4236 4240.output

* GB784643 (A)

Description: GB784643 (A) ? 1957-10-16

Multi-tray clarifier

Description of GB784643 (A)

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The EPO does not accept any responsibility for the accuracy of data and information originating from other authorities than the EPO; in particular, the EPO does not guarantee that they are complete, up-to-date or fit for specific purposes.

COMPLETE SPECIFICATION Multi-tray Clarifier We, DOOR-OLIVER INCORPORATED, a Corporation organized under the Laws of the State of Delaware, United States of America, of Barry Place, Stamford, Connecticut, United States of America, do hereby declare the invention for which we pray that a patent may be granted to us and the method by which it is to be performed, to be particularly described in and by the following statement:-- The present invention relates to the constnctioa and use of multi-tray clarifiers for clarifying liquids containing suspended solids. The invention is particularly adapted for use in the clarification of juices and liquids treated in the manufacture of cane and beet sugar; however, it may also be useful in many other fields wherein suspended solids are treated to effect their separation from the suspending

liquid. The principal objects of the present invention are to simplify and render less expensive the construction and operating cost of multitray clarifiers employed in such clarification, and to provide improved methods for effecting such clarification. Multi-tray clarifiers of the type forming the environment of this invention are shown and described in many prior publications. In general, this type of multi-tray clarifier comprises a tank with generally horizontal superposed trays or partitions dividing the tank space into an upper flocculation compartment, a lower sedimentation and thickening compartment and a plurality of intermediate superimposed clarifying compartments. Rakes secured to a rotating central vertical shaft are arranged to move sedimentated solids or "mud" from immediately above the bottom of the different clarifying compartments to outlets in the bottom walls of such compartments. We have discovered that if the feed entering the top compartment is properly distributed throughout the compartments of the clarifier in proper relationship to the mud or sedimented solids being transferred from the various compartments, the operation of the multi-tray clarifier is so much improved that the elimination of many of the clarifying compartments between the initial feed compartment and the final thickening compact ment is rendered possible. Thus, making the overall construction of the clarifier much simpler and less expensive. Moreover, the elimination of intermediate compartments reduces the cost of operation and improves upon the efficiency of the clarifier in general. The present invention consists in a method of clarifying a liquid containing suspended solids, which method comprises settling out the suspended solids in each of two or more clarifying compartments, withdrawing clarified effluentliquidby overflow from the top of each compartment and withdrawing settled solids from the bottom of each compartment by so maintaining the feed of the initial solids containing liquid to and the discharge of clarified effluent liquid from the respective compartment that all respective compartments receive the incoming liquid in substantially equal quantities and at substantially the same velocity. The present invention further consists in apparatus comprising a clarifier comprising at least one basic unit having two compartments superimposed one upon the other and each fed with liquid to be clarified from a feed receiving chamber superimposed on the upper clarifies compartment, characterized by a first feedwell extending from the feed receiving chamber downwardly into the upper compartment to terminate at a point intermediate the top and bottom thereof, and a second open ended feedwell having its upper end placed

concentrically within the lower end portion of the first feedwell and extending from a point above the lower terminus of the first feedwell to a point intermediate the top and bottom of the lower compartment, the two feedwells having their respective cross sectional areas so propor tioned with respect to each other that the areas through which feed enters each compartment are !substantially equal. With this feed arrangement, the incoming feed is immediately split at the point of junction of the two feedwells with part of the feed being diverted into the lower portion of the upper compartment at a relatively low velocity and, after clarification, is discharged from the upper portion of the upper clarifying compartment. The remaining feed flows directly down the second feedwell to be dispersed in the lower portion of the lower compartment and, after clarification, is discharged from the upper part of said lower compartment. By downwardly extend ing both feedwells a significant depth into their respective compartments it is insured that the incoming feed will have a relatively long detention time within the chamber and thus have a greater opportunity to lose its suspended solids. iough, assuming the availability of the raw feed material supply in the feed-receiving chamber, the throughput volume of the various compartments will, in actual practice of the invention be determined by control of the clarified effluent overflow. It is, never theless, important that the effective outlet areas of the respective feedwells should be substantially equal to each other. In that respect, it will be appreciated that, by appropriate adjustment, the clarified effluent overflows can be adjusted until equality of overflow volume (and thus throughput volume) of the various compartments is achieved. Despite this equality of throughput volume, however, if the inlet areas through which the feed actually enters the respective compartments from the feedwells are not substantially equal there could arise an inequality of the flow velocity, in the feedwells, which could seriously interfere with the hydraulic stability and general effectiveness of the system. Advantageous use may be made of separate mud boots or mud flow channels for transferring sedimentated solids or mud from the upper

