Upstream-Downstream Water Quality Monitoring in Brantas River Basin, Indonesia

Syamsul Bachri Director of Operational Affair

Jasa Tirta I Public Corporation River Basin Management Agency of the Brantas and Bengawan Solo River Basin

Jalan Surabaya No 2A Malang 65115

SELAT

MADURA

SAMUDERA

INDONESIA

WILAYAH KERJA PJT I (DAS BRANTAS) SESUAI PP NO. 46 TAHUN 2010

TRENGGAL

EK

BLITA

R

TULUNGAGU

NG

KEDIRI

NGANJU

K

SURABA

YA

SIDOARJ

O

JOMBAN

G

MOJOKERT

O

MALA

NG Bend. Tiudan

Bend. Segawe Bend. Wonorejo

Bend. Lodoyo Bend. Sutami

Bend. Lahor

Bend. Selorejo

Bend. Glatik

Bend. Mrican

Bend. Menturus

Bend. Gunungsari

Bend. Lengkong Baru

P. Air Jagir

Bend. Gubeng

PLTA Tulungagung Selatan

2

39

4

3

1

5

6 7 10 9

8 11

12 13 14

15

17 16

18 1

1

1

20 19

21

23

22

24

25 25

26 27

28

29

30 31

32 33

35

36 37

38 40

34

NAMA-NAMA SUNGAI

1. Brantas

2. Amprong

3. Lesti

4. Metro

5. Lahor

6. Bambang

7. Lekso

8. Semut

9. Jari

10. Putih

11. Ewuh

12. Kalidawir

13. Parit Agung

14. Parit Raya

15. Ngrowo

16. Ngasinan

17. Tawing

18. Tugu

19. Bodeng

20. Song

21. Badak

22. Serinjing

23. Konto

24. Kedak

25. Widas

26. Kedungsoko

27. Ulo

28. Kuncir

29. Bening

30. Beng

31. Watudakon

32. Brangkal

33. Sadar

34. Kambing

35. Porong

36. Marmoyo

37. Surabaya

38. Kedurus

39. Wonokromo

40. Mas

Bend. Jatimlerek

Bend. Wlingi Bend. Sengguruh

Bend. Bening

P. Air Wonokromo

G. KELUD G. BROMO

G. SEMERU

G. KAWI

G. WILIS

G. ARJUNO

U P. Air Mlirip

BRANTAS RIVER BASIN

Sutami Dam

Selorejo

Dam

Bening Dam

Wonorejo

Dam Sengguruh Dam

Wlingi Dam Lodoyo Barrage

Surabaya

Malang

Kediri Brantas River Basin Indonesia

• Catchment Area : 11,800 km2 (25% of East Java)

• Population (2010) : 15.6 million (43% of East Java)

• Annual Rainfall : 2,000 mm

• Annual Runoff : 11.8 billion m3

• Mainstream Length : 320 km

MASTER PLAN BRANTAS RIVER BASIN WATER RESOURCES DEVELOPMENT

WATER

RESOURCES

PROBLEMS

SECOND

MASTER PLAN

(1973)

FIRST MASTER

PLAN

(1961)

THIRD

MASTER PLAN

(1985)

IMPLEMENTATION

(1962 - 1972)

IMPLEMENTATION

(1973 - 1984)

IMPLEMENTATION

(1984 - 2000)

FLOOD CONTROL

IRRIGATION FOR

AGRICULTURE

BULKWATER

SUPPLY

SUSTAINABLE

WATER

RESOURCES

IMPLEMENTATION

(1999 - 2020)

CONSERVATION &

MANAGEMENT

FOURTH

MASTER PLAN

(1998)

INFRASTRUCTURES IN THE BASIN

Master Plan I

(1961 - 1973)

Master Plan II

(1974 - 1985)

Master Plan III

(1986 - 2000)

Sengguruh Dam (88) T.Agung Tunnel (91)

Selorejo Dam (72)

Waru-Turi B. (92)

Bening Dam (84) Gunungsari B. (81)

Wlingi Dam (78) Lodoyo Dam (83) Lahor Dam (77)

Wonorejo Dam (00) Jatimlerek R.D (93)

Menturus R.D (93)

Sutami Dam (72)

New Lengkong B (74)

JASA TIRTA I PUBLIC CORPORATION (PJT-I)

• PJT-I was formed based on Government Regulation (GR) No 5/1990 and its mandate was amended several times and then by Presidential Decree No. 129 of 2000 stipulating additional basin of Bengawan Solo to be managed. The latest is by GR No. 46/2010 to suit the Law No. 7 of 2004 on Water Resources and to support PJT I business development (drinking water supply system and electric power generation).

