4 wakeman's wanderings. camorra and mafia. …both camorra and mafia. inseptember, 1871, the first...

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Bleat Hills of the West Riding of Yorkshire. Descriptive of the Old Home of the Brontes, the Ancient Town and Cluirch of Haworth, and of tlio "Wild and Desolate Surrounding of Yorkshire Moors. WAKEMAN'S WANDERINGS. CLEVER WOMEN OF AMERICA. TITE SUNDAY TTNTQy, SACBAMEKTO, CAX., APRIL 5, 1891 .-EIGHT PAGES. CAMORRA AND MAFIA. assessments. Tho secret society had es- caped lrom prison, and was beginning to prey on the community. From street to street it spread, assassinations marking every step of its progress. Tho man who relused to contribute was doomed, and the knife of the midnight murderer car- ried out tho sentence of the unknown tribunal. In two years, or by the spring of IS)D, every shopkeeper in "Naples was paying a monthly tax levied by the Ca- morra. remunerative profession of legitimate journalism !or the better paying business of advertising. Among some of tho more prominent members of the dab are: Mrs..!. C. Croly ("Jenny .June" 1 , editor of the ffome- ;er; Mrs. Sarah Lippincott (**Orace Greenwood"), Emma Moffit Tyng, EUxa Putnam Heaton, Mattie Sheridan, Helen Watteraon, Mary F. Seymour, editor of the Busine&a woman* Journal; Mrs. Prank Leslie. Mrs. Kobert P. Porter and Mrs. Florence (.'. lyes. But with ail this array of penius I am not a believer in women's clubs In this particular I mentally shako hands with "Bab, M It is all very well for women to hfivo BOCial clubs if they want them, but it is absurd for thorn to form themselves Into a professional club. Here is the New York Press Club. What's the matter with our joiningit? lam sure the members would receive us witli "open arms." Newspapermen are the most chivalrous and gallant of men; if they were not they would never have encouraged so many women to enter the profession. The men ami women in one business should belong to the same club. 1 am £oiii£ in for ''mixed clubs"— -men and women. Km ma Thai'pku. A GOLDEN WEDDING. O. Nuptial morn I on which we. honored, wait! Thai comes bat un.v in halfa hundred year*! The morn we celebrate Not Joy alone but sorrow mo: <\u25a0 endears, When (wo load, loyal hearts first lent as one; Nor less to-day, that through love's rainbow \u25a0 low g'ants life's scttintr sun. The pawing i tasiMi. waning to it< etoa \u25a0. In colors -ay Earth's fading garment dyes; Fair as the t.iiivst i. Thai crowned the brow of June, the hills aprlsa Crimson and trold;lrl_'htcr than any gem, Upon the woods i tttober'a glory lies a royal diadem ! Moii' in jiuttfui, ineaeems, are \u25a0•!• a .vlk>stand Upon Time's mrthest verge; in trust dtvine still climbing, band in band. Life's Autumn-tinted bills, that glow and shine, Touch, d by the splendor ol Faith's maglo \v;i!i<'.; Upon your brows there lies a light beiiijjn— The light of the Beyond. Your vanished youth- is it so far away? We may not u'ni'-s v.-liat iovs ecstatic thrill roar twining heart* to-day: Still one in lite as one in thought and will; oh! sweet beyond the youthful lover'i kiss, 'i lie forgone days of virtue new distill Their fragrance tnto As friend to G*i< ml. out oi our po\ erty We bring you gifts; their worth "is not In gold. Yon know as well as we. Wen to you,now growing old That growing oldUgain; I. store Of Wi -\u25a0.'in' i fadeless tret told Ye Banter more- and more. O, truest wealth ! that shall not cease to blcai, What direr gifts can Fortune on you ruin Than these yon now pots ps? What can you ask. except \< .. .i-.- from pain, Tho while you wait < Jed's leave lo journey i:> nee? Trusting .is they who trust, and not in vain, '! he ways of Providence, And Oh! in.joy beyond love's lirst doUght, In nuptials new, that Know no touch of Time. v. ii non your wondering si>.'ht Afar the i tolden I ;a:e< shall rise sublime, Whi re mortal loves no more the eoul cut ier; Still may your feet togi ther tireless climb The HJUs of Paradise. Benjamin Hathaway, in Prairie Fanner. Ilenco the Maria thrived; life became as cheap in Sicily as in tho slums of Maples. In the year IS."*! an English gentleman visiting Massina conceived the idea that raising sheep on the neighboring hills would prove a profitable "industry. He bought a tract of land, stocked it with an excellent breed of sheep and began ope- rations. He shortly had trouble with a neighbor about boundaries, and the Eng- lish side of the question was warmly espoused by the Englishman's shepherd, a Sicilian. The troublesome neighbor was one day found dead witha couple of dozen bnckshot in his head, and at the end of the same month, when the shep- herd came to render his account, among the items was one of $50 which the Eng- lishman did not understand. Asking for an explanation, he was horrified to learn it was for shooting "that Pietro Sassi," who had made himself so trouble- some, and, furthermore, that the Mafia man who had done the deed was waiting outside the door for his money. The Eng- lishman paid the bill and left tho coun- try. A TRIP WITH THE MAFIA. Like the Camorra, the Mafia was al- "\vaj-s hand in glove with the brigands, \u25a0who, availing themselves of the informa- tion furnished by their confederates In town, often became very dariug. In 187U, an Englishman named Rose, connected with v mercantile house in Sicily, was taken by a brigand chief named Leone from the midst of a large party of appar- ently friendly Sicilians. The capture took place in broad dalight, on a well- traveled highway, and in sight of Lercara, a populous town. The brigands carried their captive to a cave, and thero he re- mained under guard lor seven days; sud- denly the bandits changed their quarters, being apparently apprehensive of pur- suit, and for some time made night j marches, traveling all night and resting in the houses of the peasantry by day. During this time troops were supposed io be in pursuit, but negotiations were in progress for a ransom, as the bandits threatened to kill their prisoner unless tho money thoy demanded was p;iid. It was paid, the sum being 920,000, but on the urgent representations of the British Government the matter was investigated, I and some of the outlaws were brought to justice. On the trial, however, it was clearly proved that members of the Mafia, per- sonal friends of Mr. Hose, had given the in- formation which led to his capture by the brigands, and that the money paid for his ransom had been shared by the Sicilian j detectives supposed to be on the track of the bandits, by the police ofLercara, who were paid to be absent when Rose was captured, by the chief magistrates of sev- eral country towns and villages through which the bandits passed with their pris- oner, by the commanding officers and several soldiers ot the companies of cav- alry sent to pursue the robbers, by a law- yer of Palermo, who hud given notice of j the intended visit of Rose to Lercara, by a merchant who persuaded Rose to go, and by peasants, male and female, who had provided shelter for tho band and given false information to their pursuers. Kose, however, escaped unscathed, which was more than a German named Kutcher did in the follow ing year, for having no one to ransom him, he was cut in pieces and dispatched, a little at a timo, ouo day an ear, another a linger, and so on, to the residence of the German Consul, the rob- bers hoping that this barbarity would lead to a ransom. None came, and finally the head of the hapless man was found one morning at the German Consul's door. ATTBMPTfI AT SUFPBXBBIOH. Both Camorra and Mafia were tolerated ifnot encouraged by the Bourbons, there being, as already intimated, a belief that ! tho royal family shared in the spoils of both. Both were popular institutions. The taxes they exacted were not greater than those demanded by the Govern- ment, and the payment being in small sums, was made with greater conveni- ence, and both, so long as payments were punctual, protected their proteges from other robbers. The army and police were not opposed to the secret organizations, since many of the soldiers were members, and the Government, by availing itself of the ready services of hired assassins be- longing to both organizations, often put out of the way obnoxious persons, and thus saved the police and army much trouble. The prison-keepers liked them because the Camorra and Mafia kept bet- ter order and enforced stricter discipline in the jails than the guards were able to do. In more than one Neapolitan revolution the agents of the Camorra were engaged to restore order and did it effectually, whik; in the conquest of Sicily by Gari- baldi, the Mafia played no unimportant part. But after the Bourbons had been driven out, ami Italy united under the I rule of Victor Emanuel, the Government j looked with a jealous eye on the inilu- I enco of the two organizations. In both Italy and Sicily the revenues which should have gone to the Government were absorbed by the societies. A strong effort was therefore made to put down | both Camorra and Mafia. In September, 1871, the first blow was struck in Xaples. Nearly a hundred agents of the Camorra were seized and imprisoned in the fort- ress, and the customs revenues, which the day before had been loss than four francs, rose on the day following to nearly S,O<K). Some of "the Camorristi were tried and executed, others trans- ported, others sentenced to long terms of i penal servitude. For weeks the police | and soldiers were busy all over the coun- | try arresting and bringing in suspected persons. The prisons were full, the courts, though in constant session, could not try tho eases last enough, and special com- missions were appointed. The Camorra seemed tobe broken up. Dealing with the Mafia was much easier. Several regiments of troops from the neighborhood of Milan and other places in North Italy, where Camorra and Maiia were almost unknown, were sent to Sicily. The officers had their orders, and carried them out to the letter. They traversed the island from end to end, and whenever they captured a Sicilian who seemed to bo of suspicions character they gave him the benefit of the doubt and shot him on tho spot. A few were sont to Palermo and Messina for trial, but the larger portion was disposed of in tho way indicated. The Government never made public the report of the officers who administered justice in this rough-and-ready way, but rumor asserted that between 600 and 600 suspicious characters iv Sicily were thus dealt with. Three years later it was discovered that the Camorra had been revived in Naples, and on August and for several days following numerous ar- rests were made, while another raid was instituted In Sicily against the Mafia. Many members of both societies, becoming convinced that their absence would be very precious to the Govern- ment, emigrated, and little more was heard of either organization until the re- cent discovery that the Malia had become