4 organization design b

8/9/2019 4 Organization Design B

1/27

Jcggcxx Miomfkg` % Mig}slxkg`

Izògk~oxkig Mig}slxkg`

O Eouizch Millcmxkig ie

Pizdkg` Rorcz}, Rzc}cgxoxkig}, Gixc}

Ommsasloxch Iucz

Igc Lig` Mig}slxkg` Mozccz

-8 ie 0

Izògk~oxkig Hc}k`g%Izògk~oxkig Hcucliracgx

Rozx :

'

Rzc}cgxoxkig} ogh Foghisx} eiz

Izògk~oxkig Hcucliracgx ogh Hc}k`g

1111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111

Xfk} Himsacgx Ro`c ?

&M+ :2?2 M'F' Jcggcxx

:0 Ro`c}


2/27

Sghcz}xoghkg` Izògk~oxkig ]{}xca} Ro`c ? ie =

Sghcz}xoghkg`, Hko`gi}kg`, % Hc}k`gkg` Izògk~oxkig ]{}xca}?

Pc ozc mig}khczkg` og izògk~oxkig o} o }{}xca:4 og cgxkx{ pfkmf>

Cvk}x} eiz o rszri}c

Fo} o jisghoz{ K} lkukg` &og ircg }{}xca+

Zcqskzc} rcirlc

K} miari}ch ie izògk~oxkigol ogh xcmfgili`kmol rzimchszc}, rzimc}}c}, ogh

cqskracgx

Kx kgxczomx} pkxf kx} cgukzigacgx kg xfc rzimc}} ie ommiarlk}fkg` kx} rszri}c

Jcmos}c og izògk~oxkig cvk}x} eiz o rszri}c, kx k} ri}}kjlc xi hcekgc khcol isxmiac} eiz

kx' Xfk} acog} xfi}c xfkg`} xfox xfc izògk~oxkig gcch} xi ommiarlk}f xi omfkcuc xfk}

rszri}c' Khcol isxmiac} mog kgmlshc> uilsac, x{rc, ogh qsolkx{ ie rzihsmx} iz }czukmc}, o}

pcll o} xfc qsolkx{ ie pizd lkec, oxxkxshc} ogh cuilukg` miarcxcgmkc} ie kx} acajcz},kgmlshkg` xfc mslxszc' Xfs}, isxmiac} iz zc}slx} ozc ie jixf xfc fozh ogh }iex uozkcx{'

Xi ommiarlk}f xfc khcol isxmiac}, xfc cgukzigacgx pkxfkg pfkmf xfc izògk~oxkig cvk}x}

as}x jc mig}khczch'

Kg ohhkxkig xi kx} isxmiac}, kx k} s}cesl xi izògk~c aoniz miarigcgx} ie og izògk~oxkig

kgxi xfc ekuc jivc} ojiuc'= Olxfis`f xfc{ mog jc hk}ms}}ch kghcrcghcgxl{, xfc}c ekuc

ozco} ozc kgxcz!zcloxch, ogh pfcg mig}khczch o} o pfilc, mog rziukhc o pizdkg` rkmxszc ie

og{ izògk~oxkig'

Xfc cgukzigacgx &rogcl K+ k} oll ie pfox cvk}x} isx}khc ie xfc izògk~oxkig} jisghoz{'Xfk} k} xfc oll!karizxogx migxcvx pkxfkg pfkmf xfc izògk~oxkig cvk}x}' Kg xfk} pc kgmlshc>

Xfc rf{}kmol cgukzigacgx

?Xfk} po{ ie xfkgdkg` ojisx og izògk~oxkig po} ieeczch j{ Zkmfozh C' Polxig &Fozuozh Js}kgc}} ]mfiil+ ox o R%@izògk~oxkig hcucliracgx pizd}fir kg ?;6?:

]cc Jcggcxx rorcz ! Ircg ]{}xca} Aihcl= ]cc Jcggcxx rorcz ]{}xca} Hko`gi}xkm Aihcl

K' Cgukzigacgxol

Ecoxszc}

KK' Hc}k`gClcacgx}

KKK'

Cacz`kg`

Oxxzkjsxc}

KU'

Isxmiac}

U' Zcgcpol

]{}xca}

Xfk} Himsacgx Ro`c :



3/27

Sghcz}xoghkg` Izògk~oxkig ]{}xca} Ro`c : ie =

Xfc miaasgkx{ }szzisghkg` xfc izògk~oxkig

Ixfcz cgxkxkc}> kghs}xzkol, ìuczgacgxol, ogh }imkol, ox limol, }xoxc, echczol, ogh

kgxczgoxkigol lcucl}'

Rf{}kmol, }imkol, ogh xcmfgkmol zc}iszmc}

Cmigiakm, xcmfgili`kmol ogh }imkol xzcgh} ox oll lcucl}

Xfc izògk~oxkig k} xixoll{ hcrcghcgx srig kx} cgukzigacgx jcmos}c xfc cgukzigacgx k}

xfc }iszmc ie xfc kgrsx} &zop aoxczkol, kgeizaoxkig, rcirlc, cxm''+ xfc izògk~oxkiggcch} xi rzihsmc kx} rzihsmx} iz isxrsx}' Xfc}c kgrsx} ozc ol}i gcchch xi jsklh ogh

aokgxokg xfc kgezo}xzsmxszc ie xfc izògk~oxkig xfox cgojlc} kx xi irczoxc ogh ohorx o}

gcmc}}oz{ xfzis`f xkac' Ke xfc cgukzigacgx hic} gix rziukhc xfc kgrsx}, giz ommcrx xfc

isxrsx}, og izògk~oxkig moggix }szukuc'

Iucz xkac, xfc izògk~oxkig pkll kgxczomx pkxf kx} cgukzigacgx kg ox lco}x xfzcc po{}>

?' Kx pkll fouc migxomx pkxf uozkis} kghkukhsol}, kghs}xzkc}, o`cgmkc}, cxm' kg xfc

cgukzigacgx xi }cmszc kgrsx}

:' Kx pkll fouc migxomx pkxf uozkis} kghkukhsol}, kghs}xzkc}, o`cgmkc}, cxm'' kg xfc

cgukzigacgx zcòzhkg` kx} isxrsx}, kgxczgol mighkxkig}, ogh rzimc}}c}'=' Kx ao{ jc eizmch xi kgxczomx pkxf xfc rf{}kmol cgukzigacgx &c'`', goxszol

hk}o}xcz}+

Kg izhcz xi esgmxkig ceekmkcgxl{ ogh ceecmxkucl{, ogh cucg xi }szukuc, xfc izògk~oxkig

as}x lcozg xi rlog eiz ogh hcol pkxf kx} cgukzigacgx' Xfk} ol}i }s``c}x hc}k`gkg` xfc

izògk~oxkig xi hcol pkxf ogxkmkroxch cgukzigacgxol hcaogh}'

Foukg` xfc khcol isxmiac} kg akgh ogh xodkg` kgxi mig}khczoxkig xfc cgukzigacgxol

eomxiz}, og izògk~oxkig mog hcuclir orrzirzkoxc hc}k`g clcacgx} &rogcl KK+' Xfox k}, xfc

izògk~oxkig mog hcuclir rf{}kmol }xzsmxszc} ogh cqskracgx, izògk~oxkigol rilkmkc} ogh

}xzsmxszc}, ogh }imkol ogh xcmfgili`kmol rzimchszc} ogh rzimc}}c} xfox ozc hc}k`gch xi,ogh fircesll{ pkll, rzihsmc xfc khcol isxmiac}'

O} xfc izògk~oxkig jc`kg} esgmxkigkg`, xfox k} o} xfc rcirlc kg xfc izògk~oxkig mozz{ isx

xfckz zc}rcmxkuc nij} &rsxxkg` xfc hc}k`g clcacgx} kgxi rzomxkmc+ ogh o} xfc cgukzigacgx

karkg`c} srig xfc izògk~oxkig xpi xfkg`} forrcg>

?' Xfc izògk~oxkigol oxxzkjsxc} cacz`c &rogcl KKK+

:' Xfc omxsol isxmiac} ie xfc izògk~oxkig ozc rzihsmc} &rogcl KU+

Xfc cacz`kg` oxxzkjsxc} kgmlshc>

?' Xfc irczoxkg` rzimchszc} ogh rzimc}}c}, iz fip xfc hc}k`g rzimchszc} oghrzimc}}c} ozc omxsoll{ mozzkch isx

:' Xfc }imkol ogh xcmfgili`kmol }dkll} ogh morojklkxkc} hcuclirch j{ xfc aogo`cz} ogh

carli{cc}

=' Xfc oxxkxshc} ogh ecclkg`} ie xfc aogo`cz} ogh carli{cc} xipozh xfc

izògk~oxkig, xfckz nij}, ogh comf ixfcz'

Xfk} Himsacgx Ro`c =



4/27

Sghcz}xoghkg` Izògk~oxkig ]{}xca} Ro`c = ie =

Cacz`kg` oxxzkjsxc} zcelcmx xfc ho{!xi!ho{ lkec ie xfc izògk~oxkig, pfkmf oeecmx} xfc

iuczoll ceecmxkucgc}} ie xfc izògk~oxkig'

Xfc isxmiac} ozc pfox xfc izògk~oxkig omxsoll{ rzihsmc}, jixf kg xcza} ie fozh zc}slx}

&uilsac, qsolkx{, mi}x+ ogh kg xcza} ie xfc }iex zc}slx} &qsolkx{ ie pizd lkec ogh kghkukhsol

mfozomxczk}xkm} hcuclirch pfklc acajcz} ozc kgxczomxkg`+' Xfc}c isxmiac} ozc zcoll{

cgh }xoxc} pfkmf zc}slx ezia xfc izògk~oxkig} ho{!xi!ho{ omxkukx{ cajchhch kg xfc

cacz`kg` oxxzkjsxc} pkxfkg xfc migxcvx ie xfc cgukzigacgx'

Izògk~oxkig} ozc gix }xoxkm' Xfckz rszri}c ogh cgukzigacgx} ao{ mfog`c, hc}k`g}

jcmiac isxhoxch, xfc rcirlc zc}iszmc} }fkex, iz kx ao{ jc eisgh xfox xfc hc}k`g k}

kgceecmxkuc o} kghkmoxch j{ kgohcqsoxc lcucl iz qsolkx{ ie isxrsx' ]i izògk~oxkig} gcch

acmfogk}a} eiz mfog`kg`' Xfc}c acmfogk}a} ozc zceczzch xi o} zcgcpol }{}xca} &rogcl

U+' Zcgcpol }{}xca} jo}kmoll{ mig}k}x ie

?' Xfc igìkg` millcmxkig ie kgeizaoxkig ig xfc mszzcgx }xoxc ie oeeokz} kg comf

rogcl &c'`' zcrizx}, }szuc{}, ho}fjiozh}, cgò`cacgx }c}}kig}+

:' Xfc cuolsoxkig ie xfox kgeizaoxkig, ogh xfcg ckxfcz

=' ]ilukg` khcgxkekch rzijlca} }i xfc izògk~oxkig mog migxkgsc xi esgmxkigceecmxkucl{, iz

8' Ohns}xkg`, iz hcuclirkg` gcp hc}k`g ecoxszc} }i xfc izògk~oxkig mog ohorx ogh

migxkgsc xi esgmxkig ogh `zip kg o fcolxf{ po{'

Xfc }{}xca} orrziomf xi izògk~oxkig} k} c}}cgxkoll{ o h{goakm igc' Mfog`c} kg oll iz og{

ie xfc rogcl} ie xfc aihcl ozc o}}sach xi immsz iucz xkac kg og igìkg` po{' Fipcucz,

ox og{ rikgx kg xkac, og izògk~oxkigol }gor}fix mog jc xodcg hc}mzkjkg` xfc}c rogcl}, o}

xfc{ cvk}x ox xfox rikgx kg xkac'

]smf o }gor}fix k} pfox k} rzihsmch oexcz o xfizis`f hko`gi}k} ie comf rogcl xfzis`fxfc }xsh{ ie pzkxxcg aoxczkol} ogh kgxczukcp} pkxf omxsol acajcz} ie xfc izògk~oxkig'

Xfcac} xcgh xi cacz`c o} o zc}slx ie xfc kgxczukcp}, ogh mos}ol lkgdo`c} mog jc

hc}mzkjch ke xfc mizzcmx hoxo k} òxfczch'8 Kx k} karizxogx xi igl{ rzc}cgx hoxo xfox fo}

jccg ezcqscgxl{ acgxkigch ogh pfkmf }cca} zcrzc}cgxoxkuc ie xfc rozxkmsloz lcucl iz }sj!

sgkx ie xfc izògk~oxkig jckg` }xshkch' ]smf og ogol{}k} ogh rzc}cgxoxkig hic} gix

rzc}cgx og cvfos}xkuc hc}mzkrxkig, jsx zoxfcz fk`flk`fx} xfi}c xfkg`} xfox ozc karizxogx

kg kgelscgmkg` xfc izògk~oxkig} ho{!xi!ho{ lkec ogh zc}slx}'

8 ]cc Jcggcxx rorcz Kgxczukcpkg` ogh Ogol{}k}

Xfk} Himsacgx Ro`c 8



5/27

]{}xca} Hko`gi}xkm Aihcl Ro`c ? ie ?

HC]K@G CLCACGX]

Pizd Kx}cle &Xo}d+o' Rzimc}}c} Sghcz}xiih

j' Nij Hc}k`g]xzsmxszc}o' Sgkx Jisghozkc}j' Osxfizkxkc}

m' Zc}rig}kjklkx{ Hk}xzkjsxkig

h' Zcrizxkg` Zcloxkig}fkr}

]{}xca} % Rzomxkmc}o' Rilkmkc} % Rzi`zoa}j' Hcmk}kig Aodkg` Giza}

m' Miaa !Cgò`cacgx

c' Kgeizaoxkig Ouoklojklkx{

e' Sgpzkxxcg Zslc}`' S}c ie Js}kgc}} Aihcl

Rcirlco' Hc`zcc)Goxszc ie Hkucz}kx{j' Cvrczkcgmc % Chsmoxkig

m' Gsajcz} ogh Hk}xzkjsxkig

h' Pizd cxfkm ) aixkuoxkig}

Zcpozh % Mig}cqscgmc

]{}xca}o' Ro{ % Jcgcekx}j' Kgxzkg}km Aixkuoxkig

m' Zcmi`gkxkigh' Rziaixkig ogh Aiucacgx

c' Lcohcz)]srczuk}iz Jcfoukiz}

e' Goxszc ie xfc pizd kx}cle

CACZ@KG@

OXXZKJSXC]

xxkxshc} % Ecclkg`}o' Ircggc}}

j' Miirczoxkucgc}}

m' Cgxfs}ko}ah' Sz`cgm{

Moromkxkc} % ]dkll}o' Xcmfgkmol Miarcxcgmcj' Rzijlca!}ilukg`

m' Elcvkjklkx{

h' ]{}xca Xfkgdkg`c' Kghkukhsol u}' Xcoa

Irczoxkg` Rzimchszc} %Rzimc}}c}o' Kgxcz!sgkx miarcxkxkig

j' Zoxc ie Rzijlca KH'

m' Zoxc ie RzijlcaZc}ilsxkig

h' Pfi Miaasgkmoxc} xi

Pfiac' ]x{lc} ie Hcmk}kig

Aodkg`

ISXMIAC]

Js}kgc}} Fozh Gsajcz}o' Rzihsmxkukx{j' _solkx{

m' Ekvch Mi}x}

h' Uozkojlc Mi}x}c' ]oecx{

e' Xszgiucz % Oj}cgxcck}a`' FZ Rzijlca}

_solkx{ ie Pizd Lkeco' Kghkukhsol @zipxf

j' ]cg}c ie Pizxfm' Nij ]oxk}eomxkig

h' Nij ]cmszkx{ ]cg}c

c' Khcgxkekmoxkig pkxf xfcIzògk~oxkig

e' Uolsch Zcloxkig}fkr}

`' Migekhcgmc % Rzkhc

ZCGCPOL ][]XCA]

?' Iz`' ogh Kghkukhsol Lcozgkg`

:' Iz`' ogh Kghkukhsol Rczeizaogmc Aigkxizkg`

=' Iz`' ogh Kghkukhsol Ecchjomd

8' ]xzoxc`{ , @iol, Uolsc Hzkucz Cuolsoxkig)Zcuk}kig

CGUKZIGACGXOL EOMXIZ]

?'Rf{}kmol)`ci`zorf{ :' Rilkxkmol)@iuczgacgxol=' ZH] 8' Limol Cgxkxkc}

3' ]imkol)Mslxszol 5' Cmigiakm

0' Migxzomxiz})Rozxgcz} 6' Dc{ Kghkukhsol}

HKZCMXKIG CLCACGX]

?' Rszri}c, Uk}kig % Uolsc}:' Cvxczgolk~oxkig %

Miarcxkxkuc Dgiplch`c=' Ak}}kig % ]xzoxc`{

8' Ijncmxkuc} % @iol}

3' Lcohcz}fkr

@cgczol ]{}xca} Hko`gi}xkm

% Hc}k`g Aihcl

M' Jcggcxx aihkekmoxkig ie igc j{ Zkmfozh C' Polxigie Fozuozh Js}kgc}} ]mfiil kg ?;6?