compartment to the lower thickening compartment out of contact with the downeoming feed supply. This may be accomplished by the use of mud transfer boots located outside the periphery of the feedwell of the second compartment in such a manner that the downcoming mud is transferred directly from the clarifying tray of the upper chamber into the mud layer of the lower compartment for final thickening. This prevents the stirring or re-suspension of already settled solids. A further important feature of ourinven- tion resides in a modified feed arrangement for use in combination with our basic feed arrangement, this combination being such that it permits the use of two or more of our basic units within a single tank, thus saving on cost of construction and space. This modification of the invention and the objects to be attained thereby is embodied in a feed arrangement whereby, prior to entry of any feed into the first feedwell, the feed is automatically split, part flowing through a central vertical feed conduit extending downwardly through both feedwells to and entering the upper feedwell of a subjacent basic unit, whereas the remainder flows from the feed receiving chamber through the annulus defined between the first feedwell and the central feed conduit. A further feature of this invention is the provision of a common overflow box specifically designed to enable the operator to observe and regulate the overflow rates from the various compartments. This part of the invention comprises an overflow box divided internally into individual chambers with each of such chambers receiving effluent from a separate clarifier compartment, a common outlet serving all such chambers, means for regulating the rate of discharge from the individual chambers and in turn regulating the feed rate to the individual clarifier compartments, and means for directly measuring the discharge rate from each chamber. Regulation of discharge rate from the individual overflow box chambers is accomplished by providing a vertically movable overflow weir in the chamber. Since the chamber has a limited capacity and is directly connected to a clarifier compartment, it follows that regulation of discharge from the box chamber also regulates the throughput of the individual clarifier compartment connected to that chamber. Measurement of the discharge (and throughput) rates is accomplished by use of an upright U tube having one end positioned in the box chamber with the other end outside the chamber. The outside leg of the U tube is made of any suitable transparent material, such as lucite, and is graduated to read the depth of overflow from the box chamber or else scaled to read directly the overflow rate in volume/time unit, etc. By our novel combination of features. we accomplish a numb-r of highly

desirable objects. In the first place, our deep, relatively large diameter feedwells insure that the feed liquid enters the tank compartment proper near the bottom thereof thus provided ing a long detention time and high detention efficiency to the end that maximum utilization of the tank area is obtained. A further critical feature of our large feedwells lies in the fact that the feed enters the tank well below the upper liquid level but with a very low downward velocity. This uniform low velocity minimizes the danger of resuspension of settled solids and, by its uniformity, insures equal efficiency in all compartments. In close functional co-operation with our deep feedwell design and arrangement, is the mud transfer system employed to transfer settled mud from the upper compartment to the lower compartment. This transfer system makes use of closed transfer conduits leading from locations in the bottom of the upper compartment to discharge at a point in the lower compartment that is below the level of the blanket of settled solids in the lower compartment. Since the elevation of this mud discharge into the lower compartment is below the feed inlet point, it is insured that the mud is not disturbed by incoming feed. In the treatment of sugar juices to remove suspended solids, two distinct steps are involved. The first step involves clarifying the juice by allowing its suspended solids content to settle while the second step involves final dewatering or thickening of the settled solids to recover a maximum of juice. Clarification, step 1, in a basic two compartment unit is carried out in both compartments because the fresh feed is split and then supplied to both compartments. Thus the clarifying area of our basic unit is the sum of the areas of both compartments. Final thickening, step 2, is carried out only in the bottom portion of the lower compartment which receives settled solids from both compartments. Thus the thickening area of our basic unit is measured by the area of the lower compartment. In order that the invention may be further operates with a clarifying area to thickening area ratio of only 2 to 1 whereas prior clarifiers of this general type required a ratio of 4 or 5 to 1 for proper operation. In order that the ivention may be further understood and readily carried into effect, reference is made to the accompanying drawings which form a material part of this Specification. In the drawings, Fig. I is a top plan view of a tank embodying our invention. Fig. 2'is a cutaway sectional elevation showing the critical features of our invention.

Fig. 3 is an elevation of the common overflow box adapted for use with our invention. Fig. 4 is a cutaway sectional view taken along lines 4-4 of Fig. 3. In Figs. 1 and 2 there is shown a substantially round upstanding tank 10 having a bottom 11 and a top 12. The tank is divided into four compartments A, B, C and D by transversely extending trays 13, 14 and 15 having central openings for intercompartment communication. A feed receiving well 16 is mounted on top 12. Feed is supplied via tangential feed inlet 17. Well 16 is equipped with sludge rakes 18 as well as scum skimmer mechanism 19 which removes scum via canal 20. The motor 41 and drive mechanism 42 are supported on truss section 43 mounted on the tank top. The tank 10, is equipped with a rotatable center column 40 driven by motor 41 and gear assembly 42. Secured to column 40 and rotating with it are rake arms 18 and scum skimmer 19, as well as rake arms 21, 22, 23 and 24 of zones A, B, C and D respectively, and rotating feedwells 25 (connecting zones A 8; B) and 26 (connecting zones C and D). Zone A is equipped with a feedwell 27 for introducing feed from chamber 16. Feed to zone C: is supplied by means of ports 28 in column 40 which lead to the hollow center of that column and discharge from lower opening 29 into feedwell 30 of zone C. The proportioning of the areas of ports 28, fixed feedwells 27 and 30, and rotating feedwells 25 and 26 with respect to each other and to the tank diameter is critical to the operation of our process. In the first place, the feedwell areas must be so proportioned with respect to each other that, assuming equality of throughput, the velocity of feed entering each compartment is substantially equal. And, in the second place, these areas must be correlated with tank diameter and feed rate to insure that the entering feed velocity to individual compartments does not exceed 1.5 feet per minute. A still further critical feature of our invention resides in the depth of feedwells 25, 26, 27 and 30, it being imperative on the one hand that they extend well into the liquid in each compartment in order to insure that the feed is given maximum detention time, while on the other hand they must terminate sufficiently above the compartment bottom to prevent redispersion of already settled solids. For cane juice clarification, we have found that for a clarifying compartment (A) 5 feet deep, the feedwell should be extended downwardly 3 feet when the feed rate is less than 1.5 feet per minute. In a combination clarifying-thickening compartment (1B} 7 feet deep, the feedwell should also be 3 feet deep at feed rates less than 1.5 feet per minute. In the latter case, the extra tank depth is provided for carrying out the final thickening of the settled mud.