naturalized in New Orleans. Globe- Dcuiocrat. ( HOPE IS A FLOWER. The Brightest Newspaper Woman in the "Twin Cities." One Woman Who Can Read Greek, Latin and Sanscrit— Editors' Wives— The "Row" In the Woman's Press Club-TLe Members. [Regular Oorrespomleueo of the Bdtti>ay Union. Copyright, 1591.] Brooklyn, X. V., March Si, 1881. Eliza Putnam Heaton ("Ellen Os- borne"), more than any other woman in the "twin cities," exemplifies the truth of tho old adage of the "best goods beiug done up in small parcels." A little woman—considerably less than five foot in bight -she has accomplished more in her brief span of years than thirty tall, ordinary women. Sbe began well. How co\ild she help it,born a Put- nam in the good old Stato of Massachu- setts. After graduating from tho Boston Uni- versity in 1888, she entered the Boston Society of Natural History with the high and holy purpose of becoming a scientist. For a time she acted as assistant to Dr. 1 i yatt, tho curator. Just as she -was on tho point of distinguishing herself, she did what Ella Wheeler Wiicox declares the most natural thin^ for a woman—she m>\ married. That ended "science" for her. As in the ease of nineteen eoUege^bred women out of twenty, her union with John Lang- don Heaton proved a happy one. Mrs. lloaton's first article ever published Wai on the "Advisability of Uniform Marri- age and Divorce Lawß." Her treatment of the subject pleased the editors of the paper so much that they requested a weekly article on some timely topic, in a few months tho same editors offered her a regular position on tho stall". Forfour years she h-is written three special weekly letters for a leading syndicate. The "Ellen Osborno" letter is regarded by many one of the best, if not the best fashion letter sent from this part of the country. Several years ago she Wrote a novel, which she burned up. "it wasn't one that I cared to stand by," she said. I Her best piece of work was her trip to ; Europe in the steerage, in iss<». The story oi her experience aboard the ship was delightfully told, and one for which she received many sincere congratula- tions fromjournalists, great and small. .Mrs. Heaton reals Greek. Latin, San- scrit, and three or (bur modern languages, but thero isn't a trace of piggishness or that "know-all-ness" which characterizes so many 80-called learned men and women in her composition. She is just charming and as womanly as "some of us" who don'tiknow so much. From her interest in outdoor exercises she evinces her faith in brawn as well as brain. She and her husband have made tho trip to Albany in their cano£, which they keep in the house of the Knicker- bocker Canoe Club, in Carmansville, above Harlem. Walking is another pas- time in which she delights. Viewing her life from a worldly standpoint, Mrs. Heaton has more cause tor congratula- tion than nine women out of every ten. She has health, brains, a good education, a fine son, and a husband who is an associate editor. Both Mr. and Mrs. Heaton are connected with the Brooklyn Titties. A month ago Mrs. Heaton ac- cepted the position as editor of the Woman's Department on the Recorder. EBITOBS' WIVES. The ease of Mr.and Mrs. Heaton re- calls a discussion which once took place in a social meeting of the Now York Woman's Press Club. The subject which incited the members to livelydebato was: "Ought newspaper women many? And ought they marry newspapermen?" One member remarked thatthey, If they married at all. should marry only editors. From the present influx of women into journalism, there wouldn't be editors enough to go round. The majority of editors' wives in this vicinity are never mentioned, as far as their husbands' profession is concerned. Who overheard of Mrs. Dana. Mrs. Jones, Mrs. Reid, Mrs. Pulitzer, Mrs. Cockerill, Mrs. Munsey, Mrs. George William Cur- tis, Mrs. Wilder, 6r Mrs. Walker writing anything for publication ? THE "ROW" IX Till: PRESS CLUB. Th "row" in the New York Woman's Press Club has reached amusing propor- tions. "Bab" evidently was "boiling" over when she wrote that syndicate letter giving hex experience as a member. The Philadelphia Times, with characteristic "venom," says: "Apparently 'Bab' has either had a bad lime generally in 1ier club, or her side was beaten in the elec- tion." This is adding "wormwood" to the "gall.* 1 But, of course, we women don't look lor sympathy from men in a trouble of this kind. N.av, t am no "Bab.'' or "Croly," or "Leslie." I am nothing but ;i plain, every-dajr sort of a penny-a-liner, hut when I received a letter from Mrs. ( !roly in November, 1889, to meet at her house and help organise a woinan'spress club, I said to myself: H At last! Here is my lame; here is; glory! Who would hav'o thought of it?" Well. I met th<^ ladies, and I confess that a dozen <>r more idols were shatter* d that same Sunday afternoon. Women whom I hud hoard and road of Bince I wore pinafores, and who I, In my sim- plicity, had pictured as great and wise, talked and appeared like the most ordi- nary folks. 1 was disappointed and sad- dened, and only eonsaled myself with that pithy paragraph of Webster's: "Glories, like glow-worms, afar oil" shine bright, but near-by have neither heat nor light. 7 ' However, I joined the dab because two or three of my col- leagues said it was the proper thing to do. But to-day I am firmer than over in the belief that .if you "convince persons* against their will they will be of the suiua opinion still." In sixteen months f at- tended only four business meetings and two of the club's socials. Bat 1 found them very tame affairs, I never discov- ered any of those "meannesses, or the woman who is a eat clothed in cashmere, or the woman who Batters and natters," of whom "nab" writes. But 1 did and much that amused me. I cannot understand how a woman who has cat her wisdom teeth, could take the "doings" of the club seriously. In vot- ing, i took the advice of that adorable \u25a0\u25a0: tation of Wilkie Collins, Lady Janet !! 'y, by always voting with the majority. Individually, I have the highest respect for the members of the club. There aro a score or more women in the club before whose attainments and character I would bow low and long. "Bab's" screed was very severe. While only a "passive"' member of the organization, [ feel that she has done it j:u injustice— not intentional, for "Bab" is a warm-hearted, high-spirited little woman. This paragraph in her letter I consider cruel and unfair: Whatever may be the merits or de- merits of tho members of the club, the majority ofiheni are working journalists, witha goodly sprinkling of editors. To my certain knowledge there is only o:u> woman in tho club woo is a WTiterof r,uver;irei:iom», and she on y left (ha Uil- " Wonien in the club were supposed to be writers of something. Now I have nothing to say against people who write advertisements; it is v money-making business. and one that undoubtedly calls fora vividimagination, bat still 1 do not think it journalism. I hare nothing to say against the dear little soul who wrote her first article after she joined the club, siill i don't see wherein came her claim for admission; bat I do think it fanny that, women who have only written checks or Who are anxious to get in with the literary set— save tho mark are eli- gible for a membership. 1 tried to do my best in that station, in which r had been placed by vote. I wanted neither ducats or kudos lroiii 6uch a club, "but I got an immense knowledge from various types of women." cumbent of St. Michael and All Angels, this now world-i'ained church, which, with the parsonage, the graveyard and these closely-huddled houses of stone, make up a grim old village picture. It will be your fortune to be driven from this parsonage door, just as was Miss Thackeray and scores of English lit- erafors in the past, as was the Rev. Dr. Theodore >'. Clarkje, of Brooklyn, only last summer, and as 1 was yesterday. But you may see the old graves the Brontes saw; wander upon the moors they knew; study the ancient tower that escaped the vandals? hands, and stand beside the memorial tablets to the one family that made all Haworth a shrine. Then, if you will bo cautious, <«nd will assure the simple-hearted old creature that you will not betray her confidence to the present precious incumbent of St. Michael's, with old "Susey" Ramsden half blind and deaf, quite four-score years of age, but with her love for tho Bronte family (laming deeper and brighter as the end approaches— yOu may go over all the sad, sweet story; of the piows yet stern old curate's Baworth ministrations; the loss of the gentle, patient mother; the death of the older sisters; the curse of the wayward brother's life and terrible death; the grim, unshaken sense of duty shown in the surviving sisters holding the sun- less home together; and then all the long years of iron-hearted struggling by the three sisters, "Currer, Ellis and Acton Bell," respectively Charlotte, Emily and Anne Bronte, to reach the mighty world- heart with their Car away, unknown voices and pens; the final victory and re- joicings; the coming to the gray old vill- age of the famous and great to do honor to the now wondrous folkof the parson- age: the loss of Charlotte's two sisters within one year; her own brief and happy wedded life and ultimely death; the Later death of the sturdy old father; the death, but the other day, in Ireland, of bis surviving sister, the last of the Bronte family: and, finally, the crooning gossip about Charlotte's husband, Mr. Nieholls, once the curate here, and now a white- haired English farmer all in so tender a way that you will more and more love the very earth these perfect women trod. From one's longing loitering about the old parsonage where now the spirit of envy and hate repels all who come pil- griming to the former nest of genius and love; from wanderings over the moors to which the father and all the talented sis- ters were so passionately devoted; from dreaming about the ancient, church-yard with its dank graves and soughing will- ows; and from hushed and pensive ling- ering within the church by the very spot where all these loving and loyal, sad and tempestuous hearts are resting in the eternal silence, it is a delight, if still a j melancholy pleasure, to turn to an hum- ble home not a stone's throw from par- sonage, church and graves, where a younger cousin of Charlotte's faithful nurse, Martha Brown, have, with dogged fidelity to a generous sentiment, gathered together many of the scattered relics of the. iid Bronte household. With marked contrast to the Clerical brute who has re- peatedly declared that the name of Bronte was hateful to him; that it was not his duty "to maintain a show-place for strangers, but a house of prayer for the praise Of God;" that the memory of this tkmily represented to him merely "a rec- ollection of a predecessor incumbent;" and who has done everything in his little power to destroy the greatest