particularly described in and by the following statement:- In British Patent No 733,510, there is described a process for the production of alloys in strip form suitable for conversion into watch springs and the like, which comprises homogenising at high temperature and quenching wire made from an alloy, which exhibits a cubic face-centred or a cubic bodycentred crystal lattice, drawing, preferably in the cold state, the quenched wire to a diameter such that a reduction in cross-section of between 60 and 85 % is obtained and then, after such decrease in cross-section, rolling the wire to produce a flat strip and a total decrease in cross-section of substantially 90 %, based on the original cross-section, the direction of highest modulus of elasticity in the flat strip becoming oriented substantially parallel to the direction of rolling, the final strip being preferably heat treated at a temperature of between 200 and 600 C for not more than 24 hours In this way a modulus of elasticity of at least 21,000 kg/mm 2 can be obtained X-ray examinations of the texture of springs obtained by this process show a definite predominance of direction 111 or direction 110, that is, orientation of direction 110 or direction 111 parallel to the direction of rolling The rolling texture of these springs is obtained by first cold drawing the heat-treated, i e, the homogenised, material in wire form and subsequently rolling in cold state from wire to strip. Whilst in austenitic cubic face-centred material (which can be an austenitic Fe-NiCr-alloy, for instance 18/8 chromium-nickel alloy with or without further additions, or an austenitic alloy based on Fe-Ni-Cr-Co or LPce 3/6 l Fe-Ni-Cr, with further additions if desired) the rolling texture of direction 111 in the: direction of rolling has hitherto only been achieved if the material is worked from the wire to the strip, tests have shown that it is 50 possible to roll broad strips from ferritic cubic body-centred alloys,

like carbon steels; chromium steels; ferritic chromium-nickel steels; austenitic chromium-nickel steels which during cold deformation pass into the 55 ferritic state; ferritic cobalt steels, etc, to which, if desired, any addition can be made, which strips show the rolling texture of direction 110 parallel to the direction of rolling and the 100 plane parallel to the 60 rolling plane, without it being necessary to start from the wire It has been further observed that during a total cold deformation of approximately 80 % and even more, the rolling texture of direction 110 described in 65 above patent can also be achieved in the broad ferritic band. The main object of the present invention is therefore a process for the production of ferritic springs for watches and similar 70 apparatus, according to which a ferritic material, or a non-ferritic metallic material which assumes ferritic structure during cold rolling, is homogenised in strip form and subsequently subjected by cold rolling to a 75 decrease in cross-section of at least 80 %, whereby a rolling texture is formed, which shows a definite predominance of direction 110, i e, an orientation of direction 110 parallel to the direction of rolling, and of 80 plane 100 parallel to the rolling plane, which process is followed by cutting the spring strips in either the longitudinal direction or transverse direction of the strip and by aftertreatment of these spring strips at 200 -600 C, 85 adjusted to the type of alloy used Ferritic springs obtained by this process are especially suitable for main-springs, brake springs and the like, for watches and spring driven or controlled apparatus of all types 90 l-+ 7 ', In executing the process according to the invention, one will choose the composition of the alloy used and carry out the heat treatment preceding the cold rolling, in such a way that the formation of martensite or of stages of martensite character during production of the spring strip are avoided or made difficult, whilst the formation of fine, lamellar pearlite (sorbite, troostite), or of stages of pearlite character will be encouraged as far as possible. The following ferritic types of alloys can, for example, be used for the purpose of the invention and rolled in strip form to broad texture bands. 1 Fe 96 -99 % 2 Cr 2 -30 % C 0 8 1 % Mn 0 1 1 % Mn O 1 -2 % Si 0 1-6 % Si 0 1 1 % C 0 05 1 % Fe rest 3 Cr 2-30 % Ni 2-24 % Mn 0 1 2 % Si O 1 1 % C 0 01 0 2 % Mo 0-5 %o Nb 0 -1 % Ti 0 1 % Be 0-1 % Fe rest 4 Fe 20-50 % 5 Fe about 45 % Co 20-50 % Co about 45 % V 10-20 % V about 10 % With alloys of type 3 it may be necessary to strongly, that is to over 90 %, roll the same, so that they at least partly or wholly assume ferritic structure. It has been observed that prevention of the formation of martensite or

of stages with martensite character and the furthering of the formation of fine lamellar pearlite, or stages of pearlite character respectively, are of decisive importance to the high performance and the high tensile strength of the ferritic spring strips. Extensive tests have further proved, that a pearlite or similar structure generally favours the formation of rolling texture 110 in the direction of rolling and that the presence of martensite and similar phases make the 50 development of texture more difficult or prevents it and solely favours the increase in hardness during cold rolling and thereby the brittleness of the spring strip The new process according to the present invention 55 allows the production of ferritic spring strips which are highly superior in respect to their mechanical qualities to the spring strips so far cut from the broad band In the process according to the invention values of the E 60 modulus of 21,000 kg/mm 2 to 24,000 kg/mm" are obtained, coupled with a fracture strength of 8,000 to 60,000 successive spring windings whilst the springs produced from the broad rolled band according to known processes 65 show an E-modulus of only 16,000 to a maximum of 20,000 kg/mm 2 with a fracture strength of 500 to 5,000 successive spring windings The progress achieved by the new process is thereby convincingly apparent 70

* Sitemap * Accessibility * Legal notice * Terms of use * Last updated: 08.04.2015 * Worldwide Database * 5.8.23.4; 93p

* GB785005 (A)

Description: GB785005 (A) ? 1957-10-23

Improvements in and relating to photographic copying and viewing apparatus

Description of GB785005 (A)

PATENT SPECIFICATION

785,005 Date of Application and filing Complete Specification: Dec 16, 1955. Application made in United States of America on Jan 26, 1955. Complete Specification Published: Oct 23, 1957. Index at acceptance:-Classes 97 ( 1), H; and 90 ( 1), A 1 E( 1 C:1 J:1 L:2:4). International Classification:-C 03 b. COMPLETE SPECIFICATION Improvements in and relating to Photographic Copying and Viewing Apparatus We, BELL & HOWELL COMPANY of 7100 McCormick Road, Chicago 45, United States of America, a company incorporated under the laws of the State of Illinois, United States of America, do hereby declare the invention, for which we pray that a patent may be granted to us, and the method by which it is to be performed, to be particularly described in and by the following statement:This invention relates to a combined copying and viewing apparatus for making photographic records on a sensitized film strip and for reading records on a record bearing strip and has for its principal object the provision of an apparatus of this kind which is simple and compact and efficient in operation. According to the present invention the combined copying and viewing apparatus comprises the combination of a photographic copying camera for progressively photographing a set of records on a sensitized strip and an optical viewing projector for progressively viewing another set of records on a record bearing strip, the said copying and viewing means being provided respectively with an exposure station and a projection station and having optical means consisting of an objective lens and reflector common thereto and adapted to co-operate alternatively with said stations in different positions of said optical, means, and a mounting carrying said optical means for the selective positioning thereof in either of said positions. The invention will now be described, by way of example, with reference to the accompanying drawings wherein: Fig 1 is a plan view of a combined copying and viewing apparatus constructed in accordance with the invention; Fig 2 is a front elevation of the combined copying and viewing apparatus shown in Fig 1: lPrice 3/6 l Fig 3 is an end elevation of the apparatus looking towards the viewing end thereof: Fig 4 is an enlarged front elevation of the apparatus somewhat similar to Fig 2, but showing some parts removed and some other 50 parts in section; Fig 5 is an enlarged plan view with some parts removed and some other parts shown in section, looking substantially along line 5-5 of Fig 4, 55 Fig 6 is an enlarged sectional view taken substantially along line 6-6 of Fig 4 and showing details of the copy

