4-hydraulic modeling the black art
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Hydraulic Modeling:The Black Art
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Hydraulic Modeling: The Black Art
Part I
What Is Hydraulic Modeling?
Part IIThe Process
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Who is Vinnie Bergl?
Graduated from Marquette University B.S. in Civil and Environmental Engineering
Class of 2006
P.E. in Illinois and Wisconsin
Started working at RJN in 2005
Various SSES and sewer design projects
Specialize in hydraulic modeling of sewer
systems
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What is hydraulic modeling?
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What is hydraulic modeling?
Hydraulic modeling is a pseudoscientificpowerful signaling device engineering tool
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What is hydraulic modeling?
Hydraulic modeling is a pseudoscientificpowerful signaling device engineering tool
using math nobody in the industry
understands hydrodynamic and hydrologicalprinciples
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What is hydraulic modeling?
Hydraulic modeling is a pseudoscientificpowerful signaling device engineering tool
using math nobody in the industry
understands hydrodynamic and hydrologicalprinciples to create a fictionalization simulation
of a hydraulic network
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What is hydraulic modeling?
Hydraulic modeling is a pseudoscientificpowerful signaling device engineering tool
using math nobody in the industry
understands hydrodynamic and hydrologicalprinciples to create a fictionalization simulation
of a hydraulic network that can be used to
affirm preconceptions evaluate current
conditions,
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What is hydraulic modeling?
Hydraulic modeling is a pseudoscientificpowerful signaling device engineering tool
using math nobody in the industry
understands hydrodynamic and hydrologicalprinciples to create a fictionalization simulation
of a hydraulic network that can be used to
affirm preconceptions evaluate current
conditions, rationalize recommend
improvements,
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What is hydraulic modeling?
Hydraulic modeling is a pseudoscientificpowerful signaling device engineering tool
using math nobody in the industry
understands hydrodynamic and hydrologicalprinciples to create a fictionalization simulation
of a hydraulic network that can be used to
affirm preconceptions evaluate current
conditions, rationalize recommend
improvements, and predict outcomes under
various hypothetical scenarios
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What is hydraulic modeling?
Hydraulic modeling is a pseudoscientificpowerful signaling device engineering tool
using math nobody in the industry
understands hydrodynamic and hydrologicalprinciples to create a fictionalization simulation
of a hydraulic network that can be used to
affirm preconceptions evaluate current
conditions, rationalize recommend
improvements, and predict outcomes under
various hypothetical scenarios that will never
actually happen.
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Hydrology, Hydraulics, and
Hydrodynamics (for Sewers) Hydrology methodology to predict how
rainfall becomes flowin a hydraulic network
Hydraulics principles that govern the behaviorof waterunder a given set of conditions
Hydrodynamics computations that dictate themovement of flow from place to placethrough a hydraulic network
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Sewer Hydraulics
Bernoulli Equation
(energy balance)
Mannings Formula
(open-channel flow)
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Sewer Model Hydrodynamics
Continuity Equation
(conservation of flow)
Momentum Equation
(conservation of momentum)
St. Venant Equations relationships fundamental
to dynamic modelingmethods
Engines / Solvers computerized algorithms that
iteratively solvethe hydrodynamic equations
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Sewer Model Hydrodynamics
Continuity Equation
(conservation of flow)
Momentum Equation
(conservation of momentum)
time step time interval at which the solvercalculates changing conditions in the model
short time step = more accurate
long time step = faster simulation
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Sewer Model Hydrodynamics
time step time interval between calculatedconditions in the model
less accurate more accurate
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Sewer Models
model methods and computations used tosimulate a sewershed for given parameters
hydrological model generates runoff, loads
it into the hydraulic network hydraulic model simulates the movement of
flow through the network
water quality model simulates pollutantloads as flow moves through the network
platform software; may support multiplemodels, engines, and hydrological methods
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Software Platforms
Platform SoftwareDeveloper SupportedModels Strengths/Applications
Bentley Bentley,
SWMM
sewer systems
XP Software SWMM stormwater and 2Dmodels
Innovyze Wallingford sanitary systems
Innovyze SWMM stormwater and 2D
models
URBANDanish Hydraulic
Institute (DHI)MOUSE,
SWMM
integrated urban
sewershed models
SWMM5EPA (freeware) SWMM sewer systems
