4 centuries of damming and fishing: 4 studies of river herring & management
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4 centuries of damming and fishing: 4 studies of river herring & management. Carolyn J. Hall HRF, 22 Oct 2012. Outline. - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
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4 centuries of damming and fishing: 4 studies of river herring & management
Carolyn J. HallHRF, 22 Oct 2012
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Outline
• The historic influence of dams on diadromous fish habitat with a focus on river herring & hydrologic longitudinal connectivity. Landscape Ecology. Hall, Jordaan, & Frisk. 2011
• Centuries of anadromous forage fish loss: consequences for ecosystem connectivity and productivity. BioScience. Hall, Jordaan, & Frisk. 2012.
• TU: Status of diadromous fishes in coastal rivers, ME to VA. Part of final report to NFWF: Assessment of Atlantic Coast watersheds for river herring and diadromous fish conservation. Dauwalter et al. 2012.
• EDF: Northeast river herring organization survey. Part of larger RH study also looking at ocean fisheries
bycatch and stock assessments. Kritzer et al. In prep. Funded by NFWF
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Landscape Ecology: Impact of dams on historical
river herring watersheds
of Maine
Hall et al. 2011. Landscape Ecology
“impassable dams … first principal cause of [river herring] decay” Charles Atkins, 1868
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Dams in Maine over 300 years
• 1634: first dam in Maine• 1750: NE expansion• 1800s: logging industry• 1846: all RH rivers
dammed at head of tide
• 915 dams built by 1900• 20-fold increase in construction from 1750
Hall et al. 2011. Landscape Ecology
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Spawning habitat: percent stream distance
Casco Bay Kennebec
1750: 90%1800: 50%1850: 25%
1750: 100%1800: 20%1850: 15%
Hall et al. 2011. Landscape Ecology
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Spawning habitat: percent lake area
Casco Bay Kennebec
By 1800: < 5% virgin lake area remaining on all watersheds
1754, 1760, 17924.8%
1762 3%
Hall et al. 2011. Landscape Ecology
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Habitat loss related to
harvest: 1800s watershed
percent contribution to
alewife fisheries
Damariscotta lake spawning area = 5.8% Penobscot (white) lake spawning area
Hall et al. 2012. BioScience
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Lake Area in Maine Alewives Lost
BioScience: how to estimate loss of fish from lost spawning habitat?
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Productivity: # fish per km2
Median value of adult alewives/area of lake:
20th century Damariscotta recruit data
(1949-1983) & harvest data (1949-2007)
State average of 5 watersheds: equal to
Damariscotta
Damariscotta Lake 18.9 km2
= 150,000 fish/km2
120,000 fish/km2
120,000 fish/km2
Hall et al. 2012. BioScience
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Lost annual alewife production in Maine 1600 - 1900
Maine Estimates Total US Landings
Cumulative loss: 14 billion alewives (including recruits not harvested)
50 million/year
130 million/year
100 million/year
Total harvest loss:11.8 billion fish
Hall et al. 2012. BioScience
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Lost juvenile forage base
The lost 14 billion was based on 4 yr old spawning recruits.What about lost 1-3 year olds?
Annual juvenile loss:
By 1750: 10 million
By 1800: 795 million
By 1850: 1.3 billion
Cumulative for 1750 - 1850
Hall et al. 2012. BioScience
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Consequences for coastal ecosystems
Decline
Alewife
Blueback HerringPollution
Dams
Decline?
Atlantic Cod
principal coastal forage fishes
Striped bass
predators (and fisheries)
White hake
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Alteration of Atlantic coast food-web
Extirpated cod & hake stocks
Diagram courtesy of Dr. Adrian JordaanCod & hake studies: Ted Ames 2004 & 2012
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Trout Unlimited – collected dam information (partnered with TNC Aquatic Connectivity
study), historical & current migration data, & run counts for 9 diadromous fishes ME to VA
• Chance to collate/compare regional information• TU used these parameters along with habitat
conditions, weighting of diadromous fish species, future security of populations, etc. to calculate a conservation value and rank watersheds from ME to VA at the subwatershed scale. The conservation values were done twice: for river herring only and for 12 diadromous species (including hickory shad, striped bass, & brook trout).
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Alewife historical and current migration per river
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Blueback herring historical and current migration per river (no ME)
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Recentrun
countsfor
diad. fishes
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TU: River herring coastal distribution
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EDF: River herring organization surveys – Government (state to municipal), Business, Non-profit,
Academic, Native American, Coalition/Association
Qs: What are organizations focused on? How are they similar? How are they connected?What new partnerships can/should be pursued?
2 SurveyMonkey surveys Maine: Sept 2010 to Jan 2011105 surveys sent, 60 responses = 57% response rate
NH, VT, MA, RI, CT: Feb 2011 to April 2011173 surveys sent, 87 responses = 50% response rate
Government, Non-profit, academic: most responsesBusiness: fewest responses
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Maine
NH, VT, MA, RI, CT
• Education & outreach• Policy development
&/or advocacy• Field research &
monitoring• Environ protection,
restor, &/or mitigation• Litigation• Other
Organizations’ approaches to issues of concern:
Part 1: comparative org data analysis
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Maine
NH, VT, MA, RI, CT
Primary interest served by org:
Ranked 1-3Ocean/coastal conserv, restor, &/or mngmntWtrshd/terristrial conserv, restor, &/or mngmntAquatic science/researchHist & cultural preservationCommercial fishingRecreational fishingOther active recreation (hunt, hike, boat)Natural history (e.g. birding)
Ocean conserv & mngmntWatershed conserv & mngmntHist & cultural preservationCommercial fishingRecreational fishingOther active recreation (hunt, hike, boat)Natural history (birding)Other
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Maine
NH, VT, MA, RI, CT
• Green: unconcerned• Red: concerned but not planning
to become involved• Purple: Not active right now but
likely to become involved• Blue: Somewhat active• Orange: Very active
Org’s interest in & involvement with impacts on RH:
Fish passageWater qualityIn-stream & riparian habitatInvasive speciesDirected fishingBycatchOther (ME)Fish stocking/genetics (NH, etc.)
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Part 2: organization network map - who works with or gets info from whom?
Maine organizations
only (draft)
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Acknowledgements
• Adrian Jordaan & Michael G. Frisk, SoMAS, SBU• Dan Dauwalter & Jack Williams, Trout Unlimited• William Leavenworth & Karen Alexander, UNH• Edward P. Ames, Penobscot East Resource Center• Gail Wippelhauser & Tom Squiers, Maine DMR• Peter Steenstra, Craig Brook National Fish Hatchery• Maine State Archives• Maine Historical Society• Fogler Library, Special Collections, Univ. of Maine, Orono• Bangor Public Library, Local History/Special Collections• Funding:
– Mia J. Tegner Memorial Research Grant– NOAA research award– Curtis & Edith Munson Foundation, Trout Unlimited research… Thank you