feed and reflecting part of the apparatus; Fig 7 is a sectional view taken substan 60 tially along line 7-7 of Fig 4, drawn to substantially the same scale as Fig 4 and showing details of the viewing part of the apparatus; Fig 8 is a fragmentary sectional view 65 taken substantially along line 8-8 of Fig 7; Fig 9 is an enlarged fragmentary horizontal sectional view taken substantially along line 9-9 of Fig 4 in order to show details of the projector for viewing and the camera 70 for copying and the common optical means for viewing and copying; Fig 10 is a forwardly directed sectional view taken substantially along line 10-10 of Fig 5, showing details of the apparatus 75 including a projector and camera and common optical means not shown in Fig 9: Fig 11 is a sectional view taken substantially along line 11-11 of Fig 10, showing details of the projector for viewing; and 8 s Fig 12 is a sectional view taken substantially along line 12-12 of Fig 10, showing details of the camera for copying. In the embodiment of the invention illustrated in the drawings, there is illustrated 85 generally in Figs 1, 2, 3 and 4, a photographic copying and viewing apparatus including a camera 7 and a projector 9 contained within one side portion of a easing and a copy feed and illuminating means 90 No 36163155. 785,005 13 contained within the other side portion of the casing The casing 10 is carried on rails 11 which may conveniently be engageable with the top of a table or like support S and have upright legs 12 formed integrally therewith, supporting the casing 10 in vertically spaced relation with 'respect to its support. The casing 10 illustrated in Figs 1, 3 and 8 has a generally flat top 15 open to one side above the camera 7 and projector 9 as indicated generally by reference numeral 16. The open portion 16 is provided to receive a hood 17 mounted in said open portion and projecting above the top 15 A frame 18 for a forwardly directed translucent reading or viewing screen 19 extends about the forward end of the hood 17 The reading or viewing screen 19 is directed at a receding angle with respect to the front of said casing for convenience in viewing. The top 15 of the casing 10 to one side of the viewing screen 19 also has an open portion therein for receiving spaced plates 20 and 21 (Figs 1 and 6) The plate 20 has certain controls for the apparatus on the upper side thereof, such as a knob 22 for operating a resistance 23 suitably carried beneath said plate and operable to control the brightness of a series of incandescent lamps 24 disposed beneath the plates 20 and 21 for illuminating the copy The plate 20 also has an indicator lamp 25 and a main switch 26 suitably mounted thereon. The end of the plate 20 adjacent the plate 21 is turned downwardly at

right angles with respect thereto, to form a vertical side wall 27 of a feed throat 29 for the material to be copied The plate 21 has a downwardly sloping wall portion 30, sloping downwardly toward the wall 21 and terminating into a generally vertically disposed wall 31 at its lower end to form the opposite side wall of the feed throat 29 The plates 20 and 21 are secured at their ends to parallel spaced end plates 33 carried within the casing on bracket members 34 sloping upwardly from opposite side frame members 35 of the copy feed and illuminating section 13 (Figs 4 and 6). The portion of the casing 10 in front of the copy feed and illuminating section 13 has a plain front wall 36, while the front portion of the casing 10 beneath the viewing screen 19 has a central control panel 37 with removable end plates or covers 3939 and 40,40 to each side thereof and affording access to the projector 9 and camera 7 respectively The covers 39,39 enclose reels 41 and 43 of the projector for a record bearing strip 45 which serve as feed and take up reels therefor depending upon the direction of rotation thereof The covers 40,40 afford access to feed and take up reels 46 and 47 respectively and an exposure drum 115 of the camera for a sensitized film strip 49. The central control panel 37 has a knob rotatably carried thereon, adjacent the upper end thereof, for winding the film 49 by hand, to be described in greater detail hereinafter 70 The control panel 37 also has a knob 51 thereon for controlling a common optical means 55 (Fig 9) for the camera 7 and projector 9 and operable to selectively position said optical means to effect the projection of 75 an image from illuminated copy to the exposure field of the camera for photographically copying the same, or to project images from the record bearing strip 45 in the projector for viewing the same on the viewing screen 80 19 or printing enlarged images thereof. Beneath the knob 51 is a film supply indicator indicated by reference numeral 56, for indicating the film supply on the feed reel 46 of the camera through the operation of a 85 pivoted lever 57 The lever 57 has a roller 59 on the free end thereof which is biased into engagement with the film by a torsion spring 60 to indicate the film supply on the feed reel 46 in well known manner 90 The top 15 of the casing 10 in front of the viewing screen 19 also has a panel 61 thereon for a shifting lever 62, operable to operate a pivoted shifter 58 to shift the record bearing strip 45 laterally for projec 95 tion in a conventional manner The panel 61 also has openings 63 and 64 therein on opposite sides of the lever 62, which may be closed by glass, and which form a means for viewing adjacent resettable indexing coun 100 ters 65 and 66, of usual construction, for the sensitized film strip 46 in the camera (Figs. and 10) and the record bearing strip 46 in the projector,

respectively, as will hereinafter be more fully described 105 The end of the casing 10 adjacent the hood 17 and viewing screen 19 has a side wall 67 with a slot 69 therein for a sliding easel 70 which is used for printing purposes. The side wall 67 also has a reader crank 71 110 on the outside and adjacent the forward end thereof, for operating the reels 41 and 43 of the projector 9, when it is desired to read a record or image on the record bearing strip 115 Referring now to the copy feed and illuminating section 13 and Figs 4, 5 and 6 in particular, the feed throat 29 is shown as being lapped at 'its discharge end by two spaced guide plates 73 and 74 extending 120 downwardly therefrom along opposite sides thereof and guiding the copy to opposing feed rolls 75 and 76 and extending through suitable apertured portions of said plates into the space therebetween The rolls 75 125 are carried on a shaft 77 journalled at its ends in crank arms 79 mounted in the end frame members 35 on shafts 83 extending inwardly of said end frame members Torsion springs 85 on the shafts 83 are provided 130 785,005 to bias the cranks 79 in a direction to press the rolls 75 into engagement with the rolls 76 The rolls 76 are carried on a driven shaft 87 journalled at its ends in the end frame members 35. Spaced beneath the feed rolls 75 and 76 and in vertical alignment therewith are a second set of opposing feed rolls 88 and 89 for pulling the copy from the feed rolls 75 and 76 and maintaining tension thereon The rolls 88 are carried on a shaft 86 journalled at its ends in crank arms 90 pivoted to the end frame members 35 on shafts 92 and biased into engagement with the feed rolls 89 by torsion springs 93. The feed rolls 89 are carried on a driven shaft 95 journalled in the end frame members 35 The shafts 87 and 95 are connected together to be driven at the same speeds through a gear train indicated by reference numeral 96 (Figs 5 and 6). In the space between the feed rolls 75, 76 and 88, 89 are two angularly disposed reflectors 99 and 100 diverging outwardly from the copy from a point adjacent to the outer side frame 35 and facing the projection and viewing section of the casing 10 for reflecting images from both sides of the copy on to an angularly disposed horizontally extending reflector 101 beneath the viewing screen 19 and in horizontal alignment with reflectors 99 and 100 for reflecting these images from the reflectors 99 and 100 to the optical means 55, for photographic copying. The lamps 24 are adjustably supported on longitudinally extending bars 104 arranged on opposite sides of the feed rollers 75 and 76 immediately above the reflectors 99 and 100. The reflectors 99 and 100 are mounted on bracket members 109, extending inwardly from the outer end frame member 35 on opposite

