34058468 bank of england and the british empire
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BANK OF ENGLAND& THE BRITISH EMPIRE
BEHIND THE SCENES
By William P. Litynski
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THE BANK OF ENGLAND
The Bank of England, officially known as The Governor and Company of the Bank of England, was established in 1694 when members ofEnglish Parliament passed the Tonnage Act of 1694. The United Kingdom of Great Britain, also known as the union of England and Scotlawas established by an act of Parliament in London on May 1, 1707. (Photo: Flickr)
King William III of England (left) and his wife Queen Mary II of England (right) ruled England, Scotland, and Ireland beginning in 1689, afterKing James II of England was deposed in the Glorious Revolution in 1688. King William III of England was formerly Prince William of Ora
and a monarch from the Netherlands.
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The Sealing of the Bank of England Charter in 1694. (Source: Alice Archer Houblon, The Houblon Family, vol. 1, 1907)(Painting: http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Bank_of_England_Charter_sealing_1694.jpg)
Left: Oliver Cromwell, who once served as a Member of Parliament, served as Lord Protector of the Commonwealth of England, Scotland areland (1653-1658) after overthrowing King Charles I of England in 1649 during the English Civil War (1642-1651). Oliver Cromwell
collaborated with Jewish bankers and allowed Jewish bankers from Amsterdam to immigrate to London after Jewish merchants wereprohibited from immigrating to England centuries earlier.
Right: Battle of Marston Moor during the English Civil War in 1644 (Painting by John Barker)
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The trial of King Charles I of England on January 4, 1649. From Nalson's Record of the Trial of Charles I, 1688" in the British Museum. Taby J. Nalson, L. L. D., Jan.4th, 1683 London, 1684, folio. (Source: The Phelps Family of America and their English Ancestors (EaglePublishing Company of Pittsfield, Massachusetts) 1899)
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Dam Square in Amsterdam, Holland [Netherlands] in the late 1600s. Dutch moneychangers [primarily Spanish Jews] in Amsterdam providoans to English and Scottish moneychangers prior to the establishment of the Bank of England in 1694.
The moneychangers of Venice, Europes ancient bankers
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William Paterson, founder of the Bank of England
Bank Note produced by the Bank of England
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The Act of Parliament by which the Bank was established is called An Act for granting to their Majesties several Rates and Dutiesupon Tunnages of Ships and Vessels, and upon Beer, Ale, and other Liquors; for securing certain Recompenses and Advantages, ithe said Act mentioned, to such persons as shall voluntarily advance the Sum of Fifteen hundred thousand Pounds towards carryingthe war against France. After various articles referring to the imposition of taxes, the Act authorised the raising of 1,200,000 bysubscription, the subscribers forming a corporation to be called, The Governor and Company of the Bank of England. No personmight subscribe more than 10,000 before the 1st of July following, and even after this date no individual subscription might exceed20,000. The corporation was to lend the whole of its capital to the Government, and in return it was to be paid interest at the rate oper cent., and 4,000 for expenses of management, in all 100,000 per annum. The corporation was to have the privileges of a banfor twelve years, then the Government reserved the right of annulling the charter after giving one year's notice to the company. Thecorporation were not authorised to borrow or owe more than their capital; if they did so, the members became personally liable inproportion to the amount of their stock. The corporation were forbidden to trade in any merchandise whatever, but they were alloweto deal in bills of exchange, gold or silver bullion, and to sell any wares or merchandise upon which they had advanced money, andwhich had not been redeemed within three months after the time agreed upon. The subscription list was opened at the MercersChapel, then the headquarters of the corporation, on Thursday, June 21, 1694After this great success the Charter of Incorporationwas granted on July 27, 1694. History of the Bank of England: 1640 to 1903 by Dr. A. Andreades, p. 72-74
Excerpts from Taxation in Colonial America by Alvin Rabushka, Chapter 10 (p. 297-299)
The mechanism of credit established through the Bank of England merits explanation. In May 1694, the Ways and Means Act grana charter to the Bank of England. The bank was to lend the government 1,200,000 at 8 percent interest, a moderate rate given thegovernments dire financial straits. In return, the bank was to be given the privilege of registering as a joint-stock company. This waan enormous concession because all other banks were required to operate as individuals or partnerships on the basis of unlimitediability to their individual proprietors. The proprietors of the Bank of England, in contrast, did not face personal liability on their priva
funds. Their risk was limited to the capital invested in the bank . The bank enjoyed this advantage for more than a century. The nechartered bank was empowered to do ordinary banking business of receiving deposits and creating a credit currency.