• PJT-I implements corporatization in Water Resources Management by rendering professional services based on stakeholders’ participations.

• Main mandates are: water services, preventive O&M of water resources infrastructures, under a shared system of water governance.

SIX ASPECTS OF WATER RESOURCES MANAGEMENT

TERRACING

REFORESTATION

Activities to improve the land use and restore the hydrology properties in the catchment area by means of multi-stakeholder cooperation.

Render water services to all users in a fair and transparent manner as regulated by the Water Resources Coordination Body.

IRRIGATION

DOMESTIC SUPPLY SPRING CONSERVATION

CHECK DAMS

Catchment Area Management Water Quantity Management

COOPERATION

HYDRO-ELECTRIC POWER

RESERVOIR OPERATION

INDUSTRY SUPPLY

Water Quality Management Flood Control

WATER EXAMINATION

Water quality management activities to improve the river and water bodies in accordance to its designation.

MONITORING RESULT

MOBILE LABORATORY

FIELD GUIDANCE

INSPECTIONS

Activities designated to control flood by preventive measures as well as emergency response to disasters.

FLOOD MONITORING

WATER LEVEL MONITORING

RAINFALL MONITORING

EMERGENCY ACTIVITIES

PUBLIC BASED MONITORING

SIX ASPECTS OF WATER RESOURCES MANAGEMENT

River Environment Management O&M of Infrastructures

Activities to promote environmental awareness and public participation.

RIVER TOURISM RESERVOIR TOURISM

WATER SPORTS CLEAN RIVER CAMPAIGN

OUTBOUND

RIVER IMPROVEMENT

PREVENTIVE MAINTENANCE RESERVOIR DREDGING

URGENT MEASURES

SMALL REHABILITATION

Operation and maintenance of related infrastructures within the assigned rivers in the working area.

SIX ASPECTS OF WATER RESOURCES MANAGEMENT

WATER QUALITY ISSUES • Less of environmental awareness by industries, domestic and agriculture

such as:

Waste water treatment in industries which still not well function correctly,

Disposing of waste water and solid waste directly to the river by the people,

Excessive consumption of fertilizer and pesticide by the farmers,

Ineffective institutional arrangement for water quality management sue to less of coordination between concerned agencies, and

Lack of funding coupled with incomplete regulations and ineffective of law enforcement.

WATER POLLUTION EFFECTS

• The water quality in the water body are below or exceed the water quality standard,

• Eutrophication problem appear in the reservoir due to excessive nutrient in the water cause severe oxygen depletion occur caused fish within the reservoir died and abundance of algae blooming,

• Creating water purification difficulties and rises the cost of water treatment.

• Domestic water supply companies as the users of the bulk water often can not operated optimally due to the degradation of water quality such as turbidity problem and water pollution.

Water Quality Effects at Lower Reach of Brantas River

Metropolitan City of Surabaya

- Effluent Shock loading by bad industries

- Inadequate treatment of domestic waste

Eutrophication problem in reservoir

Low quality of raw water supply for domestic users

RIVER POLLUTANT CARRYING CAPACITY RESEARCH IN BRANTAS

• The river pollutant carrying capacity is an important index which can be measure basin pollutant carrying capacity. It is stipulated in the Decree of State Minister for Environmental Affairs, Government of Indonesia No. 110/2003 regarding Guidelines on Stipulation of Accomodating Capacity of Load of Water Pollution in Water Sources, in order to implement the provision in Article 23 paragraph (4) of Government of Indonesia Regulation No. 82/2001 on the management of quality of water and control over water pollution, it is necessary to calculate the river pollutant capacity.

