4/17 & 4/20

• Great Depression Review Sheet Due NOWGreat Depression Essay Due NOW

• Study for Great Depression Quiz ~ 5 Minutes

• Move on to Civil Rights!!!!!

The Civil Rights Movement4/17 & ~ 4/20

• Civil Rights and Social Movements in the Americas– Questions 21 & 22!!!!!– Questions can include information about African

American Civil Rights…• Origins, tactics, organization, US Supreme Curt Decisions,

Role of Dr. Martin Luther King, Black Panthers, Malcolm X, in C.R. Movement

– Questions can include information NOT about African American Civil Rights at all!!!• Native Americans, Feminist Movement, Youth Culture

Civil Rights Essay QuestionsDo 1 of the following:

• Why was the African American Civil Rights Movement in the United States more effective in the years 1954 to 1964 than in the late 1960s?

• How successful were United States governmental institutions in advancing civil rights for African Americans after 1945?

• In what ways, and for what reasons, was there a shift in the focus and activities of US civil rights organizations by the mid-1960s?

• Explain why and how the Civil Rights movement became more radical as the 1960s progressed.

• Account for the development of the Civil Rights movement in the USA during the 1950s. To what extent had the movement achieved its aims by the time of the March on Washington (August 1963)?

What is segregation?

• Segregation is the separation of people according to race or ethnicity.

• Segregation can be about separating African-Americans from Whites, or about separating Hispanics from Whites.

• Before 1950 segregation was common and normal in the U.S.A. Segregation deprived minorities of their rights.

Two kinds of segregation

• de jure segregation– Segregation by law

• Common in the South

• Laws forbid African-Americans from attending the same church, using the same swimming pool, eating in restaurants, or marrying White people.

• de facto segregation– Segregation without laws

• Common in the North

• Housing discrimination made segregation in the North. White community groups did not allow non-Whites to live in White neighborhoods. Every ethnic group had its own part of town.

Why was the Civil Rights movement successful in 1954? Why not earlier or

later?

Reason #1 – World War II and the Korean War

• During World War II and the Korean War, racial minorities such as African-Americans, Hispanics, or Native Americans had made many gains. The U.S. military had needed their help and had allowed them to fight. Many came home heroes and earned respect.

Reason #1 – World War II and the Korean War

• Most people believed America had fought those wars for democracy and freedom. Racial segregation started to seem un-American to many. People remembered that Hitler and the other “bad guys” had been racists.

Reason #2 – The Cold War• During the Cold War,

America was trying to convince the world that it was better than the Soviet Union, racism made America look bad to the rest of the world.

• Communists could use America’s racism as an example showing that the U.S. was evil.

Reason #3 - television• With the arrival of television,

Americans could watch the news every day. The non-violent civil disobedience used by King made the civil rights protesters look like good people and made their opponents look hateful, violent, and ugly. People could also hear Dr. King’s inspiring speeches. He was a powerful speaker who knew how to change people’s hearts and minds.

How did they do it?

• Civil rights leaders used non-violent protests, civil disobedience, and legal action to change the U.S.

non-violent protest• Boycotts

– Refusing to buy goods or services from a business in order to force it to change its policies

• Hunger strikes– Refusing to eat anything in order to get attention for your cause

• Petitions– Writing a letter to ask the government or a company to change its

policy, and then getting as many people to sign it as possible.• Marches and demonstrations

– Getting as many people as possible to gather in one place to get attention to your cause

• Strikes– Refusing to work in order to force your managers or government to

change their policies

Civil disobedience

• Breaking the law or causing a disturbance in order to get attention for your cause.

• Sit ins• The protesters come into a place, sit down, and refuse

to move.

College students in Greensboro

• These lunch counter protests spread throughout the U.S. Many white students came along to support the African-Americans.

College students in Greensboro

• The students always stayed peaceful, even when attacked or arrested. This made them look good and made the racists look hateful and evil. This strategy was very successful for convincing White people to support civil rights for minorities.

Legal action

• Lawyers can challenge a law or policy in court. If they convince the judge that the law or policy is unconstitutional, then the judge will order them to change.

• People can speak at government hearings or meetings and try to convince legislators to make new laws or repeal unfair ones.

Linda Brown

• In 1951, a girl named Linda Brown wanted to go to school. The white school was very close by, but the African-American school was far away. Her parents sued the Board of Education to try to force them to allow Linda to attend the white school.

Linda Brown

• In 1954, in the case of Brown v. Board of Education, the Supreme Court decided to hear Linda’s case. Chief Justice Earl Warren said that segregation in public schools is unconstitutional. He ordered all the schools to end segregation.

