4 history of missions

Joshva session four 1

History of MissionsHistory of Missions

Session 4Session 4

SOCMSSOCMS

Presented by Dr JoshvaPresented by Dr Joshva


ReadingsReadings

•W R Shenk Changing Frontiers W R Shenk Changing Frontiers of Missionof Mission

•Stephen Neill A History Stephen Neill A History Christian MissionChristian Mission

•G H Anderson, Mission LegaciesG H Anderson, Mission Legacies•D Bosch Transforming MissionD Bosch Transforming Mission•K S Latourette, A History of K S Latourette, A History of

ChristianityChristianity


Looking at the Historical Looking at the Historical PeriodPeriod

Stephen Neil (A History of Stephen Neil (A History of Christian Mission)Christian Mission)

• The Conquest of the Roman World (100-500 The Conquest of the Roman World (100-500 AD)AD)

• The Dark Age (500-1000)The Dark Age (500-1000)• Early European Expansion (1000-1500)Early European Expansion (1000-1500)• The Age of Discovery (1500-1600)The Age of Discovery (1500-1600)• New Beginnings in East and West (1600-1800)New Beginnings in East and West (1600-1800)• New Forces in Europe and America (1792-New Forces in Europe and America (1792-

1852)1852)• The Heyday of Colonialism (1852-1914)The Heyday of Colonialism (1852-1914)• Rome, the Orthodox and the world (1815-1914)Rome, the Orthodox and the world (1815-1914)


Ralph Winter Ralph Winter The 25 Unbelievable Years: 1945-1969.

• 0-400 AD Winning the Romans: Evangelizing the 0-400 AD Winning the Romans: Evangelizing the empire of the Caesars empire of the Caesars

• 400-800 AD Evangelization of the Barbarians400-800 AD Evangelization of the Barbarians• 800-1200 AD Evangelization of the Vikings800-1200 AD Evangelization of the Vikings• 1200-1600 AD Evangelization of the Saracens / 1200-1600 AD Evangelization of the Saracens /

Muslims Muslims • 1600-2000 AD Evangelization of the Ends of the 1600-2000 AD Evangelization of the Ends of the

EarthEarth

(Kenneth Scott Latourette, (Kenneth Scott Latourette, A History of A History of Christianity.Christianity. New York: Harper &Brothers, 1953, New York: Harper &Brothers, 1953, pp. 181, 221-234). pp. 181, 221-234).


David Barrett (Statistical David Barrett (Statistical Point of View) Point of View)

• 30-500 AD The Apostolic Era (Luke and Paul) 30-500 AD The Apostolic Era (Luke and Paul) • 500-1750 AD The Ecclesiastical Era (Cosmas 500-1750 AD The Ecclesiastical Era (Cosmas

Indicopleustes and Francis Xavier) Indicopleustes and Francis Xavier) • 1750-1900 AD The Church Growth era 1750-1900 AD The Church Growth era • William Carey, the "father of modern missions" , the "father of modern missions" • Henry Venn -- "self-governing, self-supporting, -- "self-governing, self-supporting,

and self-propagating churches"and self-propagating churches"• 1900-1990 AD The Global Mission era (1900-1990 AD The Global Mission era (

John R. Mott and Kenneth Grubb) and Kenneth Grubb) • 1990- present The Global Discipling era 1990- present The Global Discipling era (Taken from Latourette, Kenneth Scott. (Taken from Latourette, Kenneth Scott. A History A History

of the Expansion of Christianityof the Expansion of Christianity. New York: . New York: Harper, 1937-1945.) Harper, 1937-1945.)

http://home.snu.edu/~hculbert/march.htm#1812

http://home.snu.edu/~hculbert/line.htm#1854

http://home.snu.edu/~hculbert/line.htm#mott


Concept of Progress in Concept of Progress in HistoryHistory

• History is understood in terms of History is understood in terms of Progress and Development of One Progress and Development of One stage from the otherstage from the other

• It is a slow, Progressive, evolutionary It is a slow, Progressive, evolutionary accumulation of knowledge from one accumulation of knowledge from one generation to the nextgeneration to the next

• AUGUSTE COMTE and KARL AUGUSTE COMTE and KARL POPPERPOPPER


Hans Kung’s Paradigm Hans Kung’s Paradigm Shift in the History of Shift in the History of

MissionsMissions• The Apocalyptic paradigm of primitive The Apocalyptic paradigm of primitive

ChristianityChristianity• The Hellenistic paradigm of the patristic The Hellenistic paradigm of the patristic

periodperiod• The Medieval Roman Catholic paradigmThe Medieval Roman Catholic paradigm• The Protestant paradigmThe Protestant paradigm• The Modern Enlightenment paradigmThe Modern Enlightenment paradigm• The Emerging Ecumenical paradigm The Emerging Ecumenical paradigm