sides of the path of travel of the copy between the respective feed rolls 75 and 76 and 88 and 89. The oblique reflectors 99 and 100 are shielded from the direct rays of the lamps 24 by means of shields 111 secured to the support members 107 and extending inwardly therefrom beneath the lamps 24 and just above the reflectors 99 and 100 and stopping short of the feed rolls 75 and 76 a distance sufficient to illuminate the copy adequately. A plurality of feeler arms 112 is mounted on a switch bar 113, pivotally mounted at its ends in the frame members 35 and parallel to, but spaced rearwardly from, the feed rolls 75 and 76 The feeler arms 112 extend through suitable apertured portions of the plate 73, the switch bar 113 being spring biased counter clockwise (Fig 6), so that normally the feeler arms extend across the space between the plates 73 and 74. When the copy passes downwardly between these plates it actuates the feelers downwardly and correspondingly turns the switch bar 113, the feelers and switch bar being returned to normal position by reason of the spring bias on the switch bar after the copy 70 passes the feelers The switch bar 113 has a conventional operative connection with a switch, indicated at 116 in Fig 5, for controlling the copying operation in a manner to be described in greater detail hereinafter 75 Spaced guide fingers 118 extend downwardly from the rolls 88, 89 and are curved forwardly to guide the photographed copy on to a tray or drawer 119 slidably carried in spaced slides 120 suspended from the 80 side frame members 35 on hangers 121. A drive motor 122 for driving the shafts 87 and 95 together with the feed rolls 76 and 89, and the exposure drum 115 and take up reel 47 of the camera, also drives an axially 85 aligned shaft 123 through a coupling 124 (Fig 5) The shaft 123 drives a horizontal shaft 125 perpendicular to the shaft 123 through worm gearing 126 The shafts 123 and 125 are journalled in a box-like bracket go 127, secured to the inner side frame member on the opposite side thereof from the feed rolls 75, 76, 88 and 89, and' drive the shaft through a gear train 130. The shaft 95 drives a drive shaft 132 for 95 the exposure drum 115 and take up reel 47 through worm gearing 131 and a coupling 133 The shaft 132 in turn drives a drive member 135 of a solenoid controlled releasable clutch 136 of suitable conventional 100 construction. The releasable clutch 136 serves to drive a coaxial gear 137, meshing with a gear 138 on a strut shaft 139 (Figs 9, 10 and 12) A gear 140 is mounted on the strut shaft 139 105 and is driven from the gear 138 and meshes with and drives a gear 149 on the inner side of a flat pulley 145 secured to a drive shaft 141 on which the exposure drum 115 is secured The shaft 141 is journalled in a 110 boss 142 extending

inwardly from an end wall 143 of the casing of the camera 7 and projector 9 The exposure drum 115-has a resilient face 144 for engaging the sensitized film strip and driving the same 115 The feed reel 46 shown in Figs 4 and 12 is detachably mounted on the squared end of a shaft 150 journalled in the wall 143 A compression spring 153 on the shaft 150 is interposed between a collar 154, abutting the 120 end of a bearing 155 for the shaft 150, and a collar 156 fixed on the inner end of the shaft. The take up reel 47 is detachably mounted on the squared end of a shaft 157 to effect 12 & rotation of said take up reel with said shaft. The shaft 157 is journalled in a bearing 159, carried in the wall 143 The shaft 157 projects inwardly from the wall 143 and bearing 159 and has a gear 160 secured to its 130 785,005 inner end The gear 160 meshes with and is driven from a spur gear 162 on a shaft 163 (Fig 10) The shaft 163 is driven from a pulley 165 which is driven by a belt 147 trained about and driven from the pulley on the drive shaft 141 A take up idler 167 on the end of a pivoted arm 169 is provided to take up tension on the belt 147 and is biased into engagement therewith by a torsion spring 170 This belt drive provides the usual yielding drive for the take up reel shaft 157 of the camera. The gear 160 also meshes with a gear 171 disposed above it and driven from the hand film wind knob 50 through a one way clutch 172 on a shaft 173 operated by the knob 50 and a chain and sprocket drive 174 driven by said clutch (Figs 7, 10 and 12) By means of the knob 50 and its drive connection with the take up reel spindle 157, the take up reel may be manually rotated in the direction to take up the film strip 49 in the camera so as to take up the leading and trailing end of the strip or to provide space between groups of images photographed on the strip, the one way clutch 172 preventing rotation of the take up reel in the reverse direction so that the strip cannot be unwound from the take up reel. The sensitized film strip 49 (Fig 4) is trained from the feed reel 46 upwardly about an idler roller 175 and inwardly from said idler towards and about the exposure drum The film strip 49 is then trained in an opposite direction about a roller 176 on a shaft 177 journalled in the wall 143 and extending therethrough for driving the counter in a manner to be described in greater detail hereinafter. From the roller 176 the film is trained about a tension roller 178 to the take up reel 47 The tension roller 178 is mounted on a pivoted arm 179 on the inside of the wall 143 and biased against the film strip by an arm 180 (Fig 10), on the outside of the wall 143 The arm 180 is arranged to be movable pivotally with the arm 179 and is loaded by a torsion spring 181 A micro switch 182 is actuated by the arm 180 under

