Dr. Stefan BrückQualcomm Corporate R&D Center Germany

3G/4G Mobile Communications Systems

Chapter I: History of Mobile Communications and Standardization

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and Standardization

Slide 2

History of Mobile Communications and Standarization

� History of Wireless/Mobile Communications

� History of Standardization

� Evolution of Mobile Communcation Systems� Service/Network Evolution

� Mobile Communication Roadmaps (A look into the future)

3 Slide 3

� Wireless� Communication without wires, can either be mobile or fixed

� Mobile� Portable devices (laptops, notebooks etc.) connected at different location

to wired networks (e.g. LAN )

� Portable devices (phones, notebooks, PDAs etc.) connected to wireless networks (UMTS, GSM, WLAN….)

History - Definition of Wireless and Mobile

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networks (UMTS, GSM, WLAN….)

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� Many people in history used light for communication� Heliographs, flags („semaphore“), ...� China, Han-Dynasty (206 BC – 24 AC)

signalling towers� 150 BC smoke signals for communication;

(Polybius, Greece)� 1794, optical telegraph, Claude Chappe

� Beginning of communications with electromagnetic waves

History – Wireless Communications I

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� Beginning of communications with electromagnetic waves� 1831 Faraday demonstrates electromagnetic induction� J. Maxwell (1831-79): theory of electromagnetic

fields, wave equations (1864)� 1876 telephone, Alexander Graham Bell � H. Hertz (1857-94): demonstrates

the wave character of electrical transmission through space (1888, in Karlsruhe)

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History - Wireless Communication II

� 1895 Guglielmo Marconi� First demonstration of wireless

telegraphy (digital!)

� Long wave transmission, high transmission power necessary (> 200kw)

� 1907 Commercial transatlantic connections� Huge base stations (30m-100m high antennas)

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� Huge base stations (30m-100m high antennas)

� 1915 Wireless voice transmission New York - San Francisco

� 1920 Discovery of short waves by Marconi� Reflection at the ionosphere

� Smaller sender and receiver, possible due to the invention of the vacuum tube (1906, Lee DeForest and Robert von Lieben)

Slide 6

History - Mobile Communications

� 1911 mobile transmitter on Zeppelin

� 1926 train (Hamburg – Berlin)

� 1927 first commercial car radio (receive only)

� First Mobile Communication Systems started in the 40s in the US and in the50s in Europe

CONCEPTS:

� Large Areas per Transmitter

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� Large Areas per Transmitter

� „Mobiles“ large, high power consumption

� Systems low capacity, interference-prone

� Expensive !!!

1924

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� High transmitter power (≥ 20 W) in base- and mobile-station

� Large cells with wide range(radius ca. 150 km)

� Low infrastructure-cost

History - 1st Generation Systems

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� Low infrastructure-cost

� Low subscriber-capacity

� Low frequency economy

Slide 8

History - A/B-Netz in Germany

� A-Netz (1958-1977)

� 160 MHz

� 1971 80% Coverage11000 Subscriber

� B-Netz (1972-1994), Der Abschied von ABC- Eine Zeitreise zu den wichtigsten Stationen, Broschüre der T-Mobil, www.handy-sammler.de

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� B-Netz (1972-1994),

� Germany, Austria, Luxemburg

� 1979 13 000 Subscriber, heavy „Mobiles“ mainly in cars

� Beginning of the 80s < 1 Mio. Subscribers worldwide

Stationen, Broschüre der T-Mobil, www.handy-sammler.de

Slide 9

History- Cellular Communication Networks

� Rapid semi-conductor and microprocessor development

� Bell Labs: Patent for cellular networks, 1972� Small coverage areas with variable cell radius� Less transmitter power� Frequency reuse, clustering � Hand-over

� Smaller and cheaper user equipment

� Higher network capacity

� High costs for infrastructure

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� High costs for infrastructure

� Typical networks:• NMT in Scandinavia (1979)• AMPS in the US (1983)• C-Netz in D, A, CH (1985-2000)

� 1990 ca. 20 million subscriber world-wide

Ericsson Hotline 900630 gr !NMT-900, 1987

Quelle: B. Walke, M.P. Althoff, P.Seidenberg, UMTS – Ein Kurs, Weil der Stadt 2001, Figure 2.2 , p. 15

Slide 10

� Requirement: Higher system capacity, higher data rates

� Digital Transmission to improve system capacity, coverage and QoS

� International Roaming

� Voice is the dominating application but systems are capable of fax, data, SMS, MMS, …

