3b01 pentacene thin film photoconductivity : influence of...
TRANSCRIPT
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3B01
Pentacene Thin Film Photoconductivity :
Influence of the Electrode.
(Kyoto Univ., Inst. Chem. Res.) Richard Murdey and Naoki Sato
Introduction
We have measured the photoconductivity action spectra for pentacene films on
sapphire as a function of film thickness, using either gold or aluminum electrodes. The aim
was to examine the influence of the electrode metal on the photo-generation of mobile charge
carriers in organic semiconductor films.
Experimental
The apparatus is shown schematically in Figure 1. Pentacene (TCI) was sublimed in
vacuum three times and once under 30 Pa N2 gas flow before use. Single crystal sapphire
[0001] substrates (Shinkosha) were first annealed at 1000 °C in air to expose atomically flat
terraces, after which metal electrodes spaced
0.1 mm apart were prepared by vacuum
deposition through a metal mask. Gold
electrodes were 100 nm thick, with a 5 nm
titanium adhesion layer. Aluminum electrodes
were 35 nm thick. The substrates were
degassed at 150 °C under UHV before use.
Leakage currents (dark or photoconductance)
were below 10 fA. Pentacene films were
prepared by stepwise thermal deposition from
a resistively heated crucible to a maximum
film thickness of 100 nm. The substrate
temperature was kept at 30 °C, and the
deposition rate was constant at 2.0 ± 0.3 nm
min1. After each deposition step the photocurrent was evaluated for wavelengths from 400
nm â 1180 nm, using a Bunkokeiki SM-25 monochromatic light source and a Keithley 6487
picoammeter-sourcemeter. The incident photon flux was 1019 photons mâ2 and the applied bias
was 105 V m1. Measurements were obtained at a repetition rate of approximately 0.1 Hz,
with dark current subtraction performed for each data point.
Figure 1. Diagram of the experimental
apparatus for in situ photoconductance
measurements.
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Figure 2. Photoconductance of pentacene films of the indicated thickness. The optical
absorbance of an 8 nm pentacene film is shown for comparison. The reported
photoconductances are normalized against the incident photon flux and film thickness.
Results and Discussion
The electrode metal influenced the dark conductivity of the film. The conductivity of
the pentacene film with Au electrodes was 6Ã108 S m1 for films less than 20 nm thick, falling
at higher thicknesses. The conductivity with Al electrodes was below the measurement
threshold of 109 S m
1 for all thicknesses measured. The photoconductivity is also dependent
on the electrode metal, as shown in Figure 2. The broad peak at around 2.7 eV is attributed to
intrinsic photo-generation by excitation of electrons across the transport energy gap1. The
cluster of peaks at lower energy correlates closely with the optical absorbance of the thin film
and are assigned to a de-trapping mechanism where long lived triplet excitons excite trapped
charges into mobile states. The de-trapping currents dominate for the thin pentacene films
with Au electrodes, corresponding to the thicknesses where the dark conductivity is highest.
The de-trapping photocurrent is an order of magnitude lower when Al electrodes were used,
and the intrinsic photocurrents saturate only slightly at the lowest observed thicknesses. A
0.1 eV shift of the intrinsic photoconductivity peak to higher energy is also noted.
[1] D. V. Lang, X. Chi, T. Siegrist, A. M. Sergent and A. P. Ramirez, Phys. Rev. Lett. 93, 086802 (2004).
photo
conducta
nce (
offset)
4.03.53.02.52.01.51.0energy / eV
absorb
ance
100 nm 50 nm 40 nm 30 nm 20 nm 15 nm 10 nm 5 nm
100 nm 57 nm 42 nm 32 nm 21 nm 16 nm 10 nm 5 nm
Au electrodes
Alelectrodes
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[1] T. Tada and S. Watanabe, J. Phys. Chem. C 113, 17780 (2009).
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[1] Kinloch, A. J. J. Mater. Sci. 1980, 15, 2141.
[2] 倧迫æè£, å柀äžæ, é«ååè«æé 68, 72 (2011).
[3] Semoto, T.; Tsuji, Y.; Yoshizawa, K. J. Phys. Chem. C 2011, 115, 11701.
[4] ç¬æ¬è²Žä¹, 蟻é倪, å柀äžæ, æ¥æ¬æ¥çåŠäŒèª, 48, 144 (2012).
[5] Semoto, T.; Tsuji, Y.; Yoshizawa, K. Bull. Chem. Soc. Jpn. 2012, 85, 672.
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