Ol}i }cc Jcggcxx rorcz}> Sghcz}xoghkg` Izògk~oxki]{}xca}, ogh Kgxczukcpkg` ogh Ogol{}k}




6/27

Kgxczukcpkg` ogh Ogol{}k} Ro`c ? ie ?

Kgxczukcpkg` ogh Ogol{}k} ! Mos}c ogh Ceecmx Mos}ol Lkgd}?

Xfc òxfczkg` ogh ogol{}k} ie hc}mzkrxkuc hoxo kguiluc} mig}khczkg` xpi qsc}xkig}> *]ipfox9* ogh *Pf{9* Xfc}c qsc}xkig} ozc zcoll{ xpi }khc} ie xfc }oac mikg4 xfc{ jixf ozcmigmczgch pkxf mos}c ogh ceecmx zcloxkig}fkr}

Xfc ekz}x qsc}xkig, *]i pfox9* mog jc o}dch ie og{ eomxiz iz clcacgx xfox fo} jccgkhcgxkekch Xfc qsc}xkig k} zcoll{ migmczgch pkxf xfc zco}ig xfk} eomxiz iz clcacgx k} karizxogx4

ogh fip, ogh kg pfox po{}, hic} kx kgelscgmc iz karomx ixfcz clcacgx} kg xfc }oac iz ixfczrogcl}Xfc }cmigh qsc}xkig, *Pf{9* mog ol}i jc o}dch ie og{ eomxiz iz clcacgx Xfc migmczg

fczc k} pf{ xfk} rozxkmsloz eomxiz iz clcacgx cvk}x}4 ogh pfox eomxiz} iz clcacgx} foucmigxzkjsxch xi kx} cvk}xcgmc, ogh fip fouc xfc{ higc }i

Kg ixfcz pizh}, xfc qsc}xkig *]i pfox9* k} migmczgch pkxf ceecmx}, xfc qsc}xkig *Pf{9* k}migmczgch pkxf mos}c} Kg liidkg` ox xfc }{}xca} aihcl, xfc qsc}xkig *]i pfox9* k} og}pczchj{ ìkg` ezia lcex xi zk`fx>

Cgukzigacgxol Ecoxszc} ozc karizxogx jcmos}c xfc{ kgelscgmc xfc Hc}k`g Clcacgx} ogh kgmiajkgoxkig pkxf xfca migxzkjsxc xi xfc Cacz`kg` Oxxzkjsxc} Hc}k`g Clcacgx} ozc karizxogxjcmos}c xfc{ kgelscgmc xfc Cacz`kg` Oxxzkjsxc} Cacz`kg` Oxxzkjsxc} hcxczakgc xfcizògk~oxkig'} Isxmiac} Zcgcpol ]{}xca} mog oeecmx jixf Cacz`kg` Oxxzkjsxc} ogh Hc}k`g

Clcacgx}

Xfc qsc}xkig *Pf{9* k} og}pczch j{ ìkg` ezia zk`fx xi lcex kg xfc }{}xca} aihcl

Pfcg kgxczukcpkg`, kx k} ucz{ s}cesl xi cvrlizc jixf }khc} ie dc{ k}}sc}

zok}ch, jixf xfc }i pfox ogh xfc pf{, xi jc ojlc xi khcgxke{ mos}ol mfokg}'

? S}c xfk} olig` pkxf xfc Jcggcxx rorcz} ]{}xca} Hko`gi}xkm Aihcl ogh Sghcz}xoghkg` Izògk~oxkig ]{}xca}

pfkmf hc}mzkjc} xfc migxcgx} ie xfc jivc} ogh xfckz zcloxkig}fkr}'

K' Cgukzigacgxol

Ecoxszc}

KK' Hc}k`g

Clcacgx}

KKK'

Cacz`kg`

Oxxzkjsxc}

KU'

Isxmiac}

U' Zcgcpol

]{}xca}

Pf{9

Pf{9

Pf{9

Pf{9

Pf{9Pf{9

K' Cgukzigacgxol

Ecoxszc}

KK' Hc}k`g

Clcacgx}

KKK'

Cacz`kg`

Oxxzkjsxc}

KU'

Isxmiac}

U' Zcgcpol

]{}xca}

]i Pfox9]i Pfox9

]i Pfox9

]i Pfox9

]i Pfox9

]i Pfox9

]i Pfox9




7/27

Mfii}kg` Sgkx Jisghozkc} Ro`c ? ie 6

Mfii}kg` Sgkx Jisghozkc}

KGXZIHSMXKIG OGH HCEKGKXKIG]

Og o}rcmx ie xfc izògk~oxkigol clcacgx ie }xzsmxszc kgmlshc} xfc gcch eiz o miaaig po{ xijc`kg xfkgdkg` ojisx fip xi mfii}c xfc }sj!`zisr} pkxfkg xfc loz`cz izògk~oxkig Kg ixfczpizh}, fip hic} igc mfii}c xfc jisghozkc} jcxpccg igc sgkx ogh ogixfcz9 Fip hic} igcog}pcz> Pfox pizd k} higc j{ pfkmf }sj!sgkx}, ogh xfcg fip ak`fx xfc}c sgkx} jc}x jc`zisrch ogh lkgdch kgxi loz`cz izògk~oxkigol sgkx} xi ommiarlk}f xfc ai}x eouizojlc zc}slx}9

Xfc iucz!zkhkg` mig}khczoxkig k} xfc hc`zcc xi pfkmf xfc ceecmx} ie o jisghoz{ mfikmcozc mig}k}xcgx pkxf xfc izògk~oxkig'} ijncmxkuc} ogh }xzoxc`kc} eiz rzihsmkg` xpi x{rc} iezc}slx}>

Js}kgc}} Zc}slx} !!! rzihsmxkukx{, qsolkx{, mi}x, }oecx{, `zipxf, xszgiucz, cxm]imkol Zc}slx} !! kghkukhsol `zipxf, nij }oxk}eomxkig, kggiuoxkig, cgcz`{, miaakxacgx xi

izògk~oxkigol ìol}, elcvkjklkx{, cxmFoukg` o mlcoz sghcz}xoghkg` ie xfc gcch eiz, ogh xfc hc}kzch eiza ie, xfc ojiuc xpi

x{rc} ie zc}slx} k} ie ukxol karizxogmc ke hc}k`g hcmk}kig} ozc xi jc xodcg xfox pkll jc }srrizxkucO miaaig mzkxczkig k} gcchch eiz xfc xc}xkg` ie xzohc!iee} Pkxfisx kx izògk~oxkig hc}k`ghcmk}kig!aodkg` k} zchsmch xi jckg` kgelscgmch j{ xzohkxkig, miaeizx, ogh xfc rcz}igol hc}kzc}ie }iac rcirlc Xfc zcaokghcz ie xfk} himsacgx }s``c}x} pfox }smf mzkxczko ak`fx jc jo}chsrig

HC]K@G ! Xfk} acog} Izògk~oxkig Hc}k`g Xfc mig}mkis} mfikmc ie ozzok`gkg` xfcjo}km izògk~oxkig clcacgx} ie> pizd, rcirlc, }xzsmxszc, zcpozh, ogh hcmk}kig aodkg` }{}xca}xi oxxokg o hcekgch izògk~oxkigol rszri}c kg xfc ai}x ceekmkcgx aoggcz pkxfkg xfc kgxcgxkig} iexfc uolsc} ogh }xzoxc`{ Og ceecmxkuc hc}k`g ollip} ogh cgojlc} xfc esllc}x migxzkjsxkig iecarli{cc} xi izògk~oxkigol ijncmxkuc} Hc}k`g hic} gix mos}c xfk} xi immsz Lcohcz}fkr k}xfc aoniz eomxiz zc}rig}kjlc eiz kgukxkg` ogh cgmiszo`kg` o esll migxzkjsxkig isxmiac

SGKX] ! Xfc izògk~oxkig sghcz mig}khczoxkig s}soll{ gcch} xi jc }sjhkukhch kgxirozx} Xfc xcza sgkx} acog} xfi}c }sjrozx} Hcrcghkg` srig xfc ijncmxkuc ie xfc ogol{}k},sgkx mislh acog> js}kgc}}, js}kgc}} zc`kig, hcrozxacgx, xcoa, iz kghkukhsoll{ hc}k`goxchzilc

JISGHOZ[ ! Xfk} xcza acog} xfc *izògk~oxkigol lkgc* xfox hkeeczcgxkoxc} igc sgkxezia ogixfcz Iexcg zcrizxkg` zcloxkig}fkr}, limoxkig, xkxlc}, ogh o fi}x ie ixfcz acmfogk}a}}k`gol xfk} lkgc jcxpccg sgkx}

JISGHOZ[ MFIKMC ! IGC O]RCMX IE XFC ]XZSMXSZC CLCACGX>?

Izògk~oxkigol jisghoz{ hcmk}kig} ozc }xzsmxszc mfikmc} Xfk} k} xfc }cx ie mfikmc} zcòzhkg`

pfi!hic}!pfox, pfi!pizd}!pkxf!pfia, pfi!pizd}!eiz!pfia, ogh fip!pkll!pc!ogh!ixfcz}dgip9 Xfc}c mfikmc} ozc miarlcv, {cx fouc o ucz{ rzieisgh ceecmx ig xfc ojklkx{ ie rcirlcogh sgkx} xi `cx xfc nij higc ceecmxkucl{ ogh zc}rig}kucl{ iucz xfc lig`cz xcza

? Pkxf xfogd} ogh eigh acaizkc} ie Fczj ]xidc}, igc ie xfc izk`kgol R%@ IH rcirlc pfi hcuclirch ogh mihkekch

rzomxkmol orrlkmoxkig }xcr} ie }imki!xcmfgkmol hc}k`g xfciz{ xi xfc hc}k`g ie gcp aogseomxszkg` izògk~oxkig} kg xfc

?;02}' Xfc rzomxkmol }xsee K lcozgch ezia fka'




8/27

Mfii}kg` Sgkx Jisghozkc} Ro`c : ie 6

Jisghozkc} ozc hzopg ozisgh ogh jcxpccg xfc }sjsgkx} ie og izògk~oxkig xi akgkak~c xfcmi}x} ie miizhkgoxkg` xfc hkucz}c omxkukxkc} pkxfkg xfc izògk~oxkig Xfc}c mi}x} xodc xfc eizaie rcirlc, xkac, cgcz`{ ogh kgeizaoxkig }{}xca} [cx, jcmos}c ai}x izògk~oxkig} zcqskzc xfcrczeizaogmc ie o `zcox aog{ ogh uozkcx{ ie xo}d} iz omxkukxkc}, xfc ceecmxkuc miizhkgoxkig iexfca xi rzihsmc o hc}kzch `cgczol zc}slx k} qskxc gcmc}}oz{

Goxszol iz cacz`cgx jisghozkc} pkll hcuclir kgeizaoll{ o} omxkukxkc} ozc mozzkch ig iucz orczkih ie xkac Kx k} ie mzkxkmol karizxogmc xfox xfc hc}k`gch &iz eizaol+ jisghozkc} zcelcmx xfc

goxszol jisghozkc} o} mli}cl{ o} ri}}kjlc Eoklszc xi hi }i pkll mos}c riiz miizhkgoxkig ogh}xzc}} kg zcloxkig}fkr}, ogh kgfkjkx xfc hcucliracgx ie }ilkhozkx{ kg xfc eizaol sgkx}

Ox xkac}, jisghozkc} ozc eizach jcmos}c ie xzohkxkig, cì}, iz ixfcz zoxkigolc gix zcloxch xixfc rzkaoz{ js}kgc}} gcch Xfk} mos}c} xfc gcch eiz ohhkxkigol }srczuk}kig, zslc}, cxm kg izhczxi aodc xfc gcmc}}oz{ lkgdo`c} jcxpccg rcirlc ogh sgkx} O zc}slx k} lc}} goxszol kgxczgolmigxzil Zc}slx}, }oxk}eomxkig, ogh mi}x} pkll }seecz jcmos}c ie xfc ohhch }xzsmxszc ogh ìolmiarlcvkx{Xfczc k} o aoniz hkeekmslx{ kg mfii}kg` xfc ai}x eouizojlc limoxkig eiz izògk~oxkig jisghozkc}kg xfox xfczc ozc aslxkrlc uolkh mzkxczko xi orrl{ xi xfc }clcmxkig Xfc}c ozc iexcg migxzohkmxiz{ kgog{ `kucg }kxsoxkig Xfk} hklcaao k} o zcelcmxkig xfox }cuczol hkeeczcgx }cx} ie goxszol izgcmc}}oz{ jisghozkc} cvk}x migmszzcgxl{ Og{ mislh jc xfc rzkaoz{ eomxiz kg hcmkhkg` pfczc xi

limoxc eizaol jisghozkc}

Xfc migelkmx o}}imkoxch pkxf xfc aslxkrlc irxkig} ogh ceecmx} ie jisghoz{ }clcmxkig zcqskzcxzohc!iee} kg aodkg` o mfikmc Ie mcgxzol karizxogmc kg xfc}c xzohc!iee hcmk}kig} pkll jc>

? Xfc `cgczol mig`zscgmc jcxpccg eizaol ogh goxszol jisghozkc}: Xfc *mi}x}* o}}imkoxch pkxf gcchkg` xi hcekgc ogh }ilkhke{ xfi}c xfox ozc gix goxszol= Xfc *ekx* ie og{ rozxkmsloz izògk~kg` irxkig pkxf xfc izògk~oxkig'} }xzoxc`km mfikmc} ie

ìol} ogh }{}xca} eiz xfc kgxc`zoxkig ie rcirlc kgxi xfc izògk~oxkig

Xfc rzimc}} kguiluch kg aodkg` }smf mfikmc} k} gix o }cqscgxkol ogh lkgcoz igc Kx moggix jc,`kucg xfc kgxczomxkig ie xfc loz`c gsajcz ie uozkojlc} ogh irxkig} Kx k} gcmc}}oz{ xi s}c o msx!ogh!ekx orrziomf xi jc ojlc xi zcelcmx ig xfc rzijojlc ceecmx} ie uozkis} irxkig} Comf ie xfc

irxkig} ao{ fouc aoniz sgkgxcghch mig}cqscgmc} zcòzhkg` ixfcz karizxogx hc}k`g clcacgx}}smf o} xfc hcmk}kig }{}xca, kgeizaoxkig elip}, iz xfc ojklkx{ xi aco}szc sgkx isxrsx&rczeizaogmc+ kg o acogkgèsl po{

