Cyclone and Cyclone and Tsunami Risk Tsunami Risk

Mitigation Mitigation Measures in IndiaMeasures in India

Presented byPresented by

CT.Lakshmanan B.Arch., M.C.P.CT.Lakshmanan B.Arch., M.C.P.Asst. Prof. (SG) Asst. Prof. (SG) SRM UniversitySRM University

CT.Lakshmanan

Floods, Mumbai, 26 July 2005

Tsunami 26 Dec 2004

S Cyclone 29 Oct 1999

Flood, Assam & Bihar 2004

MAJOR DISASTERS (1980-2005)

Earthquake Uttarkashi, 20 Oct 1991, Chamoli, 23 April 1999

Bhuj, Earthquake, 26 January, 2001

Avalanche Feb 2005

Earthquake, Latur, 30 Sept 1993

Tsunami 26 Dec 2004

Tsunami 26 Dec 2004

Bhopal Gas Tragedy, Dec 1982

Earthquake, Oct, 2005

CT.Lakshmanan

YEARYEAR PLACES &PLACES & DISASTERDISASTER LOSS OF LIVES LOSS OF LIVES (APPROX)(APPROX)

LOSS OF PROPERTYLOSS OF PROPERTY

( Rs Crore) APPROX)( Rs Crore) APPROX)

19911991 Uttarkashi Uttarkashi

EarthquakeEarthquake 20002000 20002000

19931993 LaturLatur EarthquakeEarthquake 95009500 60006000

19971997 JabalpurJabalpur EarthquakeEarthquake 200200 50005000

19991999 ChamoliChamoli EarthquakeEarthquake 20002000 20002000

19991999 OrissaOrissa Super CycloneSuper Cyclone 98879887 1000010000

20012001 BhujBhuj EarthquakeEarthquake 1400014000 1340013400

20042004 SE IndiaSE India TsunamiTsunami 1500015000 1000010000

20042004 Assam & BiharAssam & Bihar FloodsFloods 700700 50005000

20052005 J&KJ&K AvalancheAvalanche 350350 100100

20052005 Mah, Guj, HP,Mah, Guj, HP,

Karnataka, T’NaduKarnataka, T’Nadu

FloodsFloods 15691569 1030010300

20052005 J&K J&K EarthquakesEarthquakes 13361336 10001000

Total Losses of Major Disasters only Total Losses of Major Disasters only 5654256542 6480064800

Recent Disasters in India (1990-2005)

CT.Lakshmanan

India is vulnerable to a large number of disasters

• Approx. 60% of the landmass is prone to

Earthquakes

• Approx.12% (About 40 million hectares of land) is

prone to flood and river erosion.

• Approx. 68% of the cultivable area is

vulnerable to drought//landslides/avalanches

• About 5770 km of coastline out of a total

7516 km is prone to Cyclone and Tsunami

CT.Lakshmanan

• Rising population

• Haphazard Urbanization

• Developments in High-Risk zones

• Environmental Degradation

• Climate Change etc.

Vulnerability is increasing with

CT.Lakshmanan

Tsunami Damage

CT.Lakshmanan

Tsunami Damage

CT.Lakshmanan

DISASTER MANAGEMENT CONTINUUM

Disaster Strikes

CT.Lakshmanan

Disaster Management Disaster Management CycleCycle

Organisations InvolvedOrganisations Involved Prevention Prevention Research Institutions Research Institutions (Sponsored (Sponsored

Research)Research)

Ministry of Earth Science Ministry of Earth Science (IMD, DOD, DST)(IMD, DOD, DST) Ministry of Water ResourcesMinistry of Water Resources Ministry of AgricultureMinistry of Agriculture

MitigationMitigation Central Govt. Central Govt. (NDMA. MHA, MUD, MoEF (NDMA. MHA, MUD, MoEF and and other related ministries and other related ministries and departments)departments) State Govt. State Govt. (Various (Various Departments)Departments)

District/Local Administration and NGO’sDistrict/Local Administration and NGO’s

PreparednessPreparedness Central Govt. Central Govt. (NDMA. MHA, MUD, MoEF)(NDMA. MHA, MUD, MoEF) State Govt. State Govt. District/Local Administration and NGO’sDistrict/Local Administration and NGO’s

CT.Lakshmanan

Organisations InvolvedOrganisations Involved ResponseResponse Central Govt. Central Govt. (NDMA. MHA)(NDMA. MHA)

State Govt. State Govt. District/Local Administration District/Local Administration and NGO’sand NGO’s

Relief Relief Central Govt. Central Govt. (NDMA. MHA)(NDMA. MHA) State Govt. State Govt.