College students in Greensboro• In 1960, many

restaurants would not serve African-Americans. To protest this, some African-American college students in Greensboro, North Carolina decided to go to a lunch counter at a Woolworth’s Department store and order food. The servers refused to serve them, but the students refused to leave.

Rosa ParksRosa ParksRosa Parks was born on February 4, 1913. She grew up in Pine Level, Alabama, right outside of Montgomery.In the South, Jim Crowe laws segregated African American’s and whites in almost every aspect of life.– This included a seating policy

on buses. White’s sat in the front, Blacks sat in the back.

– Buses also drove White students to school. Black students were forced to walk everyday.

4/22 & 4/23

• Essay & Review Sheet Due Next Class• Quiz Next Class ~ Civil Rights

• Remember ~ Questions 21 & 22 ~ African American Civil Rights– We are trying to compare and contrast most

likely Peaceful vs. Violent / 1950 vs. 1960 and similarities and differences of the Civil Rights Movement

• Why was the African American Civil Rights Movement in the United States more effective in the years 1954 to 1964 than in the late 1960s?

• How successful were United States governmental institutions in advancing civil rights for African Americans after 1945?

• In what ways, and for what reasons, was there a shift in the focus and activities of US civil rights organizations by the mid-1960s?

• Explain why and how the Civil Rights movement became more radical as the 1960s progressed.

• Account for the development of the Civil Rights movement in the USA during the 1950s. To what extent had the movement achieved its aims by the time of the March on Washington (August 1963)?

The ArrestThe ArrestOn December 1, 1955 Rosa Parks refused to give up her seat to a White man on a bus.Parks was arrested and charged with the violation of a segregation law in The Montgomery City Code.50 African American leaders in the community met to discuss what to do about Rosa’s arrest.

“People always say that I didn't give up my seat because I was tired, but that isn't true. I was not tired physically, or no more tired than I usually was at the end of a working day. I was not old, although some people have an image of me as being old then. I was forty-two. No, the only tired I was, was tired of giving in.” -Rosa Parks Autobiography

Events Leading Up To Rosa’s Events Leading Up To Rosa’s ProtestProtest

Parks was an active member of The Civil Rights Movement and joined the Montgomery chapter of NAACP (National Association for the Advancement of Colored People) in 1943.In 1944 Jackie Robinson refused to give up his bus seat in Texas.In 1955, Black Activist in Montgomery were building a case around Claudette Colvin, a 15 year old girl who refused to give up her seat on a bus. She was arrested and forcibly removed from the bus.African Americans made up 75% of the passengers in the Bus system but still had to deal with unfair rules.

Montgomery Bus BoycottMontgomery Bus BoycottOn December 5, 1955, through the rain, the African Americans in Montgomery began to boycott the busses.40,000 Black commuters walked to work, some as far as twenty miles.The boycott lasted 382 days.The bus companies finances struggled. Until the law that called for segregation on busses was finally lifted.

Martin Luther King Jr.Martin Luther King Jr.

• Born in Atlanta, Georgia.• Graduated Morehouse College with a Bachelor of

Arts degree in Sociology.• Later, at Boston University, King received a Ph.D.

in systematic theology.• In 1953, at the age of 26, King

became pastor at the Dexter Avenue Baptist Church in Montgomery Alabama.

• His start as a Civil Rights leader came during the Montgomery Bus Boycott.

Career As A LeaderCareer As A Leader

• In 1955 he became involved in The Montgomery Bus Boycott. The Boycott was the start to his incredible career as the most famous leader of the Civil Rights movement.

• He went on to deliver numerous powerful speeches promoting peace and desegregation.

• During The March On Washington he delivered one of the most famous speeches of 20th century titled, “I Have A Dream”

• Before he was assassinated in 1968, he won the Nobel Peace Prize.

Civil DisobedienceCivil Disobedience• In 1957 King helped found the Southern

Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC). A group that used the authority and power of

Black churches to organize non-violent protest to support the Civil Rights Movement.

King believed in the philosophy used by Gandhi in India known as nonviolent civil disobedience. He applied this philosophy to protest organized by the SCLC.

The civil disobedience led to media coverage of the daily inequities suffered by Southern Blacks.

The televised segregation violence led to mass public sympathy. The Civil Rights Movement became the most important political topic during the early 60’s.

March On WashingtonMarch On Washington

• More than 20,000 Black and White Americans celebrated in a joyous day of song, prayer and speeches.

• The march was lead by a group of important clergy men, civil rights leaders, and politicians.

• Martin Luther King’s “I Have A Dream” speech was the climax of the day.