Xfc ojklkx{ xi ceecmxkucl{ pck`f ogh mfii}c oaig` o loz`c gsajcz ie irxkig} ogh karomx} k}`zcoxl{ cgfogmch ke xfc izògk~oxkig fo} hcuclirch }iac mzkxczko xi jc s}ch o} xfc aco}szkg`}xkmd oòkg}x pfkmf mfikmc} ao{ jc xc}xch ]smf s}cesl mzkxczko ao{ xodc xfc eiza ie hc}kzchizògk~oxkig uolsc}, rzkgmkrlc} ie irczoxkig, aogo`czkol rfkli}irf{ }xoxcacgx} cxm Pkxfisx}smf mzkxczko, zkìzis}l{ orrlkch, hcmk}kig aodcz} iexcg o}}sac xfc mfikmc} ozc ijukis}4 izxfox xfczc k} o zk`fx og}pcz jo}ch srig ro}x cvrczkcgmc, xzohkxkigol xsze, cxm

Goxszoll{ Immszzkg` Jisghozkc}

Comf ie xfc eillipkg` k} o x{rc ie jisghoz{ xfox ao{ aodc }cg}c ig o ucz{ kgxskxkuc jo}k}Xfc}c ol}i xcgh xi hcuclir goxszoll{ Comf gcch mig}khczoxkig zcòzhkg` fip }smf o rixcgxkolacxfih ie hkeeczcgxkoxkg` igc sgkx ezia ogixfcz pislh fclr iz kgfkjkx xfc kgxczomxkig, omxkukxkc},iz kgeizaoxkig elip &pkxfkg comf sgkx ogh jcxpccg sgkx}+ gcmc}}oz{ xi omfkcuc xfcizògk~oxkig'} rszri}c}




9/27

Mfii}kg` Sgkx Jisghozkc} Ro`c = ie 6

XKAC ! O eoaklkoz po{ kg pfkmf xi xfkgd ojisx pfox aodc} igc sgkx sglkdc ogixfcz k} j{ xfchkeeczcgmc kg pfcg xfc pizd `cx} higc, o} ig }rcmkekm }fkex} Ogixfcz k} xfc xkac izkcgxoxkigkx}cle ie hkeeczcgx sgkx}, o} kg rzimc}} u} joxmf, Z%H u} aogseomxszkg`, lkgc u} }xoee

XCZZKXIZ[ ! Jisghozkc} ao{ zcelcmx xfc rf{}kmol limoxkig ie xo}d} ogh xfc hk}xogmc jcxpccgxfca o} kg Fcoh Ieekmc u} Limoxkig, iz himd irczoxkig} u} rzimc}} sgkx}, iz xfc :6xf eliiz u}xfc :0xf

XCMFGILI@[ ! Pfcg }sjsgkx} fouc o hk}xkgmxkuc miarcxcgmc, iz pfcg xfckz rzihsmxkuc iz

kgeizaoxkig rzimc}}c} ozc sgkqsc, o jisghoz{ limoxkig k} }s``c}xch Xfk} k} iexcg xfc zco}igkx k} }i co}{ xi hkeeczcgxkoxc esgmxkigol pizd }smf o} ommisgxkg`, rszmfo}kg`, ogh rcz}iggclJcmos}c ie xfc xcghcgm{ eiz rcirlc xi khcgxke{ }xzig`l{ pkxf xfk} }izx ie jisghoz{, goxszolxcmfgili`kmol jisghozkc} iexcg zcqskzc ixfcz hc}k`g mfikmc} xi omfkcuc o jologmc jcxpccg}sjsgkx }ilkhozkx{ ogh xfc }sjsgkx'} miaakxacgx xi xfc rzkizkx{ ie xfc xixol xo}d ie xfc loz`czizògk~oxkig Xfk} k} iexcg o hkeekmslx jologmc

CGUKZIGACGXOL KGXCZEOMC] ! ]sjsgkx} ao{ goxszoll{ jc hkeeczcgxkoxch j{ xfc x{rc} iezcloxkig}fkr} ogh xzog}omxkig} xfc{ fouc pkxf xfckz cgukzigacgx} O} og cvoarlc, xfi}c pfipizd pkxf ms}xiacz} u} xfi}c pfi pizd pkxf cqskracgx iz pkxf ucghiz} ]sjsgkx} xcgh xihcuclir mczxokg kgxczgol mfozomxczk}xkm} o} o zc}slx ie xfckz rzkac cgukzigacgxol kgxczomxkig}Xfc}c kgmlshc xkac izkcgxoxkig, khcgxkekmoxkig pkxf rozxkmsloz uolsc}, kgxczrcz}igol izkcgxoxkig,

ogh xfc hc`zcc ie gcch eiz eizaol }xzsmxszc}, xkxlc}, ogh ieekmc hcmiz

]K^C ! Rcirlc gcch xi jc ojlc xi khcgxke{ pkxf ixfcz} kg o }k`gkekmogx po{ Ke xfc `zisr k}hc}k`gch xii loz`c, kx pkll s}soll{ jzcod hipg kgxi mlkqsc} iz }aollcz }sjsgkx} og{po{ Ke xfc`zisr k} xii }aoll, rcirlc pkll liid cl}cpfczc eiz o jo}km lcucl ie }imkol migxomx ]k~c k} ol}i oeomxiz kg xfc ojklkx{ xi rziukhc ceecmxkuc lcohcz}fkr ogh aogo`czkol esgmxkig} &@zisr} xfox ozceizaoll{ hcekgch xi fouc 0!?3 acajcz} ozc xfc ai}x ceecmxkuc kg jckg` ojlc eslekll o hc}k`gijncmxkuc ie aiukg` xipozh }cle zc`sloxkig pkxf akgkasa }srczuk}kig ogh migxzil}+

RZIEC]]KIGOL OLK@GACGX ! Rcirlc pkxf }xzig` rziec}}kigol izkcgxoxkig} pkll goxszoll{`zisr xi`cxfcz Xfk} ao{ gix jc esgmxkigol eiz xfc loz`cz ijncmxkuc} ie xfc xixol sgkx, fipcuczmiaeizxojlc iz ceekmkcgx kx ak`fx jc eiz og kghkukhsol

ZCPOZH ][]XCA KGELSCGMC &GIX NS]X RO[ + ! Rcirlc ro{ `zcox oxxcgxkig xi xfi}crcirlc ogh }{}xca} xfox slxkaoxcl{ hcmkhc fip xfc{ ozc xzcoxch, ukcpch, rokh, aiuch, izrziaixch Xfk} ao{ ckxfcz zckgeizmc iz hk}xzomx ezia xfc dkgh} ie kghkukhsol jcfoukiz} oghizkcgxoxkig} xfox ozc gcmc}}oz{ eiz xfc jc}x rczeizaogmc ie xfc izògk~oxkigol sgkx

Gcmc}}oz{ Jisghozkc} &Jsx ao{ gix jc goxszoll{ immszzkg`+

Xfczc ozc zco}ig} eiz hcekgkg` jisghozkc} xfox hkeecz ezia xfi}c pfkmf ak`fx }cca ijukis} izxcgh xi immsz goxszoll{ o} klls}xzoxch ojiuc Comf fo} xi hi pkxf karziukg` xfc rzijojklkx{ xfoxkghkukhsol sgkx} ogh xfc rcirlc pkxfkg xfca pkll xcgh xi kgxczomx kg po{} xfox eszxfcz xfc rszri}cogh uolsc} ie xfc }srzo!izògk~oxkigol sgkx} ]smf kgxczomxkig k} jc}x omfkcuch j{ kghkukhsol

ogh }sj}{}xca }cle!zc`sloxkig ogh kgxzkg}km aixkuoxkig, zoxfcz xfog xfzis`f xfc ohhkxkig ie ohh!ig acmfogk}a} }smf o} lcucl} ie }srczuk}kig ogh }srrizxkg` esgmxkigol izògk~oxkig xfox mislhixfczpk}c jc akgkaol

MIGXZIL IE XFC SGCVRCMXCH % RZIMC]] UOZKOGMC ! C}xojlk}f izògk~oxkigol sgkxjisghozkc} xi migxzil sgcvrcmxch sr}cx} kg po{} xfox ozc mi}x ceecmxkuc ogh zc}slx kg }cle!lcozgkg` ]smf sr}cx} ak`fx immsz jcmos}c ie sgrloggch cucgx} iz rzimc}} uozkogmc} xfox

Xfk} Himsacgx Ro`c ;



10/27

Mfii}kg` Sgkx Jisghozkc} Ro`c 8 ie 6

immsz zoghial{ Rlomkg` xfc sgkx'} jisghoz{ &ogh xfs} kx} osxfizkx{ ogh zc}rig}kjklkx{+ }smfxfox xfc}c cucgx} ozc hk}miuczch ogh mizzcmxch pkxfkg xfc sgkx fo} aog{ ohuogxo`c}Zcomxkig xkac}, mizzcmxkig xkac}, ogh miaasgkmoxkig lkgd} ozc akgkak~ch ogh ecchjomd eiz}cle!migxzil ogh xfc }cg}c ie *miarlcxc* xo}d} ozc aohc `zcoxcz

]XOXS] OGH RIPCZ JOLOGMC ! ]cuczol ecoxszc} migxzkjsxc xi o }sjsgkx'} }xoxs} iz ripczo} rczmckuch j{ kx}cle ogh ixfcz} ]k~c, xcmfgili`kmol miarlcvkx{, ogh xfc hc`zcc xi pfkmfixfcz} ozc hcrcghcgx srig kx ozc rzkac cvoarlc} O} ozc xfc rzcukis} cvrczkcgmc ie kx}acajcz}, xfc cqskracgx rziukhch, pizdkg` mighkxkig}, ogh ommc}} xi ripczesl rcirlc Ke igc

limoxc} jisghozkc} xi mzcoxc }sjsgkx} ie cqsol }xoxs} ogh ripcz &pfcxfcz zcol iz rczmckuch+,aogo`czkol miizhkgoxkig k} }karlkekch Og cqsklkjzksa oaig` rccz zisr} acog} xfox xfcaogo`cz} mog zcl{ aizc ig xfc `zisr}' }cle!zc`sloxkig ogh lc}} ig hkzcmx aogo`czkolkgxczucgxkig eiz miizhkgoxkig, gcìxkoxkig, ogh migelkmx zc}ilsxkig

SGMCZXOKGX[ IE KGEIZAOXKIG OGH XO]D ! Sgkx} ao{ uoz{ kg xfckz xzog}omxkig} pkxfxfckz cgukzigacgx xi xfc cvxcgx xfox>? Xfc zoxc ie mfog`c ie kgeizaoxkig gcchch xi hi xfc pizd k} eo}x iz }lip: Xkac }rog} ie ecchjomd ezia xfc cgukzigacgx ozc lig` iz }fizx= Kgeizaoxkig ezia xfc cgukzigacgx ox og{ `kucg xkac k} mczxokg iz sgmczxokgKx ao{ jc orrzirzkoxc xi mfii}c xi hkeeczcgxkoxc sgkx} xi xfc hc`zcc xfox xfc{ uoz{ kg xfc ojiucxfzcc mig}khczoxkig} Izògk~oxkigol }xzsmxszc} ao{ fouc xi jc hc}k`gch xi elcv xi accx }smf

mig}xzokgx} j{ zc!hzopkg` jisghozkc} iz zc!ollimoxkg` xo}d} oaig` ogh pkxfkg sgkx}

EKX PKXF ]SRZO!SGKX IJNCMXKUC] ! Kx k} ceecmxkuc xi hcekgc sgkx jisghozkc} xfox mikgmkhcpkxf xfi}c xfox ak`fx eiza goxszoll{ Kx k} pizxf zcrcoxkg`, fipcucz, xfox xfc iucz!zkhkg`mig}khczoxkig k} xfc hc`zcc xi pfkmf xfc ceecmx} ie o jisghoz{ mfikmc ozc mig}k}xcgx pkxf xfcizògk~oxkig'} ijncmxkuc} ogh }xzoxc`kc} eiz rzihsmkg` xpi x{rc} ie zc}slx}>

Js}kgc}} Zc}slx}!!! rzihsmxkukx{, mi}x, }oecx{, `zipxf, xszgiucz, cxm]imkol Zc}slx}!! kghkukhsol `zipxf, nij }oxk}eomxkig, kggiuoxkig, cgcz`{, miaakxacgx xi

izògk~oxkigol ìol}, elcvkjklkx{, cxm

Foukg` o mlcoz sghcz}xoghkg` ie xfc gcch eiz ogh xfc hc}kzch eiza ie xfc ojiuc xpi x{rc} iezc}slx} k} ie ukxol karizxogmc ke hc}k`g hcmk}kig} ozc xi jc xodcg xfox pkll jc }srrizxkuc O

miaaig mzkxczkig k} gcchch eiz xfc xc}xkg` ie xzohc!iee} Pkxfisx kx izògk~oxkig hc}k`ghcmk}kig!aodkg` k} zchsmch xi jckg` kgelscgmch j{ xzohkxkig, miaeizx, ogh xfc rcz}igol hc}kzc}ie }iac rcirlc

HCUCLIRACGX IE KGEIZAOL @ZISR] % ]XZSMXSZC]>

Fipcucz xfc eizaol }xzsmxszc} ogh jisghozkc} ozc mfi}cg, kgeizaol gcxpizd} pkll cacz`c xi}srrlcacgx Xfc}c `zisrkg`} ozc gcmc}}oz{ xi `cxxkg` xfc pizd higc }kgmc oll gcchchmigxomx} moggix jc eizc}ccg ogh eizaolk~ch Cacz`cgx `zisr} iexcg rziukhc }iszmc} ie}oxk}eomxkig ie kghkukhsol gcch} xfox xfc eizaol }xzsmxszc hic} gix rziukhc Jisghozkc} ozckarizxogx kg xfox xfc{ rziukhc rcirlc} pkxf o }cg}c ie sgkx khcgxkx{ ogh rczeizaogmc xfzis`fxfc uolsc ogh ipgcz}fkr ie *xsze*

Cacz`cgx `zisr} ogh gcxpizd} ozc og kghkmoxkig ie xfc goxszol jisghozkc} pkxfkg ogizògk~oxkig O} }s``c}xch rzcukis}l{, pfcg kx aodc} }cg}c eiz eizaol jisghozkc} xi mikgmkhcpkxf xfc goxszoll{ immszzkg` igc}, xfczc xcgh} xi jc aizc ceekmkcgx miaasgkmoxkig}, kgxzo!sgkxogh kgxcz!sgkx miizhkgoxkig, ogh xfc hcucliracgx ie miaakxacgx xi xfc }srzo!izògk~oxkig'}ìol} Pfcg xfk} mig`zscgmc hic} gix cvk}x, kgeizaol `zisr} iexcg cgmiszo`c jcfoukiz xfox k}misgxczrzihsmxkuc eiz xfc loz`cz izògk~oxkig

Xfk} Himsacgx Ro`c ?2



11/27


Xfc mfikmc ie eizaol }xzsmxszc k} o rzkaoz{ kgelscgmc ig xfc hcucliracgx ie kgeizaol `zisr} Kxkgelscgmc} pfczc xfc{ hcuclir, pfox gcch} xfc{ ekll, ogh pfcxfcz xfc{ ozc rzihsmxkuc iz gix eizomfkcukg` izògk~oxkigol ìol}