and least vestiges of as noble and tender porsonali- ti« s hikl influences as ever hallowed Eng- lish soil; this young man, a poor man be- sides, Robinson Brown, of 12-i Main Btreet, Haworth, has passed a life of sac- rifice and almost personal want to secure these precious relics and to generously welcome all BCranger* who may wish to Bee them. His home is the only real Bronte shrine in Haworth. The curate rules the village with B spiritual rod of iron, and this local autocracy makes it treason in Haworth to oe interested in Bronte relics and memorials. Despite it, now and then the old. old folk and the humble workmen of the factories, who secretly adore the writings of Charlotte and the memory of the noble family, steal in here by these mute bits from the old home, weep over them, and steal away again, trembling from tear of discovery and proscription. Thus the curate main- tains "a house Of prayer tor the praise of God"' in the Haworth of to-day. Mr. Brown's collection comprises a few paintings, many drawings and several specimens ef needlework, all done by Charlotte. There is a drawing, in sepia, of a revenue cutter becalmed at sea in aofi and humid moonlight. The pencil drawings are numerous. Three of these are remarkably true to nature. Two are of a laughing and a crying child. The other is a river bridge and mountain scene mil of delicacy and feeling. Her skill in needlework, and what would now be termed art embroidery, was superior. A;i extraordinary piece of this needle- work is a study of a youthful shepherd and shepherdess tending a Hock of moor- land sheep, the faces ail being partially laid in with water colors. The only painting of Charlotte in oil, done during her lifetime, is also here. There are sev- eral Of her letters in her wonderfully mi- nute and perfect chirography; aiu'i one was particularly interesting to me be- cause written to tho '"old Busey" I had seen, it ts dated Haworth, June 13, 1848. Susey had left Haworth for a little stay at York. Mir-s Bronte writes: "i was afraid that at first yon would not feel very Com- fortable among strangers. Persons who have lived most of their lives in a quiet little place like Haworth find a vast dif- fers ace when they go to a fresh neighbor- hood and enter the society of strangers. If you feel troubled about anything you willnot forget who is your best help and guide in every difficulty, and, separated as you are for a little while from your earthly friends, you will humbly and faithfully entreat the protection of your friend and Father who is in heaven." There is also in the collection a spotted print dress worn by the novelist; her shawl and brooch, and a lock of her hair given iv her husband, Mr. Nlcholls, to Martha Brown. Several old reviews con- taining notices of the Bronto family and their work, which were in her possession, are here, one, the Quarterly Beviewfm December, 1818, hurt her deeply. Its re- \ iev, of "Jane Eyre" refers to the author as having "horrid taste." Two of the most Interesting articles to be seen are a water-color sketch by the novelist's own hand r< presenting her favorite dog, "Floss," chasing a grouse over a reach of drear moorland, and apriceless autograph copy of ".lane Eyre," the latter another gift to the bclo\ » \ nurse, Martha Brown. A basketwork doll's cradle, belonging to Charlotte, is hers— all but the rockers. Those have been chipped off and given as mementos to pilgrims from our coun- try. There are also a small wooden : box containing cloak and shoe buckles, with one or two pieces of ribbon frOfll tba novelist** bonnet; several ala- baster vases from her room; and a siik patchwork counterpane, one among countless proofs of the dogged patience and unconquerable pluck of the half- blind authoress. Bat \u25a0 single article re- mains as a reminder of the sad career and uiis rnble ending of Patrick BraaweU Bronte, the brilliant an.i unfortunate brother. The oddest character that, per- haps, ever lived in Baworth was "old BID Brown," the crabbed Haworth Bex- ton of the Brontes' time. He was im- llized by the Haworth poet, Har- daker. whose last stanza upon him runs' in this wise : Bat think ya, <>vi rwsn hantfthort blade, Knight of i j>- mattock and the spade. Borne lustier brother of the trade, Perhaps ere long May l:^ you where you've thousands laid >or think it wrong! and the capital oil painting of this canuy old character, who reminds one forcibly of the old wretch who still officiates at "Scotch marriages," at Gretna Green, was the work of this misdirected and self-de- stroying genius. Grim, gaunt, gray Saworthl Perfect as were the lives thy sunless ways once knew; matchless as w*re the creations hewn Ottt pf the heart of stone: dreary as the skies above thy dank old walls is thy h.ud, stern face in all its moods to men. One leaves thee v. ith n sad and heavy heart EboJub l. Wakkkax. The Two Societies Which Ruled South Italy for Fifty Years. Blackmail and Assassination Reduced to an Exact Science— The Toleration Extended by tlie Bourbons—Associ- ation of the Societies With the Bri- gands—Suppression by the Present Government. The conditions under which tho popu- lace of South Italy and Sicily have lived for a hundred years are singularly favor- able to the origination of secret organiza- tions. Tho Government of the Bourbons was, in itself, a great secret society, work- ing by secret and often exceedingly rep- rehensible methods; spies employed by tho court were everywhere, and the most innocent word, the most inoffensive act, was often, by these agents of an unscru- pulous despotism, construed into evi- denco of a plot against the throne. The poverty of the population has always been deplorable, their ignorance pro- found, and the study of the rulers was to I prevent any ray of light from entering the intellectual or moral horizon of those under their care. So iar from endeavor- ing toimprove the condition of the peo- ple, the Bourbon Kings of Naples and Sicily made most strenuous efforts to prevent their advancement. Merci- less taxation took away the ac- cumulated surplus of tho year's toil, while, on tho faintest appearance of any desire to interfere in matters political, the offender was hurried off to prison, it being a well established Bour- bon maxim that a politician in the oppo- sition is worse than a thief. The prisoner rarely knew who was his accuser or with what he was charged ; his friends seldom learned his whereabouts; if he had a trial, it was in secret, before a tribunal which had its own rules of procedure, its own standards for the consideration of evi- di nee. No witnesses were introduced in ] his behalf, for he was not permitted to send for them ;no lawyer pleaded his cause, for eloquence found no place before a court established for the purpose of con- victing. Often when the death sentence was pronounced on the unhappy man, its execution was carried out in private, and as no records were kept, all that the friends of the accused know was that he was arrested, taken away by the officers of the law and never heard of afterward. THE I'RISOX SOCIKTIKS. How many of these legalized and secret murders took place under Bourbon rule willnever be known. So great was tho number of arrests, however, for petty political offenses, that alter Italy was freed from the rule of the French by the downfall of Napoleon's empire tho prisons ofNaples, Palermo and Messina were crowded with unhappy wretches, some accused of political meddling, others charged with minor crimes, while others again knew neither the charge against them, nor the length of time they would probably remain incarcerated. All were ragged, many were half-starved, for the jailers, like other officials of the Neapol- itan State, were ill-paid, and thus well trained to make their living by exactions from the wretched persons committed to their care. No distinction was made of the inmates by classes; all were huddled together without regard to the character jof the oti'ense, and the countryman w, lu> I had tried, to smuggle :i few oranges into the city was placed in ihe .same large cell which contained dozens of the worst criminals. Whatever his character on entering he came out a criminal, ready for the commission of any deed which might result to his own profit. As no control was exercised over the prisoners save what was necessary to keep them within tho walls of the inelosure, the in- mates were left to themselves, and busy brains and idle hands form a bad combin- ation. As early us the year 1825 it was discovered that the prisoners in the fas- tie of Naples had formed an association of mutual benefit. It had Its officers, its passwords and other signs of recognition, and its oath-bound members were sworn to do the bidding of its chief. The dis- ! eovery of the society was made by a pris- oner who was not a member, but his statement of the existence of such an or- ganisation caused no uneasiness and 1 j .scarcely any remark among the prison officials, who, it appears, gave the matter ! no attention. ORJKCTB OF THX SOCIETY. The society Which thus had Its origin in , the principal prison of Naples was organ* I i/.ed for the purpose of exacting money | from prisoners who were not included ! among its members. By threats of ill- usage small sums were in many cases easily obtained; but as most of the pris- I oners were what may be called perma- i nent boarders, this source of supply was soon exhausted. But as arrivals * were frequent, the prison society took time by ths forelock by approaching them as soon as they entered, and, on various pretenses, demanding fees. The new-comer must pay down in cash a fee to keep the lamp burning before the Madonna's picture; he must pay a fee to go into the chapel, a fee to aid in providing a Sunday dinner for tho poorer prisoners, a feo for the com- mon stock of tobacco and so on, none of the money, of course, ever by any acci- dent being expended for the purpose stated. After the new arrival had been robbed of most of his portables, for if he had no money any description of personal property was accepted, he became a "reg- ular," and for the lirst six months of his stay made only a monthly payment. During the next half year las pay- ments were bi-monthly, and at the end of that time he could, if lie chose, become a member and was allowed to share inthe plunder obtained by plucking the new- comers. An organization for the purpose ofrobbery and blackmail could Be ke;>t up only by a system of terrifying its vic- tims, and accordingly terror was tho means employed. Newly-imprisoned persons who refused to make the required payments were threatened; if they still refused, they were assaulted, often se- verely beaten, and in several cases pris- oners who continued stubborn were mur- d'red. Abody in tho prison court with two or three stiletto wounds was occasion- ally found by the Jailors, but no one knew or cared who killed the man. In- quiry proved fruitless, the body was