To start up, all compartments of the tank are first filled with juice. During the filling operation valve 50 on by-pass conduit 51 must be open to allow the escape of air from compartment D lest excessive pressures rupt ture the compartment structures. After the tank is full, valve 50 is closed. Inasmuch as the basic invention resides in only two compartments such as A and B or C and D, it follows that in normal operation, a unit comprising compartments A and B will operate exactly as a unit comprising compartments C and D so that description of the operation of A and B suffices also to describe the operation of C and D. Dirty juice is supplied to the feed receiver 16 and is there split into two portions, one of which passes directly to compartment C via the ports 28 and the hollow interior of column 40. The other portion of the feed solution passes directly into feedwell 27 where, by virture of the relative areas of feedwell 27 and concentrically overlapping feedwell 25, it is further split into two equal portions, one such portion being distributed into compartment A through the opening between feedwells 27 and 25 while the other portion is distributed into compartment B via feedwell 25. Due to the proportioning of the inlet areas to be nearly equal; the feed inlet velocities are substantially equal to each other. In compartment A, suspended solids settle to the bottom and are raked to discharge through mud ducts 55 by rotating rakes 21. By discharging settled solids through ducts 55 it is insured that they will be transferred into the thickening portion of compartment B out of contact with the liquid undergoing clarification. Clarified liquid is discharged as effluent via discharge conduit 56 into overflow box 75. In compartment B, suspended solids settle to the bottom where they are finally thickened along with mud from compartment A. Effluent discharges via conduit 57 into overflow box 75. The thickened mud is raked to mud boot or collecting well 58 from whence it is withdrawn via conduits 59 and 60 by pump 61 to sump 62 and outlet 63. Compartments C and D operate exactly as A and B with the mud being transferred via ducts 65 and discharged via center well 66 via conduit 67 into conduit 60 and finally to discharge sump 62 and outlet 63. Center well 66 is provided with valve 68 for emptying the tank. Effluent from compartments C and D discharges via conduits 70 and 71 respectivelv into overflow box 75 from which all effluent discharges via outlet 76. When operating a combined system, such as shown in Fig. 1, comprising two (or more) basic units, then the modified feed splitting arrangement provided by hollow center column 40 is utilized. In such

an arrangement, feed inlet ports 28 are proportioned so that incoming feed is first divided into t'vo equal portions, one such portion going to compartments A and B while the other is supplied to compartments C and D. Further division of the feed portions is accomplished by the feedwells within the compartments as previously explained. In Figs. 3 and 4 there are shown the details of the common overflow box 75 equipped with the cover 80 and a xnnt stack 81, as well as a common discharge conduit 76. The overflow box is provided with valve control handles 82. which operate to raise and lower shaft 83. Shaft 83 in turn raises and lowers tubular section 84 into and out of compartments 85, which is a feed receiving compartment accepting feed through inlet conduit 56. Compartment 85 is defined by the end and back walls of box 75 as well as by wall 88, wall 90 and shelf 91. Incoming clarified material overflows over the upper edge of tubular element 84. then downwardly to pass under fixed baffle 92 which serves as a quieting baffle. This material then overflows through the slot of fixed baffle 93, the slot being shown as 94 in dotted lines on Fig. 3. Material overflowing through slot edge 94 enters into a common discharge chamber 95 from whence it is discharged via outlet 76. The depth of flow over the edge of slot 94, and the consequent rate of overflow from compartment A. is measured by flow measuring means 100 which comprises open conduit sections 101. 102 and graduated transparent section 103. The transparent conduit section 103 may be made up of any suitable plastic or glass tubing which is transparent to the naked eye and is provided with graduations which convert the depth of overflow into gallons per minute of overflow. Alternatively, the depth of overflow may be read directly on the graduation of conduit 103 and then converted by hand. Either practice is within the scope of this invention. The rate of overflow will be adjusted by reading on the graduations of tube 103 the depth and rate of overflow. To attain a lower overflow rate, tubular section 84 is raised by means of valve handle 8'. Contersely, if the overflow rate is to be increased then tubular element 84 is lowered, thus permitting a more rapid overflow over the upper edge of the element so that the discharge rate from compartment A through conduit 56 is increased. The simple combination of directly readable overflow means 100 and regulating overflow rate means attained by vertical regulation out? element 84 enables the operator to maintain hydraulic stability uniformlv- throughout the entire system. whether the system be comprised of 2, 4 or even more units. To provide a seal between the two basic units (i.e.. between the top unit A and B and the bottom unit C and D). there is provided a mud

seal shield 80 on column 40 or other suitable mud seal. What we claim is : - 1. A method of clarifying a liquid containing suspended solids, which method comprises settling out the suspended solids in

* GB784644 (A)

Description: GB784644 (A) ? 1957-10-16

Improvements in trolling spoons for fishing


COMPLET SPECIFICATION Improvements in Trolling Spoons for Fishing I, MARCEL HONORE SYLVAIN DE MAs, a French Citizen, of 10 Avenue de la Gare, Espalion (Aveyron), France, do hereby declare the invention, for which I pray that a patent may be granted to me, and the method by which it is to be performed, to be particularly described in and by the following statement :- The present invention relates to fishing tackle and has for its object to provide a new or improved trolling spoon for fishing. According to the invention, a trolling spoon for fishing comprises a tubular body, a guiding member within said body, a pin head spindle passing axially through the body and the guiding member, a swivel engaging the pin head of the spindle and a hook anchored to the other end of the spindle, and a distortable yoke member on the spindle, that serves as an anchorage for a spoon blade or vane between the said swivel and the adjacent end of the tubular body. The tubular body may be formed with a longitudinal recess in the end nearest the hook and with a small coaxial bore for the said spindle in the end nearest the swivel. The guiding member is preferably cylindrical with an axial bore for the spindle. A fishing spoon as aioresaid may have a ball mounted on the spindle between the yoke msmber and the end of the body. Further, studs or lugs may be formed on the spindle between the ball and the end of the body for determining the axial play of the hook