(Bosch book - 182)(Bosch book - 182)

Joshva session fourJoshva session four 88

History of Mission?!History of Mission?!1. God’s Salvation History of Israel1. God’s Salvation History of Israel2. Jesus’ Movement2. Jesus’ Movement3. Apostolic Missions 3. Apostolic Missions 4. Early Christian Fathers’ Mission4. Early Christian Fathers’ Mission5. Constantism and Mission - Division of 5. Constantism and Mission - Division of

Missions – Orthodox and CatholicMissions – Orthodox and Catholic6. Reformation as mission within the churches 6. Reformation as mission within the churches

and Modern Missionary Movementand Modern Missionary Movement7.Indigenous Missions and Parachurch 7.Indigenous Missions and Parachurch

MissionsMissions8. Pentecostal and Charismatic Missions8. Pentecostal and Charismatic Missions


5 Epochs of Redemptive History

Concept developed by Ralph Winter


Winning the RomansWinning the RomansAD 0-400AD 0-400


Winning the RomansAD 0-400

Early Roman Fresco of St. Paul

Bible in Gothic translated by Ulfilas

Moving and wandering preachers

Unsettled Missionary Movements disturbing/challenging the surrounding contexts economically, politically and socially


Emperor Emperor Constantine’s VisionConstantine’s Vision


Winning the BarbariansAD 400-800


Winning the BarbariansAD 400-800

Barbarians destroyed the Roman Empire and accepted Christianity

Tribal Culture and religion is community affair – low culture to adopt to high culture of Romans

Converted Tribal chief follows mass conversions

Christianity as a catalyst in Cultural rebuilding

Boniface after chopping down the sacred oak

of the thunder god


Winning the VikingsAD 800 - 1200


Winning the VikingsWinning the VikingsAD 800 - 1200AD 800 - 1200

Vikings delighted in Vikings delighted in • killing people in the churches killing people in the churches • burning churchesburning churches• selling monks into slavery.selling monks into slavery.

Anskar (801-854)Anskar (801-854)• ““Apostle of the North” Apostle of the North” • Sadly, no visible, lasting resultsSadly, no visible, lasting results

Though England and the Continent were Though England and the Continent were devastated by the Vikings, it was not a devastated by the Vikings, it was not a victory for paganismvictory for paganism


Conversion of VikingsConversion of VikingsConversion was a community affair – Conversion was a community affair – Group decision making – Mass Group decision making – Mass movementmovementRoyal Initiative – popular movement –Royal Initiative – popular movement –Kings to affirm solidarity and political Kings to affirm solidarity and political authority through conversionsauthority through conversionsVikings invasions of England Vikings invasions of England The religion of the conquered became The religion of the conquered became the religion of the Mission workthe religion of the Mission work


Winning the Saracens?AD 1200-1600


Winning the Saracens?Winning the Saracens?AD 1200-1600AD 1200-1600

The stain of the Crusades

St. Francis of Assisi and the Sultan of Egypt

Raymond Lull’s martyrdom in North Africa

versus

Monastic Missionary Movement (1200-1600) – Jesuit Order as the Most Important event in the missionary History of the Roman Catholic Church

Asia, Africa


For Mongols Franciscan not reported properly in China


To the Ends of the EarthAD 1600-2000


To the Ends of the EarthAD 1600-2000

Formation of Systematic Theologies of Mission

Heterogeneous theological colouring of Missions


1792-1914: The Great Century(in historian Latourette’s words)

Opened: William Carey forms Baptist Missionary

Society Ended:

World War I

“Imperfect as they were, those nineteenth-century missionaries turned what some thought to be a declining Caucasian religion into the largest and most dynamic religious faith in the world”

Ruth Tucker


Three eras; four menThree eras; four men To the coast lands (1792-1910)To the coast lands (1792-1910)

– William CareyWilliam Carey– ““Haystack” prayer meetingHaystack” prayer meeting– European dominanceEuropean dominance

To the inland areas (1865-1980)To the inland areas (1865-1980)– Hudson TaylorHudson Taylor– ““Faith” mission agenciesFaith” mission agencies– American dominanceAmerican dominance

Unreached groups (1934- ? )Unreached groups (1934- ? )– William Cameron Townsend William Cameron Townsend – Donald McGavran Donald McGavran


William CareyWilliam CareyFather of Modern Father of Modern MissionsMissions

The rebuke to Carey: “When God chooses to win the heathen, He will do it

without your help or ours.”


Hudson TaylorHudson TaylorChina Inland China Inland MissionMission

A Chinese convert: “What! For hundreds of years you have had these glad tidings

and only now have come to preach it to us? My father

sought after the truth for more than twenty years, and died

without finding it. Oh, why did

you not come sooner?”