The bank was both a bank of issue and a bank of deposit. The original plan put before a parliamentary committee in 1693 containean explicit reference to the right of note issue, but this was a point of contention. As a result, the act of 1694 contains no reference bank notes and only one to bank bills. It envisaged that the bank would accept deposits and borrow on bills, but that borrowing shonever exceed the sum of 1,200,000 at any one time, the amount the bank would raise and lend to the government, unless it be by act of Parliament upon funds agreed in Parliament. In this restriction, the act appears to limit the bill liabilities of the bank to1,200,000. It was not clear if the bank could legally owe more than 1,200,000 upon its notes. Other provisions forbade the purchaof crown lands or lending to the Crown without parliamentary consent. A perpetual fund of interest, 8 percent on the 1,200,000,payable to the subscribers from the ships tonnage and liquor duties levied under the act, was set at 100,000, tax free. No individuwas permitted to subscribe more than 20,000, and a quarter of all subscriptions was to be paid in prompt cash. Individuals were tbe personally liable for any debts of the bank exceeding its capital of 1,200,000.
The banks capital of 1,200,000 was subscribed within twelve days. The subscribers became a corporation called the Governor anCompany of the Bank of England. Only 60 percent of the scubscription, 720,000, was called up immeiately by the governors of thebank. The bank made its loan to the government in installments. On August 1, 1694, it gave the government 720,000 in cash, in acombination of drafts on other banks and 480,000 in notes under the seal of the bank, which became known as sealed bank bills.return, the bank took the governments promise to repay in the form of interest-bearing tallies (bonds, or government stock). FromAugust 22, treasury orders for the spending of the money began. By years end, the full sum had been advanced to the governmenHowever, as of January 1, 1695, the remaining 480,000 of shareholders subscriptions had not beeen called in and remainedavailable for future banking activities. Moreover, even some of the 720,000 existed in the form of subscribers bonds that the bankreckoned, optimistically, as cash.
On receipt of the loan, the government used the banks notes to purchase supplies for the armyBank of England sealed bank billsassured the king of purchasing power. The bank, in turn, was guaranteed interest by a specific act of Parliament. For 100,000 inearmarked tax revenue, the government of England could spend 1,200,000. For their part, the banks shareholders received a
dividend of 6 percent in the first half year, a double-digit return on an annualized basis.
The bank raised additional capital from its acceptance of deposits and the circulation of sealed bills in addition to those it gave thegovernment as part of the original 1,200,000. More important to the profitabilty of the bank and its ability to create additional credithe government and private commerce was if its total borrowing was limited to 1,200,000 as stated in the act of 1694. The governoof the bank tried but failed in 1695 to negotiate a clause in the act that would permit an issue of sealed bills in excess of 1,200,000court ruling declared that new bills could be issued only as old bills were retired. Howevver, the court ruled that the limit applied onlsealed bills, not to the less formal running cash notes of the bank, which lacked the corporate seal and were merely signed by thecashier. Excluding running cash notes from the limit amounted to a license to print money, literally cash, subject to the prudentialudgement of the banks managers. Forms were printed with blanks for names, amounts, and the cashiers signature. These cashnotes, nicknamed Speeds notes from the name of the cashier, were issued, circulated freely, and were accepted at full face valueThey were deemed as secure as the sealed bills backed by the banks share cpatial and government tallies or loans. The combinedssue of sealed bills and cash notes quickly exceeded the authorized subscribed capital and borrowing on bills. Credit could be creato the extent that the public accepted bank paper as good currency.
