404 BC End of Second Peloponnesian War.Brief period of oligarchic rule at Athens,followed by restoration of democracy andlegal reforms

Sparta becomes leading power in Greece butalienates other states, fights with Persia.Athens re-asserts influence

386 BC “King’s Peace”

378 BC Botched Spartan attackon Athens. Formation ofSecond Athenian Leaguebetween Athens and Thebes,joined by some 70 states

371 BC Thebans defeat Spartansat Leuktra

368 BC Alliance of Athens with Sparta

362 BC Peace made

355 BC Final collapse of Second AthenianLeague

Philip II of Macedon/Macedonia(r. 359-336 BC)

357 BC Philip takes Amphipolis. Goes on totake Thessaly, Thrace and Khalkidike

348 BC Philip takes Olynthus and Athenianhostages

346 BC Philip makes peace with Athens.Comes south and takes control of Delphi

340 BC Athens declares war on Philip. Allieswith Thebes and Boiotia

338 BC Philip defeats allies at Chaironeia

337 BC Formation of League of Corinth

336 BC Death of Philip. Succeeded byAlexander, who asserts authority, thencampaigns across Persia

Alexander the Great (r. 336-323 BC)

323 Death of Alexander at Babylon. Greekcities rebel against Macedon

322 Antipater defeats Greeks at Krannon.Macedonian garrison installed nearAthens, with city’s democracy abolished

Antigonids Ptolemies

Seleukids/Seleucids

Hellenistic kingdoms; end of the era ofindependent city-states

Expansion of trade

Mixing of populations; koiné Greek ascommon language

The individual:

Breakdown of city-state as source ofidentity

In philosophy; e.g. Epicureanism, Stoicism

Growth of popularity of mystery religions

Popularisation of clubs, etc.

Menander (c. 342 BC-c. 292 BC)

Euclid (b. c. 300 BC)

Archimedes (d. 212 or 211 BC)

Aristarchos (c. 310-c. 230 BC)

Eratosthenes (c. 276-c. 194 BC)

Plutarch (46?-c. 120 AD)

Greek essayist and biographer from Chaironeia

Travelled, eventually became priest at Delphi

Various works incl. The Parallel Lives

Questions of agenda

Arrian (Lucius Flavius Arrianus,c. 87-after 145 AD)

Greek, but Roman citizen. Class-mate offuture emperor Hadrian (r. 117-138 AD)

Worked up political ranks, eventuallysenator, consul (129 or 130 AD),provincial governor (130-137 AD)

Arrian (Lucius Flavius Arrianus,c. 87-after 145 AD)

Retired to Athens

Many works on philosophy, topography,ethnography, military topics, history

Anabasis