LCOHCZ]FKR KARLKMOXKIG]>

Pfczc sgkx jisghozkc} ozc limoxch fo} karlkmoxkig} eiz jixf xfc x{rc ie lcohcz}fkr zcqskzch eizxfc izògk~oxkig ogh xfc hcucliracgx ie lcohcz}fkr }dkll} pkxfkg xfc sgkx} Pcod iz gig!

cvk}xcgx goxszol jisghozkc} zcqskzc }xzig`cz lcohcz}fkr xi aokgxokg `zisr kgxc`zkx{, khcgxkx{,ogh gcmc}}oz{ ohorxojklkx{ Kg xfk} mo}c, xfczc k} `zcoxcz eims} ogh zclkogmc srig xfc lcohcz xihcekgc xfc rszri}c, xfc jisghoz{, ogh xi aogo`c xzog}omxkig} pkxf xfc cgukzigacgx Xi xfccvxcgx xfox xfc mighkxkig} xfox }srrizx xfc hcucliracgx ie }cle!aokgxokgkg` sgkx} ozc gixrzc}cgx, rlog eiz }xzig`cz cvxczgol lcohcz}fkr k} zcqskzch xi aokgxokg xfc xcoa kg og ceecmxkucirczoxkg` }xoxc

Cuolsoxc jisghoz{ irxkig} eiz xfckz karomx ig xfc hcucliracgx ie lcohcz}fkr }dkll} pkxfkg xfcsgkx} Pfox x{rc} ie lcohcz} pkll xfc rixcgxkol sgkx xcgh xi hcuclir9 Pfox zcqskzcacgx} pkllxfc izògk~oxkig aodc ie kx} eizaol lcohcz}9 Mig}khcz xfc og}pcz} xi xfc}c qsc}xkig} as}xjc mig}khczch kg zcloxkig xi xfckz ekx pkxf xfc izògk~oxkig'} ìol} Eiz cvoarlc, pfox x{rc} ielcohcz jcfoukiz hic} xfc izògk~oxkig pogx xi cgmiszo`c9 Pfox hic} kx pogx kx} eizaol

lcohcz} xi migmcgxzoxc xfckz cgcz`{ ogh xkac ig9 Fip pkhcl{ xfzis`fisx xfc gig!aogo`cacgx pizdeizmc hic} kx pogx ogh gcch lcohcz}fkr }dkll} xi jc hcuclirch9

]RCMKEKM @SKHCLKGC] EIZ JISGHOZ[ MFIKMC]

O RZIMC]] MFCMDLK]X EIZ @CXXKG@ ]XOZXCH>

? Jc`kg j{ }dcxmfkg` isx xfc elip ie aoxczkol} iz kgeizaoxkig xfzis`f xfc }{}xca sghczmig}khczoxkig Eillipkg` xfc elip ie xfc hiakgogx iz mizc rzimc}}, limoxc xfi}c rikgx} kg xfc}xzcoa pfczc xfczc k} o mlcog jzcod iz hk}migxkgskx{ Xfc}c jzcod} zcrzc}cgx rixcgxkol rikgx}eiz limoxkg` goxszol jisghozkc}

: Pfczc xfc rizxkig ie xfc }{}xca jisghch iee j{ xfc}c rikgx} fo} khcgxkekojlc kgrsx} oghisxrsx} xfox mog jc s}ch xi aco}szc xfc migucz}kig ceekmkcgm{ &iz qsolkx{+ ie xfc irczoxkig,}fip xfk} j{ s}c ie hisjlc lkgc} ig xfc rzimc}} elip hko`zoa Comf }sjsgkx gcch} xi fouc ogkhcgxkekojlc kgrsx!migucz}kig!isxrsx m{mlc

= Khcgxke{ xfc zcqskzch aoniz xo}d} rcirlc as}x rczeiza pkxfkg xfc}c jisghozkc}

8 Khcgxke{ xfc dc{ clcacgx} ie xfc cgukzigacgx ogh ogol{~c xfc hcrcghcgmkc}o ]fip xfc aoniz gcch} ogh cvrcmxoxkig} xfox xfc clcacgx} fouc ie xfc }{}xcaj ]s``c}x xfc aoniz gcch} ogh cvrcmxoxkig} xfox xfc }{}xca fo} ie comf cgukzigacgxol

clcacgxm Miguczx xfk} kgeizaoxkig kgxi o hc}mzkrxkig ie aoniz omxkukxkc} xfox xfc acajcz} pislh

fouc xi cgò`c kg xi accx xfc cvrcmxoxkig} ogh gcch} ie xfc cgukzigacgx ogh xi foghlc xfcxzog}omxkig} omzi}} xfc jisghozkc}

3 Xodc xfc hoxo ezia }xcr} = ogh 8m ogh c}xkaoxc xfc gsajcz ie pizdcz fisz} rcz ho{ &iz}fkex+ xi ommiarlk}f oll xfc omxkukxkc}, kgmlshkg` xfc miizhkgoxkig ie omxkukxkc} ie acajcz} Gixcxo}d} xfox ak`fx jc *migxzomxch isx* eiz zco}ig} ie xfckz sgkqscgc}} iz lomd ie ekx pkxf hc}kzchizògk~oxkig pizd

Xfk} Himsacgx Ro`c ??



12/27


5 S}kg` xfc hoxo o} kg 3, c}xkaoxc xfc dkgh} ie morojklkxkc} &}dkll zcqskzcacgx}+ gcchch xirczeiza xfc xo}d}

0 O}}c}} xfc kgxczzcloxkig}fkr} ie xo}d} pkxfkg igc rixcgxkol }{}xca jisghoz{ &zcacajcz xfcjzcod rikgx} ogh hisjlc lkgc}+ pkxf xfi}c pkxfkg ixfcz} }{}xca jisghozkc}, limoxkg` ozco} iefk`f kgxczhcrcghcgmc Xfk} mog jc higc j{ hcxczakgkg` xfc kgrsx!isxrsx hcrcghcgmkc} eizcomf }sj}{}xca pkxfkg xfc xixol }{}xca, kghkmoxkg` kg o aoxzkv xfc goxszc ie xfckgxczhcrcghcgmc> riilch, zcmkrzimol, iz }cqscgxkol

6 Eiz }{}xca} xfox as}x irczoxc aizc xfog ck`fx fisz} o ho{, hcxczakgc ke jisghozkc}}fislh jc jo}ch srig xkac iz ig xcmfgili`{

; Xcgxoxkucl{ limoxc fsaog }{}xca jisghozkc} ogh mfcmd xfckz mizzcloxkig pkxf xfc xcmfgkmol}{}xca, mig}khczkg` oll ie xfc ojiuc kgeizaoxkig

?2 Xc}x oòkg}x mslxszol ìol}, r}{mfi}imkol gcch} ie rcirlc, ogh `zisr mfozomxczk}xkm} xihcxczakgc xfc lcucl ie ekx ogh orrzirzkoxcgc}}

?? Zcm{mlc }xcr} 0 xfzis`f ?2 sgxkl og irxkasa ekx ie xo}d ogh }imkol jisghozkc} k} ijxokgch

?: Millcmx oll cvrizxch xo}d} kgxi o lk}x eiz kgmizrizoxkig kg xfc hc}k`g ie }srrizx iz aogo`kg`}sj}{}xca sgkx}

?= Mig}xzsmx o *aor* ie xfc xixol izògk~oxkig, kghkmoxkg` xfc jisghozkc} ie oll xfc }sj!sgkx}pkxfkg kx ogh xfc goxszc ie xfckz xo}d ogh kgxczhcrcghcgmc Mig}khcz xfc iuczoll karomx

?8 Kg }saaoz{> ri}kxkig }sj!sgkx jisghozkc} kg }smf o aoggcz o} xi `kuc comf xfc aovkasaosxigia{, mig}k}xcgx pkxf xfc gcch} ie xfc }srzo!}{}xca

o O} ecp kgxcg}kuc hcrcghcgmkc} o} ri}}kjlcj O} ecp }iszmc} ie aoniz uozkogmc} ogh uozkogmc migxzil isx}khc xfc jisghozkc} o}

ri}}kjlcm O} cqsol kg ripcz ogh }xoxs} o} ri}}kjlc

ZSLC] IE XFSAJ EIZ PIZD PKXFKG O ]SJSGKX>

? @zisr }xojklkx{ ogh mifc}kucgc}} k} jcxxcz pfcg xfc zog`c ie }dkll} zcqskzch ozc }smf xfoxoll `zisr acajcz} mog miarzcfcgh oll xfc }dkll} pkxfisx foukg` xfca ogh mislh o}rkzc xi xfckzomqsk}kxkig Xfc aizc hkeeczcgmc} kg }dkll, xfc aizc hkeekmslx kx k} xi miaasgkmoxc ogh zcloxc xiixfcz}

: Xfc ecpcz xfc rzc}xk`c hkeeczcgmc} kg o `zisr, xfc aizc lkdcl{ k} xfc kgxczgol }xzsmxszc xi jc}xojlc ogh xfc aizc lkdcl{ ozc kx} acajcz} xi ommcrx kgxczgol lcohcz}fkr ogh }cle!zc`sloxkig

= Comf acajcz gcch} xi dgip xfc zcqskzcacgx ie xfc nij Xfk} acog} xfox kghkukhsol xo}d}gcch xi jc miari}ch ie khcgxkekojlc kgrsx}!migucz}kig!isxrsx m{mlc} xfox rziukhc }iac acog}ie ecchjomd xi xfc hicz ig o xkacl{ jo}k}

8 Comf acajcz ogh }sj`zisr gcch} }iac ozco ie hcmk}kig aodkg` xfox xfc{ mog moll xfckzipg Xfk} mog jc ommiarlk}fch j{ cgojlkg` rcirlc xi hcuclir ozco} ie }rcmkol cvrczxk}czcqskzch j{ xfc }{}xca kg ohhkxkig xi hikg` xfc aizc jo}km pizd

Xfk} Himsacgx Ro`c ?:



13/27


3 Xk`fx nij jisghozkc} kgfkjkx kgxczomxkig ogh miirczoxkig Ke }rcmkolk}x zc}iszmc} ozc gcchch,xfc{ mog iexcg jc ohhkxkigol }dkll} omqskzch j{ *zc`sloz* acajcz} ie xfc `zisr @zisr oghkghkukhsol zilc} }fislh gix jc ukcpch o} }xoxkm, jsx mig}xogxl{ uoz{kg`

5 Xfc pizd kgmlshch pkxfkg comf sgkx jisghoz{ }fislh jc hkukhch kg }smf o po{ xfox comfacajcz ie xfc }{}xca mislh mlcozl{ zcloxc pfox fc iz }fc hic} xi xfc ommiarlk}facgx ie xfcrzkaoz{ ijncmxkuc ie xfc izògk~oxkig

0 Comf acajcz gcch} xi eccl xfox fk})fcz o}}imkoxkig pkxf xfc }{}xca pkll lcoh xi }iac }izxie hc}kzojlc esxszc &xfk} hic} gix gcmc}}ozkl{ karl{ rziaixkig+ Pfcg acajcz} ie }sjsgkx}jcmiac hk}oeecmxch, xfc{ }fislh jc ojlc xi aiuc xi ixfcz }aoll `zisr} cgò`ch kg }kaklozxo}d}

6 Foukg` rcirlc zixoxc xfzis`f }karlcz xo}d} ogh xodkg` cqsol }fozc} ie ìih ogh joh xo}d}mog fclr aokgxokg elcvkjlc nij hc}mzkrxkig} Xfk} ol}i rziaixc} og izkcgxoxkig xi sgkx lcuclijncmxkuc} u} o rzcimmsroxkig pkxf *ìih)joh* nij}

; Ke igc rcz}ig'} rizxkig ie xfc pizd k} kg ìih }forc, xfk} rcz}ig mog fclr ixfcz} pfi ozc kgxzisjlc ke xfc }{}xca }srrizx} xfc }dkll}, xkac, ogh cvrcmxoxkig xfox xfk} k} higc Rcirlc }fislhjc ojlc xi *aiuc xi xfc rzijlca}*

?2 Xfc rzkaoz{ ìol ie xfc acajcz} ie xfc sgkx k} xi rziukhc eiz xfc gig!kgxczzsrxch irczoxkigie xfc xcmfgili`kmol &iz kgeizaoxkig rzimc}}kg`+ }{}xca Xfczc k} o fcou{ carfo}k} rlomch igrloggkg` ofcoh xi ommiarlk}f xfk} O }cmighoz{ ìol k} xi dccr xfc }{}xca kg ìih fcolxf j{rloggkg` ofcoh xi zc}xizc eoklkg` fcolxf ogh xfcg mozz{kg` isx xfc}c rlog}

?? Xfc sgkx acajcz'} omxkukxkc} ao{ jc }rcmkekch j{ xfc xcmfgili`{ &xfc pizd xi jc higc+, jsxxfckz ceeizx} }fislh jc hkzcmxch xipozh migxzillkg`, olxczkg`, ogh }forkg` xfc pizd, zoxfcz xfoglcxxkg` kx migxzil xfca

?: Xi ouikh lcxxkg` xfc pizd jc kgxczzsrxch ogh xi cgojlc kx xi jc karziuch, xfc `zisr gcch}xfc gcmc}}oz{ morojklkxkc} xi zc}righ xi uozkojlc} ogh aogo`c xfca Xfk} acog} jckg` ojlc

xi }cg}c pfox k} xodkg` rlomc, ogol{~kg` ogh zc}righkg` xi xfc k}}sc} Xfk} zcqskzc} }iac*}lomd* jc hc}k`gch kgxi xfc sgkx eiz xfk} elcvkjklkx{ ogh xfkgdkg` xkac

Xfk} Himsacgx Ro`c ?=



14/27


ZSLC] IE XFSAJ EIZ AOGO@CACGX ][]XCA] OGH ZILC]>

? Aogo`kg` zilc} s}soll{ kgmlshc }smf omxkukxkc} o} khcgxke{kg`, kgxczrzcxkg` ogh xzog}loxkg`cgukzigacgxol mfog`c} xi xfc irczoxkg` }sj}{}xca rcz}iggcl kguiluch kg xfc ho{!xi!ho{hcmk}kig aodkg`4 }czukg` o ecchjomd esgmxkig, j{ jzkg`kg` xi xfc oxxcgxkig ie xfc irczoxkg`}{}xca} xfc gcmc}}oz{ kgeizaoxkig xi ollip xfca xi ohorx ogh eszxfcz xfckz `zipxf4 ogh ekghkg`

mzcoxkuc acog} eiz }cozmfkg`, zcmi`gk~kg` ogh xzog}loxkg` cgukzigacgxol mfog`c} xi xfc pfilc}{}xca

: Acajcz} ie xfc aogo`kg` }{}xca gcch xi ijxokg kgeizaoxkig ojisx xfc rixcgxkol gcch} iexfc rozcgx }{}xca }i xfc{ mog kgxczrzcx ogh xzog}loxc xfca xi xfc irczoxkg` }{}xca *Pollkg`iee o sgkx* k} gix fclresl

= Aogo`cz} gcch xi fouc xfc morojklkx{ xi xodc omxkig} kg xfc cgukzigacgx xi mirc pkxfaoxxcz} kg ohuogmc, jc{igh xfc zc}rig}c morojklkx{ ie fk})fcz iz`ogk~oxkig Xfk} karlkc} xfcgcch eiz kgeizaoxkig ogh o}}czxkucgc}}