A Few Examples from Africa A Few Examples from Africa and Asiaand Asia


Mission in Africa Mission in Africa

• 1490 Portuguese in Kongo Catholic priests 1490 Portuguese in Kongo Catholic priests appealing against slave trade to Pope –not appealing against slave trade to Pope –not successful –Manikongo – a convert king –successful –Manikongo – a convert king –Traders and clergy tension - Vita Kimba a Traders and clergy tension - Vita Kimba a convert – Jesus as blackconvert – Jesus as black

• 1840 revival with two congregations (The 1840 revival with two congregations (The congregation of the Holy Fathers and congregation of the Holy Fathers and Missionaries of our Lady of Africa or the White Missionaries of our Lady of Africa or the White Fathers) Fathers)

• First Protestant Missionaries were freed slaves First Protestant Missionaries were freed slaves - Nova Scotia Sierra Leonians – 1807 West - Nova Scotia Sierra Leonians – 1807 West Africa – they spread Christianity - Samuel Ajayi Africa – they spread Christianity - Samuel Ajayi Crowther -Crowther -


Great Century Reconsidered Great Century Reconsidered (Shenck)(Shenck)

1. Formation of Missionary Societies Methodists 1787, Baptists 1792

2. Voluntarism – mission societies and Churches in tension

3. Christendom expanded and dissolved with Christianity, Civilization and Commerce

4. Tension with the State – East India Company refusing to allow missionaries


• Strategies of mission – Rufus Anderson: An Indigenous Church led by an Indigenous Pastor (1869)

• Henry Venn: Work inductively by starting the local culture bridging between the missionary and local peoples, respecting the people enough to learn from them (1868)

• Critique - Church set higher standards in the overseas Missions than back at home

• E A Ayandele – Local political leadership, Educational, medical and other social service

• R E Speer – The Civilising influence of Missions – Political independence and mission support


Post Modern Missionary Post Modern Missionary MovementMovement

Multi-Polar MissionsMulti-Polar Missions


Changes in mission centres Changes in mission centres (Shenck)(Shenck)

• Local Missions ariseLocal Missions arise• Christians grew from 902 Christians grew from 902

Millions to 4.3 BillionsMillions to 4.3 Billions• In 1800 more than 86 percent In 1800 more than 86 percent

Christians are European whereas Christians are European whereas in 1980 half of the Christians are in 1980 half of the Christians are outside North Atlantic Heartlandoutside North Atlantic Heartland

• Pentecostal and other Charimatic Pentecostal and other Charimatic Movements arise from local Movements arise from local cultural and ethnic groups in cultural and ethnic groups in developing countries.developing countries.


Prior to Pilot Point Prior to Pilot Point Pentecostal MissionPentecostal Mission

Northeast: Association of Pentecostal Churches of AmericaNortheast: Association of Pentecostal Churches of America– 1897, India1897, India– 1901, Cape Verde Islands1901, Cape Verde Islands

West: Church of the NazareneWest: Church of the Nazarene– 1904, Spanish mission in Los Angeles1904, Spanish mission in Los Angeles– 1906, India1906, India

South: Holiness Church of ChristSouth: Holiness Church of Christ– 1903, Mexico1903, Mexico– 1907, Swaziland1907, Swaziland

South: Pentecostal MissionSouth: Pentecostal Mission– 1902, Cuba1902, Cuba– 1903, Guatemala1903, Guatemala– 1904, India1904, India


Changing Changing Perceptions Perceptions Overview of Overview of

Black MissionsBlack Missions


About 155 were identified in 19983. Possibly 400 serve today, far less than 1 percent of the 118,600 US foreign missionaries4. African Americans are about 13 percent of the US population..

Perhaps 70 African American global missionaries served between 1790 and 18201. Perhaps another 600 served in Africa between 1820 and 19802.

1 Marilyn Lewis, www.urbana.org/_articles.dfm?Recordid=2302 Sylvia Jacobs, “African Missions and the Af-Am Christian Churches,” p. 22, Encyclopedia of Af-Am Religions, 1993.3 Jim Sutherland, Ph.D. dissertation, www.RMNI.org/dissertation, p. 54 Barrett and Johnson, World Christian Trends, AD 30-AD 2200, c. 2001, p. 421

http://www.urbana.org/_articles.dfm?Recordid=230

http://www.rmni.org/dissertation


Sources: Lerone Bennett, Jr., Before the Mayflower, 5th ed., 1982; Sylvia Jacobs, “African Missions and the African American Christian Churches,” 1983; U.S. Census Bureau http://www.census.gov/hhes/income/income00/incxrace.html

AME AMEZ CME Nat. Bapt. Conv.