relative to the body and of the yoke upon the spindle. The invention will be better understood from the following brief description of one embodiment thereof with reference to the diagrammatic drawings accompanying the Provisional Xecification, wherein Figure 1 is a vertical sectional view showing a preliminary stage of the production of the improved trolling spoon, Figures 2 and 3 are views similar to Figure 1 showing two further stages in the production of the spoon, Figure 4 is an elevation corresponding to Figure 3, showing the spoon complete with hook and ready for use, and Figure 5 is a view showing the trolling spoon in fishing position. The improved trolling spoon of the invention comprises a tubular body 1 provided with a coaxial recess 2 from which extends an axial bore 2a, the recess being adapted to receive a cylindrical guiding member 3 having an axial bore 3a. Through the tube 1 and the guiding member 3 is slidably and axially engaged a spindle 4 the upper end of which has a pin head that carries a swivel 5. Intermediate the swivel 5 and the upper end of the tube 1 the spindle 4 carries a distortable yoke member 6 made of wire and serving as an anchorage for a spoon blade or vane member 7. Between the upper end of the tube 1 and the yoke member 6 a ball 8 is located upon the spindle 4. For mounting the spoon as above described upon a multi-point hook 9 for use, the swivel 5 is first engaged upon the head of the spindle 4, the distortable yoke member 6 and the ball 8 are threaded on the spindle, and the spindle is passed through the bores of the body 1 and the guiding member 3, as shown in Figure 1. The yoke member 6 is then closed as shown in Figure 2, which causes the spindle 4 to project from the lower end of the tube 1 (constituting as above stated the body of the spoon), thereby permitting the lower end of the spindle 4 to be used for forming a loop 4 (Figure 3) upon which the eye of the hook 9 can be secured in the usual manner. The distortable yoke member 6 is then re-opened, thereby raising the spindle 4 and pulling the hook 9 upwardly until its eye enters the end of the recess 2 in the tubular body 1. A pair of studs or lugs 10 are then formed on the spindle 4 between the upper end of the body 1 of the spoon and the ball 8, the purpose of such studs 10 being to adjust the axial play of the hook 9 and yoke member 6. The inner guiding member 3 checks the motion of the spindle 4 when the spoon is in operative position during fishing (see Figure 5) owing to a braking action which gives more efEciency to the swivel 5 and prevents the spoon from efiEecting a coiling movement about its axis. As will be seen from Figures 4 and 5, when the spoon is in fully

prepared position, the ball S engages the two studs 10. Minor constructional details may be varied without departing from the invention as defined in the appended claims. What I claim is :- 1. A trolling spoon for use in fishing comprising a tubular body, a guiding member within said body, a pin head spindle passing axially through the body and the guiding member, a swivel engaging the pin head of the spindle and a hook anchored to the other end of the spindle, and a distortable yoke member on the spindle that serves as. an anchorage for a spoon blade or vane between the said swivel and the adjacent end of the tubular body.

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* GB784645 (A)

Description: GB784645 (A) ? 1957-10-16

A hydraulic press


PATENT SPECIFICATION Date of Application and filing Complete Specification: March 25, 1955. 784 a 645 No 8756155. Complete Specification Published: Oct 16, 1957. Index at acceptance:-Classes 69 ( 2), Q( 1 XM 6 A 1 D:8:13 A:X); 83 ( 4), A( 1 K 2 A 1 B:2 F 10). International Classification:-B 23 k, B 30 b. COMPLETE SPECIFICATION A Hydraulic Press We, CKD CESKA LIPA, NARODNI PODNIK, a Czechoslovak National Corporation, of Cesk H Lipa, Czechoslovakia, and Mi IAN VLTAVSKY, a Czechoslovak Citizen, of 315 Street Eebruhroviho

vitazstva, Bratislava, Czechoslovakia, do hereby declare the invention for which we pray that a patent may be granted to us, and the method by which it is to be performed to be particularly described l O in and by the following statement:- The invention relates to hydraulic presses, and more particularly, though not exclusively, to those used for resistance welding and for moulding of synthetic plastic materials. Presses of this kind have to fulfil special requirements In the case of welding for instance, the movement of the press piston is stopped when the latter contacts the workpieces to be welded Now, while the piston exerts pressure, electric current is caused to pass through the workpieces, and when the latter are heated to such an extent that they become plastic where they contact one another, they abruptly yield to some extent under the pressure exerted by the press piston so that it is necessary for the piston to continue at this instant its working stroke in order to maintain the pressure which is just now particularly required for the comnpletion of the welding process Unfortunately, pressure liquid cannot be supplied by the pump so quickly into the working space of the cylinder mainly because the oil in the supply pipes is stationary, at this instant and must be accelerated which requires time in view of the substantial friction in the narrow supply pipes for the working liquid. Similar conditions subsist with moulding presses Also in this case, after the press piston has been stopped, when the movable tool connected to the piston has engaged the powder in the fixed tool, an additional stroke of the piston is required when as a result of the heating the mass becomes plastic. lPrice 316 l R( 2:10); and 87 ( 2), Various proposals have been put forward in the past to obtain quickly this additional pressure when the work yields after the initial pressure and heat have been applied. The known devices, however, are rather 50 complicated and they make use as a rule of spring means which have to be adjusted differently for each particular job, such manipulations are tedious and difficult to perform and therefore undesirable 55 It is the object of the present invention to design a hydraulic press in such a manner that the small additional piston stroke required after the preliminary application of pressure and heat, is readily and effectively 60 obtained at the right instant and with simple means To this end, a hydraulic press is characterised according to the invention in that a gas-loaded hydraulic accumulator is provided which is in communication with the 65 working space of the press cylinder, and that a spring-loaded valve is provided in the connection between the accumulator and the said working space, which valve is caused to open when the pressure in the working space 70 of the press cylinder