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Requisite Car Analogies
SWMM : Wallingford :: Cadillac : Jaguar
(different models)
Explicit : Implicit :: diesel : gasoline(different engines)
InfoSWMM : EPA SWMM5 ::
Lexus ES350 with voice recognition and moon roof :
Toyota Camry with manual locks and no AC
(same model, different features)
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Sanitary vs. Storm
Sanitary Stormwater
Model Network Underground (pipes) Underground and overland
Main Concern Backups / Overflows Flooding
Conditions Dry and wet weather Wet weather only
Overflow Gone from system Goes to overland network
*combined sewer models a bit of
both
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The Process
Stage 1: Building the Physical Model
Stage 2: Flow Monitoring Data Analysis
Stage 3: Flow Input and Distribution Stage 4: Model Calibration
Stage 5: Analysis of Existing Conditions
Stage 6: Development of Alternatives Stage 7: Analysis of Alternatives
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Building the Physical Model
beautiful infrastructurefunction l
bstr ction
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Defining the Network
Full model All sewers in
study area modeled
Skeletal model Only
trunk and limbs modeled
Diameter threshold
Tributary area
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Venous? Arterial?
Like:
Not like:
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Physical Features
node any junction or storage location manholes / inlets
wet wells
tanks
link path along which flow moves between nodes
gravity mains
force mains
overland channels
catchment hydrological boundary; turns rain into runoff
meter [sub-]basin
drainage area
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Data Import
collected sourcesGIStablemodel
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Data Import
geodatabase fields
model softwaresbuilt-in fields
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Lift Stations
Pumps
Design points
Pump curves
Discharge piping
Wet wells Dimensions
Operating ranges
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Control Structures
Diversion chambers
Control valves
Weirs Gates
Dams
Orifices
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Outfall Conditions
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Flow Data Analysis
Sanitary Combined Stormwater
Dry-WeatherAnalysis X X
RTK
Analysis X
CalibrationEvents X X X
How does meter data feed the
model?
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Dry-Weather Flow Patterns
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Dry-Weather Flow Patterns
Each meter basin has unique DWF
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What does RTK do again?
DeconstructsRDII into an elemental unit
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What does RTK do again?
Model reassembles RDII response usingRTK UH as building block; rain as catalyst
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More tortured analogies
Observed RDII
Response
RTK Unit
Hydrograph
Model RDII
Response
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Why RTK?
Prevailing method for sanitary models
Scales well
Consistent with RDII narrative
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The Process
Stage 1: Building the Physical Model
Stage 2: Flow Monitoring Data Analysis
Stage 3: Flow Input and Distribution Stage 4: Model Calibration
Stage 5: Analysis of Existing Conditions
Stage 6: Development of Alternatives
Stage 7: Analysis of Alternatives
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Dry-Weather Flow (DWF) Input
1. Large point flows are input to nearestnode
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Dry-Weather Flow (DWF) Input
2. Remaining flow apportioned by area orpopulation
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Wet-Weather Flow Distribution
1. Delineate catchments
2. Define hydrology
3. Apply rain
4. Run model
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Sanitary WWF Distribution
Meter basins subdivided
catchment = sub-basin
RTK hydrology
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Sub-Basin Delineation
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Sub-Basin Delineation
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Sub-Basin Delineation
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Wet-Weather Flow (WWF) Input
catchment areaXrain intensityXUH =WWF
X X
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Stormwater Runoff
Part of storm and combinedsewer models
catchment = drainage area
Hydrology
SWMM runoff
NRCS method
Rational method
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Catchment Properties
Area
Ground slope
Imperviousness
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Sanitary vs. Stormwater Hydrology
Sanitary Stormwater
Catchments Sub-basins (polygons) Drainage areas (blobs)
Delineation property boundaries contours
Basis Flow monitoring data Physical catchment properties
Methods RTK NRCS, SWMM, Rational, others
Scaling Factor % rainfall capture Imperviousness (CN, C value,etc.)
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Model Calibration
Process of validating model results bycomparing against observed data
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Dry-Weather Calibration
REPLICATION
D-V-Q
Volume
Timing
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Whats good enough?