8 Migxzil esgmxkig} }fislh cvk}x eiz xfc rziuk}kig ie kgeizaoxkig ojisx rczeizaogmc ogh xi

rziukhc ecchjomd xi rziaixc }smmc}}esl ohorxoxkig xi kgxczgol ogh cvxczgol mfog`c}

3 Migxzil hcukmc}, }smf o} jsh`cx} }fislh gix jc s}ch xi miczmc }rcmkekm rczeizaogmc jsxozc kgeizaoxkig hcukmc} xfox ollip migxzil xi izk`kgoxc ezia pkxfkg xfc irczoxkg` }{}xca Xfk}ol}i cgojlc} xfca xi ouikh foukg` xi zcecz ho{!xi!ho{ hcmk}kig} srpozh, xfs} xcghkg` xiiuczlioh xfc fkczozmf{ ogh zchsmkg` kghkukhsol zc}rig}kjklkx{




15/27

Mig}khczoxkig} eiz Izògk~oxkig ]xzsmxszc Ro`c ? ie 8

Mig}khczoxkig} Eiz Izògk}oxkig ]xzsmxszc

Kg mzcoxkg` og izògk~oxkig hc}k`g, igc }xozx} j{ mfii}kg` o }xzoxc`{ xi ommiarlk}f ohc}kzch rszri}c pkxfkg o }rcmkekm js}kgc}} ogh miarcxkxkuc mlkaoxc' Igc xfcg hcxczakgc} xfcrzimc}}c} ogh xo}d} xfox as}x jc ommiarlk}fch xi eslekl xfc }xzoxc`{' Xfcg, }dkllch rcirlcozc lkgdch xi`cxfcz xfzis`f }xzsmxszc kg izhcz xi ommiarlk}f xfc rzimc}}c}' Rcirlc ozcaixkuoxch xi orrl{ xfckz }dkll} xfzis`f o miajkgoxkig ie fip xfc{ ozc zcpozhch ogh cuolsoxch,

fip xfc{ ozc }xzsmxszch, ogh fip xfckz nij} ozc hc}k`gch kgxi zilc}' Xfk} rorcz ohhzc}}c}ns}x igc clcacgx ie xfk} miarlcv }{}xca, xfox ie }xzsmxszc'

S}kg` }iac ie xfc eillipkg` jo}km qsc}xkig} ogh rzkgmkrlc} o} mzkxczko eiz aodkg` mfikmc}pkll o}}k}x kg xfc xo}d ie hcxczakgkg` zilc}, nij}, ogh zcrizxkg` zcloxkig}fkr} zcqskzch xi }srrizxxfc mfog`c} kg eims} ogh jcfoukisz gcchch xi aodc xfc }xzoxc`{ }smmc}}esl' Xfc}c qsc}xkig}o}}sac o }xzsmxszc k} jckg` mig}khczch' Xfcg xfc qsc}xkig} ozc s}ch xi xc}x xfc }xzsmxszcoòkg}x lkdcl{ hc}kzch zc}slx}' Aklkxoz{ cvoarlc} ozc s}ch kg }iac mo}c} xi mlozke{ o migmcrx,jcmos}c xfc{ xcgh xi xzog}loxc pcll omzi}} hkucz}c `zisr}'

Izògk}oxkig ]xzsmxszc> &Jcggcxx Hcekgkxkig+>Og kgxczomxkg` }cx ie k}}sc} ogh mfikmc} migmczgch pkxf ozzog`kg` rcirlc pkxfkg og

izògk~oxkig, eiz xfc rszri}c ie miggcmxkg` xfca xi igc ogixfcz ogh xi xfckz pizd ogh

zc}iszmc}' Xfk} kgmlshc}> zilc}, nij hc}k`g, }rog ie migxzil, pfi }kx} pfczc, pfi }kx} pkxfpfia, pfi zcrizx} xi pfia, xkxlc}, fip rcirlc rzi`zc}}, cxm'''' &O} pkxf oll clcacgx} ie ogizògk~oxkigol }{}xca''' }xzsmxszc k}}sc} kgxczomx ogh iuczlor pkxf ixfcz clcacgx} }smf o}zcpozh ogh aixkuoxkig k}}sc}'+

Gkgc Dc{ _sc}xkig}>? &Xc}x} Xi Orrl{ Xi ]s``c}xch ]xzsmxszc}+

?+ Pfox Js}kgc}} Eims} hic} xfk} }xzsmxszc xcgh xi zckgeizmc9

]xzsmxszc Eims}c} Rcirlc} Oxxcgxkig' Eiz rcirlc pfi hcrcgh srig igc ogixfcz xiommiarlk}f o miaaig ijncmxkuc, rsxxkg` xfca xi`cxfcz, sghcz xfc }oac }srczuk}iz, pkxf omiaaig lojcl, ogh kg xfc }oac `cgczol ozco ozc oll po{} xi fclr xfca sghcz}xogh pfoxxfkg`} aoxxcz ogh pfox xfkg`} higx' ]xzsmxszc mfikmc} }smf o} xfc}c hzkuc o miaaig eims}ogh kgukxc miirczoxkig ogh khcgxkekmoxkig pkxf xfc iuczoll js}kgc}} ijncmxkuc eiz pfkmf xfc sgkxfo} jccg o}}cajlch' Ke xfc eims} ie rcirlc k}, iz mog jc rzchkmxch xi jc pzig` iz miges}ch,xfc }xzsmxszc lkdcl{ gcch} xi mfog`c'

Cvoarlc> ]iacxkac} xfc js}kgc}} gcch k} xi lkgd iz kgxc`zoxc hkucz}c }rcmkolxkc} iz esgmxkig}'

Xfc Oza{ s}c} }xzsmxszc xi mzcoxc o ucz{ kgxczhcrcghcgx, fk`fl{ eims}ch, aslxk hk}mkrlkgc, sgkx }smf o}

xfc ]rcmkol Eizmc} xi sghczxodc }rcmkol miarlcv ak}}kig}' Xfc{ fouc mozcesll{ mfi}cg sgkqsc>

sgkeiza}, cqskracgx, xzohkxkig}, zkxsol}, }dkll}, ogh }rcmkekm zilc}' Xfc}c ozc oll mfi}cg xi zckgeizmc

khcgxkekmoxkig pkxf xfc sgkx ogh xfc ak}}kig' Xfc }ilhcz} rzomxkmc kg po{} ie zcloxkg` xi comf ixfcz ogh

rczeizakg` xfckz }rcmkolxkc} xfox rzihsmc xfc zcqskzch zisr eims} ogh kghkukhsol jcfoukisz} xfoxkgxc`zoxc xfc gcchch uozkcx{ ie }dkll}'

? Xfc}c gkgc ozc a{ kgxczrzcxoxkig ie o }kakloz lk}x K igmc }op ezia og Ozxfsz Oghcz}ig ozxkmlc kg o rirsloz

aoò~kgc aog{ {coz} oì'




16/27

Mig}khczoxkig} eiz Izògk~oxkig ]xzsmxszc Ro`c : ie 8

:+ Pfox dkgh} ie miaasgkmoxkig ogh)iz miirczoxkig hic} xfk} }xzsmxszc eomklkxoxc izfoarcz9

]xzsmxszc Aodc} ]iac Xfkg`} Co}kcz, ogh ]iac Fozhcz Xfs}, kx gcch} xi jc mig}mkis}l{mfi}cg xi rzihsmc pfox k} ai}x karizxogx' Miaasgkmoxkig ogh miizhkgoxkig jcmiac co}kczeiz rcirlc pfi ozc rsx xi`cxfcz' O miaaig log`so`c hcuclir}4 miaaig cvrczkcgmc} ozc

}fozch ogh mog rzihsmc karizxogx `zisr lcozgkg`' Xfk} k} s}cesl ke xfc gcch k} xi ekgh o po{ xixkc hkucz}c rcirlc iz kgxczc}x} xi`cxfcz' Kx k} cqsoll{ s}cesl ke xfc gcch k} xi hcuclir hcrxf kg o}rcmkolx{' Xfk} qsc}xkig xi mig}khcz k}> pfox hic} xfc js}kgc}} ai}x gip zcqskzc9

Cvoarlc> O hchkmoxch, mzi}}!esgmxkigol xcoa pkxf o miaaig }srczuk}kig k} o s}cesl

}xzsmxszol mfikmc xi mos}c o miarlcv rzincmx xi jc miarlcxch ig o }xzcxmf }mfchslc' &Xfc ]rcmkol Eizmc}

xcoa oòkg+ Fipcucz, ke xfc ijncmxkuc k} xi hcuclir o `zisr migxokgkg` }dkll hcrxf ogh cvmcllcgmc kg igc

}rcmkolkx{ &}smf o} clcmxzigkm} iz og cg`kgc zcrokz sgkx+, igc pislh o}}k`g lkdc rcirlc xi pizd sghcz o

}srczuk}iz cvrczx kg xfc xcmfgili`{''' [is pislhgx ohh o lcòl iz cvrli}kuc }rcmkolk}x ns}x eiz uozkcx{'

]i og karizxogx hcmk}kig k} pfox k} ai}x gcchch4 xi hcuclir hcrxf ogh mig}k}xcgm{ iz xi kgxc`zoxc o

gcchch uozkcx{ ie }rcmkolxkc}'

=+ Hic} xfk} }xzsmxszc mlozke{ ommisgxojklkx{ ogh rziukhc gcchch migxzil9

]xzsmxszc Rziukhc} Ommisgxojklkx{ ogh Migxzil O mlcoz zc}slx} izkcgxch nij hc}mzkrxkig k} oekz}x }xcr eiz og kghkukhsol' Fipcucz, xfc iuczoll }cx ie xfc}c as}x ohh sr xi rziukhc pfox k}zcqskzch eiz ak}}kig ommiarlk}facgx j{ xfc rcz}ig ommisgxojlc eiz iuczoll zc}slx}' Xfk}rcz}ig as}x, xfczceizc, fouc migxzil, acogkg` xfc ojklkx{ xi kgelscgmc mfikmc} ogh jcfoukisz}ie xfc `zisr} acajcz}' Xfc}c ozc xfc xiil} gcchch xi `cx xfc nij higc' Eiz rcirlc pfias}x }czuc aizc xfog igc rszri}c, rkmd xfc zcrizxkg` zcloxkig}fkr xfox zcelcmx} xfc mszzcgxkarizxogx js}kgc}} eims}'

Cvoarlc> Xfc Oza{ }rcmkolk}x kg cvrli}kuc} zcmckuc} xzokgkg`, hcucliracgx, ogh xcmfgkmol

}srrizx ezia o fkczozmf{ pkxf }kakloz cvrczxk}c' Fipcucz, fc zcrizx} xi xfc lcohcz ie xfc mzi}}!

esgmxkigol xcoa jcmos}c xfc rszri}c ie xfc iuczoll ]rcmkol Eizmc} sgkx k} xi mozz{ isx ak}}kig}, gix xioll jc cvrczx kg cvrli}kuc}'

8+ Hic} xfk} }xzsmxszc mlozke{ xfc migxcgx ie karizxogx &gcp+ nij}9

]xzsmxszc Fclr} Rcirlc Sghcz}xogh Xfckz Nij} Xfc ekz}x xfkg` og carli{cc s}soll{ lcozg}ojisx fk} nij k} xfc migxcgx ogh xi pfia fc zcrizx}' Kg gcpl{ mzcoxch nij}, kx k} karizxogx xfoxjixf ie xfc}c ozc ucz{ mlcoz ogh aodc }cg}c' Xfk} dkgh ie }xzsmxszc }cgh} karizxogx }k`gol}'Mfog`ch }xzsmxszc} kghkmoxc xi rcirlc xfox xfckz nij} ozc }srri}ch xi mfog`c iz ozc xi fouc ohkeeczcgx eims}' Sgmfog`ch }xzsmxszc} }k`gke{ js}kgc}} o} s}sol'

Cvoarlc> Kg ?;;3 pfcg ]fcll Ikl Miarog{ pogxch xi eims} rcirlc ig xfc gcp dkgh ie pizd,xfkgdkg`, ogh kgxczomxkig} }s``c}xch j{ xzog}eizaoxkig, kx eizach o gcp Hcrozxacgx4 xfc Js}kgc}}

Xzog}eizaoxkig Xcoa' &}oac eiz LCOR+ Xfc acajcz} moac ezia hkeeczcgx }dkll riil} ogh uozkch kg

`zohc lcucl jsx oll zcrizxch xi o miaaig @cgczol Aogo cz' Olxfis`f ucz{ cvrczkcgmch rcirlc pkxf

xixoll{ hkeeczcgx jomd`zisgh} pczc o}}k`gch xi xfc xcoa, xfc gcp }xzsmxszc o}}k}xch kg mfog`kg` xfc

kghkukhsol o}}sarxkig} rcirlc foh ojisx pfox xfc{ pczc xfczc xi hi iz pfox xfc{ pczc xi zcrzc}cgx

pfklc ig xfc xcoa'




17/27

Mig}khczoxkig} eiz Izògk~oxkig ]xzsmxszc Ro`c = ie 8

3+ Hic} xfc }xzsmxszc fclr dc{ aogo`cz} }rcgh xfckz xkac ig &xiho{}+ dc{ k}}sc}9

]xzsmxszc Oeecmx} Fip O Aogo`cz} Xkac K} ]rcgx O aogo`cz} xkac xcgh} xi jc eims}ch igxfc k}}sc} ie xfc rcirlc zcrizxkg` xi fka' Rcirlc xcgh xi pogx xi xold xi xfckz }srczuk}iz ojisxxfc k}}sc} eiz pfkmf xfc{ ozc zc}rig}kjlc' Xfs} ke o aogo`cz pogx} xi zceims} fk} xkac, fcak`fx ommiarlk}f xfk} j{ zc}xzsmxszkg` xfc lcucl hkzcmxl{ jclip fka'

Cvoarlc> O MCI pkxf o loz`c }xoee pfi k} jckg` rsllch kgxi xii aog{ }xoee k}}sc} ao{

mfii}c xi fouc oll }xoee rcirlc zcrizx xi o }kg`lc UR ie Ohakgk}xzoxkig iz xfc lkgc rcirlc xi o MII'

5+ K} xfc izògk~oxkig `cxxkg` xfc gcchch ac}}o`c ezia xfc }xzsmxszc9

]xzsmxszc ]k`gol} Pfox % Pfi K} Karizxogx Jcmos}c kx k} }smf o uk}kjlc po{ ie hc}mzkjkg`xfc izògk~oxkig, kx jcmiac} igc ie rcirlc} ai}x karizxogx zceczcgmc rikgx} kg hcmkhkg` pfoxxir aogo`cacgx xfkgd} k} karizxogx ogh pfox k} gix' Xfczceizc, kx k} o dc{ xiil kg aogo`kg`mfog`c' Og{ }fkex kg lcucl, xkxlc, iz oaisgx ogh x{rc ie zc}iszmc} k} zcoh o} o mlsc xi xfckarizxogmc ie og kghkukhsol iz `zisr' Xfk} dkgh ie }k`gol k} c}rcmkoll{ ripczesl hszkg` o xkac

pfcg xfc izògk~oxkig k} sghczìkg` }k`gkekmogx mfog`c ogh rcirlc ozc pizdkg` xi sghcz}xoghfip xfc ripcz jo}c} ozc }fkexkg`' S}kg` }xzsmxszc xfis`fxesll{ mog ao`gke{ xfc ripcz ie}xoxcacgx} ojisx pfox xfc miarog{ gcch} xi hi hkeeczcgxl{'