the influence of the spring 181 when the roller 178 is not held in normal position by the film strip for indicating when the film strip in the camera is fully exposed and wound on the take up reel. The drive from the sensitized film strip 49 to the indexing counter 65, for indexing what has been recorded is through the roller 176 driven by the film strip 49 and the shaft 177 carrying said roller (Figs 9 and 10). 630 Bevel gears 183 serve to drive a vertical shaft 184 from the shaft 177 The vertical shaft 184 in turn drives a worm and worm gear drive 185 from its upper end, which drives a horizontal shaft 186, extending parallel to the wall 143 beneath the panel 61 and along the front of the viewing screen 19. A yieldable coupling 187 is connected to drive an aligned shaft 188 from the shaft 186 and the shaft 188 comprises the drive shaft of the counter A knurled wheel 189 on the 70 inner end of the counter drive shaft 188 is provided to set the counter 65 by hand and in the conventional manner. The reels 41 and 43 for the projector are removably carried on vertically spaced 75 driven shafts 190 and 191 respectively, journalled in the wall 143 and projecting inwardly therefrom and having the usual squared outer end portions on which the respective reels 41 and 43 are detachably 80 carried The shafts 190 and 191 are driven from the hand crank 71 through a shaft 192 carrying said hand crank and extending therefrom within the casing 10, and rotatably driven by said hand crank Helical gearing 85 193 driven from the inner end of the shaft 192 drives a shaft 194 journalled intermediate to its ends, within the casing 10 in a bearing bracket 195, and extending outwardly through the case wall 143 and jour 90 nailed therein on a bearing 196 A drive roller 197 having a recessed flat drive face is secured to the outer end of the drive shaft 194 on the outside of the wall 143 and has the record bearing strip 45 partially wrap 95 ped about it for driving the same. The shaft 194 has a pulley 198 secured thereto inwardly of the wall 143 and pulleys 199 and 200 are respectively rotatably mounted on the reel shafts 190 and 191 and 100 a belt 201 is trained about these pulleys and idler pulleys 202 for driving the pulleys 199 and 200 with manual rotation of the crank 71 The pulleys 199 and 200 are respectively connected to the reel shafts by conventional 105 one way clutches (not shown) arranged to drive the reel shafts alternately with reversal of rotation of the crank 71 for feeding the film strip between the reels 41 and 43 in either direction 110 The drive from the record bearing film strip 45 in the projector to the indexing counter 66 is similar to that from the sensitized film strip 49 in the camera to the indexing counter 65 and briefly comprises 115 bevel gearing 203

driving a vertical shaft 204 from the shaft 194 worm gearing 205 driving a horizontal shaft 206 extending parallel to the wall 143 beneath the panel 61, from the shaft 204 and a yieldable coup 120 ling 207 driving the drive shaft 209 of this counter from the shaft 206 A knurled wheel 210 on the inner end of the counter drive shaft 209 is provided to set the counter by hand in the usual way 125 The record bearing strip 45 in the projector in Fig 4 is trained from the lower reel 41 upwardly to and around a roller 211 and inwardly from said roller 211 in a downwardly inclined direction to a roller 212 130 785,005 From thence the record bearing strip is trained upwardly through the film gate 213, to and around a roller 214, spaced vertically from the roller 212 and rotating about an axis parallel to and in vertical alignment with the axis of rotation of the roller 212. The record bearing strip then extends angularly downwardly to and around a roller 215 and upwardly therefrom around the drive pulley 197 The record bearing strip 45 is wrapped partially around the drive pulley 197 by a roller 216 spring biased toward this pulley, and extends upwardly therefrom to and around the upper reel 43. The projector 9 and camera 7 are disposed on opposite sides of the central control panel 37 (Figs 4 and 9), the exposure aperture 219 of the camera forming the exposure station thereof and the projection apertured film gate 213 of the projector forming the projection station thereof, these stations thus being horizontally spaced on opposite sides of the panel 37. The common optical means 55, for copying and viewing, is arranged between the exposure and projection stations and comprises a reflector 220 and a converging lens 221 serving both as a camera and a projection lens, in a lens carrier 222 carried on a turret 223 which is mounted on the panel 37 for rotation on a horizontal axis between the exposure and projection stations of the camera and projector and towards which these stations are directed The lens 221 is arranged radially of the turrent axis and the reflector 220 is inclined to the turret axis and is directed towards the lens 221 and rearwardly towards the reflector 101 and another reflector 224 (Figs 7 and 8) arranged above the reflector 101 and inclined upwardly and rearwardly for reflecting an image from the reflector 220 on to the viewing screen 19 for viewing. The turret 223 (Fig 9), is partially positioned within a recessed portion 230 of the wall 143 and is carried on the inner end of a shaft 229 rotatably mounted in the wall 143 The knob 51 is secured to the outer end of the shaft 229 for rotating said shaft and turret as desired The turret 223 has an annular friction member 228 secured thereto, and engaging an inner side of the wall 143 in the recessed portion 230 for said turret A spring washer 231 is carried on the

shaft 229 and is interposed between the inner side of the knob 51 and the outer side of the wall 143 to exert sufficient friction between the friction surface of the friction member 228 and the wall portion 143 within the recessed portion 230, to hold the turret 223, the lens 221, and reflector 220 in the adjusted position. The lens carrier 222 is threaded within a lens mounting 232 spaced outwardly from the periphery of the turret 223 and formed integrally therewith. When the turret 223 is angularly positioned as shown in full lines in Figs 9 and 10, the reflector 220 and lens 221 are directed 70 towards the exposure aperture 219 of the camera Material to be copied, as it is fed downwardly by and between the feed rollers 75, 76, 88 and 89 (Fig 6) may be photographed on the sensitized film in the camera 75 7, the images of both sides of the copy being respectively reflected in side by side relation by the reflectors 99 and 100 on to the reflector 101, the reflector 101 reflecting both images on to the reflector 220, and the re 80 flector 220 reflecting both images through the lens 221 on to the film 49 at the exposure aperture 219 of the camera. The drive motor 90 is energised and runs constantly when the machne is in condition 85 for copying and the feed rollers 76 and 89 are constantly driven by the motor When copy is not being fed downwardly through the throat 29 and between the feed rollers 76 88 and 89, the clutch 136 is disen 90 gaged so that the exposure drum 115 and take up reel 47 of the camera are stationary and the film 49 in the camera is consequently not driven, and the lamps 24 are not illuminated 95 The clutch 136 and the energisation of the lamps 24 are under the control of the switch 116 through suitable circuitry, so that as each sheet of copy is fed downwardly through the throat 29, it engages and actu 100 ates the feelers 112 downwardly and consequently actuates the switch 116 through the switch bar 113 to energise the lamps 24 to illuminate the copy and to engage the clutch 136 to drive the exposure drum 115 and 105 take up reel 47 of the camera and thus feed the sensitized film 49 in the camera in synchronism with the feed of the copy by the feed rollers 75 76, 88 and 89 to' photograph the copy on the film, and so that as the 110 sheet of copy disengages from the feelers 112 and they return to normal position, the switch is actuated through the switch bar 113 to de-energise the lamps 24 and 'to disengage the clutch 136 115 The proiector 9 shown in Fiags 9 10 and 11 has a lamp house 236 mounted on the inside of the wall 143 in alicnment with and scaled to an apertured nortion 244 thereof and extendine inwardly from said wall The 120 lamp house 236 is of the ventilated type and has a generally vertically extending stack 237 inclined to diverge from the wall 143 from its lower to its upper end and having an incandescent proiection lamp 239 carried 125 therein, in a socket 240 supported