WASTEWATER PLANNING USERS GROUP (WaPUG) CODE OFPRACTICE FOR THE HYDRAULIC MODELLING OF SEWER SYSTEMS
WaPUG =
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Dry-Weather Calibration
WASTEWATER PLANNING USERS GROUP (WaPUG) CODE OFPRACTICE FOR THE HYDRAULIC MODELLING OF SEWER SYSTEMS
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Dry-Weather Calibration
WASTEWATER PLANNING USERS GROUP (WaPUG) CODE OFPRACTICE FOR THE HYDRAULIC MODELLING OF SEWER SYSTEMS
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Wet-Weather Calibration
Simulation of observed
(metered) rain events
Used to test and refine
hydrological inputs
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WaPUG (UDG) says
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WaPUG (UDG) says
+20 to -4
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WaPUG (UDG) says
Flow Flow
Depth- Depth
REPLICATION.
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Village of Deerfield
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Village of Deerfield
plateaus
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Village of Deerfield
clean
peaks
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Village of Deerfield
replicationclean
peaks
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Continuity and Stability
Qin= Qout
Is itstable?
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The Process
Stage 1: Building the Physical Model
Stage 2: Flow Monitoring Data Analysis
Stage 3: Flow Input and Distribution
Stage 4: Model Calibration
Stage 5: Analysis of Existing Conditions
Stage 6: Development of Alternatives Stage 7: Analysis of Alternatives
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Dry-Weather Flow
Will it scour?
slow flowsiltingcapacity loss
2 fps
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Sustainable Peaking Factor (SPF)
Simple measure ofexcess flow capacity
< 3.0 = undersized
SPF = avg. capacity ADWF
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Sustainable Peaking Factor (SPF)
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Design Storm Analysis
Typically 24-hr. events
SCSType II storm
IDF from Bulletin 70
Recurrence intervals of
2 months to 100 years
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SCS Type II Distribution
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SCS Type II Distribution
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SCS Type II Distribution
10-yr, 60-min. storm
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SCS Type II Distribution
10-yr, 12-hr. storm
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SCS Type II Distribution
10-yr, 24-hr. storm
L l f P i A l i
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Level of Protection Analysis
How protected is the system against
L l f P t ti A l i
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Level of Protection Analysis
How protected is the system against
surcharging
L l f P t ti A l i
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Level of Protection Analysis
How protected is the system against
overflows / overland flooding
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Surcharging and Overflows
L l f P t ti A l i
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Level of Protection Analysis
How protected is the system against
CSO events
L l f P t ti A l i
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Level of Protection Analysis
How protected is the system against
basement backups
P t ti l B k
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Potential Backups
Th P
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The Process
Stage 1: Building the Physical Model
Stage 2: Flow Monitoring Data Analysis
Stage 3: Flow Input and Distribution
Stage 4: Model Calibration
Stage 5: Analysis of Existing Conditions
Stage 6: Development of Alternatives Stage 7: Analysis of Alternatives
D l t f Alt ti
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Development of Alternatives
Where are the problem areas?
What are the options? Increase capacity?
Reduce flow?
Both?
And how do we assess the impact?
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Hydraulic Grade Line (HGL) Profiles
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Hydraulic Grade Line (HGL) Profiles
with relief sewers
Hydraulic Grade Line (HGL) Profiles
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Hydraulic Grade Line (HGL) Profiles
with relief sewers and I/I reduction
Level of Protection (LOP)
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Level of Protection (LOP)
existing condition
Level of Protection (LOP)
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Level of Protection (LOP)
with relief and storage
Development of Alternatives
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Development of Alternatives
Okay, so it would work.
But is it optimal?
The Process
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The Process
Stage 1: Building the Physical Model
Stage 2: Flow Monitoring Data Analysis
Stage 3: Flow Input and Distribution
Stage 4: Model Calibration
Stage 5: Analysis of Existing Conditions
Stage 6: Development of Alternatives Stage 7: Analysis of Alternatives
But first
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But first
Some real life context
A lunch break (at some point)
2:00 Wet-Weather Freakonomics
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Questions?
Comments?