4 human evolution 2016 answers

7/25/2019 4 Human Evolution 2016 Answers

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4 HUMAN EVOLUTIONThis laboratory begins by asking you to compare and contrast various features of the skull

and locomotor apparatus of modern (extant) great apes and humans. These two groupsare representative of two extremes in terms of many of the bony and dental features that

are used to classify fossil hominins.

Comparisons of these extremes will enable you to examine the skulls and locomotor bones

of various fossil hominins and make an assessment, feature by feature, of where each

fossil hominin sits on the spectrum between these extremes.

Based on the concepts of ancestral and derived features that you learned in the previous

class, coupled with what you have learned in lectures and from your text books aboutwhen these various hominin forms are known to have existed, you should be able to form a

broad picture of the trends in anatomical changes that have taken place over the course of

hominin evolution.

As noted in the previous class on Primates, although you can place these specimens in a

roughly graded order between anatomical extremes, this does not imply that each

successive group evolved from the preceding one. Modern humans did not evolve from

modern apes, such as gorillas and chimpanzees, but we do share a common ancestor.

Overall, the fossil record for hominins is characterised by being patchy and specimen poor.

While it is tempting to view the hominin specimens presented in this class as being

representative of a straight line in human evolution (anagenesis), they are, in fact,

representative of many divergent lines of evolution (cladogenesis).

After this topic you should be able to:

Describe structural changes occurring during human evolution.

Describe a possible course of human evolution.

4 Pre-labIMPORTANT: You are expected to have listened to the lectures and completed theonline HUMAN EVOLUTION pre-lab before coming to class.

There are marks associated with the completion of the online pre-lab, available onHBIOL, which will shut down at 11.55pm on Sunday April 3

rd. (see Unit Outline). You will

not be able to complete the online pre-lab after this date.

After the online pre-lab closes you will be able to review your own attempt and see thecorrect answers. If you have not attempted the online pre-lab you will not be able to seeany of this feedback.


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Page 4.2 Topic 4 Human Evolution HB I 2016

4.1 The lectures and the online prelab will introduce you to some anatomical featuresseen in members of the family Hominidae (gorilla, chimp, hominin). You MUST befamiliar with the features listed below in order to complete this weeks laboratory.The material presented in this laboratory is covered well in Relethford and you willalso find some information in Saladin.

Cranium:

o frontal bone

o forehead

o orbit

o supra-orbital torus

o nasal cavity

o parietal bones

o sagittal crest

o occipital bone

o external occipital protuberance

o foramen magnum

o cranial base

o nuchal crest

o temporal bones

o

mastoid processo zygomatic arch

o suture lines

o vault (arched bone over brain)

Facial bones:

o maxilla

o mandible

o condyle of mandible

o ramus of mandible

o body of mandible

o chin

o orthognathic (flattened) face

o prognathic (protruding) face

Teeth:

o incisors

o canines

o upper pre-canine diastema

o sectorial premolar

o molarised premolar

o molars

o parabolic dental arcade

o parallel sided dental arcade

Pelvis and femur:

o ischium

o ischial tuberosity

o ilium

o pubis

o pubic symphysis

o sacrum

o neck of femur

o head of femur

o shaft of femur


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HB I 2016 Topic 4 Human Evolution Page 4.3

Below is a list of words and word roots for commonly used terms relevant to this topic.

extant stand out , be visible, exist supra above

diastema interval / separation torus a bulging

pro- in front of foramen opening

ortho- straight magnum large

gnath jaw sectorial a cutting edge

nuch back of neck ramus branch

australo southern pithecus ape

para near, next to anthropus man

bosei after Charles Boise homo man or human

habilis handy ergaster working

erectus upright sapiens wise, capable of discerning

-ensis native of, relating to afar region in Ethiopia

heidelberg place in Germany neanderthal Of the Neander valley

4 Laboratory

4.2 The first exercise in this lab will be explained by your tutor.


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Page 4.4

4.3 Ue

Spe

Chimp

Australoafar

Parantbo

HomoH. rudo

Homo e

Homo

Hoheidelb

Honeandert

Homo

se this tabercise ar

ies

anzee

ithecusnsis

ropusei

abilislfensis

rgaster

rectus

orgensis

ohalensis

apiens

le to verifcorrect.