� Typical Networks (since 1990):

History – 2nd Generation Mobile Systems

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� Typical Networks (since 1990): IS-95 (US), D-AMPS (US), PDC (Japan) and GSM

Motorola International 1000www.handy-sammler.de/Museum/13.html

Slide 11

� IS-54 (D-AMPS)� Follower of the analog AMPS in America

� Timeslot structure

� IS-136 (Digital PCS)� Further development of IS-54

History- Systems of the 2nd Generation

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� IS-95 and IS-95b (cdmaOne)� based on N-CDMA (1.23MHz Bandwidth)� first commercial CDMA-Net

� PDC (Personal Digital Cellular)� particularly in Japan broadened

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� 1982: The main governing body of the European PTTs (CEPT) set up a committee known as Groupe Special Mobile (GSM) to define a digital mobil cellular system that could be introduced across Europe by the 1990s. � PTT: Post, Telegraph and Telephone Administrations

� CEPT: European Conference of Postal Telecommunications Administrations

� The CEPT allocated the neccesary duplex radio frequency in the 900 MHz region.

� 1987: The main transmission techniques are chosen based on prototype

History of GSM

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� 1987: The main transmission techniques are chosen based on prototype evaluation

� 1990: The Phase 1 GSM900 specifications are frozen, DCS1800 adaptation begins

� 1992: GSM (renamed Global System for Mobile Communications) went operational in various European countries

� Today: Around 1 billion subscribers in more than 200 countries use GSM-based systems

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The Creation of 3GPP

� Mid to end of the nineties the standardization of 3rd generation mobile communications systems took place in several regions around the world� Common to all of them was the focus on CDMA based technologies

� To ensure equipment compatibility and to increase working efficiency, initiatives were made to create a single forum for WCDMA standardization

� These initiatives resulted in the creation of the 3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) in December 1998

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� Standardization organizations firstly involved were ARIB (Japan), ETSI (Europe), TTA (Korea), TTC (Japan) and T1P1 (USA)

� In 1999, also CWTS (China) joined 3GPP

� The detailed technical work in 3GPP was started early 1999 with the aim of having a common specification ready by the end of 1999

Slide 14

S.KoreaEurope

What is 3GPP?� 3GPP stands for 3rd Generation Partnership Project � 3GPP is a collaboration agreement, established in December 1998, to ensure

a worldwide acceptance of 3G W-CDMA/UMTS standards� It is a partnership of 6 regional SDOs (standard development organization)

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� These SDOs take 3GPP specifications and transpose them to regional (Europe, North America, Korea, Japan, China) standards

� ITU references the regional standards � “IMT-2000”, “IMT-Advanced” see: www.3gpp.org

Japan

USAChina

Slide 15

3GPP Members

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Organizational Members:

� ARIB Association of Radio Industries and Businesses, Japan

� ATIS Alliance for Telecommunications Industry Solutions, USA

� CCSA China Communications Standards Association, China

� ETSI European Telecommunications Standards Institute, EU (France)

� TTA Telecommunications Technology Association, South Korea

� TTC The Telecommunication Technology Committee, JapanSlide 16

3GPP Specification Groups

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This lecture focuses on Radio Access Network Aspects

3G Evolution – Radio Technologies

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What is 3G or IMT-2000

� The International Telecommunications Union (ITU) defined the key requirements for International Mobile Telecommunications 2000 services more commonly known as

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� 3G requirements� Improved system capacity, backward compatibility with 2G, multimedia

support and high speed packet data meeting the following criteria� 2 Mbps in fixed or in-building environments

� 384 kbps in pedestrian or urban environments

� 144 kbps in wide area mobile environments

� Variable data rates in large geographic area systems (satellite)

Slide 19

IMT-Advanced and 4G Wireless Standards

� IMT-Advanced Requirements� Based on an all-IP packet switched network

� Peak data rates of up to approximately 100 Mbit/s and up to approximately 1 Gbit/s for low mobility

� Scalable channel bandwidth, between 5 and 20 MHz, optionally up to 40 MHz

� Peak link spectral efficiency of 15 bit/s/Hz in the downlink, and 6.75 bit/s/Hz in the uplink

� System spectral efficiency of up to 3 bit/s/Hz/cell in the downlink and 2.25

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� System spectral efficiency of up to 3 bit/s/Hz/cell in the downlink and 2.25 bit/s/Hz/cell for indoor usage

� Smooth handovers across heterogeneous networks.