buried and the keepers forgot the occur- rence, but among the prisoners the "busy whisper circling round" conveyed thfi tidings that the man had refused to pay fne prison society the dues claimed from him. and that their agents had tuken his life. THE CAMOURA. One day in the summer of 1828 the j keepers of the little shops in a side street lin one of the most crowded quarters of Naples received a visit from a man who represented to them that he was theag* nt of the L'amorra, a secret society, to whose coffers they wore invited to contribute, regularly and promptly, a small monthly sum. The man's reception was far from cordial. Nobody gave him anything, and some went so far as to order bun out of their house. He said nothing, went aw ay, and the next morning one of the petty merchants who had been most en- ! ergotio in refusing the demands of tho blackmailer was found dead in his bed with a dozen stiletto wounds in va- rious parts of his body. The rest of the store-keepers received each a mis- sive calling their attention to tho murder and staling that their fate would be simi- lar if they did not comply with the de- mands of the Camorra. A fow days later they were all visited by another man who whispered in their ears a request for money "for the Ca- morra." Some, frightened by the mur- | der of thoirfellow-morchant, paid; others again refused, and on the following morn- ing another l>ody was found, that of a man who objected to blackmail. Two other equally mysterious assassinations followed in the same street, and the rest i Ofthe store-keepers, appalled by the pos- si I1 ''- 1 •'\u25a0\u25a0 i '.:\u25a0\u25a0\u25a0 *i '.;'" . . .-•,;. j< iU\ .•>\u25a0 \u25a0 Hope is a Sower, the bloom of an hour, W hose petals expand lik* 1 a wuve on the sand, Then wither and die in the gloom ofa Sigh, To rear on its tomb a more beautiful bloom, Whose fragrance will brighten the years. This ephemeral life, with its battle ami strifo, ,Wouk« be solemn and drear, with nothing to cheer The moments that livo in every thought that we give. To our wants all untold as we thirst for the gold That .shades every hue of the flower. This benoficent flower, in its golden hucd bower, Is mortality'! goal, as it sweeps through tho sow], To drive dull despair to his Cimniorian lair, Ami make eaeii to-day ti silver tipped spray, Tnat will kiss the red blush of the morrow. Its tendrils entwine, where tho bright flowers shine, With a iu.>ter that grows, while Ufa gently iio w.-; O'er the J e.i ra that are dead, o'er the mem- ories Bed, But the wreck of the past is the harbor at. last, That hivkons lor something beyond. The ilower will live, its fragnmco willgive A lasting perfume thai no lime can consume, As it thrive* in the soul i'or humanity's goal, Where its beauty willcling, the same" beauti- ful thing, To bloom iv(Jod's garden above. New Orleans IHcayune. A gamo called "progressive potato picking" is all the rage in North £latte, Neo., >.o"i.il ci ••<•'• s. EXACTIONS OF THE CAMOURA. But the business of the secret brother- hood was by no means confined to the storekeepers. As the numbers of the so- ciety increased its exactions gradually spread to all classes of people, and the amount of tax became greater, until at last a tenth was demanded by its agents and paid by a terror-ridden public. The cab driver handed over a portion of every fare, the boatman a tenth of what he re- ceived from the passengers he conveyed to) and from the steamers in the bay. Every laborer in every line of life had to pay the Camorra or sutler the conse- quences, and the consequences -were too well known for many persons to take tho risk. In the gambling parlors waited a silent man who never played, but at the end of every game drew a sum of money from the bank and held out his hand to the winners. It never returned empty, for every one knew that a refusal meant the wrath of the Camorra, and this signi- lied a stab in the back. From Naples the society spread over the whole of South Italy, and everywhere its exactions were merciless. The Gov- ernment taxes might go unpaid, but tho demands of the agent who held out his hand with the words, "For the Camorra," must be satisfied. In many country dis- tricts the taxes were ten, lilleen and twenty years in arrears, but no court dared issue a decree of sale to enforce payment, and should such a thing occur no one would venture to purchase, for this would involve a difficulty with the delinquent proprietor who w : ould com- plain to the agents of the secret society ami secure the murder of the purchaser, for it was perfectly understood that while the Camorra plundered the people it pro- tected them from other plunderers, not even suffering the Government to inter- fere with them. Thus the taxes levied I>y the secret society were more cheerfully paid than those assessed by the Govern- ment, the people having learned to detest their Government as a stupid despotism in comparison with which the rule of tho Camorra was a yoke easy to be borne. Tin; society's MKMi-.::ns. Who composed the Comorra and what became of the vast sums it collected all over south Italy were questions which* the objects of this gigantic scheme of blackmail no doubt often asked them- selves, but no information was ever vouchsafed by the members themselves, and not until the Government of United Italy undertook the suppression of the society Mas the formidable character of the organization and the standing of some of its members made known. Even then, so astounding were the revelations, that the subject was as much as possible kept from public view. Enough was di- vulged, however, to make certain the feat that in the membership of this murder- ous league were found men of every rank, station and occupation. There were no- blemen and gentlemen, officers in the 1 army and navy, judges and other magis- trates, town councilors and officials; there were merchants and lawyers and doctors and clergymen; thero were men holding high official position at court, j and it was more than hinted that the last I Bourbon King of Naples had been a 1 member of the order, if not its iiead. Tho mass of membership was com- I posed of men in laborious occupations i farmers, vine-growers, mechanics, ]a- ' [ borers, in the shops, in the streets, on the 1 wharves, soldiers in the army, sailors in the navy, domestic servants. So cxten- |sive were the ramifications of the broth- ! erhood that its power was felt in every j quarter, and the priest could no more escape the payment of his tax than the Government official could avoid handing over his tenth, and both were ascertain to be called on as the poorest shopkeeper I in Naples or the humblest laborer in the , suburbs. Naples was divided into dis- I tricts, a certain number of the Camor- riati being assigned to each, and the city was more thoroughly patrolled by these self-appointed supervisors lhan 'it had ever been by its own police. The money, enormous sums of which were collected every month, was divided among the membership in proportion to their offi- cial position and the difficulty of the tasks undertaken by them. All work was paid for on a graduated scale, and a curious sensation is excited by the information that at one time, so numerous were those ready to do tho society's bidding, that Icompetition reduced the price of their services and a murder could be done for $15. BRIGAND CONIKDKRATK-. Although private intimidation and mid- night assassination were the recognized methods of the Oamorra, it did not hesi- tate to resort to open violence when that I answered th<f purpose better, though for j this branch of business the services of the Ibrigands were usually called in. The I brigand of Southern Europe is a peculiar j character which fortunately has not been, to any great extent, developed elsewhere. Ho is an outgrowth of despotism, and his existence is possible only among an ig- norant, degraded and vicious people. The brigands of Italy, if not actually numbered among the Camorristi, were at least their confederates, and the Camorra never hesitated to call to its assistance a company of banditti whenever peculiarly desperate work was to be done. The bandits were perfectly at home in every part of the country ; the country people were all in sympathy with them ; inevery hut they found a hiding-place, inevery neighborhood a welcome, food and any other supplies of which they stood in need. They had been members of tho farming and laboring classes; the stout young robber with a belt full of pistols wa.s, perhaps, known to hall the girls and boys in Calabria ; the captain of brigands had been a fanner, had, perhaps, killed a tax collector twenty yours before, had been forced to take to tho mountains. People had for- gotten his crime and remembered only I that he was being hunted by a < Jovern- ment they hated, and that (he soldiers who, from time to time, were quartered on themselves, and at a single meal ate the provisions which would have sup- plied the family for a week, were in quest of his head. Even the soldiers wcro far from earnest in their pursuit of the out- laws, for had they not been drafted into the army thoy might themselves have been brigands. The entire population of South Italy was not only 111 sympathy with the robbers, but ready on short notice to join them in a foray. Twenty years ago v railroad was in process of con- struction in tho peninsula, when sud- denly all the laborers disappeared. For two days they were gone, and when they returned frankly admitted that they had been helping a band of brigands to rob a seaside village. An army of 90,000 men mis inadequate to rid South Italy of its robbers, although for weeks it was, in lS7<i, engaged in the effort. With the Ca- morra In city and Village and the bri- gands in the country, South Italy was from 1825 to 1874 practically under the I rule Oforganized robbery. THE MAFIA. What the Camorra was to South Italy daring the period mentioned, such was the Mafia to Sicily. It is believed to have originated in the prisons of Palermo and Messina shortly after the Camorra was born in the Naples jails, and like its fellow, soon spread from the prison in- elosure to find a wilder field of useful- ness beyond. Like the Camorra, it was a blackmailing confederacy, and enforced its commands by an organized system of assassination. To all the bad features of the kindred organization it added one peculiar to Sicily, and in some respects as objectionable as the most hideous ele- ment of the Camorra. Sicily, like Corsica, - always heen noted for its vendettas, I originally differences between Individu- als or families, by time and irritation broadening so as to comprise entire com- munities. The men of villages and neighborhoods have thus been arrayed against each other, not in opeu battle, but in secret warfare, seeking by assassination to revenge tho wrong* of their lathers or grand fat i: The stiletto of the society member w;m a sure and secret method of visiting vengeance on an enemy. Tho Mafia as- sassins found ready employment, not ioi-jy '•\u25a0> *!v»«tf«|nß, |-,-:f ip il .