3d geographic information system
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3D Geographic Information
System
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Wh t i 3D GIS?What is 3D GIS?
• A system that is able to model, represent, i l t l d tmanage, manipulate, analyze and support
decisions based upon information associated pwith three‐dimensional phenomena.
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What is 3D?
• having or appearing to have length, breadth, and depth.
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GIS f tiGIS functions
• Capture /Data Acquisition• Structuring /Data Storage• Manipulation• Manipulation• Analysisy• Presentation
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Manipulationa pu at o
• Important manipulation operations are• Important manipulation operations are generalization and transformation.
• Generalization is applied for reducing data complexity or to make the datacomplexity or to make the data presentation more legible.
• Transformation includes coordinate transformation to a specified maptransformation to a specified map projection and scaling
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Manipulation (2)a pu at o ( )
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Analysis• This is the core of a GIS system. • It involves metric, topological and/or orderIt involves metric, topological and/or order operations on geometric and attribute data.
• Primarily, analysis in GIS concerns operations Primarily, analysis in GIS concerns operationson more than one set of data, which generates new spatial information of the ddata.
• Terrain analysis (e.g. intervisibility), i i ( l )geometric computations (volume, area, etc),
overlay, buffering, zoning, sorting are among typical analysis functions in GIStypical analysis functions in GIS.
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Analysis (2)
Evaluate steepest slope– Evaluate steepest slope– Perform visibility analysis8
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Analysis (3)a ys s ( )
• Conduct volumetric and cut‐fill computations• Construct interpolation of surface z‐values• Create vertical profiles along linear features 9
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P t tiPresentation
• This is a final task in GIS. • That is to present all the generated information or results in the form of mapsinformation or results in the form of maps, graphs, tables, reports
• This may also include Visualization, navigation, user interface and internet accessuser interface and internet access
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Presentation (3)
Aerial view (2D) 3D non-textured viewAerial view (2D) 3D non textured view
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3D GIS : Visualization, navigation and , guser interface
• Advances in the area of computer graphics h d 3D i li ti j i di thave made 3D visualization a major ingredient of the current interface of GIS
• 3D Tools to effortlessly explore and navigate h h l d l l dthrough large models in real time, and texture the geometry.g y
• Observations on the demand for 3D City models are now possible i.e. Google Earth
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Why do we need 3D GIS?• Simulation of complex systems provide understanding on how the system operatesunderstanding on how the system operates different perspectives, aided by high quality visualization and interaction
• Observation of system feature that would be to small or too large to be seen on a normalto small or too large to be seen on a normal scale system
• Access to situation that would otherwise be• Access to situation that would otherwise be dangerous or too remote or inaccessible
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Why do we need 3D GIS? (2)
• Enable high degree of interaction which is important to aid understanding
• Provide a sense of immersion of the• Provide a sense of immersion of the environment where the user can appreciate the scale of change and visualize the impact of a building design p g gon the external environment and the inhabitantsinhabitants
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Why do we need 3D GIS? (3)• Allows export to popular multimedia such as video
(.avi or .mpeg) or VRML (.vrl or .vrml) that provide ( p g) ( ) pthe following benefits– Do not need to know 3D GIS, simply use intuitive and
easy to use interface to operate the 3D modeleasy to use interface to operate the 3D model– Inherent flexibility/adaptability – these multimedia are
3D cross‐platform display and non‐browser specific p p y pwhich enable expensive data to be used more widely
– Fast and slow time simulation – ability to control timescale by incorporating a sequence of capturedtimescale by incorporating a sequence of captured events into the key frames (or snapshots) of the motion video
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Applications 3D GIS• ecological studies• 3D urban mappingpp g• environmental monitoring• landscape planning• geological analysis• Architecture• civil engineering• civil engineering• automatic vehicle navigation• mining explorationmining exploration• archeology• hydrographic surveying• marine biology
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3D GIS: Challenges
• Data collection – cost of 3D modeling and gtime to acquire consistent geometric and textural data
• Spatial analysis – there is a need for formalism for detecting spatial g prelationships based on set topology notions
• Internet access – remote access to 3D on demand spatial information has highdemand spatial information has high computational and network overhead
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3D GIS: Challenges (2)
• Conceptual model ‐ The design of aConceptual model The design of a conceptual model is a subject of i i i d ibi l ldintensive i.e. describing real‐world objects and spatial relationships j p pbetween them
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Efforts by Major GIS Vendors• ArcView 3D Analyst• Imagine VirtualGIS• GeoMedia Terrain• GeoMedia Terrain• PAMAP GIS Topographer• 3dvia• SPACEYES• SPACEYES• MS Virtual Earth• Google Earth
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Future DevelopmentsFuture Developments• Real time 3D GIS, providing visualization of 3D GIS t h l it l l f thGIS at a whole city scale always faces the challenge of dynamic data loading with high‐g y g gefficiency.
h d f d l d• 4D GIS, with a time defined analytics GIS aid in disaster management urban planning by g p g ypredictive models of 3D states
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