exceeds a certain predetermined magnitude The spring of the valve will be preferably so dimensioned that it allows the valve to open when the pressure in the working space of the press cylinder 75 exceeds a certain predetermined magnitude. The spring of the valve will be preferably so dimensioned that it allows the valve to open when the pressure in the working space of the press cylinder is about 80 % of the maxi 80 mum operational pressure. Thus during the working stroke, and particularly at the end thereof when the piston first contacts the work and is stopped in its movement, the pressure will increase in the 85 working space of the press cylinder, the valve will be caused to open, and pressure liquid will enter the accumulator compressing the gas which the accumulator contains. During this period the said valve remains 9 G BNSDOCID: <GB_ 784645 A-l-, 784,645 open and the pressure in the accumulator and in the working space of the press cylinder will increase up to thc same height. When now the work yields, the accumulator provides instantaneously the additional amount of liquid under pressure as a result of the expansion of the compressed gas within the accumulator. In order to make the resistance to the flow of liquid from the accumulator into the working space of the cylinder as small as possible, it is advantageous to arrange the accumulator directly on the top of the press cylinder, and even to make the press cylinder and the accumulator of one piece, so that the working space of the cylinder and the interior space of the accumulator are separated only by a wall and are connected by an aperture which is controlled by the said valve In this case the valve stem may pass in a liquid-tight manner through an opening of a casing which is in communication with the surrounding air and in which the spring is housed which acts upon the the said stem to keep the valve body in the closed position and allow the valve to open when the pressure acting upon the valve body exceeds a certain limit as explained hereinbefore. The invention will now be described in more detail with reference to the accompanying drawing which shows by way of example an embodiment of the invention. The hydraulic press shown has a cylinder 1 in which a piston 2 is arranged to carry out a reciprocating movement The working space 5 of the cylinder as well as the return space 9 thereof are each connected through a pipe to ports of a control slide valve 7, which in turn is connected to the delivery pipe of a pump 8 which withdraws the working liquid from a reservoir 14, and to a discharge pipe 10 which opens into the reservoir 14 The slide valve 7 comprises a sliding valve body 12 which has the required recesses and channels for the distribution

of the working liquid and which is connected by means of an actuating rod to an actuating lever 11 which may be operated by hand or automatically There rs provided a branch pipe 13 which starts from the pipe which connects the working space 5 of the press cylinder with the control valve 7 and which opens into the press cylinder at a point which is below the piston when the piston is in its upper end position A nonreturn valve is disposed within this branch pipe 13 allowing liquid to flow only in a direction towards the control valve 7. A gas-loaded hydraulic accumulator 6 is provided directly on the top of the press cylinder, divided from this cylinder only by a wall 17 This wall has an opening which forms a seat for a valve cone 3 mounted on a stem 18 which passes through a gland into a housing 19 This housing is in cornmunication with the surrounding air and accommodates a spring 4 which acts upon the valve stem 18 and urges the valve cone 3 into its closed position The force exerted by the spring 4 upon the valve cone is adjus 70 table by means of a screw device 16 The spring 4 will be so dimensioned and adjusted that it allows the valve cone 3 to open when the pressure within the working space of the cylinder exceeds about 8 O' of the maximum 75 operational pressure in the working space 5 of the press cylinder. The gas-loaded hydraulic accumulator 6 is partly filled with gas, e g, air or nitrogen. and for introducing the gas filling the accu 80 mulator is provided with a supply pipe adapted to be closed by a valve 15. The described arrangement operates as follows: To start the working stroke of the press 8 piston 2, the operating lever 11 is moved downwards to bring the valve body 12 into its upper end position as shown Now the working space 5 is in communication Xith the supply pipe of the pump so that liquid 90 under pressure is supplied to the space 5. whilst the return space 9 of the cylinder, i e, the space below the piston head, is in comnmunication through the axial channel of the valve body 12 with the discharge pipe 10 95 The piston will now move downwards When it contacts the work and its movement is stopped thereby, the pressure in the working space 5 will quickly rise and, overcoming the action of the spring 4 it will open 1)0 the valve 3 and the liquid now supplied by the pump will enter the accumulator 6 so that the pressure within the accumulator will soon be the same as the pressure within the working space of the cylinder, and in both 1)05 spaces the pressure will rise to the maximum pressure which the pump 8 is capable of producing This pressure increase takes place while, in the case of welding for instance, the workpieces to be welded are 110 heated to the welding temperature When then the contact faces along which the two workpieces are to be welded are hot enough and become