• The study of river pollutant capacity in the Brantas River Basin conducted in 2008-2009 and 2011 in cooperation with an academic institution, Institute of Technology Sepuluh November (ITS) of Surabaya.

RIVER POLLUTANT CARRYING CAPACITY IN BRANTAS

Location Water

Quality

Monitoring

Data Period

(years)

River

Class*)

Water

Quality

Monitoring

Result

Inflow Pollution Load based on Water

Quality Monitoring

River Pollutant

Carrying Capacity

Reduction

of

Pollution

Load

Upper

Brantas River

Batu - New

Gadang

Bridge

New

Gadang

Bridge-

Sengguruh

Dam

2006 – 2010

Class I

Class II

Class

II

Exceed Class II Exceed Class II

153,942.74 kg TSS/day 28,097.30 kg BOD/day 89,157.48 kg COD/day 22,054.31 kg TSS/day 6,719.91 kg BOD/day 12,211.94 kg COD/day

-36,674.43 kg TSS/day

-2,385.47 kg BOD/day

-34,661.29 kg COD/day

46,283.52 kg TSS/day

7,373.55 kg BOD/day

43,179.73 kg COD/day

9 – 98%

68%

Brantas River

(middle and

lower)

2004 – 2008 Class II Exceed Class II

4,190,553.3 kg TSS/day 352,076.6 kg BOD/day 1,005,689.2 kg COD/day 60,846.7 kg NH4-N/day 9,249.6 kg NO3-N/day 15,180.9 kg PO4-P/day

332,221.8 kg TSS/day

54,616.2 kg BOD/day

253,345.1 kg COD/day

5,142.8 kg NH4-N/day

59,981.6 kg NO3-N/day

705.4 kg PO4-P/day

0-89%

0-92%

0-92%

0-97%

0-100%

-

Surabaya

River

(downstream

of Brantas

river)

2003 – 2007 Class II Exceed Class I

779,831.99 kg TSS/day 90,833.24 kg BOD /day 231,095.18 kg COD/day 5,240.36 kg NH4-N/day 2,832.88 kg NO3-N/day 792.27kg PO4-P/day

-93,105.07 kg TSS/day

5,727.02 kg BOD/day

-2,512.08 kg COD/day

2,035.46 kg NH4-N/day

11,566.94 kg NO3-N/day

-72.14 kg PO4-N/day

20-100%

0-99.9%

0-99.8%

0-94.4%

0-95.6%

-

THE RESULTS OF RIVER CARRYING POLLUTION LOADS IN BRANTAS RIVER BASIN

• According to the river carrying pollution loads studies, it is indicated that especially in the upper until the downstream of Brantas river, had already no longer has the river carrying pollution load due to the calculation of inflow pollution load existing in the stream.

• Most of the river stream needs to reduce the pollution load into the river as much as 0-100%, because most of them had none capacity to the pollution load.

• In order to barring the pollution load into the river, it should be considered in planning the spatial of region/city should consider the result of this study. It is recommended to raising awareness to communities around the river for not increase the pollution load of river water in the future by not to dispose of waste and garbage into the river.

MACRO-INVERTEBRATES as WATER QUALITY BIOMONITORING

• PJT I in cooperation with Non Government Organization (NGO) called Ecological Observations and Wetlands Conservation - ECOTON (Lembaga Kajian Ekologi dan Konservasi Lahan Basah), conducted the research of water quality bio-monitoring using the macro-invertebrates in 2008-2009 in the upper of Brantas River.

• The sampling was taken on December, 19 to 22, 2008, in five locations in the upper stream of Brantas River i.e., Brantas Origin, Coban Talun, Punten Bridge, Gedhang Klutuk and Pendem Bridge. The activities followed in June, 8 to 11, 2009, in four locations in the upper of the Brantas River watershed i.e., Coban Rondo (Konto River), Mount Kawi (Lekso River), Mount Kelud (Badak River) and Mount Arjuna-Welirang (Krecek River).