Cvoarlc> Pfcg ZH)]fcll Mfokzaog Aiih{!]xcpozx pogxch xi nsar!}xozx xfcHkucz}kx{ ceeizx, o gcp ri}kxkig po} mzcoxch eiz Lc}lkc Ao{} o} igc ie xfc xir FZ lcohcz}'Cozlkcz, o }kakloz mfikmc po} aohc pfcg LCOR po} mzcoxch o} o }rcmkol sgkx pkxf }rcmkolzcrizxkg` xi }k`gke{ og karizxogx kgkxkoxkuc'

0+ K} xfc }xzsmxszc foukg` xfc gcchch mslxszol ceecmx9

]xzsmxszc Mfog`c} Mog Rzc}czuc Iz Olxcz Mslxszc} Rcirlc pfi fouc pizdch xi`cxfcz eiz o

lig` xkac kg o rozxkmsloz sgkx hcuclir xfckz ipg po{ ie xfkgdkg` ogh irczoxkg` pkxf comf ixfcz'Xfk} k} xfckz mslxszc' Dccrkg` }smf o `zisr pkxf c}}cgxkoll{ xfc }oac rcirlc ogh ak}}kig pkllxcgh xi aokgxokg xfc }oac mslxszc, zcòzhlc}} ie mfog`c} kg miarcg}oxkig, hkzcmxkig, iz cucglcohcz}fkr'

Cvoarlc> Kg xfc S']' C%R, Mfcakmol, ogh Ikl Rzihsmx} foh aokgxokgch mig}k}xcgxmslxszc} hc}rkxc ezcqscgx xir aogo`cacgx mfog`c}' [cx ]fcll Akgkg`, jckg` aohc sr ie omiajkgoxkig ie C%R rcirlc, Rzihsmx} rcirlc, ogh cvrczkcgmch fkzc}4 hcuclirch o ucz{ hk}xkgmxmslxszc' Ol}i, Mfcakmol zcmi`gk~ch xfc ceecmx ie }xzsmxszc ig mslxszc pfcg RCX po} omqskzchezia @iih{coz kg xfox xfczc po} cvrzc}}ch migmczg ojisx gix ]fcllk~kg` xfk} mslxszc xiiojzsrxl{ j{ mfog`c isx ie dc{ rcirlc'




18/27

Mig}khczoxkig} eiz Izògk~oxkig ]xzsmxszc Ro`c 8 ie 8

6+ Hic} xfc }xzsmxszc o}}k}x kg fk`flk`fxkg` gcchch rcz}rcmxkuc}9

]xzsmxszc Mog ]xkelc Iz Ao`gke{ Rcz}rcmxkuc} Lcohcz} xcgh xi lk}xcg xi xfckz zcrizx}' Ogh xfcizògk~oxkig o} o pfilc k} ucz{ opozc ie xfk}' Xfs}, xfc izògk~oxkigol ripcz ie rcirlc oghxfckz irkgkig} k} lcuczo`ch, xfc fk`fcz sr xfc{ zcrizx' Migucz}cl{, jsz{kg` &hccr kg xfc

izògk~oxkig iz iee xi igc }khc+ esgmxkig} iz kghkukhsol} {is higx pogx xfc izògk~oxkig xi ro{oxxcgxkig xi k} o ucz{ ceecmxkuc }xzsmxszol }ilsxkig'

Cvoarlc> Pfcg xfc gcp, ogh iexcg sgrirsloz ac}}o`c ie _solkx{ po} og karizxogx igceiz rcirlc xi ro{ oxxcgxkig xi, aog{ miarogkc} zcmi`gk~ch xfc gcch xi fouc xfk} zilc zcrizx oxxfc cvcmsxkuc lcucl eiz jixf uk}kjklkx{ ogh xfc ojklkx{ xi jzkg` xfk} rcz}rcmxkuc xi xfc xojlc xikgelscgmc rilkm{ ogh hkzcmxkig'

;+ Hic} xfk} }xzsmxszc rsx xfc zk`fx rcirlc kg migxzil9

]xzsmxszc Oeecmx} Lcohcz}fkr ]xzsmxszc mog rsx gcchch gcp lcohcz} kgxi o ri}kxkig xi lcoh'Mfog`c} kg }xzsmxszc rziukhc og irrizxsgkx{ xi rsx gcp lcohcz} ogh gcp lcohcz}fkr xcoa} kgrlomc' Xfczc k} og irrizxsgkx{ xi mfog`c xfc lcohcz}fkr ogh hkzcmxkig pkxfisx foukg` xizcaiuc gcchch kghkukhsol} j{ `kukg` xfca o hkeeczcgx }xzsmxszc pkxfkg pfkmf xi pizd'

Cvoarlc> @kukg` og cvk}xkg` lcohcz o gcp zilc, iz rziukhkg` fcz o }sj}xogxkoll{ gcp xcoakgukxc} mfog`c' @kukg` og cvk}xkg` xcoa o mfog`ch zilc iz mfog`ch lcohcz}fkr }xzsmxszc ol}ikgukxc} mfog`c'




19/27

Mig}khczkg` Mslxszc Ro`c ? ie :

Mig}khczkg` Mslxszc

Igc po{ xi xfkgd ojisx mslxszc k} xfox kx k} og karlkmkx }fozch sghcz}xoghkg` ojisx xfkg`} ogh khco} xfox

ozc karizxogx xi o kucg miaasgkx{ Xfc}c xfkg`} ozc s}soll{ kgeczzch, zoxfcz xfog }xoxch

Kgeczcgmc} ozc aohc ezia pfox cvk}x}, pfox k} }okh, ogh pfox ogh fip xfkg`} ozc higc ozisghfczc

Igc o}rcmx k} xfc }cx ie jclkce} rcirlc xcgh xi filh kg miaaig Xfc}c jclkce} mog jc xfis`fx ie o} jo}km

o}}sarxkig} ojisx xfc pizlh ogh fip kx pizd} O} og cvoarlc> Zc}slx} ozc jcxxcz pfcg rcirlc

pizd fozhcz' Ogixfcz o}rcmx ie mslxszc k} xfc }cx ie uolsc} rcirlc filh Xfc}c ozc lkdc jo}km

o}}sarxkig} pkxf og is`fx oxxomfch Cvoarlc>Rcirlc is`fx xi pizd fozhcz }kgmc xfc

js}kgc}} k} kg xzisjlc' O xfkzh o}rcmx ie mslxszc k} xfc }cx ie giza} xfox cvk}x Giza} ozc lkdc

uolsc}, jsx ozc aizc xomxkmol ogh rzimchszol Xfc{ ozc xfc gizaol }xoghozh} ie jcfoukisz,

xfis`fx, }rccmf, ogh hzc}} O ?2 fisz ho{, pcozkg` o xkc, hceczcgmc xi xfc ji}}'

Mslxszc }forc} dc{ izògk~oxkigol k}}sc} lkdc> jcfoukisz}, miirczoxkig, miaasgkmoxkig}, hcmk}kig!

aodkg`, miaakxacgx, ogh zk}d xodkg` ]iac jo}km qsc}xkig} zcòzhkg` mslxszc kg xfc migxcvx iemzcoxkg` iz zchc}k`gkg` og izògk~oxkig kgmlshc> K} xfc cvk}xkg` mslxszc `cxxkg` s} pfox pc pogx9

K} kx fclrkg`9 K} kx fszxkg`9 Pfox hic} kx gcch xi jc9 Pfox hi pc pogx kx xi jc9

O}dkg` xfc}c qsc}xkig} k} s}cesl jcmos}c ie fip mslxszc zcloxc} xi js}kgc}} zc}slx} Kx k} karizxogx

jcmos}c kx kgelscgmc} jcfoukiz} Kx mog jc ucz{ ri}kxkuc jcmos}c }fozch jclkce} co}c ogh

cmigiak~c miaasgkmoxkig} oaig` acajcz} Kx k} og o}}cx jcmos}c }fozch uolsc} `cgczoxc fk`fcz

lcucl} ie miirczoxkig ogh miaakxacgx Xfc}c jixf karziuc izògk~oxkig ceekmkcgm{ o akgkasa

cvrcghkxszc ie zc}iszmc Fipcucz, mslxszc k} o lkojklkx{ pfcg xfc }fozch jclkce} ogh uolsc} ozc gix

kg dccrkg` pkxf xfc mszzcgx gcch} ie xfc izògk~oxkig iz kx} acajcz}

Mslxszc ol}i oeecmx} xfc aoniz rzimc}}c} ie og izògk~oxkig O }xzig`, }fozch mslxszc zchsmc} hog`cz} ie

ak}miaasgkmoxkig Rcirlc hig'x gcch xi miaasgkmoxc kxca} ojisx pfkmf }fozch jclkce} oghuolsc} cvk}x*}iac xfkg`} i pkxfisx }o{kg`*' Pfcg miaasgkmoxkg` omzi}} mslxszc},

ak}miaasgkmoxkig iexcg kgmzco}c} Xfczc ozc aizc *pzig` o}}sarxkig}* Jclkce} ogh uolsc}

ojisx pfox xi miaasgkmoxc, ogh fip ircg xi jc mog uoz{ pkhcl{ kg izògk~oxkig}

Mslxszc oeecmx} miirczoxkig ie rcirlc Ceecmxkuc miirczoxkig moggix jc *lc`k}loxch* Rzimchszc} ogh

migxzomx} moggix ogxkmkroxc oll xfc migxkg`cgmkc} xfox mog ozk}c Xzsc miirczoxkig k} kgelscgmch j{

}fozch jclkce}, uolsc} ogh o miaaig rszri}c

Mslxszc oeecmx} miaakxacgx Xfk} immsz} pfcg rcirlc khcgxke{ pkxf xfc js}kgc}} uk}kig, }xzoxc`{ ogh

ijncmxkuc} ogh cvrczkcgmc }iac caixkigol oxxomfacgx xi xfca ]fozch jclkce} ogh uolsc} ojisx

karizxogx iz uolsojlc pizd ogh migxzkjsxkig mog fclr `cgczoxc xfk}

Hcmk}kig!aodkg` k} oeecmxch j{ mslxszc ]fozch jclkce} ogh uolsc} `kuc acajcz} o mig}k}xcgx }cx ie

jo}km o}}sarxkig} ogh rzceczcgmc} xfs} xfc{ mog omx pkxf aizc ceekmkcgm{ kg zcomfkg` hcmk}kig}

&Xfk} ao{ gix gcmc}}ozkl{ acog lc}} migelkmx ke xfc }fozch jclkce iz uolsc k} xfox migelkmx ogh

hkeeczkg` irkgkig} ozc fclresl+ Kx mog fclr kg karlcacgxoxkig Pfcg mli}c moll} ozc xi jc aohc

pkxfisx mig}slxoxkig, mslxszc rziukhc} `skhkg` rzkgmkrlc} xfox mog jc zclkch srig xi rikgx kg xfc

mizzcmx hkzcmxkig Kg ixfcz pizh}, xfc mslxszc mog kgelscgmc rcirlc xi aodc xfc zk`fx mfikmc}

Xfk} Himsacgx Ro`c ?;



20/27

Mig}khczkg` Mslxszc Ro`c : ie :

]fislh igc pizd xi mfog`c mslxszc iz pizd xi mfog`c jcfoukisz}9 Mfog`kg` mslxszc xodc} lig`cz

jcmos}c kx karlkc} mfog`kg` xfc }fozch jclkce} ogh uolsc} ie rcirlc Xfc}c pkll xfcg kgelscgmc

xfckz mfikmc ie jcfoukiz Xfk} }cx} sr og *kgxzkg}km* zcpozh }{}xca kg pfkmf xfc rcz}ig mfii}c} xi

hi pfox eccl} zk`fx4 kg }{gm pkxf pfox xfc{ jclkcuc xi jc zcol ogh karizxogx

Mfog`kg` jcfoukiz mog jc qskmdcz jsx xfk} zcqskzc} o mig}xogx aigkxizkg` ie jcfoukiz xi cg}szc

miarlkogmc Xfk} orrziomf aodc} s}c ie *cvxzkg}km* zcpozh} ogh mig}cqscgmc} &$ ogh !+ xi}s}xokg xfc hc}kzch jcfoukisz}

Xfc khco ie pizdkg` xi mfog`c }iacigc} jclkce}, uolsc}, iz jcfoukiz kg og izògk~oxkig k} gix o ri}kxkuc

igc eiz }iac rcirlc K}}sc} ie mfog`kg` rcirlc'} jclkce} ogh uolsc} ozc lohcg pkxf caixkig

jcmos}c xfc{ miggixc *jzokgpo}fkg`* ]smf k}}sc} ozc rcz}igoll{ xfzcoxcgkg` jcmos}c o lix k} ox

}xodc eiz kghkukhsol} Jclkce} ogh uolsc} ozc gix o zoghia o}}cajl{ xfc{ ozc kgxczmiggcmxch ogh

zcizògk~oxkig k} rokgesl Gcp }dkll} ogh jcfoukiz} ozc karlkch Fipcucz, ai}x rcirlc o`zcc xfox

kx k} zco}igojlc eiz og izògk}oxkig} aogo`cacgx xi pizd xi mig}mkcgxkis}l{ }forc izògk~oxkigol

jclkce} ogh uolsc} xfox ozc esgmxkigol eiz omfkcukg` pizxf{ ijncmxkuc}

Kgelscgmkg` mslxszc mfog`c zcqskzc} sghcz}xoghkg` ogh kgxczucgxkig kgxi comf ie xfc jo}km rzimc}}c} xfox

mos}c mslxszc xi rczrcxsoxc kx}cle

Jcfoukiz mog jc xfc eims} ozco Zc}cozmf }fip} xfox iexcg jclkce} ogh uolsc} pkll mfog`c o} o zc}slx ie

mfog`ch jcfoukiz Kx} jccg }okh>kx k} co}kcz xi omx igc} po{ kgxi o gcp po{ ie xfkgdkg`, xfog xi

xfkgd igc} po{ kgxi o gcp po{ ie omxkg`' Xfk} hic}g'x olpo{} pizd jcmos}c rcirlc mog ns}xke{

kg xfckz ipg akgh pf{ xfc{ ozc hikg` }iacxfkg` xfox hic} gix ekx xfckz uolsc} ogh jclkce} O} kg K

foh gi mfikmc

Miaasgkmoxkig} mog jc o lcucz eiz mslxszc mfog`c Kx k} miaasgkmoxch j{ jixf cvrlkmkx &}rccmfc},

jiidlcx}+ ogh karlkmkx &}xizkc}+ acxfih} Ke xfc gcp jclkce} ogh uolsc} jckg` miaasgkmoxch ozc

olzcoh{ kgxzkg}kmoll{ orrcolkg` o rzijlca mog }xkll jc xfc miaasgkmoxiz} mzchkjklkx{ &moarok`g

zfcxizkm+ Ke gix orrcolkg`, xfcg mzchkjklkx{ as}x jc miguc{ch j{ hcaig}xzoxkg` xzsc kgxcgxkig ig

xfc rozx ie aogo`cacgx &xfc{ zcoll{ ozc }czkis}+ Miaasgkmoxkig as}x jc rcz}so}kuc oghcgò`kg`, gix ns}x eomx}

Xfc fkzkg` ogh xfizis`f }imkolk~kg` ie gcpmiacz} ogh iuczxl{ zcaiukg` hcukogx} ozc ixfcz po{} xi

}cgh o }xzig` mslxszol ac}}o`c

Xfk} Himsacgx Ro`c :2



21/27

KX ogh Izògk~oxkig Hc}k`g Ro`c ? ie :

