The 1G or First Generation, was an analog system and was invented in the AT&T’S lab in USA in the early 1970’s.1G had two major improvement, this was the invention of microprocessor, and the digital transform of the control link between the phone and the cell site.

1G , or first generation

DRAWBACKS BY GENERATION

1G

Poor voice quality

Poor battery life

Large phone size

No security

Frequent call drops

2G , OR SECOND GENERATION

2G phones using global system for mobile communication(GSM) were firstly used in the early 1990s in Europe.GSM provides voice and limited data services , and used digital modulation for improved audio quality.

DRAWBACKS BY GENERATION

2G

Unable to handle complex data such as videos.

Do not support high data rates.

Poor signals in less populas areas.

An interim stage that is taken place between 2G and 3G is 2.5G.

It is basically an enhancement of two major technologies to provide increased capacity and to increase higher bit rate.

2.5 GENERATION

3G, OR THIRD GENERATION

The 3G technology adds multimedia facilities to 2G phones by allowing video, audio graphics.

The main idea behind 3G is that to have a single network instead of different types adopted in US, Europe and Asia.

DRAWBACKS BY GENERATION

3G

o High bandwidth required

o High spectrum licensing fees.

o Huge capital

A 4G system provides mobile ultra-broadband internet access , for example to laptops with USB wireless modems ,to smart phones also.

Application adaptability and being highly dynamic are the key features of 4G service of interest to users.

4G, OR FOURTH GENERATION

WHY 4G IS REQUIRED?

Due to substantial growth in number of subscribers.

Due to massive demand of new services like data ,audio ,image or video.

FEATURES Faster and more reliable

Multi-standard wireless system

Smooth handover across wide network

Scalable channel bandwidth 100+Mhz

TECHNOLOGY USED IN 4G OFDM

SDR

SMART ANTENNAS

IPv6

DRAWBACKS BY GENERATION 4G A key challenge facing deployment of 4G

technology is how to make the network architectures compatible with each other.

Cost is another factor that could hamper the progress of 4G technology.

The operating area ,rural areas and many buildings in metropolitan areas are not being served well by existing wireless network.

BEYOND 4G RESEARCH

A major issue in 4G system is to make high bit rates available in larger portion of the cell, especially to users in an exposed position in between several base stations.

5G(5th generation mobile network)is a name used in some research papers and projects to denote the next major phase of mobile telecommunications standard beyond the upcoming 4G standard.

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