Reconstruction


Sources: Wilbur Harr, “The Negro as an American Protestant missionary in Africa,” 1945. Sylvia Jacobs, “African Missions and the African American Christian churches,” 1993; Marilyn Lewis, “Overcoming obstacles: The broad sweep of the African American and Missions,” 2001; Wm. Seraile, “Black American Missionaries,” 1972; U.S. Census Bureau, “Historical income tables—households, Table H-5, 1967-2000”


Outstanding African Outstanding African American Missionaries American Missionaries

John Marrant by 1775 had somehow preached the Gospel to the Cherokee, Creek, Catawar and Housaw Indians.

George Liele by 1791 had established a church of 350 in Jamaica, despite persecutions.

Prince Williams established a church in the Bahamas in 1790 that spawned 164 other Baptist churches. He pastored from age 70 to 104.

Lott Carey in 1821 was the first African American missionary to Africa. He went to escape racism and to serve his motherland. He was sent by Baptists and the American Colonization Society, established to return Blacks to Africa.Sources: Sylvia Jacobs, Marilyn Lewis, Alan Neely, Wm. Sereile, Wycliffe Translators


Dr. William SheppardDr. William Sheppard

Dr. Wm. Sheppard went to the Congo in 1821, becoming head of the American Presbyterian Congo Mission among the Bakuba tribe, going 1200 miles inland.

He build churches, day schools and homes for children rescued from slavery.

His wife published the first book and hymnal in the Bakuba language.Sources: Wilbur Harr, Sylvia Jacobs, John Hendrick and Winifred Vass

History of Medical MissionHistory of Medical Mission



Dr. Aaron McMillanDr. Aaron McMillan

Dr. Aaron McMillan was a physician and Nebraska legislator before going with the Am. Board of Commissioners in 1929 to head an Angolan hospital.

He trained assistants, treated over 80,000 patients and performed over 3,000 surgeries during his medical ministry1.1 Wilbur Harr, 1945. “The Negro as an

American Protestant missionary in Africa”. Ph.D. dissertation, microfilm, University of Chicago, pp 54-55.


Dr. Michael JohnsonDr. Michael JohnsonDr. Johnson serves with World Gospel Mission in Kenya, East Africa. He works in the Kibera slums of Nairobi, and trains surgical residents at Kenyatta National Hospital.

He has a street ministry (The Least of These) to care for abandoned and orphaned children of Nairobi.

Kay, his wife, runs development projects in rural Kenya.


Collaborative Missions Collaborative Missions TodayTodayMission Partners Working in Mission Partners Working in the Local Initiativesthe Local Initiatives


Discussion on the History of Discussion on the History of Mission studiesMission studies


Looking at the HistoryLooking at the Historyof Missionof Mission

God’s Ongoing activity in the World God’s Ongoing activity in the World through missionariesthrough missionaries

Expansion and Fall of Christendom Expansion and Fall of Christendom around the worldaround the world

Mission from Uncivilized to the Mission from Uncivilized to the CivilizedCivilized

Revolutions?Revolutions?

Evolutions?Evolutions?


Issues in the History of Issues in the History of MissionMission• Conversion of Kings and Tribal leaders Conversion of Kings and Tribal leaders

led to mass led to mass • Mass conversion by Force or by bread Mass conversion by Force or by bread

or by social serviceor by social service• Conversion of groups as expression of Conversion of groups as expression of

liberation from oppressionliberation from oppression• Through education, interaction and Through education, interaction and

rhetoric individual intellectuals rhetoric individual intellectuals convertedconverted

• Through adaptation, syncretism, Through adaptation, syncretism, enculturation, people were converted.enculturation, people were converted.


Issues continued…Issues continued…

Islamization and Christianization was Islamization and Christianization was in conflict. in conflict.

Colonialization and Christendom Colonialization and Christendom revisitedrevisited

Migration, Movement of people Migration, Movement of people through continents, Wars and through continents, Wars and Refugees led to spread of ChristianityRefugees led to spread of Christianity


History from whose History from whose perspective?perspective?

Missionaries or from Converts or from non-Missionaries or from Converts or from non-convertsconverts

Dominant readings – wives or women in Dominant readings – wives or women in mission secondary readingsmission secondary readings

People at the margins are often neglectedPeople at the margins are often neglected

From West to Rest – Orthodox or other From West to Rest – Orthodox or other denominationsdenominations

Indigenous Mission often unrecognised Indigenous Mission often unrecognised

Small movements versus Mass movementsSmall movements versus Mass movements

Successful versus failures in MissionsSuccessful versus failures in Missions


History of Mission History of Mission With what viewsWith what views

Ethno Centric/West-centric/Sponsor-Ethno Centric/West-centric/Sponsor-centric viewscentric views

Heroic or Victors viewsHeroic or Victors views

Teleological viewsTeleological views

Progressive viewsProgressive views

Evolutionary viewsEvolutionary views

Revolutionary viewsRevolutionary views

4 history of missions

Spiritual

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