~i.im rv nU.>. The Mississipi and Amazon. Tiie Valley of the Mississippi, includ- Ing, of course, in the term the territory drained by thu Ohio and Missouri, lias a superficial area of about 1,200,000 square miles. Tiie Valley of the Amazon is much r, having, by a moderate cacula- ti"D. 2,300,000 square miles, or over two- . . <>. IV> i W'lln \u2666 S'sii r-o. [Special Correspondence of the Sxtnday Uniox. Copyright, 1891.1 Hawortu, England, March 20, 1891. In the entiro history of the relation of "woman to English literature there cannot bo found anything like the same winsome, If somewhat melancholy, interest th;it will always cling to the irreproachable nann, the obscure surroundings and the extra- ordinary personality of the author of *'Jane Eyre." Because of this Haworth, though inter- esting for little else than once having been the home of the Bronte family, is worth going a long way to see. And it is a long and a dreary way one has to come. Perched up here among the bleak hills of tho Wast Riding of Yorkshire alongside the moors and fells of Lancashire, the place is almost as unknown and inacces- sible M the grave of Byron at Uucknall Torkard, InNottinghamshire, If your impulse is to visit Haworth, come in the summer only. Then there is ;it least sunshine. Then the fleecy clouds straggle over and between the hills as if shadowy hosts were marshalling behind the horizon. Here and there splotches of color lie against old walls and house- fronts. The heather blushes from the undulant green of the moors. And one can tben easily. imagine bits bxApulian pastoral scenery lure in the shepherds and their Hock-!, like cameo reliefs on beds of dazzling emerald, with a perspect- ive of billowy lines ami misty clouds, and here and there a savage kite or moor- buzzard circling above the scene, tierce and endless in its hunger for unwary heath-poults or grouse. But at any other time your impress- ions, all the way from Keighlev up the little valley of the Worth River, the stream being nowhere more than a tiny "beck* 1 or moorland rill, willbe dismal ones indeed. Tin's entire Yorkshire dis- trict, of which Bradford is the tr.uie me- tropolis, is given over to the manufacture of worsteds. To the right and left of the little branch of the .Midland Railway, which followsthe stream up the valley I>;tst Haworth to Oxenhope, aredastersof deserted olden hand-loom mills, rotten vv ( irs. grimy steam-power mills with their huge, nalf-smoke-hidden chimneys, de- caying arches, rows or factory-band cot- tages with slatternly women "at the door; gnarled, stunted trees springing meagerly from impoverished soil in shadowy gorge and glen; and, in farthest reaches of pros- pect beneath a leaden-colored sky, the grim outlines of barren hiiis, the hollows Between showing farther, dimmer <>ut- lines of bleak, bare moors, suggesting the wastes ofa mountainous-waved, measure- -1 - sea. The tiny Haworth Railway station stands in the center of the horse-shoe- shaped valley head to which you have come from the north. There could be no more cheerless sight than that presenting itscii 1 m every direction as you alight from your railway carriage. 'Ihe station to ister, the single human in sight, in a sparsely-cut, threadbare uniform, trots around shiveringly for a moment as if le, starved and cold, and then snaps himself up in his little den witha sharp dick, as If in iiight from the surrounding dreariness. Across the truck where there has some lime been a little patch of flow- . lonely, almost featherlcss, altogeth- er bedraggled hen pecks at the dead stalks feebly,querulously. This is all of lite there is near the station. Over to the left, a longdistance away on the level bed of tho valley, ar< several huge mills, Thevare prisons in every sense. The black smoke rolls sullenly from their Macks. But no human being is visible. Then there are a half score i o\» i of workman's bouses, iit- tle, mean, hard and cramped, huddled In grimy, denuded spaces, or set on the 1 rae-side in all manner of angles, as though they had set out i<> runaway from the place, and. too feeble to escape, had stuck fasi where they now stand. High above tiiis modern Haworth, Browmore h;i. tches away in interminable Bwells of savage, treeless hills. These circle around to the south and west, and your eve fol- lows them until it catches "a steel-gray line of what at first seems ragged, jagged cubes of rock, cutting in diagonal trans- verse bom the bottom to nearly the top of the bare escarpment of another bolder hill-i,!*-, terminating in the loftier, drear- ier Bawortfa moor. This half-defined, line uf gray is the ancient village of Haworth. Slipping and sliding along the sinuous, clayey path, you reach the lower end of the long, climbing, winding, village st \u25a0 Everything is at stone— too bouses, the gutters, the rain-troughs, the gargoyle- spouts, and the cobbled way,like an open s:.-!.e m *,\u25a0•; cut along the hillside to carry ofl the sleepy ooxings of the moor-mosses above. There is but the single stm Main street it is called. Dank, dark closes sometimes e^end for a house-length t. the right and left. The yard-wide pavements are series of stone stairs and platforms. Beneath the latter are shail- OWy shops and living rooms. All stand open; but few inhabitants are to be se, a. r lk<>se of whom glimpses can be caught are little children, still too young to be ground in the mills, and bowed old crones of women already ground By the mills Into voicelessness and shap< Ip, up, up, for a mile yon plod, and at last B a tiny open space, ihe houses are pet around it ctosely. Quaint shops and ancient mas crowd it at all sorts of euri- OUS angles. This is the head of the vill- age, topographically, in habitation* and In aristocracy. Not for its attractiveness, but because It seems an outlet toe whei \ i pass Into a little eonrt behind the Black Kirn Inn. it U a maze ofai and wynds. Suddenly another tiny open \u25a0pace confronts you. H,;e are an old, oii- . two-storied stone house, with a few yards of- grass-plot at its side; a little •touo church, attached to, r.aher Lhan Mended with, a grim Norman towei graveyard cluttered with crumbling ston- a, the Whole covering barely an acre o!' ground. These wen- Haworth parson* . church and church-yard; the earthly, and final, homeof the Brontes, and their living eyes ever rested on Uawortt) r which rises immediately above the 3 ril Like a wall of rounded si me, Here, within the viily^o n> M of t!ur »o may dttingty Dausa end recall the history of the Brontes t \u25a0 The l:U!ier, the Key. Patrick j •\u25a0me. was a son of a County Down, ire- hind, farmer, whose real uame was Prun- ty. He was born Ptttricknias <ifo. 1777, his name being changed i<> Bronte a augfi -i: nof his benefactor, the Rev. Mr. Tigue, Re *or of DrumgooLand Parish, In Down. Fine in physiquo, band*, ambitious, he forswoi lite, and, much atier the manni r ut cfae "Poor Scholar" in Oarleton's pathetic tale, z.>. •nougfa learning at lv to teaoh \u25a0 small trivato school, a tame &tutor, on- \u25a0red su John* 1 Uejje, Cambri ,ii i^ r2, obtained H-- B. A. degree four years inter; was ordained to a curacy, and we lmd him, on his man:. 12, to Ma- rit Branwell. a sweet and gentle Cornish inalden of Penxance, the incumbent <-: the church living at HarUhead, a tittle village near H udders field, twenty mHea across the moors, to th< at of Jia- worth. They were five years 1 head. I hon Mr. Bronte w . to Thornton, anoth< r Yorkshire W esi Riding , "owre " '\u25a0\u25a0\u25a0\u25a0• is, over I le atairc \u25a0 r foui iworth, tiie graj octagonal chapel tower at Thornton betas visible From the lights of Browmoor lust over the) was given Ihe living of Haworth in 1820, and with his family took . the old parsonage just as you see it to- lle remained until his death, in WU. a »)< v :.:- i of fart" -\u25a0\u25a0•; '. ynfl . ; ;.i. 4 $lailrgq^ tTimc (Table. SOUTHERN PACIFIC COM [PACIFIC SYSTEM.] JANUARY 19, 1891. Trains I,eave .and are Due to Arrive at Sacramento : LEAVE TRAIN'S BUN DAILY". \ ARRIVE 6:15 A Calistoga and Napa ! 11:40 A 3:05 1' CalLstoga and Napa 8:40 1' 12:50 A -Ai-hland and Portlands. .\u25a0>..">."• a P Demlng, EHPaaoandSasi 7KM) I' 7:30 1* Knights Landing 7:10 V 10:50 A ftMAßgeles i 9:35 A < tgden ;iinl : as. -Second 12:05 P Class 2:25 A Central Atlantic K\ ll:oo P for Ogden and East ; s si5: i 5 A 3:00 V Orovllle 10:30 A 3:00 Pjßed i'.iuil via Marysvllle l>i-:;i» A 10:40 A| Redding via Willows.... !:oo p :'.:U'-> a San Prancueo via ßenlcta ll:4o A 6:15 A San Francisco via I 8:40 A San Kranotaco ia Benicia 1 ••: l<> P P San Francisco viaBenlciu 8:40 P •10:00 A;banFranclBco vlasteamer 16K)O A 10:50 A sun Fran, via Livermore 2:50 i* 10:"'O A San .lose 3:50 1' 4:30 1' Santa Barbara ! 6:15 A Santa Rosa 11:40 A 3:05 P Bantaßosa 8:40 >' 8:50 A Stockton and Qalt 7:00 i" 4:30 P Stockton and (Salt !>::{.-> A l~:o."> ]> Trockee aiul Reno ii:2.-> A 1 11:00 1* Truckee and Reno >s.-ir. a 12K>fi P OolfitX ! s:ir, v <;:i-> A Vallcjo "11: io A 3:05 I 5 Vuilno *(;:.».• a .;•'.» 1. -o m and Plaoerville *2:io l' _*;.:: in P|.Folsom and Plaoen :"> .v •Sunday excepted. tSunday only i Mon- day excepted. A.—For morning. I\— For nf- ternoon. RICHARD GRAY, Gen. Traffic Uanaser. T. If. GOODMAN', Gfiierai r.xs.-n^.T Agent DR.ABERNETHFS Cures CRAMPS and COMC "Itis composed of the purest materials, and represents the t7GS\"i| f uU m^inal value of Jamaica K«iUr-,KJc{nA2UI, perfection." ~^^^^~ Analytical Chemist a?. i ~"7. :! S i s^S Sold by Drossteta and Wine SEI-ZX-fr-— rri MeiX'hants. P™;SJF" jos. t msmikmimm go.. SAN FRANCIsco. CALIFORNIA -OF— PRUNES, A very pleasant I-axativr, made from the juice of Fresh Prunc-s, eoniolned with a few uarmlem vegetable Ingredients or wt-U-knowa and highly medicinal qualities, put up in the form o? CREAM DROPS, Making a very valuable preparation For Infants and Children, Assimilating the food and Regulating the stomach and Bowels. IT PROMOTES DIGESTION, CHEERFUL- NESB AND 11EST. IT IS A WONDERFUL REMEDY For Constipation, Sour Stomach, Convulsions, Loss of Sleep, Worms, Fcverishncss, Etc. Price, asCents. For Sale by All Druggists. Briggs Medicine Co., San Francisco, CaL . ____I 5L r iii>' (i&w cast id s> oi mis, \u25a0fiam , -„., f;.-..inr fcr tm Uln«tra»«d H^* H 1 «Pl fe «^ hyd^ilcT ***** i^'pl'»nco» for I cxp'.iuuinit whytboiuuuu'j canr.ot get cant td »pci::»L private, I chiunic 'Ivurs, eyea. cars, lunc* o»-n>in»i »iakn««. lon of I tMßhood, s icet, sj|*il«, mm*tar»l I<«>»> \u25a0*, nvilti ot sbom r.z giax3m\, \>\iwh unfit nJI for uwrruigi*, h*cpino»i, or lifr's Ju- ««. CR. LISBIO'S *OKO£f!FUL G£BMAN INYIGQtSATOR, tt* cTf»te<t r«j<ioJv for »buy« cocipl»lal«. 'I'o pr><re us mvrltit n tmi tvtti'! MvXutf. A^«i«t», on. i/ffl/o a co. 400 o««r Gt. »««\u25a0 NMUiMfc BS, m wi If. BUi *».i Shmh fit/, at*