TAXA RICHNESS, EPT TAXA RICHNESS, %EPT AND FBI IN THE SAMPLING LOCATION

No. Location Taxa richness EPT taxa richness %EPT FBI

1. Brantas Origin 24 8 48.95 4.04 – 5.41

2. Coban Talun 11 6 21.01 4.31 – 4.94

3. Punten Bridge 14 4 44.29 4.20 – 4.89

4. Gedhang Klutuk 17 5 41.41 4.53 – 5.89

5. Pendem Bridge 12 2 7.22 5.67 – 5.97

6. Coban Rondo (Konto River) 22 10 79.42 3.58 – 4.24

7. Mount Kawi (Lekso River) 40 12 81.21 3.57 – 4.17

8. Mount Kelud (Badak River) 30 14 51.97 4.07 – 5.04

9. Mount Arjuna-Welirang

(Krecek River)

37 10 63.68 3.96 – 4.66

RESULTS OF HBI IN BRANTAS

• According to the water quality classifications for the Hilsenhoff’s Biotic Index/BI (Hilsenhoff 1987), the Coban Rondo (Konto River) and Mount Kawi (Lekso River) was categorized as slight organic pollution; the Mount Kelud (Bladak River) and Mount Arjuna-Welirang (Krecek River) was categorized as slight organic pollution and some organic pollution; the Brantas Origin was categorized as some organic pollution and fairly substansial pollution.

• Coban Talun and Punten Bridge were categorized as fairly substansial pollution, and Gedang Klutuk was categorized as fairly substansial pollution and substansial pollution. Pendem Bridge was categorized as fairly substansial pollution and substansial pollution.

• In this study, the sampling location is in upper stream of Brantas river basin, some of results indicate that the condition of the river health is good but in some location shown that the pollution has occurs. This may cause by the use of the river as tourism activities and human interference to the ecosystem.

PJT I TASKS AND RESPONSIBILITY ON WATER QUALITY MANAGEMENT

• PJT I has tasks and responsibility on water quality management but limited to monitoring and evaluation of water quality change and pollution in the water bodies.

• PJT I conducts routine monitoring and evaluation of water quality in the rivers (55 locations), reservoirs (10 locations), industrial (50 locations), public sanitation outlets (4 locations), hotels (2 locations) and hospitals (5 locations), And then report the monitoring results and its evaluation to the agencies concerned.

• The results on the data analysis of sampling water was tested in PJT I water quality laboratory in Malang and Mojokerto City, then the results compare with water quality standard for public sanitation in accordance with with Government Regulation No 82 of 2001 on Water Quality Management and Water Pollution Control.

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Water Quality Standard Class II Water Quality Standard Class III Minimum Average Maximum

Monitoring Distance (km)

Brantas river Mas river

Surabaya river

Kota Batu I K.Malang I Kab.Malang I Kab. Blitar I Kab. Tulungagung I Kt. Kediri I Kab.Nganjuk I Kab.Jbg. IKab./Kt.MojokertoIKb.GresikIKt.Surabaya

DO CONCENTRATION (MINIMUM, AVERAGE AND MAXIMUM) Along Brantas river, Surabaya river & Mas river

Periode : 2011

CONTENT SLIDE TEMPLATE

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Water Quality Standard Class II Water Quality Standard Class III Minimum Average Maximum

Monitoring Distance (km)

Brantas riverMasriver

Surabaya river

===>

BO

D (m

g/l)

Kota Batu I K.Malang I Kab.Malang I Kab. Blitar I Kab. Tulungagung I Kt. Kediri I Kab.NganjukI Kab.Jbg. IKab/Kt.MojokertoIKab.GresikI Kt.Surabaya

BOD CONCENTRATION (MINIMUM, AVERAGE AND MAXIMUM )Along Brantas river, Surabaya river & Mas river