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Excerpts from Taxation in Colonial America by Alvin Rabushka, Chapter 10 (p. 286-287):
In January 1672 the Crown faced bankruptcy, which prompted a stop of the Exchequer, the freezing of all repayment for a yeafrom January 1, 1672, on Orders issued before December 18, 1671. Orders amounting to 1,100,000 rested on the ordinaryrevenue. Repayment of Orders would have reduced the Crowns disposable income in 1672 to 400,000, an intolerably lowevel. The stop temporarily relieved repayment of 1,200,000. The memory of the stop, which ruined several goldsmiths andother small lenders, was not quickly forgotten. Its damage constrained government credit operations during the remainder ofCharless reign and the brief rule of his brother, James.
Williams expenditures in Ireland and far greater military outlays in Europe as he involved England in what became more thancentury-long struggle against France on the continent and in America required funds above and beyond grants of Parliament.This circumstance provided an opportunity for a group of men who proposed the creation of a private, joint-stock bank that wohave some of the powers of a national bank, especially the issue of bank notes. After discussions between the founders of thproposed bank, the Privy Council in the presence of Queen Mary, and a committee of Parliament, an agreement was eventuareached in the Ways and Means Act of 1694 that authorized the creation of the Bank of England.
The previous system of granting credit directly to the monarch was replaced with loans made to the state, with debt serviceguaranteed by specific taxes on acts of Parliament. Parliament, not the kings tax collectors, guaranteed public debt. It passethe Tonnage Act of 1694 to guarantee annual interest of 100,000 on a loan of 1,200,000 to the government made by the neBank of England. Parliaments approval of earmarked taxes to guarantee payment of interest on loans to the state created abond market in which individuals could securely invest in government stock, the English term for long-term government bondsThe Bank of England in conjunction with the Tonnage Act marked the beginning of an official national debt, which would grow
eaps and bounds in the eighteenth century. Crown acquiescence in the supremacy of Parliament with Parliaments statutoryguarantee of interest and capital redemption transformed the previous insecurity of lending to the government through personoans, tallies, and Orders with the generally safe investment of purchasing government bonds.
The credit revolution of 1694 allowed the government of England to live beyond its means to spend more than it collected intaxes each year. The creation of credit at low rates of interest enabled the government to engage in lengthy wars costingmillions of pounds without having to subject English taxpayers at once to their full cost. As debt and debt service piled up, theconsequences of steadily rising taxes would lead England into war with its American colonies later in the eighteenth century.
Excerpts fromHistory of the Bank of Englandby Dr. A. Andreades (p. 65-67)
The plan now was to raise 1,200,000 to be lent to the Government in return for a yearly interest of 100,000. The subscribeto the loan were to form a corporation with the right to issue notes up to the value of its total capital. The corporation was to bcalled, The Governor and Company of the Bank of England.
Paterson wrote a pamphlet demonstrating the economic principles on which the future Bank of England was to rest.
He notes the old mistake that the stamp or denomination gives or adds to the value of money. The fallacy contained in thiswas pointed out by those who had suggested the foundation of the Bank some years earlier. Its promoters had seen that thenstitution ought to be based on the following principles:
1. That all money or credit not having an intrinsic value, to answer the contents or denomination thereof, is false and counterand the loss must fall one where or other.
2. That the species of gold and silver being accepted, and chosen by the commercial world for the standard, or measure, ofother effects, everything else is only accounted valuable as compared with these.
3.Wherefore all credit not founded on the universal species of gold and silver is impracticable, and can never subsist neithersafely nor long, at least till some other species of credit be found out and chosen by the trading part of mankind over and abor in lieu thereof.
After describing the strong position of the Bank and its prospects of success, and stating that no dividend would be paid withoseveral months' notice, in order to give the shareholders the choice of selling or retaining their shares, Paterson remarks thatThe politicians distinguish between the interest ofland and trade, as they have lately done between that of a king and hispeople, but if the proprietors of the Bank can circulate their own fundation [sic] of twelve hundred thousand pounds withouthaving more than two or three hundred thousand pounds lying dead at one time with another, this Bank will be in effect as ninhundred thousand pounds or a million of fresh money brought into the nation.
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Excerpts fromHistory of the Bank of Englandby Dr. A. Andreades (p. 28-32)
There had been an interval of seven years between the two publications, and during this time an event had occurred which, to judge
other countries, must have exercised considerable influence on the development of banks in England. I refer to the return of the Jew
The return of the Jews to England. Its influence on banking. The effect of the influx of Spanish Jews on the development of
Dutch commerce is well known. The influence of the Jews at Venice was no less marked. It was two Jews who first (in 1400)
obtained the authority of the Senate to found a bank in the strict sense of the word. Their success was so great that many Venetian
nobles established rival institutions. Abuses followed which, combined with monetary difficulties, determined the Government to
establish the Bank of Venice.