District/Local Administration District/Local Administration and NGO’sand NGO’s

Rehabilitation Rehabilitation Central Govt. Central Govt. (Integrated efforts of (Integrated efforts of various ministries and various ministries and

departments)departments)State Govt.State Govt.District/Local Administration and District/Local Administration and

NGO’sNGO’s ReconstructionReconstruction Central Govt. Central Govt. (Integrated efforts of (Integrated efforts of

various ministries and various ministries and departments)departments)

State Govt.State Govt. District/Local Administration and District/Local Administration and

NGO’sNGO’s Long term RecoveryLong term Recovery Central, State, Local Govt. and NGO’sCentral, State, Local Govt. and NGO’s

Disaster Management Cycle Disaster Management Cycle Cont.Cont.

CT.Lakshmanan

Disasters offer a unique opportunity to learn where we have gone wrong….

Preparedness and Mitigation of Preparedness and Mitigation of

Disasters is the most important Disasters is the most important

part of Disaster Management part of Disaster Management

while strengthening our response while strengthening our response

capabilitiescapabilitiesCT.Lakshmanan

Disaster Mitigation Disaster Mitigation

India’s three pronged approach - India’s three pronged approach -

Mitigation measures integrated with the ongoing developmental Mitigation measures integrated with the ongoing developmental projectsprojects

National-level mitigation projects in high priority areas National-level mitigation projects in high priority areas (Initiated by NDMA with the help of all concerned ministries, (Initiated by NDMA with the help of all concerned ministries, departments and states)departments and states)

State-level mitigation projects State-level mitigation projects (Assistance in guidelines, plans and implementation by NDMA)(Assistance in guidelines, plans and implementation by NDMA)

Natural Hazards cannot be prevented, however with mitigation measures the effects/damages could be reduced

CT.Lakshmanan

CT.Lakshmanan

Mitigation Mitigation MeasuresMeasures

• Integrated multi-hazard approach (emphasis on cyclone and tsunami risk in coastal areas)

• Early warning system for cyclones and tsunamis

• Evacuation plans (with emphasis on self reliance for sustenance with the coastal community)

• Capacity building

• Training of all concerned

• Public awareness programmes

• Hazard Mapping and Vulnerability Analysis

• Risk Identification, zoning and mapping

CT.Lakshmanan

Structural Mitigation Measures

Seawalls and Coral reefs Tsunami breakwaters

(to provide

cushion against Tsunami and Cyclone)

Increasing the river dike height Tsunami and Cyclone Shelters (safe places to

flee) Evacuation routes identification

Mitigation Mitigation Measures Measures Cont.Cont.

CT.Lakshmanan

Structural Mitigation Measures Permanent structures strictly according to BIS codes

Retrofitting of vulnerable structures for tsunami/cyclone

resistance

Retrofitting of important buildings

I. Fire stations / police stations/ army structures/ hospitals

II. VIP residences / offices/ railways, airport, etc.

III. Schools/colleges

IV. Hazardous industries

V. Other critical structures (i.e. power stations,

warehouses, oil and other storage tanks etc)

Mitigation Measures Mitigation Measures Cont.Cont.

CT.Lakshmanan

Non-Structural Mitigation Measures

Education Public Awareness Information Risk Communication Training to all concerned

(Govt. officials, search and rescue workers,

volunteers, women, children, elderly, local community as a

whole)

Mitigation Mitigation Measures Measures Cont.Cont.

CT.Lakshmanan

Non-Structural Mitigation Measures Coastal regulations Zone Act – Strict implementation (no development within 500 m of the high tide line with elevation of less than 10 m above m.s.l)

Land use Zoning in accordance with CRZ

Natural Bioshields (Mangroves) and shelterbelt plantations (Casuarina)

Maintaining Natural Sand dunes

Maintaining and promoting beach development

Mitigation Measures Mitigation Measures Cont.Cont.

CT.Lakshmanan

Non-Structural Mitigation Measures

Risk transfer in highly vulnerable areas (Insurance)

Network of local knowledge centers along the coast lines

( Training and Emergency communication)

Reducing Vulnerability Diverse Livelihood options Micro Finance Empowerment Gender sensitive development

Mitigation Measures Mitigation Measures Cont.Cont.

CT.Lakshmanan

ERS – RADAR IMAGE

TSUNAMI INUNDATION IN NAGAPATTINAM COAST

CT.Lakshmanan

RIVERS / CREEKS AS CARRIERS OF TSUNAMI WAVES

PATHS TO BE KEPT FREE

& BANKS TO HAVE STONE

EMBANKMENTS

CT.Lakshmanan

NAGAPATTINAM

PALAEO /PRESENT

BACKWATERS & TIDAL FLATS------ACCOMODATORS

Radial Drains ---

Aforestation ----

Promotion of Bird Sanctuaries

CT.Lakshmanan

BEACH AS ABSORBERS - MARINA BEACH, CHENNAI

CT.Lakshmanan

Reconstruction in Reconstruction in AndamanAndaman

Stilt Type

Non-Stilt Type

CT.Lakshmanan

Reconstruction in Andaman

Source: www.and.nic.in

Online Monitoring System of Construction of Permanent shelters for Tsunami victims CT.Lakshmanan

Reconstruction in Cuddlore

CT.Lakshmanan

Thank You

CT.Lakshmanan