beneath the bottom of the stack 237 on support arms 241 extending therefrom A forwardly directed concave reflector 242 is disposed to the rear of the projection lamp 239 (Fig 11) 130 785,005 within the lamp house 236 for projecting light forwardly therefrom through a condenser lens 243, facing the apertured portion 244 in the wall 143, for projecting a light beam therethrough on to a diagonal reflector 245, carried in a bracket 246 on the outside of the wall 143 and on the opposite side of the projection film gate 213 from the reflector 220 and converging lens 221. When the turret 223 is angularly positioned oppositely from the position shown in full lines in Figs 9 and 10, the reflector 220 and lens 221 are directed towards the projection film gate 213 of the projector, as 1 shown in dot and dash lines in Fig 9 and, in this position, an image on the film 45 at the projection film gate 213, which is illuminated by the lamp 239 in co-operation with the reflector 242, the condenser 243 and the re2 ' flector 245, is projected on to the viewing screen 19 by reflection from the reflector 220 to the reflector 224 and reflection from the reflector 224 on to the viewing screen for the viewing of the image. The exposure station (exposure aperture 219) of the camera and the projection station (projection apertured film gate 213) of the projector are arranged in spaced opposite relation with and directed towards the axis of the turret 223, the two reflectors 101 and 224, which are individual to the copying and viewing means, are spaced longitudinally of the turret axis in the same direction from and directed towards said stations They are displaced from each other perpendicularly to a plane of the turret axis normal to the exposure and projection stations, of which the copying means reflector 101 substantially intersects the turret axis and the viewing means reflector 224 is radially displaced from the turret axis. The common reflector 220 is decentered from the turret axis, as shown in Fig 10, perpendicularly to the plane of the angle of inclination of this reflector to the turret axis for alternate co-operation of this reflector with the reflectors 101 and 224 in the opposite positions of the common reflector The projector 9 is arranged to project light on to the common reflector 220 at an angle to the plane of the turret axis normal to the exposure and projection stations of the camera and projector, corresponding with the displacement of the viewing means reflector 224 from the turret axis, for the reflection of the light from the projection station by the common reflector 220 on to the reflector 224 and thence to the viewing screen 19 A light shield 247 is mounted on the turret 223 for rotation therewith and with the reflector 220 and lens 221 and extends from this reflectortowards the reflectors 101 and 224 in a plane parallel to the plane of the angle

of inclination of the reflector 220 to the turret axis and at the side of this reflector nearest to the turret axis to prevent light from the viewing screen 19 entering the camera by reflection from the reflector 224 and thus interfering with the copying operation The light shield lies above the reflector 220 when it and the 70 lens 221 are positioned for copying as shown in Figs 7 and 10 In viewing, the light shield 247 lies below the projection light beam and does not function. Another reflector '48 (Figs 7 and 8) is 75 arranged within the hood 17 between the viewing screen 19 and reflector 224 and is mounted on a horizontal shaft 249 arranged parallel with the reflector " 24 and viewing screen 19, the reflector 248 being pivotally 80 mounted in bearings 250 and 251 on opposite'walls of the hood 17 As so pivotally mounted, the reflector 248 may be positioned in an upper non-functioning position as shown in full lines in Fig 7, in which it is 85 disposed out of the light path between the reflector 224 and viewing screen 19, or in a lower functioning position as shown in dot and dash lines in Fig 7, in which position it intercepts light between the reflector 224 90 and viewing screen 19 and is directed rearwardly towards the reflector 224 and downwardly towards the easel 70 Assuming die turret 223 and, with it, the reflector 220 and lens 221 to be positioned in co-operating 95 relation with the projector 9 the reflector 248 reflects an enlarged image projected from the film 45 at the projection film gate 213 on to a sensitized sheet (not shown} on the easel 70, for the printing of the image on 100 the sheet. As shown, spaced stops 253 fixed by screws 256 on opposite walls of the hood limit downward movement of the reflector 248 and position the same for printing, suit 105 able means being provided for releasably positioning the reflector 248 in its upper nonfunctioning position The shaft 249 projects outwardly through the hood 17 at one side thereof (Figs 3 and 8), and a hand lever 110 255 is secured on the projecting end of the shaft for positioning the reflector in either of its aforesaid positions it being appreciated that this reflector must be in its upper position when it is desired to view images on the 115 viewing screen 19. As the film 49 is fed through the camera in the course of recording material the amount of film fed is recorded on the indexing counter 65 of the recording means by 120 reason of this counter being driven with the camera film feeding mechanism Consequently, an index of the material recorded on the film may be prepared during the recording operation in which the location of 125 the different material recorded on the film can be found by reference to the corresponding numbers indicated by the counter, it being preferable for the counter to be set at zero when each roll of film is placed in the 130 785,005 camera preparatory to recording thereon.

Having prepared such an index in the course of recording on the film in the camera, and having developed the film, the film is placed in the projector 9 for viewing, and preparatory to viewing, the indexing counter 66 of the viewing means, which corresponds with the indexing counter 65 and is driven with the film feeding means of the viewing means, is set at the same indication, for example zero, as that to which the index. ing counter 65 of the recording means was set before recording on the film The indexing counters are driven at the same rate, with reference to the feed of the film in the camera and projector, so that the user, by referring to the previously prepared index and the indexing counter 66 of the viewing means, can quicldy and conveniently locate the desired material on the film for viewing the same, for which reason the indexing counters are conveniently located for observance and setting.

* Sitemap * Accessibility * Legal notice * Terms of use * Last updated: 08.04.2015 * Worldwide Database * 5.8.23.4; 93p

* GB785006 (A)

Description: GB785006 (A) ? 1957-10-23

Improvements in or relating to injection moulding machines

Description of GB785006 (A)

COMPLETE SPECIFICATION Improvements in. or relating to Injection Moulding Machines We, NORDISK PLASTIC INDUSTRI ved MAX SVEND GRUHL, a Danish Company of 57, Damhus Boulevard, Valby, Copenhagen, Denmark, do hereby declare the invention, for which we pray that a patent may be granted to us, and the method by which it is to be

performed, to be particularly described in and by the following statement: The invention relates to an injection moulding machine for. objects of plastics, more particularly of thermoplastic material, the said machine having a plunger piston or ram reciprocating in a cylinder and forcing the- material through a discharge opening provided in the end plate of the cylinder into a mould. Material is fed stepwise to the said cylinder from a funnel the bottom outlet of which is closed by a feeding piston, the movement of the said piston regulating the amount of material fed from a chute to the cylinder through a feed opening provided in same. Injection moulding machines of the aforesaid kind are known, and the amount of material forced through the discharge opening into the mould by each forward movement of the plunger piston is determined substantially by the volume of that part of the cylinder which is located between the end plate and such edge of the feed opening as is close to the end plate, since the greater part of the amount of material lying in the cylinder below the feed opening will normally force its way up into the chute when the plunger piston is moving past the feed opening. The said volume thus constitutes a limitation of the capacity of the moulding machine, that is, the size of the mould that can be filled by each piston stroke. This tendency of the material to be forced back into the chute is particularly pronounced in the case of coarse material. The aforesaid limitation of the capacity of the machine is frequently a heavy drawback. Even small increases of the maximum mould size will prevent utilisation of the machine for manufacturing a definite object. An essential feature of an injection moulding machine in accordance with the invention is that the feed opening between the cylinder and the chute is provided with a shield which substantially closes the feed opening but has a sufficient clearance along its edges in the chute to allow predetermined amounts of material to pass through the clearance space by gravity when the piston is in its inoperative position remote from the end plate. As a result, the amount of material measured by the feeding piston may flow around the shield and fill the cylinder and, more particularly, its front end remote from the end plate in a manner normal in itself, but, furthermore, the material lying in the front part of the cylinder cannot escape upward into the chute by the forward movement of the plunger piston towards the end plate of the cylinder. On the contrary, the last mentioned material is subjected initially to a slight and later to a heavier compression, to be finally-together with such part of the material as has entered the cylinder proper on