The same influence must have made itself felt in England. But at what date? In other words, when and for what reason were the Je
authorised to return to England? We will proceed to consider this question; it is not altogether easy to answer it.
It is certain that as soon as Charles I. was dead, the Jews attempted to return to England. Public opinion was not unfavourable to the
partly on account of the biblical spirit which then prevailed, and partly because of the services rendered by them in Holland, a coun
which the English of this period constantly set before them as a model. Thus Gardiner mentions the publication of a pamphlet abou
this time, in which in order to prove the importance of Dunkirk, it is stated that the Jews were prepared to give 60,000 to 80,000 i
return for the toleration of a synagogue there, and that such permission would attract all the Portuguese merchants from Amsterdam
from which a still greater benefit would result. The Amsterdam merchants had not expected such demonstrations of sympathy. Th
took the initiative, and two of them presented a petition in 1649 to Fairfax and the Council, for the revocation of the banishment of
Jews.
Another petition is referred to by some historians. Certain Jews had asked for the repeal of the laws passed against them, and oncondition that the Bodleian Library was made over to them, together with permission to convert St. Pauls Cathedral into a synagog
they undertook to pay "six millions of livres" according to some, 500,000 according to others. It is stated that negotiations were
broken off because the parties could not agree as to the price, the English Government asking eight millions or 800,000. It is
unfortunate as far as concerns the authenticity of this tale, that the references given by the historians are inadequate or erroneous,
hence we only refer to it as a curiosity. These negotiations came to nothing. Mr. Wolf proves however, that notwithstanding this
rebuff a number of Jews established themselves secretly in London in the time of the Commonwealth.
The situation improved still more during the Protectorate. Cromwells ideas were in advance of his times, and as Mr. F. Harrison
remarks, Noble were the efforts of the Protector to impress his own spirit of toleration on the intolerance of his age; He effectiv
protected the Quakers; he admitted the Jews, after an expulsion of three centuries; and he satisfied Mazarin that he had given to
Catholics all the protection that he dared. Cromwell was particularly well-disposed towards the Jews, with whom he had, accordin
M. Guizot, fairly frequent dealings. They seem to have done him numerous services. The Jews for their part were not unaware of th
Protector's feeling towards them, and did their best to profit by it.
Rabbi Manasseh Ben Israel took the initiative in the matter. This Rabbi was a remarkable character. He was born in Portugal about
1604, but while still a child he emigrated with his family to Holland. There he became a brilliant student, wrote books, and even
established the first Jewish printing press at Amsterdam. But his chief efforts were devoted to improving the lot of his co-religionist
and to securing their admission into the different European countries. In particular he tried by various means, such as petitions to th
Protector, and even the dedication of his book, Spes Israelis, to the British Parliament, to obtain permission for the Jews to return to
England.
A commission, presided over by Cromwell, was appointed to consider the question. It was composed of lawyers, priests and
merchants. The debates were long-winded and threatened to be interminable. Cromwell consequently dissolved the assembly,
remarking that the matter, complicated enough to start with, now appeared more intricate than ever, and that, although he wished n
more reasoning, he yet begged an interest in their prayers.
The conference was thus without result and Manasseh's hopes were apparently vain. As a matter of fact however, the Jews were tac
allowed to live in England. Manasseh received a pension of 100 to console him for his disappointment. And three years later, on
February 15th 1658, at a reception at Whitehall, Cromwell seems to have given an assurance of his protection to Carvajal and his
coreligionists.
Whatever may be the truth about this fatter point, it is probable that Cromwell took no legislative action with regard to the Jews, bu
is certain that he tolerated their return, and that at the end of the Protectorate a number of them were living in England. They must h
taken an active part in trade, for shortly afterwards a petition was signed by numerous merchants complaining that the Jews were no
subject to the alien law, and that in consequence the Treasury suffered a yearly loss of 10,000.