Periode : 2011

Madura Strait

b

b

b Indonesian Ocean b

WQ21 Kertosono Old Bridge – Tipe 1

WQ12 Ajinomoto – Tipe 3

WQ10 Mrican Barrage – Tipe 1

WQ01 Jembatan Pendem – Tipe 1

WQ05 Selorejo Dam – Tipe 2

WQ09 Jembatan Ngujang – Tipe 2

WQ08 Tambangan Pakel – Tipe 1

WQ06 Wlingi Dam – Tipe 1

WQ07 Lodoyo Dam – Tipe 1

WQ03 Sengguruh Dam – Tipe 3 WQ02 Jembatan Kendalpayak – Tipe 1

WQ04 Sutami Dam – Tipe 2

WQ23 Jembatan Lesti – Tipe 1

WQ20 Mangetan Gate – Tipe 1

WQ13 Tambangan Canggu – Tipe 1

WQ22 Porong Canal – Tipe 1

WQ16 Karanglo – Tipe 1a

WQ15 PDAM Krikilan – Tipe 3a

WQ14 Downstream Jembatan Jrebeng – Tipe 3a WQ11 Cheil Jedang – Tipe 2

WQ17 PDAM Karangpilang – Tipe 3a

WQ19 PDAM Ngagel – Tipe 3a

WQ18 PDAM Kayoon – Tipe 2a

LEGEND

Location of real time water quality monitoring stations (23 stations)

Type 1 : pH, Temperature, Conductivity, Dissolved Oxygen, Turbidity

Type 2 : pH, Temperature, Conductivity, Dissolved Oxygen, Ammonium, Orthophosphate

Type 3 : pH, Temperature, Conductivity, Dissolved Oxygen, Turbidity, Ammonium, Orthophosphate

. . . a : Water Level

BANGUNAN STASIUN

AMMONIUM DAN ORTHOPHOSPHATE

ANALYZER

pH, TEMPERATURE,

CONDUCTIVITY,

DISSOLVED OXYGEN AUTOSAMPLER

TURBIDITY SENSOR

WATER QUALITY MONITORING STATION ALONG BRANTAS RIVER

WATER QUALITY MONITORING STATION (WQMS)

IFM (Industrial Flow Metering)

Water Quality Monitoring Station

Master Station WQMS

WATER QUALITY MANAGEMENT

Water Quality Reporting Publication of Water Quality Condition By PJT I Website Water Quality Data Management

River Aeration on Surabaya River

Construction Gully Plug and Check Dam in the Upstream to reduce Erosion

Reservoir Dredging

MEASURES NEED AND HAS TO BE DONE

• The problem of accountability for steps up to the polluter is very unclear.

• Provincial authorities hold municipal government responsible for not having commitment or capacity to address the issue of urban and industrial pollution, while municipalities and other stakeholders consider the governor too inaccessible to call upon to address it.

• There is also a problem of weak penalties for those industries that are prosecuted, which does not make polluting prohibitive.

• It is expected to apply the polluter-pays-principle as an economic instrument to encourage industries to limit their level of pollution to that agreed to in their license. In fact, the concept of this instrument is already prepared, but not yet implemented due to lack of the regulations may be required.

MEASURES NEED AND HAS TO BE DONE

• Fish sow to increase the population of certain fish species in Sutami reservoir

• Conducts intensive activities on watershed management

• Community empowerment to raise awareness to the river environment

• Students as young generation should be involved in activities related to river health and ecosystem in order to have their awareness to conserve water and environment for sustainable water resources.

• Conducting incidental inspection (water patrol) to industrial water polluters along the stream with related agencies/parties

• Together with other agencies / parties carry out incidental inspections of the industry, especially around Surabaya River, such as water patrol activities in the area in Surabaya where most major industries are located.

CONCLUSION

• PJT I has tasks and responsibility on water quality management but limited to monitoring and evaluation of water quality change and pollution in the water bodies. Intensive monitoring of water quality, charging a fee for pollution, and having a strong pollution law would all help to improve treatment facilities and to give industries incentive for treatment.

Such recommendations for improvement of water quality and pollution control for each district / city / province is expected to:

• Improve monitoring and control of water pollution in their respective areas,

• To foster participation and public participation in water pollution control activities in their respective areas, and

• To provide guidance / action against the industry as well as other potential pollutant sources in compliance with the applicable legislation in order to decrease the burden of pollutants Brantas River Basin.

THANK YOU