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  • Bleat Hills of the West Riding ofYorkshire.

    Descriptive of the Old Home of theBrontes, the Ancient Town and

    Cluirch of Haworth, and of tlio

    "Wild and Desolate Surrounding of

    Yorkshire Moors.

    WAKEMAN'S WANDERINGS. CLEVER WOMEN OF AMERICA.

    TITE SUNDAY TTNTQy, SACBAMEKTO, CAX., APRIL 5, 1891.-EIGHT PAGES.

    CAMORRA AND MAFIA. assessments. Tho secret society had es-caped lrom prison, and was beginning toprey on the community. From street tostreet it spread, assassinations markingevery step of its progress. Tho man whorelused to contribute was doomed, andthe knife of the midnight murderer car-ried out tho sentence of the unknowntribunal. Intwo years, or by the springof IS)D, every shopkeeper in "Naples waspaying a monthly tax levied by the Ca-morra.

    remunerative profession of legitimatejournalism !or the better paying businessof advertising.

    Among some of tho more prominentmembers ofthe dab are: Mrs..!. C. Croly("Jenny .June" 1, editor of the ffome-;er; Mrs. Sarah Lippincott (**OraceGreenwood"), Emma Moffit Tyng, EUxaPutnam Heaton, Mattie Sheridan, HelenWatteraon, Mary F. Seymour, editor ofthe Busine&a woman* Journal; Mrs.Prank Leslie. Mrs. Kobert P. Porter andMrs. Florence (.'. lyes.

    But withail this array of penius Iamnot a believer in women's clubs In thisparticular Imentally shako hands with"Bab,MItis all very well for women to hfivoBOCial clubs if they want them, butit is

    absurd for thorn to form themselves Intoa professional club. Here is the NewYork Press Club. What's the matter withour joiningit? lam sure the memberswould receive us witli "open arms."Newspapermen are the most chivalrousand gallant of men; if they were not theywould never have encouraged so manywomen to enter the profession. The menami women inone business should belongto the same club. 1 am £oiii£ in for''mixed clubs"— -men and women.

    Kmma Thai'pku. •

    A GOLDEN WEDDING.

    O. Nuptial mornIon which we.honored, wait!Thai comes bat un.v in halfa hundred year*!

    The morn we celebrateNot Joy alone but sorrow mo: nee?Trusting .is they who trust, and not in vain,

    '!he ways of Providence,

    AndOh! in.joy beyond love's lirst doUght,In nuptials new, that Know no touch of

    Time.v. ii non your wondering si>.'ht

    Afar the itolden I;a:e< shall rise sublime,Whi re mortal loves no more the eoul cut ier;

    Stillmay your feet togi ther tireless climbThe HJUs ofParadise.—

    Benjamin Hathaway, in Prairie Fanner.

    Ilenco the Maria thrived; life became ascheap inSicily as intho slums of Maples.Inthe year IS."*! an English gentlemanvisiting Massina conceived the idea thatraising sheep on the neighboring hillswould prove a profitable "industry. Hebought a tract of land, stocked it withanexcellent breed of sheep and began ope-rations. He shortly had trouble with aneighbor about boundaries, and the Eng-lish side of the question was warmlyespoused by the Englishman's shepherd,a Sicilian. The troublesome neighborwas one day found dead witha couple ofdozen bnckshot in his head, and at theend of the same month, when the shep-herd came to render his account, amongthe items was one of $50 which the Eng-lishman did not understand. Askingfor an explanation, he was horrified tolearn it was for shooting "that PietroSassi," who had made himself so trouble-some, and, furthermore, that the Mafiaman who had done the deed was waitingoutside the door forhis money. The Eng-lishman paid the bill and left tho coun-try.

    A TRIP WITH THE MAFIA.Like the Camorra, the Mafia was al-

    "\vaj-s hand in glove with the brigands,\u25a0who, availing themselves of the informa-tion furnished by their confederates Intown, often became very dariug. In187U,an Englishman named Rose, connectedwith v mercantile house in Sicily, wastaken by a brigand chief named Leonefrom the midst of a large party of appar-ently friendly Sicilians. The capturetook place in broad dalight, on a well-traveled highway, and insight of Lercara,a populous town. The brigands carriedtheir captive to a cave, and thero he re-mained under guard lor seven days; sud-denly the bandits changed their quarters,being apparently apprehensive of pur-suit, and for some time made night jmarches, traveling all night and restingin the houses of the peasantry by day.During this time troops were supposed iobe in pursuit, but negotiations were inprogress for a ransom, as the banditsthreatened to kill their prisoner unlesstho money thoy demanded was p;iid. Itwas paid, the sum being 920,000, but onthe urgent representations of the BritishGovernment the matter was investigated, Iand some of the outlaws were brought tojustice.