plastic, liquid under the high pressure is now available in the accumulator 115 to enter quickly the working space of the press piston and to effect the additional stroke which the press piston is now required to carry out As a result of the direct connection of the accumulator 6 with the work 120 ing space 5 of the press cylinder, practically no friction will delay the action, and the piston will be forced instantaneously to perform the final short working stroke to complete the welding process 125 For the return of the piston 2, the operating lever 11 is moved into its upper position causing the valve body 12 to move into its lower end position Now the return space of the press cylinder 1 is connected to the 130 BNSDOCID <G 784645 AJ I_ 784,645 delivery end of the pump, liquid under pressure will enter into the space 9, and the piston will be caused to rise At the same time the working space 5 of the press cylinder is connected to the discharge pipe 10, and after the pressure in the working space 5 has decreased by about 20 % the valve cone will contact the valve seat and the connection between the accumulator and the press cylinder is shut off, so that a pressure of about % of the maximum working pressure will remain in the accumulator. When the press piston reaches its upper end position its lower edge opens the port of the branch pipe 13 so that the liquid under pressure is free to escape past the non-return valve into the discharge pipe 10, and the return movement of the piston is stopped automatically in this way. Thus, it will be appreciated that the full pressure which the piston is capable to exert is readily available at the instant when the final pressure has to be applied Another essential advantage of the described arrangement is this: At the instant of the first contact between the press piston and the work, the full welding or moulding pressure is actually not required; on the contrary, it is desirable that the piston exerts a moderate pressure when contacting only after the work is ready to undergo a plastic deformation the full pressure is required This operational requirement is fulfilled by the described arrangement When the piston contacts the 3; 5 work and the pressure begins to rise within the working space of the press cylinder, the pressure increase will be retarded at about % of the maximum pressure until the accumulator becomes loaded Thus the piston will contact the work with a lower pressure, and only thereafter will the pressure rise to the maximum available magnitude.

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* GB784646 (A)

Description: GB784646 (A)

No title available


PATENT SPECIFICATION Date of Application and filing Complete Specification: April 12, 1955. 784,646 No 10433/55. Cornplete Specification Published: Oct 16, 1957. Index at acceptance:-Class 43, Ll. International Classification:-A 44 c. COMPLETE SPECIFICATION Improvements in and relating to a Wrist Band for Watches I, RENE SCHMITT, of 2, Rue de 1 'Encyclopedie, Geneva, Switzerland, of Swiss Nationality, do hereby declare the invention, for which I pray that a patent may be granted to me, and the method by which it is to be performed, to be particularly described in and by the following statement:- My invention relates to a wrist band for watches, of the kind comprising two rigid arcuate arms adapted to be hingedly mounted at opposite ends of a watch case. According to my invention, said wrist band comprises two rigid arcuate arms, pivotally secured to attachment means including two intermediate pieces pivotally secured each to the free end of the corresponding arcuate arm, and a blade carried by each intermediate piece and adapted to extend underneath the watch case to be carried by the wrist band, one of the blades being provided with transverse openings for frictional engagement by the other blade, a U-shaped part carried by each intermediate piece near the point at which the latter is pivotally connected to the corresponding arcuate arm and means carried at the outer ends of the arms of each U-shaped part and constructed to be securable alternatively either to a lugsupported cross-bar or to

bearing sockets which is or are provided on the watch case. I have illustrated by way of example in accompanying drawings two embodiments of a wrist band for a watch according to my invention together with a modification thereof. In said drawings:Fig 1 is a plan view of a first embodiment of a watch case provided with lug-supported cross-bars for holding said wrist band. Fig 2 is an elevational view of the same embodiment. Fig 3 is again a pl An view of the same embodiment of a wrist band associated with a watch case provided with bearing sockets for attachment of the wrist band. Fig 4 is a view of a detail as seen from lPrice 3/6 l underneath. Figs 5 and 6 are partial plan views of a further embodiment of the wrist band to which is secured a watch case provided with a lug-supported cross-bar in the case of Fig 5 50 and with bearing sockets in the case of Fig 6. Fig 7 is a view from below of a detail of said embodiment. Fig 8 is an elevational view of said detail. In the embodiment illustrated in Figs 1 to 55 4, the wrist band includes two rigid arcuate arms 1 pivotally secured each at 2 to an intermediate piece 3; to one of said intermediate pieces 3, that shown on the left-hand side of Fig 2, is rigidly secured through welding for 69 instance a resilient blade 4 adapted to engage the underside of the watch case and within which are provided transverse openings 5, 5 ', " as shown in Fig 4, whereas the other intermediate member 3 carries a non 65 perforated resilient blade 6 engaging said transverse openings. By reason of this arrangement, the two blades 4 and 6 may slide with reference to each other, which allows adjusting the dis 7 G tance between the two intermediate pieces 3 in accordance with the size of the watch case to be secured to the wrist band; furthermore, and by reason of the resilience of said blades, the wrist band may be deformed when it is 75 desired to secure it to the watch Lastly, the friction exerted by the two co-operating blades prevents any untimely shifting between the two blades with reference to each other. To each intermediate piece 3 is rigidly 8 C' secured through welding for instance, a Ushaped member 7, the outer ends of which are each rigid with a part spherical member 8 provided with a transverse notch 9 These part spherical members 8 engage through 85their notches 9 the bars 10 carried by pairs of lugs 20 at each side of the watch case 12, and the outer faces of the part spherical members 8 are gripped between the lugs. In Fig 3, the wrist band is shown as 9 g 784,646 mounted on a watch 12 provided with bearing sockets on opposite sides of fixed hinge members 13 rigid with the watch case By reason of the slight resilience of the