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Mervyn King, the Governor of the Bank of England, attend an inflation meeting in London.(Photo:http://seeker401.wordpress.com/2010/02/25/sterling-falls-on-boe-governors-speech/)
Queen Elizabeth II of Great Britain greets the Governor of the Bank of England Mervyn King during a meeting at Buckingham Palace inLondon on March 24, 2009. Mervyn King became the first Governor of the Bank of England to hold private talks with the Queen at her officresidence. The Monarch and Governor met to discuss the economy following a hike in the United Kingdom's annual rate of inflation inFebruary. (Getty Images)
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Britain's Chancellor of the Exchequer Alistair Darling (L) walks with (left to right) Governor of the Bank of England Mervyn King, French
Finance Minister Christine Lagarde and U.S. Treasury Secretary Timothy Geithner during the G20 meeting in Horsham, England on March 2009. Ministers from the G20 group of wealthy and emerging countries are meeting for a second day ahead of the G20 summit in April. (Pby Peter Macdiarmid/Getty Images)
Chairman of the Federal Reserve Ben Bernanke (left) and Governor of the Bank of England Mervyn King arrive for the dinner of the G20Finance Ministers' meeting at the Guildhall in the City of London on September 4, 2009. World finance leaders shifted their focus from crisisfighting to banking reform on Friday as evidence mounted that the worst global recession in decades was finally drawing to a close.(Photo by Pool/Getty Images Europe)
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Britains Treasury Secretary Danny Alexander (L), Bank of England Governor Mervyn King (C) and Chancellor of the Exchequer GeorgeOsborne pose for a photograph at the Lord Mayor's dinner to the Bankers and Merchants of the City of London at Mansion House in Londoon June 16, 2010. The Bank of England will gain new powers to curb credit binges and prevent another crisis as it takes over control offinancial regulation in Britain, Osborne announced on Wednesday. (Reuters)
Bank of England Governor Mervyn King speaks at the Lord Mayor's dinner to the Bankers and Merchants of the City of London at MansionHouse in London on June 16, 2010. (Reuters)
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Hjalmar Schacht (left), President of The Reichsbank, confers with Montagu Norman, Governor of the Bank of England, during the Germanfinancier's visit to London in February 1938 to expound his Scheme for the evacuation of the Jewish population of Germany under a "goodsvoucher" system. Refugees received by other nations would receive vouchers from the German government representing the value of part their German possessions. The value of these vouchers would be taken out in German trade. The proposal was turned down. Manycommentators called it a "ransom Scheme." (Bettmann/CORBIS)
Federal Reserve Chairman Alan Greenspan (center) meets with the President of the European Central Bank Jean-Claude Trichet (right) anGovernor of the Bank of England Mervyn King at the beginning of the G20 finance ministers and central bank governors' meeting in Berlin o
November 19, 2004. All three men have attended the Bilderberg Meetings at least once. (Photo by Sean Gallup/Getty Images)
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THE CITY OF LONDON
The City of London, with the Bank of England (left) and the Old London Stock Exchange (right)
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Mansion House is the official residence of the Lord Mayor of the City of London in London, England. (Photo: Flickr)
British Jewish financiers Sir Moses Montefiore (left) and Nathan Mayer Rothschild (right)
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The Guildhall in the City of London (Photo: Flickr)
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The Bank of England, the central bank of Great Britain, located in the City of London. (Photo: Flickr)
Paternoster Square in the City of London the new home of the London Stock Exchange and next door to St Paul's Cathed
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Paternoster Square in the City of London
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Britains Prime Minister Gordon Brown (second from right), his wife Sarah (left), City of London Lord Mayor Alderman Ian Luder (second froeft), and his wife Lady Mayoress Lin Luder (right) pose for a picture during Lord Mayor's banquet in central London on November 10, 2008The banquet is held in honor of the immediate past Lord Mayor and is the first to be hosted by the new Lord Mayor of the City of LondonAlderman Ian Luder. (AFP/Getty Images)
Prime Minister of Great Britain Gordon Brown (center) and his wife Sarah attend the Lord Mayor's banquet in central London on November2008. (AFP/Getty Images)