    On the trial, however, it was clearlyproved that members of the Mafia,per-sonal friendsofMr.Hose, had given the in-formation which led tohis capture by thebrigands, and that the money paid for hisransom had been shared by the Sicilian jdetectives supposed to be on the track ofthe bandits, by the police ofLercara, whowere paid to be absent when Rose wascaptured, by the chief magistrates of sev-eral country towns and villages throughwhich the bandits passed withtheir pris-oner, by the commanding officers andseveral soldiers ot the companies of cav-alry sent to pursue the robbers, by a law-yer of Palermo, who hud given notice of jthe intended visit of Rose to Lercara, by

    •a merchant who persuaded Rose to go,and by peasants, male and female, whohad provided shelter for tho band andgiven false information to their pursuers.Kose, however, escaped unscathed, whichwas more than a German named Kutcherdid in the follow ing year, for having noone to ransom him, he was cut inpiecesand dispatched, a littleat a timo, ouo dayan ear, another a linger, and so on, to theresidence of the German Consul, the rob-bers hoping that this barbarity wouldlead to a ransom. None came, and finallythe head of the hapless man was foundone morning at the German Consul'sdoor.

    ATTBMPTfI AT SUFPBXBBIOH.Both Camorra and Mafia were tolerated

    ifnot encouraged by the Bourbons, therebeing, as already intimated, a belief that

    ! tho royal family shared in the spoils ofboth. Both were popular institutions.The taxes they exacted were not greaterthan those demanded by the Govern-ment, and the payment being in smallsums, was made with greater conveni-ence, and both, so long as payments werepunctual, protected their proteges fromother robbers. The army and police werenot opposed to the secret organizations,since many of the soldiers were members,and the Government, by availing itself ofthe ready services of hired assassins be-longing to both organizations, often putout of the way obnoxious persons, andthus saved the police and army muchtrouble. The prison-keepers liked thembecause the Camorra and Mafia kept bet-ter order and enforced stricter disciplinein the jails than the guards were able todo.

    Inmore than one Neapolitan revolutionthe agents of the Camorra were engagedto restore order and did it effectually,whik; in the conquest of Sicily by Gari-baldi, the Mafia played no unimportantpart. But after the Bourbons had beendriven out, ami Italy united under the Irule of Victor Emanuel, the Government jlooked witha jealous eye on the inilu- Ienco of the two organizations. In bothItaly and Sicily the revenues whichshould have gone to the Governmentwere absorbed by the societies. Astrongeffort was therefore made to put down |both Camorra and Mafia. InSeptember,1871, the first blow was struck in Xaples.Nearly a hundred agents of the Camorrawere seized and imprisoned inthe fort-ress, and the customs revenues, whichthe day before had been loss than fourfrancs, rose on the day following tonearly S,O-mattock and the spade.Borne lustier brother of the trade,

    Perhaps ere longMay l:^ you where you've thousands laid>or think it wrong!

    and the capital oilpainting of this canuyold character, who reminds one forciblyof the old wretch who stillofficiates at"Scotch marriages," at Gretna Green, wasthe work of this misdirected and self-de-stroying genius.

    Grim, gaunt, gray Saworthl Perfectas were the lives thy sunless ways onceknew; matchless as w*re the creationshewn Ottt pf the heart of stone: dreary asthe skies above thy dank old walls is thyh.ud, stern face in all its moods to men.One leaves thee v.ith n sad and heavyheart EboJub l. Wakkkax.

    The Two Societies Which RuledSouth Italy for Fifty Years.

    Blackmail and Assassination Reduced

    to an Exact Science— The TolerationExtended by tlie Bourbons—Associ-

    ation of the Societies With the Bri-gands—Suppression by the Present

    Government.

    The conditions under which tho popu-lace of South Italyand Sicily have livedfor a hundred years are singularly favor-able to the origination of secret organiza-tions. Tho Government of the Bourbonswas, in itself,a great secret society, work-ing by secret and often exceedingly rep-rehensible methods; spies employed bytho court were everywhere, and the mostinnocent word, the most inoffensive act,was often, by these agents of an unscru-pulous despotism, construed into evi-denco of a plot against the throne. Thepoverty of the population has alwaysbeen deplorable, their ignorance pro-found, and the study of the rulers was to Iprevent any ray of light from enteringthe intellectual or moral horizon of thoseunder their care. So iar from endeavor-ing toimprove the condition of the peo-ple, the Bourbon Kings of Naples andSicily made most strenuous effortsto prevent their advancement. Merci-less taxation took away the ac-cumulated surplus of tho year's toil,while, on tho faintest appearanceof any desire to interfere in matterspolitical, the offender was hurried off toprison, it being a well established Bour-bon maxim that a politician in the oppo-sition is worse than a thief. Theprisonerrarely knew who was his accuser or withwhat he was charged ;his friends seldomlearned his whereabouts; ifhe had a trial,itwas in secret, before a tribunal whichhad itsown rules of procedure, its ownstandards for the consideration of evi-di nee. No witnesses were introduced in

    ] his behalf, for he was not permitted tosend for them ;no lawyer pleaded hiscause, for eloquence found noplace beforea court established for the purpose of con-victing. Often when the death sentencewas pronounced on the unhappy man, itsexecution was carried out in private, andas no records were kept, all that thefriends of the accused know was that hewas arrested, taken away by the officersof the law and never heard of afterward.

    THE I'RISOX SOCIKTIKS.How many of these legalized and secret

    murders took place under Bourbon rulewillnever be known. So great was thonumber of arrests, however, for pettypolitical offenses, that alter Italy wasfreed from the rule of the French by thedownfall of Napoleon's empire thoprisons ofNaples, Palermo and Messinawere crowded with unhappy wretches,some accused ofpolitical meddling, otherscharged with minor crimes, whileothersagain knew neither the charge againstthem, nor the length of time they wouldprobably remain incarcerated. Allwereragged, many were half-starved, for thejailers, likeother officials of the Neapol-itan State, were ill-paid, and thus welltrained to make their living by exactionsfrom the wretched persons committed totheir care. No distinction was made ofthe inmates by classes; all were huddledtogether without regard to the character

    jof the oti'ense, and the countryman w, lu>Ihad tried, to smuggle :ifew oranges intothe city was placed inihe .same large cell

    which contained dozens of the worstcriminals. Whatever his character onentering he came out acriminal, readyfor the commission of any deed whichmight result to his own profit. As nocontrol was exercised over the prisonerssave what was necessary to keep themwithin tho walls of the inelosure, the in-mates were left to themselves, and busybrains and idle hands form a bad combin-ation. As early us the year 1825 it wasdiscovered that the prisoners in the fas-tie of Naples had formed an associationofmutual benefit. Ithad Its officers, itspasswords and other signs of recognition,and its oath-bound members were swornto do the bidding of its chief. The dis-

    !eovery of the society was made by a pris-oner who was not a member, but hisstatement of the existence of such an or-ganisation caused no uneasiness and 1

    j .scarcely any remark among the prisonofficials, who, itappears, gave the matter

    !no attention.ORJKCTB OF THX SOCIETY.

    The society Which thus had Its origin in, the principal prison ofNaples was organ*Ii/.ed for the purpose of exacting money| from prisoners who were not included!among its members. By threats of ill-

    usage small sums were in many caseseasily obtained; but as most of the pris-

    Ioners were what may be called perma-i nent boarders, this source of supply wassoon exhausted. But as arrivals

    *

    werefrequent, the prison society took time byths forelock by approaching them as soonas they entered, and, onvarious pretenses,demanding fees. The new-comer mustpay down in cash a fee to keep the lampburning before the Madonna's picture; hemust pay a fee to gointo the chapel, a feeto aid inproviding a Sunday dinner fortho poorer prisoners, a feo for the com-mon stock of tobacco and so on, none ofthe money, of course, ever by any acci-dent being expended for the purposestated. After the new arrival had beenrobbed of most ofhis portables, for ifhehad no money any description of personalproperty was accepted, he became a"reg-ular," and for the lirst six months of hisstay made only a monthly payment.

    During the next half year las pay-ments were bi-monthly, and at the endof that time he could, ifliechose, becomea member and was allowed toshare intheplunder obtained by plucking the new-comers. Anorganization for the purposeofrobbery and blackmail could Be ke;>tup only by asystem of terrifying its vic-tims, and accordingly terror was thomeans employed. Newly-imprisonedpersons who refused to make the requiredpayments were threatened; if they stillrefused, they were assaulted, often se-verely beaten, and in several cases pris-oners who continued stubborn were mur-d'red. Abody in tho prison court withtwo or three stiletto wounds was occasion-ally found by the Jailors, but no oneknew orcared whokilled the man. In-quiry proved fruitless, the body wasburied and the keepers forgot the occur-rence, but among the prisoners the "busywhisper circling round" conveyed thfitidings that the man had refused to payfne prison society the dues claimed fromhim. and that their agents had tuken hislife.

    THE CAMOURA.One day in the summer of 1828 the

    j keepers of the little shops in a side streetlin one of the most crowded quarters of

    Naples received a visit from a man whorepresented to them that he was theag* ntof the L'amorra, a secret society, to whosecoffers they wore invited to contribute,regularly and promptly, a small monthlysum. The man's reception was far fromcordial. Nobody gave him anything,and some went so far as toorder bun outof their house. He said nothing, wentaw ay, and the next morning one of thepetty merchants who had been most en-

    !ergotio inrefusing the demands of thoblackmailer was found dead in his bedwith a dozen stiletto wounds in va-rious parts of his body. The restofthe store-keepers received each a mis-sive calling their attention to tho murderand staling that their fate would be simi-lar if they did not comply with the de-mands of the Camorra.