Kgeizaoxkig Xcmfgili`{ ogh Izògk~oxkig Hc}k`g

FZ Esxszc} foh, o} o mlcoz ijncmxkuc, xi lcuczo`c xfc irrizxsgkxkc} ogh esgmxkigolkx{ ie]fcll Rcirlc Ogh ]XZCOALKGC!@]OR ol}i cvrcmx} xi lcuczo`c kgeizaoxkig

xcmfgili`{ &KX+ Xfs}, xi o loz`c hc`zcc, xfczc k} og cvrcmxoxkig xi ekx xfcizògk}oxkig xi xfk} zcolkx{ Fipcucz, kx k} s}cesl xi ox lco}x mig}khcz xfckarlkmoxkig} ie s}kg`, iz foukg` s}ch, KX o} xfc aoniz eomxiz kg }s``c}xkg` ogizògk~oxkig hc}k`g

Pfcg js}kgc}} }xzoxc`kc} ozc cgojlch j{ gcp kgeizaoxkig }{}xca} xfc qsc}xkig}iacxkac} miac} sr Pf{ gix ns}x kg}xoll xfc xcmfgili`{ ekz}x, xfcg jc`kg xi hcolpkxf og{ izògk~oxkigol mfog`c} xfox ao{ jc gcmc}}oz{ xi }srrizx kx9 Xfk}pislh jc lc}} zk}d{, qskmdcz, ogh co}kcz xi aogo`c

Xfczc ozc o gsajcz ie zco}ig} pf{ xfk} k} gix xfc khcol orrziomf xi xodc Xfc jo}km

khco k} xfox xfc irxkig} ogh mfikmc} o}}imkoxch pkxf KX, Pizd Rzimc}}c}, ogh FZ}{}xca} gcch xi jc hcuclirch ogh mfi}cg zcmi`gk~kg` xfckz kgxczzcloxkig}fkr} Kxhic}gx pizd o} pcll xi aodc xfc hcmk}kig} }cqscgxkoll{ Mczxokgl{ ns}xosxiaoxkg` xfc cvk}xkg` po{ ie pizdkg` ogh rziukhkg` }iac kgmzcacgx ieohhkxkigol esgmxkigolkx{ }clhia zc}slx} kg xfc lcucl ie mfog`c iz gcp morojklkx{ ogcp js}kgc}} }xzoxc`{ zcqskzc}

Xfc ai}x ceecmxkuc zc}slx} fouc jccg zcolk~ch pfcg xfzcc aoniz eomxiz} ozc rloggchogh karlcacgxch j{ }kaslxogcis}l{ hcolkg` pkxf oll xfzcc>

Mig}mkis} Olk`gacgx ie xfc Js}kgc}}, Izògk~oxkigol, ogh KgeizaoxkigXcmfgili`{ Kgxcgxkig} &}xzoxc`kc}+

Miaakxacgx ie carli{cc} xi xfc KX }{}xca} Miarcxcgmc ie xfc carli{cc} xi s}c kx

Kg cozl{ hc}k`g pizd, igc gcch} xi rzc}czuc xfc irrizxsgkx{ eiz xfc rcirlc oghizògk~oxkig} xfox ozc xi s}c xfc xcmfgili`{ xi fouc fcou{ kguilucacgx kg kx}karlcacgxoxkig PF[9 Gcchch k} xfckz aizc *nij }rcmkekm* dgiplch`c oghkhco} o} kgrsx kgxi xfc cozl{ hc}k`g mfikmc} eiz xfc }{}xca Xfk} }srrizx}hcuclirkg` xfckz sghcz}xoghkg` ie xfc }{}xca ogh kx} morojklkxkc}, ogh ai}xkarizxogxl{, xi clkmkx xfckz kghkukhsol miaakxacgx xi aodc kx pizd Pkxfisxacogkgèsl kguilucacgx kg cozl{ hc}k`g mfikmc} carli{cc} pkll xcgh xi ckxfcz gixs}c xfc gcp }{}xca morojklkxkc} iz xfc{ s}c kx jsx zc}cgx kx ogh xfczceizc s}c kx

riizl{

Xfk} Himsacgx Ro`c :?



22/27

KX ogh Izògk~oxkig Hc}k`g Ro`c : ie :

Og ogoli`{'''Mig}khcz xfc karomx ie jsklhkg` o ucz{ sgkqsc, kggiuoxkuc, gig!xzohkxkigol,ieekmc jsklhkg`, miarlcxc pkxf eliiz rlog}, rfigc }{}xca}, ogh ieekmcfozhpozcxfcg xz{kg` xi oxxzomx o akv ie js}kgc}}c} ogh miarogkc} pfi pislhaiuc xfckz irczoxkig} xfczc ogh s}c kx *olai}x o} k}* Xfk} k} ucz{ asmf kgmigxzo}x xi pizdkg` pkxf xfc js}kgc}} ofcoh ie xkac, hk}ms}}kg` xfc irxkig} oghecoxszc}, ogh nikgxl{ hc}k`gkg` ogh mig}xzsmxkg` xfc ieekmc jsklhkg` xfc{ ozc xi

immsr{ ogh s}c ceecmxkucl{ eiz o ucz{ lig` xkac

Hszkg` xfc misz}c ie KX karlcacgxoxkig, aog{ mfikmc rikgx} ozk}c ojisx pfox dkgh} iekgeizaoxkig xi aodc ouoklojlc xi rcirlc, pfcg, ogh kg pfox eiza, cxm Xfc rcirlcmszzcgxl{ *kg xfc izògk~oxkig} oeecmxch* pkll ucz{ rzchkmxojl{ aodc mfikmc} xfoxzckgeizmc xfckz mszzcgx po{ ie xfkgdkg` ogh irczoxkg` @cxxkg` xfc}c rcirlc isx iexfc rzimc}}, iz foukg` xfca mfog`c zilc} loxcz, k} ucz{ hkeekmslx

Xfc *s}cz}* gizaoll{ hi gix fouc og sghcz}xoghkg` ie pfox k} ri}}kjlc ogh xfczceizcmoggix mlcozl{ }rcmke{ sr ezigx pfox xfckz zcqskzcacgx }fislh jc Xfc{ hig'xdgip pfox xi o}d eiz, ixfcz xfog pfox xfc{ sghcz}xogh ojisx xfckz mszzcgx pizd

migxcvx Xfc ]{}xca} ]rcmkolk}x}, gizaoll{ hi gix fouc o hccr cgis`fsghcz}xoghkg` ie xfc js}kgc}} xi jc ojlc xi *ieecz sr* ohhch esgmxkigolkx{ mfikmc}iz gcp po{} ie orrl{kg` xfc xcmfgili`{ Xfs}o rzimc}} ie igìkg` hc}k`g !karlcacgxoxkig, nikgxl{ pkxf> xfc ekgol s}cz}, xfc }{}xca} rziec}}kigol}, ogh ixfczkaromxch }xodcfilhcz}, k} o as}x

]irfk}xkmoxch kgeizaoxkig xcmfgili`{ k} mfozomxczk~ch j{ *Hsol Rixcgxkolkxkc}* Kx mogckxfcz zisxkgc}c % migxzil, iz kx mog pkhcg xfc hk}mzcxkig ogh karomx ie s}cz}Aogo`cz} mog s}c KX xi zckgeizmc o }xzoxc`{ xfox zclkc} srig izògk~oxkigolmiarlkogmc, iz xfc{ mog s}c kx xi rziaixc og izògk~oxkigol migxcvx xfox clkmkx}

carli{cc miaakxacgx Xfk} zok}c} xfc }xodc} eiz mozcesl karlcacgxoxkig oghjs{!kg ie xfi}c kguiluch Xfk} k} gix }iacxfkg` xi jc lcex xi xfc kghkukhsol mfikmc iekghkukhsol aogo`cz} Aizc `lijol `skhogmc k} zcqskzch kg xfc eiza ie `cgczolrzkgmkrlc}

Hc}k`g mfikmc} ojisx xfc eizaol izògk~oxkig ogh kgeizaoxkig xcmfgili`{ ozckarizxogx jcmos}c xfc{ }forc izògk~oxkigol jcfoukiz roxxczg} Kg aodkg` hc}k`gmfikmc}, rloggcz} as}x ogxkmkroxc ogh oxxcarx xi rziaixc xfc rozxkmsloz roxxczg iemiaakxacgx, miarcxcgmc, ogh jcfoukiz} xfox xfc{ jclkcuc pkll jc kg}xzsacgxol xiomfkcukg` xfc hc}kzch js}kgc}} zc}slx} ogh fsaog isxmiac}

Xfk} Himsacgx Ro`c ::



23/27

Xo}d Sgmczxokgx{ ! ]lomd Ro`c ? ie 3

Izògk~oxkigol Migmcrx} ie Xo}d Sgmczxokgx{ % ]lomd Zc}iszmc}?

Iuczukcp> Xfk} migmcrx rziukhc} o po{ xi sghcz}xogh zco}ig} eiz, ogh xi ohhzc}} }ilsxkig} eiz

kgmzco}ch mi}x} ogh ixfcz eiza} ie lipcz rczeizaogmc kg og izògk}oxkig' Kx ol}i rziukhc} }iac

xfciz{ eiz sghcz}xoghkg` fip fkczozmf{ ogh ixfcz eiza} ie }xzsmxszc ozc zcloxch xi mczxokg

dgipg iz rzchkmxch mfog`kg` uozkojlc} kg og izògk}oxkig'

Aoniz Rziri}kxkig}>?' Pc ozc mig}khczkg` xfc izògk}oxkig o} jo}kmoll{ og kgeizaoxkig rzimc}}kg` }{}xca

:' Iuczoll Xo}d iz xfc Pizd xi Jc Higc j{ xfc izògk}oxkig ox xfc aomzi lcucl, k} o zc}slx

ie xfc js}kgc}} mfikmc ie Rszri}c ogh ]xzoxc`{

=' Xo}d k} xfc lkgd jcxpccg xfc ixfcz eisz aoniz izògk}oxkig hc}k`g clcacgx} ogh xfc

]xzoxc`{

8' Xo}d Sgmczxokgx{ ogh fip kx k} sghcz}xiih ogh aogo`ch, zcloxc} xi irxkig} eiz Izògk}oxkig

]xzsmxszc Mfikmc}' Sghcz}xoghkg` xfk} migmcrx cgzkmfc} ogh kgeiza} mfikmc} ie }xzsmxszc'

Sgmczxokgx{ Hcekgch> Xfc kgojklkx{ xi rzchkmx esxszc isxmiac} iz }xoxc} ie xfc pizlh'

Xfc jo}km ceecmx ie sgmczxokgx{ k} xfox kx lkakx} xfc ojklkx{ ie xfc izògk~oxkig xi rzc!rlog

iz xi aodc hcmk}kig} ojisx omxkukxkc} kg ohuogmc, xfs} kgmzco}kg` xfc oaisgx ie kgeizaoxkig xijc rzimc}}ch j{ hcmk}kig aodcz} xi `cx xfkg`} higc' Xfc fk`fcz xfc sgmczxokgx{ ie xfc xo}d} xi

jc higc4 xfc aizc kgeizaoxkig as}x jc mig}khczch o} xfc izògk}oxkig hic} kx} pizd kg izhcz

xi omfkcuc o `kucg }xoghozh ie rczeizaogmc iz qsolkx{'

Xo}d Sgmczxokgx{ Hcekgch> Xfc hkeeczcgmc jcxpccg xfc Kgeizaoxkig gcchch xi rczeiza xfc

xo}d, ogh xfc oaisgx ie kgeizaoxkig olzcoh{ ri}}c}}ch j{ xfc izògk}oxkig' Kg ixfcz pizh}>

Xo}d Sgmczxokgx{ 1 &Kgeizaoxkig Zcqskzch+ &Kgeizaoxkig Ri}}c}}ch+

Kgeizaoxkig Zcqskzch k} zcloxch xi xfzcc uozkojlc} xfox mog jc hcxcmxch iz rzchkmxch' Xfc

aizc hkeeczcgmc xfczc k} pkxfkg xfc izògk}oxkig, ogh xfc fk`fcz xfc rczeizaogmc cvrcmxoxkig}ie xfc izògk}oxkig, xfc `zcoxcz kgeizaoxkig k} zcqskzch xi rczeiza xi xfox }xoghozh' O} og{ ie

xfc eillipkg` kgmzco}c4 xfc kgeizaoxkig zcqskzch ìc} sr'

?' Xfc Hkucz}kx{ ie xfc Ijncmxkuc} Mfi}cg kg xfc ]xzoxc`{' Cvoarlc} kgmlshc> xfc gsajcz ie

hkeeczcgx rzihsmx} xi jc rzihsmch, aozdcx}, xcmfgili`kc}, mslxszc}, cxm' Comf zcrzc}cgx o

eomxiz kg xfc izògk}oxkig cgukzigacgx ojisx pfkmf dgiplch`c ogh kgeizaoxkig as}x jc

òxfczch ogh rzimc}}ch kg xfc misz}c ie hcmk}kig aodkg`'

:' Xfc Hkuk}kig ie Lojiz pkxfkg xfc izògk}oxkig' Xfc aizc }rcmkolk}x} u}' `cgczolk}x}, xfc

aizc `zisr} ie rcirlc xi jc miizhkgoxch4 oll kgmzco}c xfc oaisgx ie kgeizaoxkig xi jc

rzimc}}ch' Cvoarlc} kgmlshc hkeeczcgx ro{ zoxc}, dc{ aco}szc}, }mizcmozh}, hkeeczcgx xkxlc},

hkeeczcgx x{rc} ie `zisr}, hkeeczcgx xkac ~igc}, rf{}kmol limoxkig}, cxm'

=' Xfc Hc}kzch Lcucl ie Rczeizaogmc' Xfc fk`fcz xfc }xoghozh} eiz xfc rczeizaogmc, xfcloz`cz xfc gsajcz ie uozkojlc} xfox as}x jc mig}khczch }kaslxogcis}l{ pfcg ollimoxkg`

zc}iszmc}, }cxxkg` rzkizkxkc}, ogh hcxczakgkg` }mfchslc} ogh irxkig}' Kgeizaoxkig as}x jc

millcmxch ogh hcmk}kig} aohc eiz oll ie xfc}c'

?Xfk} migmcrx sghczrkg} asmf ie xfc hc}k`g xfciz{ rzc}cgxch j{ No{ @oljzokxf kg fk} ekz}x aoniz jiid Izògk~oxkig Hc}k`g kg

?;00' No{ }rcgx o gsajcz ie {coz} ox xfc Mcgxcz eiz Ceecmxkuc Izògk~oxkig} ox S]M

Xfk} Himsacgx Ro`c :=



24/27

Xo}d Sgmczxokgx{ ! ]lomd Ro`c : ie 3

Kgeizaoxkig Ri}}c}}ch Hcekgch> Xfk} k} zcloxch xi xfc izògk~oxkig} millcmxkuc rzkiz

cvrczkcgmc pkxf xfc }czukmc} iz rzihsmx}, xfc aozdcx}, xfc xcmfgili`kc}' Kg ixfcz pizh}, xfc

hcrxf ogh jzcohxf ie xfc cvrczkcgmc ie xfc rcirlc pkxfkg xfc izògk}oxkig' Kx k} rozxkmslozl{

karizxogx xi gixc xfox o hcmlkgkg` cvrczkcgmc lcucl ie }xoee kgmzco}c} xo}d sgmczxokgx{ o} kgei

ri}}c}}ch ìc} hipg sglc}} dgiplch`c aogo`cacgx ogh izògk}oxkigol acaiz{ ozc

sgs}soll{ rzc}cgx'

Kgeizaoxkig Rzimc}}kg` Acmfogk}a}> Xfc izògk}oxkig} gcch xi miizhkgoxc kgmzco}kg`

gsajcz} ie kgxczhcrcghcgx zilc} zc}slx} kg xfc hcucliracgx ie acmfogk}a} eiz millcmxkg`,

hcmkhkg` ogh hk}}cakgoxkg` kgeizaoxkig xi zc}iluc migelkmx} ogh `skhc kghcrcghcgx omxkig' Xfk}

immsz} o} }iig o} xfczc k} aizc xfog igc rcz}ig kg xfc izògk}oxkig' Xfk} ol}i kgmzco}c} xo}d

sgmczxokgx{'