� Ability to offer high quality of service for next generation multimedia support.

� Typically, IMT-Advanced and 4G are used synonymously

� IMT-Advanced Technologies are� LTE-Advanced (specified by 3GPP)

� WiMax – 802.16m (specified by IEEE)� WirelessMAN-Advanced, Mobile WiMax Release 2

� http://www.itu.int/net/pressoffice/press_releases/2012/02.aspx

Slide 20

3G = CDMA2000 and UMTS/WCDMA

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Where are the 3G Standards?

� 3GPP (for GSM, UMTS, LTE)� www.3gpp.org

� 3GPP2 (for CDMA2000)� www.3gpp2.org

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WCDMA – Data Services

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3GPP Mobile Broadband Evolution Path

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The Evolution Beyond 2011

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3GPP Standard Releases – Rel99 to Rel10

Version Released Info

Release 99 2000 Q1 Specified the first UMTS 3G networks, incorporating a CDMA air interface

Release 4 2001 Q2 Originally called the Release 2000 , introduced all-IP Core Network

Release 5 2002 Q1 Introduced IMS and HSDPA

Release 6 2004 Q4 Integrated operation with Wireless LAN networks and adds HSUPA, MBMS, enhancements to IMS

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Release 7 2007 Q4 Focuses on decreasing latency, improvements to QoS and real-time applications such as VoIP. This specification also focuses on HSPA+

Release 8 2008 Q4 First LTE release. All-IP Network (SAE). New OFDMA, and MIMO based radio interface, not backwards compatible with previous CDMA interfaces. Dual-Cell HSDPA.

Release 9 2009 Q4 SAES Enhancements, WiMAX and LTE/UMTS Inter operability. Dual-Cell HSDPA with MIMO, Dual-Cell HSUPA.

Release 10 2011 Q1 LTE Advanced fulfilling IMT Advanced 4G requirements. Backwards compatible with Release 8 (LTE). Multi-Cell HSDPA (4 carriers).

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3GPP Standard Releases – Rel11 to Rel12

Version Released Info

Release 11 In progress Further enhancements for heterogeneous networks for LTE (FeICIC), Downlink Cooperative Multipoint in LTE (CoMP), Eight carrier HSDPA, 4x4 HSDPA MIMO, 64QAM 2x2 HSUPA MIMO

Release 12 Not started Discussions are ongoing what to include

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The 3GPP History of a Decade

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Facts and Numbers (Source: 4G Americas)� 423 HSPA networks are in service in 160 countries in February 2012

� 373 HSPA networks are in service in 150 countries in December 2010

� 184 HSPA+ networks are in service in 94 countries in February 2012� 97 HSPA+ networks are in service in 52 countries in December 2010

� 55 LTE networks are in service in 34 countries in February 2012� 14 LTE networks are in service in 10 countries in December 2010

� Market Share and Forecast to 2016

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Total Mobile Network Data Traffic Forecast

30 Slide 30

PPT Figures

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The 3GPP History of a Decade

R10

DL 4-Carrier SIMO UL TD

R7

DL 2x2 MIMODL 64QAMUL 16QAMDL L2 Enhancements

R99

DL/UL CDMADedicated ChannelDL QPSKUL BPSKTurbo Codes

R5

HS DL Shared ChannelDL 16QAMDL AMCDL HARQDL Node B SchedulingIMS

R6

Enh. Ded. ChannelUL QPSKUL AMCUL HARQUL Node B Scheduling

R8

DL OFDMUL SC-FDMADL 4x4 MIMOUL MU-MIMOUL Shared ChannelFrequency-Selective SchedulingFlexible Frequency SpectrumEnhanced RAN/Core Architecture

R9

DL 2-Carrier MIMOUL 2-Carrier SIMO

R9

DL Dual Layer Beam Forming

R10

DL 8x8 MIMOUL 2x4 MIMOeICIC

R4

DL Shared ChannelDL RNC SchedulingAll-IP Core

R8

DL 2-Carrier SIMOUL L2 Enhancements

R11

FeICICCoMP

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HSPA+ HSPA+

2004

UMTS R99 HSDPA HSUPA HSPA+

UMTS R99 HSDPA HSUPA R7 HSPA+

R8 LTE

5 MHz Frequency Spectrum

MBMS

First Deployments

LTE LTE-A

All-IP Core

UMTS R4

EDGE

HSPA+

LTE

2000 2001 2002 2003 20051999 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010

HSPA+

LTE

R8 HSPA+

2011 2012