arms of the Ushaped parts 7, the spherical members 8 engage partly inside the recessed sockets in the hinge members 13 and are held fast therein. In the modification illustrated in Figs 5 to 8, the U-shaped part carrying the part spherical members 8 is constituted by two arms 14 pivotally secured together at 15. The pivotal axis is constituted by the stem 16 a of screw 16 (Fig 8) screwed into an intermediate member 17 to which the corresponding arcuate arm of the wrist band which is not illustrated is pivotally secured at 18 The spacing between the part spherical members may be modified in keeping with the thickness of the socketed hinge members provided on the watch case or with the length of the bars carried by the lugs 20 The arrangement of the blades 4 and 6 is the same as in the preceding case and need not therefore be described again. The part spherical members 8 are provided each, as in the case of the first embodiment disclosed, with a transverse notch 9 adapted alternatively to engage the transverse bar 10 carried by the lugs on the watch case The portions of the part spherical members 8 which abut against the lugs 20 of the watch shown in Fig 1 are shaped to provide the appropriate seating. It should be remarked that clearances 19 are formed in each intermediate piece 17 to allow the arms 14 of the U-shaped part to extend therein with some play while said clearances are slightly less deep than the thickness of the arms so that the screw 16 may reliably lock said arms in position.


* GB784647 (A)

Description: GB784647 (A) ? 1957-10-16

Improvements relating to railway signalling apparatus


PATENT SPECIFICATION l:', ' Date of Application and filing Complete 489 Specification: April 27, 1955. (X 9 l Application made in Switzerland on April 29, 1954. Complete Specification Published: Oct 16, 1957. Index at acceptanoe:-Class 105, A 14 B 3. International Classification:-B 611. COMPLETE SPECIFICATION Improvements relating to Railway Signalling Apparatus We, SOCIETE TECHNIQUE POU Ri L'INDUSTRIE NOUVELLX S A "STIN," a Swiss Company, of 2, Rue de Jura, Vevey, Switzerland, do hereby declare the invention, for which we pray that a patent may be granted to us, and the method by which it is to be performed, to be particularly described in and by the following statement:This invention relates to railway signalling apparatus for indicating the passage of a train past a given point on the track. A large number of devices have already been proposed for the transmission of signals between a train and the track, more particularly of the kiiid based on inductive action The disadvantages of all of these known systems lie in the dangers of interference caused by the metallic and particularly the iron and steel parts of the carriages It is difficult to overcome this interference without either the equipment on the train and on the track becoming too large, or the distance between the transmitter on the train and the receiver on the track requiring to be made so small as to make it difficult to maintain the maximum fixed dimensions of the carriages. These difficulties are particularly serious in so-called end-of-train signalling means, in which the aim is to provide the end carriage of a train with a self-contained piece of equipment which does not require any external power source and which acts in conjunction with the track equipment when the train travels over it Since the train equipment, i e, the end-of-train signalling means, must be mounted in an identical position in relation to the wheels in every possible type of carriage, the minimum spacing between the signalling means and the track equipment is of the order of twenty inches Even if the signalling means are located below the buffers, there must be a minimum spacing of lPrice 3/6 l 7849647 No 12110/155. approximately twelve inches It has been this relatively large distance between the train equipment and the track equipment that has usually been the downfall of the systems proposed hitherto There are 50 usually metallic parts of the carriage structure which pass nearer to

the track equipment than the train equipment does. If, as has already been proposed on various occasions, only the reactive component of 55 the train-induced signal is employed, the liability to interference is very great, because any fluctuations in the oscillator (for example, variations in potential) might have exactly the same effect as that caused 60 by the train. According to the invention, end-of-train signalling apparatus comprises a selfcontained unit on the train which acts inductively in conjunction with stationary 65 coil equipment on the track, and the track equipment comprises an electrical oscillator of a single frequency at a remote location connected through leads to a transmitter coil assembly adjacent the track, 70 together with a receiver coil assembly also adjacent the track and connected to a detector device at the remote location, both the transmitter and receiver coil assemblies being tuned to the frequency of the 75 oscillator and being so spaced apart or so disposed geometrically in relation to one another that there is negligible direct transmission of energy from one to the other, and the train unit comprises means 80 for inductively coupling the transmitter and receiver coil assemblies when the train passes by them, the train unit also being tuned to the frequency of the oscillator. The train equipment preferably consists 85 of two coils, one of which, as the train passes, enters into mutual action with the transmitter coil assembly and the other with the receiver coil assembly The two train coils are electrically connected 90 ) 784,647 through a capacitor to form a resonant circuit tuned to the frequency of the oscillator The two train coils and hence also the transmitter and receiver coil assemblies of the track equipment, may be separated by a distance which is considerably greater than the total air gap of the magnetic system, that is to say the sum of the two air gaps. All of the inter-acting coils, both of the track equipment and of the equipment on the train, preferably have ferromagnetic cores to increase the magnetic induction, these cores preferably being made of iron oxides (ferrites) of the kind developed during the past few years The cores may ha-e the form of rods or tubes approximately twenty inches long and a few square inches in cross-section. To allow a signal consisting of a reasonable number of cycles with trains of normal maximum speed, the frequency of the oscillations employed should be at least kilocycles per second if full advantage is to be taken of the circuits employing ferrite-cored coils. Oscillator and receiver may be arranged either on the same side or on opposite sides of the track. Three examples of signalling arranigements embodying the invention will now be described with reference to the accompanying drawings, in