    Afow days later they were all visitedby another man who whispered in theirears a request for money "for the Ca-morra." Some, frightened by the mur-

    | der ofthoirfellow-morchant, paid; othersagain refused, and onthe followingmorn-ing another l>ody was found, that of aman who objected to blackmail. Twoother equally mysterious assassinationsfollowed inthe same street, and the rest

    iOfthe store-keepers, appalled by the pos-si I1''-1 •'\u25a0\u25a0 i '.:\u25a0\u25a0\u25a0 *i '.;'" . • . .-•,;. j< iU\ • • .•>\u25a0 \u25a0

    Hope is a Sower, the bloom of anhour,W hose petals expand lik*1 a wuve on the sand,Then wither and die in the gloom ofa Sigh,To rearon its tomb a more beautiful bloom,

    Whose fragrance willbrighten the years.This ephemeral life, with its battle ami strifo,

    ,Wouk« be solemn and drear, with nothing tocheer

    The moments that livoin every thought thatwe give.

    To our wants all untold as we thirst for thegoldThat .shades every hue of the flower.

    This benoficent flower, in its golden hucdbower,

    Ismortality'! goal, as it sweeps through thosow],

    To drivedull despair to his Cimniorian lair,Amimake eaeii to-day tisilver tipped spray,

    Tnat willkiss the redblush of the morrow.Its tendrils entwine, where tho bright flowers

    shine,With a iu.>ter that grows, while Ufa gently

    iiow.-;O'er the J e.i ra that are dead, o'er the mem-

    ories Bed,But the wreck of the past is the harbor at.last,

    That hivkons lor something beyond.The ilower willlive, its fragnmco willgiveA lasting perfume thai nolimecan consume,As itthrive* in the soul i'or humanity's goal,Where its beauty willcling, the same" beauti-

    ful thing,To bloom iv(Jod's garden above.—

    New Orleans IHcayune.

    A gamo called "progressive potatopicking" is all the rage in North £latte,Neo., >.o"i.il ci•• *!v»«tf«|nß, |-,-:f ipil .~i.im rv nU.>.

    The Mississipiand Amazon.Tiie Valley of the Mississippi, includ-

    Ing, of course, in the term the territorydrained by thu Ohio and Missouri, lias asuperficial area of about 1,200,000 squaremiles. Tiie Valley of the Amazon ismuch

    r, having, by a moderate cacula-ti"D.2,300,000 square miles, or over two-. . . IV> iW'lln \u2666 S'sii r-o.

    [Special Correspondence of the SxtndayUniox. Copyright, 1891.1

    Hawortu, England, March 20, 1891.In the entiro history of the relation of

    "woman to English literature there cannotbo found anything like the same winsome,Ifsomewhat melancholy, interest th;it willalways cling to the irreproachable nann,the obscure surroundings and the extra-ordinary personality of the author of*'Jane Eyre."

    Because of this Haworth, though inter-esting for little else than once havingbeen the home of the Bronte family, isworth going a long way to see. And it isa long and a dreary way one has to come.Perched up here among the bleak hills oftho Wast Riding of Yorkshire alongsidethe moors and fells of Lancashire, theplace is almost as unknown and inacces-sible Mthe grave of Byron at UucknallTorkard, InNottinghamshire,If your impulse is to visit Haworth,

    come in the summer only. Then there is;itleast sunshine. Then the fleecy cloudsstraggle over and between the hills as ifshadowy hosts were marshalling behindthe horizon. Here and there splotches ofcolor lie against old walls and house-fronts. The heather blushes from theundulant green of the moors. Andonecan tben easily.imagine bitsbxApulianpastoral scenery lure in the shepherdsand their Hock-!, like cameo reliefs onbeds ofdazzling emerald, with a perspect-ive of billowy lines ami misty clouds, andhere and there a savage kite or moor-buzzard circling above the scene, tierceand endless in its hunger for unwaryheath-poults or grouse.

    But at any other time your impress-ions, all the way from Keighlev up thelittle valley of the Worth River, thestream being nowhere more than a tiny"beck*1 or moorland rill,willbe dismalones indeed. Tin's entire Yorkshire dis-trict, of which Bradford is the tr.uie me-tropolis, is given over to the manufactureofworsteds. To the right and left of thelittle branch of the .Midland Railway,which followsthe stream up the valleyI>;tst Haworth to Oxenhope, aredastersofdeserted olden hand-loom mills, rottenvv( irs. grimy steam-power mills with theirhuge, nalf-smoke-hidden chimneys, de-caying arches, rows or factory-band cot-tages with slatternly women "at the door;gnarled, stunted trees springing meagerlyfrom impoverished soil inshadowy gorgeand glen; and, infarthest reaches of pros-pect beneath a leaden-colored sky, thegrim outlines of barren hiiis, the hollowsBetween showing farther, dimmer ut-lines of bleak, bare moors, suggesting thewastes ofamountainous-waved, measure--1 - sea.

    The tiny Haworth Railway stationstands in the center of the horse-shoe-shaped valley head to which you havecome from the north. There could be nomore cheerless sight than that presentingitscii

    1

    m every direction as you alightfrom yourrailway carriage. 'Ihe stationto ister, the single human in sight, in asparsely-cut, threadbare uniform, trotsaround shiveringly for a moment as if

    le, starved and cold,and then snapshimself up inhis littleden witha sharpdick,as If in iiightfrom the surroundingdreariness. Across the truck where therehas some lime been a littlepatch of flow-. lonely, almost featherlcss, altogeth-er bedraggled hen pecks at the dead stalksfeebly,querulously. This is all oflite thereis near the station. Over to the left, alongdistance away on the level bed of thovalley, ar< several huge mills, Thevareprisons inevery sense. The black smokerolls sullenly from their Macks. But nohuman being is visible. Then there are ahalf score io\» iof workman's bouses, iit-tle, mean, hard and cramped, huddled Ingrimy, denuded spaces, or set on the1 rae-side in all manner of angles, asthough they had set out i runaway fromthe place, and. too feeble to escape, hadstuck fasi where they now stand. Highabove tiiis modern Haworth, Browmoreh;i. tches away in interminable Bwells ofsavage, treeless hills.These circle aroundto the south and west, and your eve fol-lows them until it catches "a steel-grayline of what at first seems ragged, jaggedcubes of rock, cutting in diagonal trans-verse bomthe bottom to nearly the topof the bare escarpment of another bolderhill-i,!*-, terminating in the loftier, drear-ier Bawortfa moor. This half-defined,

    line uf gray is the ancient villageof Haworth.

    Slipping and sliding along the sinuous,clayey path, you reach the lower end ofthe long, climbing, winding, village st \u25a0Everything is at stone— too bouses, thegutters, the rain-troughs, the gargoyle-spouts, and the cobbled way,like an opens:.-!.e m *,\u25a0•; cut along the hillside to carryoflthe sleepy ooxings ofthe moor-mossesabove. There is but the single stmMain street it is called. Dank, dark closessometimes e^end for a house-lengtht. the right and left. The yard-widepavements are series of stone stairs andplatforms. Beneath the latter are shail-OWy shops and living rooms. All standopen; but few inhabitants are to be se, a.rlkse of whom glimpses can be caughtare little children, still too young to beground in the mills,and bowed old cronesof women already ground By the millsInto voicelessness and shap< Ip,up, up, for a mile yon plod, and at last

    B a tiny open space, ihe houses arepet around itctosely. Quaint shops andancient mas crowd it at all sorts of euri-OUS angles. This is the head of the vill-age, topographically, in habitation* andIn aristocracy. Not for its attractiveness,but because It seems an outlet toewhei \ ipass Into alittleeonrt behindthe Black KirnInn. itU a maze ofaiand wynds. Suddenly another tiny open\u25a0pace confronts you. H,;e are an old, oii-. two-storied stone house, with a fewyards of- grass-plot at its side; a little•touo church, attached to, r.aher LhanMended with, a grim Norman toweigraveyard cluttered with crumblingston- a, the Whole covering barely an acreo!' ground. These wen- Haworth parson*. church and church-yard; the earthly,and final,homeof the Brontes, and theirliving eyes ever rested on Uawortt)

    rwhich rises immediately above the3 rilLike a wall ofrounded si me,

    Here, within the viily^o n> M of t!ur»o may dttingty Dausaend recall the history of the Brontest \u25a0 • The l:U!ier, the Key. Patrickj •\u25a0me. was ason ofaCounty Down, ire-hind, farmer, whose real uame was Prun-ty. He was born Ptttricknias ..">."• aPDemlng, EHPaaoandSasi 7KM) I'

    7:30 1* Knights Landing 7:10 V10:50 A ftMAßgeles i 9:35 A< tgden ;iinl : as. -Second12:05 P Class 2:25 A

    Central Atlantic K\ll:oo P for Ogden and East ; s si5:i5A

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