453 chapter 4 before there was english…. food for thought consider and explain… chinese: ma = ma...
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453 Chapter 4
Before there was English…
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Food for Thought Consider and explain…
Chinese: ma = ma = Mother German: bam = bong = bell’s
sound French: fille = filly = girl Bantu: nguba = goober = peanut Russian: brat = brother = brother
Why are there so many similarities?
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Food 4 Thot 2
To what extent can we explain why languages change? Consider: Time Geography Social factors
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Indo-European
AKA: Proto Indo-European 3,000 - 4,000 BC Farming culture Religious Elaborate burial sites ~ Northern Europe // Southern Russia Sir William Jones
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Language Family
Mother – Daughter Families – Family Trees
BUT: ≠ Birth≠ Intentional branching≠ Death (?)
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Language Classifications Isolating Agglutinative Incorporative Inflective
OR Genetic
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Reconstruction
Best guess based on comparative study
Marked by * *kmtom “hundred”
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Cognates
Similar in form Similar in menaing
IE Latin Greek Old EngT.Eng
*bher- fer- pher- ber- bear
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Inflections Nominative: I saw a cookie Vocative: Sally, give me a cookie Accusative: She gave me a cookie Genitive: It’s now my cookie Dative: She gave me a cookie Ablative: I should avoid cookies
Locative: I should put them away Instrumental: I eat with my hands
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Word Order
Greenberg Lehmann
VO … OV
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I-E Germanic
1. New words2. Loss of inflection (not pres/past)3. Dental suffix4. Adjectival declension5. First syllable stress6. Vowels o α // ᾱ ō7. Consonants Grimm’s Law
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Grimm’s Law bh b dh d gh g p f t Ө k h b p d t g k
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Verner’s Law Proto-Germanic voiceless fricatives
Become voiced In voiced environment
Except Word initial Adjacent to voiceless sound I-E stress on first syllable
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Exercises
4.2 4.8 4.9 4.11 – Part of each 4.12 4.14