which:Fig 1 shows diagrammatically in seetion the disposition of the train unit and the receiver and transmitter of the track equipment in one arrangement; Fig 2 shows a modified arrangement of the different coils; and Fig 3 shows another modified form with the transmitter and receiver on the same side of the track. Referring first to Fig 1, in which the transmitter and receiver are shown located on different sides of the track, approximately ten feet apart, W indicates the back of a railway carriage or truck, which is moving perpendicular to the plane of the paper The end-of-train signalling equipment, indicated broadly by the letters SZ, is mounted on the buffers, or on the buffer supports and comprises a member H which supports the coils L 2 and L 3 at its two ends V 1 and V 2 are the electrical connections between coils L 2 and L 3, conductor VI including a capacitor C 2 The supporting member H is preferably constructed in the form of a tube, enclosing the coils L 2 and L 3, the connections Vi and V 2 and the capacitor C 2 The tube H may either be made of insulating material throughout or, if it is of mretal, then in order to avoid losses, the coils L 2 and L 3 must be mounted in cylinders of hard paper or other insulating material within the ends of the metallic tube. Fig 1 illustrates the particular moment at which the end of the carriage or truck, and accordingly the apparatus on the train equipment is just passing the track 70 equipment The latter comprises the transmitter S with the coil Li 1 and the receiver E with the coil L 4 At the instant illustrated in the drawing the transmitting and receiving coils and also the coils of 75 the train equipment lie along a common axis, so that there is a maximum transmission of energy The alternating magnetic field in the transmittiing coil L 1 is generated by an oscillator IT of a known 80 kind, for example a valve oscillator having a fixed frequency of approximately 10 kilocycles The alternating potential generated by the oscillator G; is fed to the coil L 1 through an output transformer (not 85 shown) and a tuning capacitor C 11 The provision of an output transformer enables the oscillator itself to be located in a station building or in a signal box at a considerable distance from the transmit 90 ter S if necessary The output of the oscillator need only-amount to a few watt 4. The receiver on the opposite side of the track comprises, in similar manner to the transrmitter, a cylindrical coil L 4 and a 95 tuning capacitor C 3 A rectifier G 1, for example, a germanium diode, couples the coil L 4 to a relay R Any response signal produced by this relay is transmitted to the station or signal box apparatus by 10 ( separate leads (not shownv, or by the same leads which connect the oscillator (G to the transmitter S. The ferromagnetie cores of the coils L 1-4 should have the smallest

possible 10. losses and the greatest possible permeabilitv at the frequency used, in ordler to transmit sufficeient energ? from the transmitter S to the receiver E over an air gap of twice twelve to twenty inches Since 1 i( the lengths of the transmitting and receiving coils are roughly twelve inches in the arrangement in Fig 1, in wlhich the transmitter and receiver are approximately ten feet, i e, 10 di-pole lengths apart the 11 l signal transmitted between the two is entirely negligible, when the train equipment is not present to establish a closer eoupling Thus, in this case, it is the spatial separation of transmitter and receiver 12 ( that prevents the direct transmission of energy from transmitter to receiver The useful sianal produced by the presence of the train equipment is at least 10 100 times the direetl transmitted signal 12, The only effect of the presence df met;illie parts of the train is to redu, e slightly by their screening ef'e,-t the already neeligible direct signal between transmiitter and receiver Even if rods or tubes of ferro 13 ( 784,647 magnetic material should happen to lie transversely, so as to link the transmitter and the receiver as they pass, the direct coupling will remain negligible In fact, even if a bar of ferrite were so placed on the train, the energy transmitted by it from transmitter to receiver would still remain extremely small. The frequency used could be anything between a and 50 kilocycles per second. The upper limit is governed by the eddy (tlrrent losses in the ferrite cores, which reduce the quality factor of the resonant circuit The lower limit is governed by the fact that within the time during which the train equipment is passing between the stationary coils there must be built up a sufficient voltage in the resonant circuit of the train equipment and of the receiver to actuate the relay R, and this voltage must be substantially greater than the directly transmitted signal In this connection it is to be noted that the rate of growth of the signal increases in a manner proportional to the quality factor of the circuits. Taking the maximum speed or the train as roughly one hundred feet per second, all building-up of the signal must take plaee in approximately a fiftieth of a second. In order to increase the period of interaction between the transmitter and the receiver the dimensions of all the coils may be increased A greatly preferred way of achieving the same result is to multiply the period of interaction by providing along the track two or more transmitting coils and receiving coils each pair spaced from the next by a distance equal to approximately twice the length of a coil All the transmitting coils are connected in series and are excited in the same phase, and the receiving coils are also connected in series.

The construction of the train equipment remains unaltered. The coil arrangement shown in Fig 1 can be replaced equally well by the arrangement shown diagramnmatically in Fig 2 In this arrangement the axes of all the coils are parallel at the instant of maximum coupling, and lie in a common plane perpendicular to the direction of travel, the axis of each coil being vertical. In the two arrangements illustrated in Figs 1 and 2 the transmitter and the receiver are situated at such a distance apart that the direct transmission of energy may be ignored A second way of preventing the direct transmission of energy is illustrated in Fig 3, in which the transmitter and receiver are situated on the same side of the track As shown by the drawing, they are, for example, disposed relative to one another in what may be termed a Tform relationship so that there is no appreciable direct flux linkage between them It is only upon the passage of the end-of-train signalling means, the coils of which are also disposed in a T-shaped relationship, that a coupling is produced between the track coils sufficient to provide 70 a signal. As in the arrangement of the end-oftrain signalling means according to Fig 1 those shown in Figs 2 and 3 also employ a rectifier feeding a relay for detection of 75 the signal, although they are not shown in the drawings. The element illustrated diagpanimatically in Fig 1 as an electromagnetic relay R may also be replaced by a magnetic ampli 80 tier, the power supply for which is taken from the transmission circuit S, and the amplified and rectified output signal of which is transmitted to the station or signal box by way of an independent line 85 or along the supply leads for the transmitter At the frequency of the oscillator the response of a magnetic amplifier is sufficiently rapid for the present purposes.


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