Geogralocatio

Sub-SarahAfrica

East Afr

SouthEast Afr

SouthEast Afr

AfricaEurop

ChinaJava

Africa, A& Euro

EuropeMiddle E

Pandem

Africaorigin

Topic

whether

hicn

Dat

n M

ica 3.8-

ica

2.6-

ica

2.8-

1.8-

1.

siae

0.8-

&ast

1235,

ic; 200

pre

Human E

r not the

e range

odern

3.0 mya

1.2 mya

1.5 mya

0.5 mya

-0.25mya

0.2 mya

5,000-000 yrsBP

,000 yrs

P ent day

olution

nswers y

Heightestimat

(cm)

80

105 1

110-13

125-14

160-19

130-17

150-18

160

165

u provide

Wei

esti

(k

4(fem

29-

0

34-

3

56-

56-

60-

8

6

d in the fir

ghtate

)

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49

66 8

63 8

00 1

0 1

0 1

HB I 2016

st lab

docranialapacity

(cc)

400

00-450

500

700

50-1000

30-1000

00-1300

00-1600

50-1400


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HB I 2016

4.4 Ew

Face:

prognathorthogna

Prognat

Prognat

(less)Prognat

Orthogna

Orthogna

Orthogna

Orthogna

Orthogna

Orthogna

xamine thhich of th

ic /hic

Rel

lar

mass

icLar

(

ic La

ictee

thic ca

thicca

thicca

thicca

thicca

thic ca

chimpanlisted fea

tive sizeteeth:er canine

sive molame sizes.

ger caninspeciallymales)

rge molar

mall frontth, massimolars.

olars andines sam

size

olars andines samsize.




olars and

ines samsize.

Topic

ee, fossilures are

of

;

s;

Pca

diast

presabs

sPre

P

edias

dias

dias

Ndiast

dias

dias

dias

Human E

hominin sresent in

e-ineema:

ent /ent

likli

ent Li

InA

o

emaL

o

emaL

o

emaL

oema

L

o

emaL

o

emaL

oema L

olution

kulls and teach spec

remolarshape:e caninese molars

e canines

ermediate

ke molars

ke molars

ke molars

ke molars

ke molars

ke molars

ke molars

he humanimen

Denarca

parallelparab

Parallel

Movingfrom p

sided to

para

(sligPara

Moparab

(fosdefor

Para

Para

Para

Para

Para

skull. De

talde:sided/olic in

sided

awayrallelwards

olic

I

tly)olic

I

eolicsiled)

olic

olic

olic

olic

olic

Page 4.5

ermine

Foramenmagnum:posterior/

termediatcentral

Posterior

termediat

termediat

Central

Central

Central

Central

Central

Central

/

e

e


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4.5 Work with your group to arrange all species from the table on the previous pagesinto a phylogenetic tree. Include a timeline. Copy this into the space providedbelow.

4.6 Examine the material provided then fill in the table below comparing features ofthe hip and femur in the chimpanzee,Australopithecus afarensis, Homo ergasterand modern human.

Feature Chimpanzee A. afarensisLucy

H. ergaster

Nariokotomeboy

Modern human

Femur angle of shaftto vertical

(sketch e.g. or )

Length of neck offemur

short longer very long long

General shape of

pelvis

long and

narrow

short and bowl

shaped

short and bowl

shaped

short and bowl

shaped

Ischial length long shortshort (but longer

than modern)short

Shape of iliac blades:flat and narrow ORflared and curved

flat , narrowand long

flared andcurved

flared andcurved

flared andcurved

Direction that outersurface of iliac blade

facesdorsally

blade iscurved sofaces both

posteriorly andlaterally

blade is curvedso faces both


blade is curvedso faces both



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HB I 2016 Topic 4 Human Evolution Page 4.7

4 Post-lab

4.7 Write a brief summary on how changes in the shape of the pelvis and femur in thecourse of evolution from an ancestral quadruped have led to efficient bipedalism inmodern Homo sapiens.

4.8 Using features you have identified in this laboratory repeat the exercise from lastweeks post lab and construct a more detailed list of features which you thinkwould separate humans from other members of the FamilyHominidae(hominids)to allow their classification into Genus Homo.


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4 human evolution 2016 answers

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