Xfc eillipkg` acmfogk}a} ozc x{rkmoll{ carli{ch, kg xfk} }cqscgmc4 o} comf igc

cucgxsoll{ zc}slx} kg xfc fkczozmf{ jckg` iuczliohch kg xcza} ie jckg` ojlc xi rzimc}}

kgeizaoxkig ogh hcol pkxf xfc xo}d sgmczxokgx{' Xfs}, xfc gcvx igc k} ohhch' Comf igc ohh}

ohhkxkigol mi}x xi xfc izògk~oxkig'

?' Fkczozmf{ ie Osxfizkx{ ]iac acajcz} ozc }clcmxch xi rlo{ miizhkgoxkg` zilc} ogh ozcozzog`ch kg o fkczozmfkmol eo}fkig' O lc`kxkaoxc osxfizkx{ xfox mog kgelscgmc ixfcz}

jcfoukisz} kg zc}ilukg` migelkmx}' Xfk} k} ol}i og ceekmkcgx kgeizaoxkig rzimc}}kg`

acmfogk}a'

:' Zslc}, Rilkmkc}, Rzimchszc} Xfc}c ozc c}}cgxkoll{ hcmk}kig} aohc kg ohuogmc xfox pizd

eiz zcrcxkxkuc }kxsoxkig}' Xfc{ zchsmc xfc gcch eiz miaasgkmoxkig ogh ezcc} xfc fkczozmfkmol

mfoggcl} eiz hcmk}kig} xfox moggix jc ogxkmkroxch kg ohuogmc' Xfc{ }czuc xfc }oac esgmxkig

o} fojkx} eiz og kghkukhsol kg xfox xfc{ rzc}czuc kgeizaoxkig rzimc}}kg` moromkx{ eiz aizc

giucl cucgx}'

=' Hk}mzcxkig @skhch j{ Rloggkg` Xfc izògk}oxkig mog aiuc hcmk}kig} hipg lipcz xi xfc

rikgx ie omxkig j{ kgmzco}kg` xfc oaisgx ie hk}mzcxkig ie lipcz lcucl carli{cc}' Kg ixfcz

pizh}, kgmzco}kg` caripczacgx' Kg izhcz xi hcol pkxf k}}sc} ie migxzil, rloggkg` rzimc}}c}}cx ìol} iz xoz`cx} xi rziukhc jisghozkc} ie mfikmc eiz lipcz lcucl carli{cc}'

8' Zchsmkg` ]rog ie Migxzil Xfk} mzcoxc} ohhkxkigol }srczuk}kig, ogh lcucl} ie }srczuk}kig

ogh zc}slx}, igmc oòkg kg ezcckg` xfc fkczozmf{ xi aodc xfc hcmk}kig} o}}imkoxch pkxf

kgmzco}kg` xo}d sgmczxokgx{'

Ie karizxogmc k} xfc eomx xfox xfc ojiuc }cqscgmc zcrzc}cgx} kgmzco}kg` mi}x} xi xfc izògk}oxkig

o} xfc}c acmfogk}a} eiz rzimc}}kg` kgeizaoxkig ozc carli{ch' Ox }iac rikgx xfc izògk}oxkig

zsg} isx ie mi}x ns}xkekch po{} ie miizhkgoxkg` zilc} }i o} xi cgojlc kgeizaoxkig xi jc rzimc}}ch

o} zcqskzch &ogh }xkll lcouc xfc fkczozmf{ ouoklojlc eiz xfc sgkqsc }kxsoxkig}+

Ox xfk} rikgx xfczc ozc xpi jo}km moxcìzkc} ie mfikmc eiz hcolkg` pkxf xfc iuczlioh' Igc

mog aodc izògk}oxkig mfikmc} }i o} xi kgmzco}c xfc moromkx{ xi rzimc}} xfc kgeizaoxkig xfoxcvk}x} iz igc mog izògk}c }i o} xi zchsmc xfc oaisgx ie kgeizaoxkig xfox as}x jc rzimc}}ch'

Irxkig} eiz Kgmzco}kg` xfc Ojklkx{ Xi Rzimc}} Pfox Kgeizaoxkig Cvk}x}>

?' Igc mog kguc}x kg Uczxkmol Kgeizaoxkig ]{}xca} }smf o} kgeizaoxkig xcmfgili`{' Xfk}

ollip} aizc kgeizaoxkig xi jc rzimc}}ch eo}xcz, aizc hcmk}kig} aizc ezcqscgxl{, cxm' Xfk}




25/27

Xo}d Sgmczxokgx{ ! ]lomd Ro`c = ie 3

fo} xfc }oac ceecmx ie jckg` ojlc xi srhoxc aizc rlog}, aizc ezcqscgxl{' Kx ie misz}c fo}

mi}x} o}}imkoxch pkxf xfc òxfczkg` ie xfc hoxo, xfc xcmfgili`{ kx}cle, ogh xfc }rcmkolk}x}

carli{ch'

:' Igc mog carli{ uozkis} eiza} ieLoxczol Zcloxkig} o} o po{ xi zchsmc xfc lioh ig xfc

fkczozmf{' Xfk} k} ol}i og izhczch }cx ie irxkig} xfox kgmzco}c kg mi}x ogh lcucl ie

izògk}oxkig }dkll xi ceecmxkucl{ karlcacgx' Xfc{ zcqskzc kgmzco}ch }dkll} kg hcolkg` pkxf

`zisr}, migelkmx ogh oajk`skx{ xi pizd ceecmxkucl{' O} xo}d sgmczxokgx{ kgmzco}c}, xfcizògk}oxkig pkll xcgh xi ohirx xfc eillipkg` eiza} ie loxczol zcloxkig} kg xfk} }cqscgmc sr

xfzis`f xfc aoxzkv izògk}oxkig' Xfc eiza} ozc ol}i msasloxkuc kg xfox fk`fcz eiza} ozc

ohhch xi, gix }sj}xkxsxch eiz xfc lipcz eiza}>

o' Sxklk}c hkzcmx migxomx jcxpccg aogo`cz} pfi }fozc o rzijlca

j' C}xojlk}f lkok}ig zilc} xi lkgd sgkx} xfox fouc }sj}xogxkol migxomx'

m' Mzcoxc xcarizoz{ zisr} lkdc xo}d eizmc} xi }iluc rzijlca} oeecmxkg` }cuczol sgkx}'

h' Carli{ `zisr} iz xcoa} ig o rczaogcgx jo}k} eiz mig}xogxl{ zcmszzkg` kgxcz!sgkx

rzijlca}'

c' Mzcoxc o gcp zilc, og kgxc`zoxkg` zilc pfcg lcohcz}fkr ie loxczol rzimc}}c} jcmiac} o

rzijlca'e' C}xojlk}f hsol osxfizkx{ zcloxkig} ox mzkxkmol rikgx} xi mzcoxc o aoxzkv hc}k`g'

Irxkig} eiz Zchsmkg` xfc Oaisgx ie Kgeizaoxkig Xi Jc Rzimc}}ch

?' Igc mog zchsmc sgmczxokgx{ j{ sghczxodkg` orrziomfc} xi xfc Aogo`cacgx ie xfc

Cgukzigacgx' Uczxkmol kgxc`zoxkig k} o po{ xi zchsmc rixcgxkoll{ hk}zsrxkuc sgmczxokgx{

hsc xi hcrcghcgm{ srig xfc cgukzigacgx' O} og cvoarlc, js{ isx o }srrlkcz srig

pfia {is ozc hcrcghcgx' Omxkig} }smf o} lijj{kg`, rsjlkm zcloxkig} ogh ixfcz }smf

ceeizx} xi kgelscgmc xfc cgukzigacgx ozc ixfcz cvoarlc}'

:' Igc mog mzcoxc ]cle!Migxokgch Sgkx}' Sgkx} ozc izògk}ch ozisgh isxrsx} }smf o}aozdcx}, mlkcgx}, cxm, xfcg xfc gcchch }dkll} ogh zc}iszmc} ozc rsx pkxfkg xfox sgkx' Xfk}

fo} xfc ohuogxo`c ie rziekx migxzil lipcz hipg pfczc aog{ ie xfc hcmk}kig} gcch xi jc

aohc' Lc}} xkac k} gcchch xi ollimoxc ixfczpk}c }mozmc zc}iszmc' Xfc mi}x} ie xfk}

orrziomf fouc xi hi pkxf cmigiakc} ie }molc' Hsrlkmoxkig ie aomfkgcz{, }{}xca},

}rcmkolk}x}, cxm' eiz comf sgkx mog jc cvrcg}kuc ogh as}x jc iee}cx j{ òkg} kg ixfcz ozco}

=' Igc mog kgxcgxkigoll{ carli{ ]lomd Zc}iszmc} o} o po{ xi hcol pkxf kgmzco}kg` xo}d

sgmczxokgx{ ogh xfc o}}imkoxch iuczlioh ie xfc fkczozmf{ eiz xfc rzimc}}kg` ie

kgeizaoxkig'

]lomd zc}iszmc} ozc mzcoxch j{ kgmzco}kg` xfc zc}iszmc} ouoklojlc, zoxfcz xfog j{

sxklk~kg` cvk}xkg` zc}iszmc} aizc ceekmkcgxl{' Xfk} k} higc jcmos}c ie xfc mi}x iemiizhkgoxkig zcqskzcacgx} xi ommiarlk}f o aizc ceekmkcgx sxklk}oxkig ie xfca' Cvoarlc}

ie }lomd ozc kgucgxiz{ jsklh sr} pfkmf sgmisrlc} hcrcghcgm{, cvxzo rcirlc iz aigc{

kg o jsh`cx pfkmf rziukhc elcvkjklkx{ eiz xfc sgcvrcmxch, mfcor zc}iszmc} }smf o} rorcz

mlkr} ogh ixfcz `cgczol s}c kxca}' ]lomd k} mfi}cg pfcg kx k} esgmxkigol xi xfc

ommiarlk}facgx ie xfc loz`cz ijncmxkuc}' Kx ao{ jc asmf mfcorcz xfog xfc olxczgoxkuc ie

aogo`kg` pkxf ecpcz zc}iszmc}' Ogixfcz eiza }lomd xodc} k} xfzis`f zchsmch




26/27

Xo}d Sgmczxokgx{ ! ]lomd Ro`c 8 ie 3

rczeizaogmc }xoghozh} }smf o} lig`cz hclkucz{ xkac}, }rozc moromkx{, lii}cz }rcm}, ogh

hsrlkmoxch ceeizx}'

Oòkg, ]lomd Mog Jc og Ohuogxo`c' Xfc ohuogxo`c} ozc kg xfc zchsmxkig kg gcch xi rzimc}}

kgeizaoxkig ogh aodc hcmk}kig} ojisx fip xi hi pkxf lc}} }lomd' Xfc mfikmc} ozc aiuch xi

lipcz rozx} ie xfc izògk}oxkig, kgxczhcrcghcgmkc} jcxpccg rcirlc ogh sgkx} xfox pislh

ixfczpk}c jc lkgdch ozc zchsmch' ]lomd mog fouc zcol uolsc ogh jc ucz{ fclresl xi xfcommiarlk}facgx ie ijncmxkuc}' Fipcucz, `kucg cgis`f }lomd &xkac, aigc{, rcirlc+ olai}x og{

xoz`cx mog jc fkx/

Xfc ceecmx ie comf ie xfc ojiuc orrziomfc} k} xi zchsmc xfc gsajcz ie cvmcrxkigol mo}c} ie

kgeizaoxkig rzimc}}kg` &hcmk}kig}+ xfox as}x jc zceczzch sr xi xfc fkczozmf{ eiz zc}ilsxkig'

Ie aoniz karizxogmc fczc' Ke igc ie xfc ixfcz acmfogk}a} k} gix mfi}cg mig}mkis}l{, }lomd

pkll immsz osxiaoxkmoll{ kg }iac eiza' Xfc xo}d kgeizaoxkig zcqskzcacgx} ogh xfc moromkx{ ie

xfc izògk}oxkig xi rzimc}} kgeizaoxkig ozc olpo{} aoxmfch' Ke gix mig}mkis}l{ aoxmfch, xfcg

zchsmch rczeizaogmc kg xfc eiza ie jsh`cx ogh }mfchslc iuczzsg}, riizcz qsolkx{, ak}}ch

irrizxsgkx{, cxm' as}x immsz kg izhcz xi jzkg` ojisx cqsolkx{'

]saaoz{> Xo}d sgmczxokgx{ kgmzco}c} o} cvrczkcgmch rcirlc ozc li}x, iz o} xfc izògk}oxkig

`cx} aizc miarlcv kg pfox kx k} xz{kg` xi hi, iz j{ kgmzco}kg` rczeizaogmc cvrcmxoxkig}, iz

cvrcmxoxkig} ie ommiarlk}fkg` `kucg xoz`cx} pkxf xk`fxcz zc}iszmc}' O} xo}d sgmczxokgx{

kgmzco}c} xfc gcch xi rzimc}} kgeizaoxkig kgmzco}c} ogh xfc fkczozmf{ pkll xcgh xi jc iuczliohch

pkxf hcmk}kig}' Ke }iacxfkg` k} gix mig}mkis}l{ hc}k`gch xi iee}cx xfk}, xfcg lipcz rczeizaogmc

as}x zc}slx'




27/27

Iuczukcp Hko`zoa ie Xo}d Sgmczxokgx{

Xo}d Sgmczxokgx{ 1 &Kgeizaoxkig Zcqskzch+ &Kgeizaoxkig Ri}}c}}ch+'

Kgeizaoxkig Zcqskzch k} o esgmxkig ie>

Hkucz}kx{ ie Ijncmxkuc}, Hkuk}kig ie Lojiz, Hc}kzch Lcucl ie Rczeizaogmc

Kgeizaoxkig Ri}}c}}ch k} o esgmxkig ie>

Xfc Iz`ogk}oxkig} millcmxkuc rzkiz cvrczkcgmc

Xo}d Sgmczxokgx{ zc}slx} kg aizc kgeizaoxkig gcchkg` xi jc rzimc}}ch j{ ogh oaig`

kghkukhsol} &hcmk}kig aodkg`+ Cucgxsoll{ xfc kghkukhsol iz xfc fkczozmf{ ie kghkukhsol}

jcmiac} iuczliohch ogh fk`fcz mi}x} ogh riizcz rczeizaogmc zc}slx}

]cqscgmc ie Irxkig} eiz Hcolkg` pkxf Xo}d Sgmczxokgx{

Osxfizkx{ Fkczozmf{

Zslc} ogh Rzimchszc}

Rloggkg` ogh Xoz`cx}

Zchsmch ]rog ie Migxzil

Irxkig} eiz> Irxkig} eiz>

Kgmzco}kg` Moromkx{ eiz Kgei Rzimc}}kg` Zchsmkg` Gcch Eiz Kgei Rzimc}}kg`

Uczxkmol Kgeizaoxkig ]{}xca} Aogo`c Xfc Cgukzigacgx

S}c ie Loxczol Zcloxkig} ]cle Migxokgch Sgkx}

]lomd Zc}iszmc}

Pfcg oll cl}c eokl}, }lomd pkll osxiaoxkmoll{ immsz xi jologmc sgmczxokgx{ kg xfc eiza iezchsmch rczeizaogmc' &c'`' kgmzco}ch xkac, kgmzco}ch mi}x}, lipcz qsolkx{+


4 organization design b

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