feeding-subjected to a heavy compression, which in combination with a constant heating of the cylinder causes the material to be forced in a fluid or plastic condition through the discharge opening of the cylinder into the mould. Since the shield prevents the escape of the material lying in the front part of the cylinder, the amount of material pressed into the mould by each forward stroke of the plunger piston be considerably larger than in the known machines which have no such shield, and experience has shown that the capacity of the machine per piston stroke can thereby be increased by 30-40%. In one embodiment of the machine according to the invention the shield is displaceable in the longitudinal direction of the chute and carried by a bar suspended from an adjustable lever which rests in the frame of the machine. As a result, the space between the surface of the plunger piston and the shield may be varied so that a part of the material accumulated in the chute between the shield and the front part of the cylinder may escape, whereby the amount of material which is pushed forward by the plunger piston to the closed section of the cylinder is regulated. In another embodiment of the machine according to the invention the shield is furthermore displaceable in the chute in a direction parallel with the longitudinal direction of the cylinder, the shield being, for instance, rotatable about the point at which the bar is suspended from the said lever. As a result, the shield, which normally has a substantially uniform clearance along its entire circumference in the chute, is passed in the direction of movement of the piston owing to its friction with the amount of material pushed forward by the piston. As a consequence of this, the clearance in that side of the chute which is close to the end plate of the cylinder is reduced and under actual conditions entirely closed, whereby any penetration of material from the front part of the cylinder into the chute along the said side is prevented, and this will further diminish the risk of material escaping into the chute along the edge of the shield. In a modified embodiment of the machine according to the invention the bar to which the shield is attached is connected to vibrating members whereby the shield can be vibrated so as to accelerate the passage of material through the clearance in the chute to the front part of the cylinder. The invention will now be further described with reference to the accompanying drawing, in which: Fig. 1 shows schematically a diametrical section of an injection moulding machine according to the invention;

Fig. 2 is a section of the same on the line 11-Il of Fig. 1; Fig. 3 is another section on the line III--III of Fig. 1. In the drawing, a cylinder 1 accommodates a reciprocating plunger piston 2 which forces thermoplastic material 3 through a discharge opening 4 of the end plate 5 of the cylinder 1 into a moulding section 6. The material 3 is, for example, fed stepwise from a funnel 7, the bottom opening 8 of which is closed by a similarly reciprocating feeding piston 9 the movement of which regulates the amount of material fed from a chute 10 to the cylinder 1 through a feed opening 11 provided in same. The feed opening 11 is provided with a shield 12 which substantially closes the feed opening, but along its edges has a sufficient clearance in the chute 10 to permit a predetermined amount of material to pass by the action of gravity when the plunger piston 2 is in its inoperative position remote from the end plate 5. When the plunger piston 2 on its forward movement towards the end plate 5 pushes material towards the closed section 13 of the cylinder, the shield 12 prevents substantial amounts of material from escaping up into the chute 10, and the greater part of the material lying in the front end of the cylinder is therefore initially subjected to a slight com- pression, this being possible since the material involved is generally of a rather coarse consistency. The material is then passed into the closed section 13 of the cylinder where, together with the material lying in that section, it is subjected to a heavy compression by the further movement of the piston. This com- pression causes in combination with heating of the closed section of the cylinder to a suit- able temperature, e.g., by means of a heating jacket 14, that the material in plastic or fluid condition is forced through the discharge opening 4 into the mould 5. The shield 12 may be displaceable in the longitudinal direction of the chute 10 and be guided by a bar 15 suspended from an adjustable lever 16 which is carried by the frame of the machine. The lever 16 may, for example, be provided with a ratchet device 17 to engage a permanent upright 18 so that the lever 16 and consequently the shield 12 can be fixed in various levels in relation to the axis of the cylinder 1, whereby the space between the shield and the surface of the plunger piston may be adjusted to such volume that a part of the material may find its way into the chute 10 and the amount of material pushed by the piston 2 to the closed section 13 of the cylinder consequently be regulated. The shield 12 may further be displaceable in a direction parallel with the axis of the cylinder 1, being for example pivotable about the point 19 at which the bar 15 is suspended from the lever 16, whereby

the shield 12 can be carried along by the material compressed between the front end of the piston 2 and the underside of the shield, so that the clearance 20 in that side of the chute 10 which is close to the end plate of the cylinder is reduced and, in practice, is closed, thus preventing material from escaping into the chute 12 through the said clearance 20. In one embodiment of the machine according to the invention the bar 15 is connected to vibrating members (not shown) but by means of which the shield 12 may be vibrated so as to facilitate the passage of the material through the clearances along the edges of the shield. It will be appreciated that the shield may alternatively be mounted in such manner that it is displaceable laterally through a slit formed tangentially to the cylinder and into the chute, the shield serving as the movable part of a slide valve which is movable to and fro so as to close the passage. In this case the movement of the shield may be effected by coupling it mechanically to the members moving the feeding piston. It is furthermore possible to design the shield as a slide valve mounted in the chute and the feed opening, the said slide valve being moved parallelly with the direction of movement of the plunger piston and likewise being adapted for coupling to the reciprocating movement of the feeding piston. In both of the last mentioned cases it becomes possible to regulate the escape of the material on the forward movement of the plunger piston by causing the shield to cover the feed opening more or less. What we claim is 1. An injection moulding machine for objects of plastics, more particularly of thermoplastic material, with a plunger piston or ram reciprocating in a cylinder and forcing the material through a discharge opening provided in the end plate of the cylinder into a mould, material being fed stepwise to the said cylinder from a funnel the bottom of which is closed by a feeding piston the movement of which regulates the amount of material fed from a chute to the cylinder through a feed opening provided in same, characterised in that the feed opening between the cylinder and the chute is provided with a shield which substantially closes the feed opening but has a sufficient clearance along its edges in the chute to permit predetermined amounts of material to pass through the clearance space by gravity when the piston is in its inoperative position remote from the end plate. 2. An injection moulding machine as claimed in Claim 1, characterised in that the shield is displaceable in the longitudinal direction of the chute and carried by a bar suspended from an adjustable lever which rests in the frame of the machine. 3. An injection moulding machine as claimed in Claims 1 and 2,

characterised in that the shield is furthermore displaceable in the chute in a direction parallel with the longitudinal direction of the cylinder, being for example rotatable about the point at which the bar is suspended from the said lever. 4. An injection moulding machine as claimed in Claims 1-3, characterised in that the bar from which the shield is suspended is connected to vibrating members in order to accelerate the passage of the material through the clearance in the chute into the front part of the cylinder. 5. An injection moulding machine for objects of plastics, more particularly of thermoplastic material, substantially as described in the foregoing and with reference to the drawing.