I Have A Dream SpeechI Have A Dream Speech• In a powerful speech, Martin

Luther King Jr. stated eloquently that he desired a world were Black’s and whites to coexist equally.

• King’s speech was a rhetoric example oh the Black Baptist sermon style.

• The speech used The Bible, The Declaration of Independence, The United States Constitution and The Emancipation Proclamation as sources. He also used an incredible number of symbols in his poetic address.

Malcolm XMalcolm XX Born in Omaha Nebraska, Malcolm Little

was the son of a Baptist preacher who urged Blacks to stand up for their rights.

X His father was killed by White Supremacist in Michigan, in 1931.

X After time, Malcolm moved to Harlem where he became involved in gambling, drug dealing and robbery.

X Malcolm Was Arrested at the age of 20 for armed robbery. In jail he studied the teaching of theElijah Muhammad.

Malcolm X

• Advocated the separation of blacks and white Americans and scoffed at the Civil Rights movement emphasis on integration– Called for black self-

determination, black self-defense

– Founded the Organization of Afro-American Unity

• Nation of Islam in 1952 until he broke with it in 1964

- that black people are the original people of the world[

- that white people are "devils"[

- that blacks are superior to whites, and

- that the demise of the white race is imminent

Tension In The Nation Of IslamTension In The Nation Of IslamX By the start of the 60’s Tension was

growing in The Nation of Islam. Malcolm X was exposed to rumors

that Elijah Muhammad had indulged in extramarital affairs. Adultery is shunned in the

Muslim doctrine.X Malcolm Believed that Elijah

Muhammad was jealous of his increasing popularity.

X The Nation of Islam blamed Malcolm X for his controversial remarks regarding John F. Kennedy Jr.

The JFK ControversyThe JFK ControversyX After the assassination of John F.

Kennedy, Malcolm X made a speech. Malcolm claimed that the

violence Kennedy failed to prevent ended up to come back and claim his life.

He stated that assassination was an example of “the chickens coming home to roost"

He later stated, "Chickens coming home to roost never made me sad. It only made me glad."

This comment lead to widespread public dismay.

Pilgrimage to MeccaPilgrimage to MeccaX In 1964, during a pilgrimage to Mecca, Malcolm discovered

that orthodox Muslims preach equality among races.

X Malcolm’s new knowledge and growing distrust with the NOI, caused him to desert his argument that all Whites are the devil.

X On March 8, 1964, Malcolm X publicly announced his break from the Nation of Islam. He was still a Muslim, he said, but felt that the Nation had "gone as far as it can" because of its rigid teachings. He planned to organize a black nationalist organization to "heighten the political consciousness" of African Americans; he also expressed a desire to work with other civil rights leaders, saying that Elijah Muhammad had prevented him from doing so in the past.

X February 21, 1965, Malcolm X was assassinated

Black Panther PartyBlack Panther Party

• U.S. African American Militant group.• Founded in 1966 in Oakland.• Led by Huey P. Newton and Bobby Seale.• Believed violent revolution was the only way to

receive freedom.• Urged African Americans to arm themselves.

The Violent PanthersThe Violent Panthers• In the late 60’s party leaders

got involved in violent confrontations with the police. The results was death on

both sides.• Huey Newton was tried in 1967

for killing a police officer.• Black Panther activist Bobby

Seale, was a member of the Chicago Eight. A group of eight people

who disrupted the 1968 Democratic convention.

How did the Civil Rights Movement Change America?

Brown v. Board of Education

• The Supreme Court decided that segregated schools were unconstitutional and ordered schools to accept racial minorities.

The Civil Rights Act of 1964

• Because of the Civil Rights movement, Congress passed the Civil Rights Act of 1964. This law ended all racial discrimination in public facilities such as restrooms, restaurants, buses, movie theaters, and swimming pools.

Immigration Reform• Before the Civil Rights Movement, American

immigration laws were very racist. People who were not white were generally not allowed to come to the U.S.

• The Civil Rights Movement led to the end of those racist immigration laws and gave us the open immigration laws we have today.

Lau v. Nichols

• In 1967, schools had no ESOL classes, so immigrants could not learn English and be successful in school.

• In the Supreme Court case Lau v. Nichols, the court decided that schools must provide special classes to help students who need to learn English.

Civil Rights Quiz: (This is an IB Paper III Essay question)…so it should not be 1

paragraph!!!

• In what ways and for what reasons, were there differences in the philosophy and methods of the campaigns for civil rights for Martin Luther King Jr., Rosa Parks, and Malcolm X and the Black Panther Party?