* GB785007 (A)

Description: GB785007 (A) ? 1957-10-23

Composite veneer or plywood panel

Description of GB785007 (A)

PATENT SPECIFICATION Date of Application and filing Complete Specification: May 6, 1954. Complete Specification Published: Oct 23, 1957. Index at acceptance -Class 140, A( 2 C:2 H:5 C 1 B:5 C 4:16 C). International Classification:-B 271. COMPLETE SPECIFICATION Composite Veneer or Plywood Panel 1, ARMIN ELMENDORF, a Citizen of the United States of America, of 322, W Washington Street, Chicago, United States of America, do hereby declare the invention, for which I pray that a patent may be granted to me, and the method by which it is to be performed, to be particularly described in and by the following statement:- This invention relates to a composite veneer or plywood panel having " thin " veneer faces, it being understood that wood veneer is, for convenience, hereinafter called "veneer " It will also be understood that "thin" veneers have a thickness of 1/30th of an inch or less. One purpose of my invention is to provide a veneer or plywood panel

having a compressed core consisting of bonded ligno-cellulose particles, fibres or fibre bundles. In order that the specification may more clearly be understood the terms fibres, particles and fibre bundles are now defined. Fibres: single naturally occurring wood cells which have been obtained, for example, by grinding in an Asplund or Baner machine, their size may, for example, be 001 inches in diameter and 05 inches to 187 inches in length. Fibre bundles: small numbers of fibres which remain naturally bonded together after a grinding operation, for example, in one of the machines above referred to and Particles: small sub-divisions of wood such as small chips or blocks, which have been broken down, for example, in a hammermill, and consist of a plurality of fibres and/or fibre bundles or parts of fibres (example sawdust) It will be understood that the term particles also includes small shavings such as may be produced in a planing operation. Another purpose is to provide a veneer board or panelling in which lower grade veneers are used, and in which, if necessary, veneers containing open defects are used. lPrice 3/6 l 785,007 No 13180/54. The present application describes and claims the product of the process described and claimed in my co-pending Application No 16280/54 (Serial No 785,008), when veneers are bonded to both faces of the core 50 As is known the prolonged great demand for hardwood plywood for furniture, doors and wall panelling has now drained the forests of all the major countries of the world of most of their virgin timber suitable for 55 conversion into veneer and plywood, and it will be many years before tree farming will again yield logs of the size and quality of those that have been consumed for that purpose The second growth timber that must 60 now be cut in ever increasing quantity contains many branches that reveal themselves as knots in the veneer, and if the knots are defective they generally fall out, causing open defects Checks in the log ends, due to dry 65 ing before the veneers can be cut, cause splits in the veneer, and such splits, when wide, are also revealed as open defects. To offset this shortage of timber it has been known to use waste wood chips for 70 forming a core for plywood and the practice has been to bond the core chips together with a suitable binder and then bond veneers thereto using a resin adhesive It has, for example, been proposed to use comparatively 75 long narrow shavings pressed into a suitable shape, and to provide the shape, either during or after the pressing, with a covering of a wood veneer Such an arrangement is disclosed in British Patent No 701,268 and I do 80 not claim any such arrangement.

In all conventional plywood manufacture, open defects are generally clipped out of the veneers, thereby causing a serious waste, re-Wretted by every plywood manufacturer, but 85 eccepted because all current processes of -lywood manufacture require their removal. Vhile open defects in the faces are permitted an the lowest grades of plywood, their presence greatly degrades the plywood Open 90 Price a 3 F 785,007 and exposed defects in the veneer core of 3ply panels and in the cross-banding of 5-ply panels cannot be tolerated if the panels are given a high polish finish, because they show through. The present invention seeks firstly to alleviate the industrial situation described above and secondly to enable an improved panel having a waste wood core to be made. It aims at the complete utilization of the veneers from second-growth knotty logs by plugging the open defects of the exposed veneers automatically during manufacture, and in such a way that defects of any size, shape or number can be accepted in the surface veneer used. According to the present invention there is provided a veneer panel which includes a resin-bonded fibrous ligno-cellulose or wood particle core and thin veneer faces bonded to opposite sides of the core characterised in that the veneer faces when dry have the same across-the-grain width as the thin veneer faces in the initial green or wet condition, in which condition the veneer faces have been applied to the -core, and in that the wood particle core includes zones adjacent the veneer faces in which the ratio of the binder to the wood particles is substantially higher than in the interior of the core. Filling of open defects, while not yet so common in the hardwood plywood industry, is becoming of increasing importance on account of the progressive lowering of the quality of the logs available for conversion into veneer The present invention is aimed at improving the situation in the hardwood plywood industry In the manufacture of the new plywood or veneered panels of this invention, the plugging of the surface layer openings is done simultaneously with the formation of the board. It is not necessary to indicate any specific mechanism for making my product, as I employ equipment well known in the field I illustrate typical products as follows, wherein: Fig 1 is a perspective view, with parts in section, illustrating my product, with an open defect filled by the core material, Fig 2 illustrates my product in section, on an enlarged scale, illustrating a " particle" core, and with no defect showing in the veneer, -55 Fig 3 is a similar section, illustrating an open defect filled with a fibre core: and Fig 4 illustrates a 5-ply construction with a defect in the cross-banding, filled by one of the core materials above

defined or a mixture thereof. Like parts are indicated by like symbols throughout the specification and drawings. Considering, first, the product of Fig 1 I use in place of the middle veneer ply of conventional plywood, a composite core which may consist, for example, of fibres, fibre bundles or ligno-cellulose particles such as hammermilled wood waste, bonded together with a binder under heat and pressure or a combination thereof The core may have a 70 density comparable with that of the face veneers I use, although the density may be higher The core material I employ may come from wood waste, and cost much less than the currently used veneer cores of the 75 same thickness I prefer to use naturally occurring or botanic wood fibres, which fibres occur as tubes of approximately 001 in diameter and of a length varying from 05 to 187 inches in length and at the time of 80 the formation of the board, thinly resincoated I find it advantageous to have fifty percent or more of the core fibres of a fineness to pass a 20-mesh screen. I have also found that great manufactur 85 ing economies result if the very thin veneers required are used green I have found that satisfactory filling of open defects becomes possible if the face veneers are less than the standard thicknesses used throughout the 90 plywood industry today, namely, 1124th of an inch and 1/28th of an inch My results are best achieved if the face veneers are less than 1150th of an inch herein referred to as very thin veneers I have found veneers of 95 1164th of an inch highly satisfactory My results are also generally best achieved if the veneers entering the press have a moisture content above the fibre saturation point. -although good results may also be obtained 100 with some species when used dry. In view of the fact that in my product. the core veneers are completely eliminated, and the amount of wood used for the two face veneers together is not more than a 105 single ply of veneer in a conventional plywood, and since single layers of thin veneer can be used at each face of my board very substantial economies are achieved, resulting in a significant conservation of the tim 110 ber supply If veneer cores are used, in combination with their thin veneer faces, differences in density of the summer wood and the spring wood of an annual ring are liable to telegraph through the face veneers In my 115 finished board, the exposed veneer surfaces are smooth and flat, and therefore can be sanded even though only 1/100th of an inch thick Where the veneer in contact with the core is of uneven thickness or density or is 120 roughly cut, the inequalities are taken up in the core and are not exteriorly apparent. When the cores are made of fine wood fibres bonded together the best

results are obtained if the fibres lie laruely in planes 125 generally parallel to the panel faces I obtain a satisfactory product with phenolic resin or urea resin binder used with wood particles that have passed through a 20-mesh screen, in a proportion of 5 ' to 10, of the 130 The boards may be of various sizes, and may be of substantial width and length As examples of practical dimensions I may menticn boards of 4 feet by 8 feet In making boards of such size I find it especially im 70 portant to be able to use the face veneers in one piece This is practically impossible with the use of veneers of the specified thickness, that are dry In practice, it is practically impossible to get one-piece dry 75 veneers of this size, without splitting them. In my product, using thin green veneer, and subjecting it to pressure in the course of making the product, the veneer is of the same across-the-grain width as in the green 80 condition, but, under many circumstances, and with many woods, is of substantially less than its original green thickness However, the veneers of some species of hardwoods that are heavy and dense compress 85 much less than veneers of some of the soft woods, such as ponderosa pine In the case of birch, for example, the compression may be only about 003 of an inch in veneers 015 of an inch In the case of pine, where the 90 original thickness may be 030 of an inch, the same veneer, subjected to the conditions of the manufacture of my product, is only about 017 of an inch thick. It is essential, in my product, to have a 95 zone in the wood particle core, adjacent the veneer, in which the ratio of the bonding component to the wood particles is substantially higher than in the interior of the core. This result is obtained in my product, when 100 some of the bonding adhesive layer, for example, urea-formaldehyde used for the veneer is forced into the spaces between the wood fibres or particles of the core This is facilitated by the steam generated from the 105 moisture of the green veneers, so that a hard foundation layer results" to which the face veneer is bonded It is the strength of this zone which prevents the veneer from checking This zone functions in a manner simi 110 lar to the cross-banding of a conventional 5ply panel. Referring to the drawings in somewhat greater detail, 1 indicates a core, in my completed product, of particles or fibres con 115 solidated by the above-described application of heat and pressure The density of this core ranges, generally, from 6 to 1 0 2, 2 indicate the surface layers or zones in which the ratio of bonding component to wood par 120 tides is substantially higher than in the interior of the panel 3, 3 indicate the surface layers of face veneer In Fig 1, 4 indicates an open defect or aperture in one of the face veneer surface

layers 3 5 indicates the 125 mass of core material which fills the fault 4, and has a flat outer surface flush with the flat outer surface of the layer 3 in which a fault 4 occurs. Fig 2 represents a substantial enlargement 130 weight of the wood particles When resincoated wood fibres are used, the resin may be only 2 %,, to 3 % of the weight of the fibres, with the resin coating the fibres My product permits good knothole filling, with the material of the core, if the hot plate pressure used compresses the core to a density approaching the density of the wood In practice, in my product, the density of the core exceeds the density of the natural wood of the core particles. Superior bonding of particle to particle is obtained, when using dry adhesive on the particles, since the face veneers contain free moisture The steam generated causes the resin or binder to flow In the finished board I provide an excess of bonding material in the outer portions of the core, the thin veneer faces being firmly bonded to such outer portions of the core, the inner portion of the core having a smaller ratio of bonding component to the wood particles. When the green veneers are bonded, by heat and pressure as is the usual procedure, to wood fibre boards of known types, they are subsequently liable to check, due to the insufficient constraint of the inner surface I have found that thin, green face veneers, plasticized that is to say they are made soft and plastic due to the action of steam, and compressed, do not shrink or check during or after pressing and drying under pressure. When such veneers are bonded to the core of my product their width, that is to say their across-the-grain width when dry, remains the same as when green, and there is no subsequent checking of the face veneers under any changes in humidity Moreover, the plasticizing and compressing of the thin face veneer, in contact with smooth plate surfaces, results in the superior finish of my product when considered in relation to known panels when the panels are subsequently finished with lacquers or other finishes Veneers that are normally porous, and must be filled, can, in my product, often be finished without fillers. In the manufacture of my product, I subject the assembled components to simultaneous heat and pressure, and, at the same time, obtain the bonding together of the material of the core, the plasticizing and compressing of the veneer, the drying of the veneer, and the bonding of the veneer, to the core It should be kept in mind that a very smooth outer surface of the veneer results from the subjection of the veneer to pressure at a time when it is directly in contact with a smooth metal plate If open defects are present in the veneer, the filling of the defects also takes place simultaneously, with the above-mentioned results It will be clear that great savines in

manufacturing costs over conventional plywood manufacture are thereby obtained. 785,007 785,007 of part of the structure of Fig 1 In it one of the surface layers of face veneer 3 is illustrated in substantially greater scale than in the more or less diagrammatic showing of Fig 1 It will be evident that the outer surface 3 a is flat and plane, whereas the inner surface 3 b is not strictly parallel with the outer surface, and is not truly plane The irregularities may be somewhat exaggerated in the drawing, but what I wish to indicate is that, to the extent that there are irregularities or differences of density in the original veneer, they are taken up in the interior of my product For example, if the original green veneer compresses unevenly because of its differences in density, this compression does not cause any surface irregularity The flat metal surface with which it is in contact during the manufacture of the product provides the true, plane outer surface 3 a for finishing. As to all of the figures, it will be understood that I do not wish to limit myself or intend to limit myself, to any particular type or range of fibres, fibre bundles or particles, except as far as I limit myself specifically in my claims Fig 1 may be taken diagrammatically in that I may employ core particles such as are indicated at 6 in Fig 2, or core fibres such as are indicated at 7 in Fig. 3 In Fig 3, I illustrate, at 8, an open defect in the face veneer 3 into which the fibres extend While Fig 3 is to be taken as generally diagrammatic, it is intended to indicate a disposition of the fibres or fibre bundles in general parallelism with the outer surface 3 a of the final product I indicate, also, in Figs. 2 and 3, one of the outer zones of the core in which the ratio of the bonding component to the wood particles or fibres is substantially higher than in the interior of the core. This zone is indicated at 6 a in Fig 2, and at 7 a in Fig 3. In Fig 4, I illustrate substantially the board as shown in Fig 1 except that, in the place of single layers of face veneer I illustrate at one face of the product a cross-banding layer 10, and at the other face a crossbanding layer 11 It will be noted also that 1 show the cross-banding 10 as having an open defect 12 filled with core material 13, this core material being covered by the face veneer 3. The invention is not restricted to the precise details above given For example, a wxide variety of woods may be employed, having different compressibility The fibrous stood particles of the core may be varied substantiallv in size and shape It is advantageC Ous, however, that fifty percent or more of the core particles are of sufficient fineness to pass through a 20-mesh screen The bonding material may be widely varied It is important, however, that the outer surfaces of the board

be flat and parallel, even though the inner surfaces of the veneer layers may contact or abut the core with a surface departing substantially from the plane Irregularities of compression of the veneer layers are taken up within the interior of the board 70 The core is bonded together and is bonded to the veneer layers, and the ratio of the bonding component to the wood particles is higher adjacent the veneer layers than in the interior of the panel While I speak gener 75 ally of thin veneers I prefer to use veneers of less than 1150th of an inch in thickness, and have found veneers of 1 /64th of an inch in thickness to be practical With some woods, such as ponderosa pine, a thickness 80 of 1132nd of an inch may be necessary, while in certain other pines such as white pine, they can be cut much thinner.

* Sitemap * Accessibility * Legal notice * Terms of use * Last updated: 08.04.2015 * Worldwide Database * 5.8.23.4; 93p