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(From L to R) Sheriff Roger Gifford, Sheriff's Escort Clare Taylor, Sarah Brown, the wife of Gordon Brown, Lord Mayor AldermIan Luder, Britains Prime Minister Gordon Brown, Lady Mayoress Lin Luder, Sheriff's Escort Delva Patman and Sheriff GeorgGillon pose for a picture at the Guildhall during the Lord Mayor's banquet in central London on November 10, 2008. The banqs held in honor of the immediate past Lord Mayor and is the first to be hosted by the new Lord Mayor of the City of LondonAlderman Ian Luder (left). (AFP/Getty Images)
Britain's Prime Minister Gordon Brown (center) follows City of London Lord Mayor Alderman Ian Luder (R) during a processiothe Guildhall during the Lord Mayor's banquet in central London on November 10, 2008. (AFP/Getty Images)
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Queen Elizabeth II of Great Britain leaves the new London Stock Exchange building after her visit in the City of London on July 27, 2004.(Peoples Daily Online)
Queen Elizabeth II of Great Britain walks with the Lord Mayor of London, Sir Robin Gillett, on the occasion of her Silver Jubilee on June 7,1977. (Photo by Fox Photos/Getty Images)
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Gryphon (Griffin) at City of London (Photo:Flickr)
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This is the Temple Bar Memorial on Fleet Street that marks the boundary between the City of London and the City of Westminster. It was oof the traditional gateways to the City of London. (Photo: Flickr)
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THE FABIAN SOCIETY & LONDON SCHOOL OF ECONOMICS
George Soros (BSc '52) speaks to the London School of Economics Alumni Society of Malaysia. (Photo taken by Jeff Ooi)
(Source: Wikipedia)
Founders of the Fabian Society (from left to right): Sidney Webb, George Bernard Shaw (awarded Nobel Prize for Literature),and George Wallas. The Fabian Society is a communist society that promotes communism and socialism through peaceful ademocratic methods.
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The London School of Economics was founded in 1895 by Fabian Society members Sidney Webb, Graham Wallas, and GeoBernard Shaw. Notable London School of Economics students and graduates include David Rockefeller, George Soros, RobRubin, Queen Margrethe II of Denmark, Elliott Abrams, former Prime Minister of Italy Romano Prodi, and former President JoF. Kennedy.
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Federal Reserve Chairman Ben Bernanke speaks to an audience at the London School of Economics in London on January 2009. Employment levels in the United States will see "continued weakness" in the coming months, Federal Reserve Chairm
Ben Bernanke warned in London on Tuesday. "We're currently in a very bad stage of the contraction as far as employment isconcerned, and I would expect to see continued weakness in the first quarter," he said, replying to an audience questionfollowing a speech at the London School of Economics. (AFP/Getty Images)
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THE ROYAL INSTITUTE OFINTERNATIONAL AFFAIRS
THE ROYAL INSTITUTE OF INTERNATIONAL AFFAIRS (RIIA) is nothing but the Milner Group writ large. It was
founded by the Group, has been consistently controlled by the Group, and to this day is the Milner Group in its widest aspect.
is the legitimate child of the Round Table organization, just as the latter was the legitimate child of the Closer Union
movement organized in South Africa in 1907. All three of these organizations were formed by the same small group of person
all three received their initial financial backing from Sir Abe Bailey, and all three used the same methods for working out and
propagating their ideas (the so-called Round Table method of discussion groups plus a journal). This similarity is not anaccident. The new organization was intended to be a wider aspect of the Milner Group, the plan being to influence the leaders
thought through The Round Table and to influence a wider group through the RIIA. The real founder of the Institute was LioCurtis, although this fact was concealed for many years and he was presented to the public as merely one among a number of
founders. In more recent years, however, the fact that Curtis was the real founder of the Institute has been publicly stated by
members of the Institute and by the Institute itself on many occasions, and never denied. One example will suffice. In the
Annual Report of the Institute for 1942-1943 we read the following sentence: When the Institute was founded through the
inspiration of Mr. Lionel Curtis during the Peace Conference of Paris in 1919, those associated with him in laying the
foundations were a group of comparatively young men and women.
Carroll Quigley, The Anglo-American Establishment, p. 182
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The Institute was organized at a joint conference of British and American experts at the Hotel Majestic on 30 May 1919. At
suggestion of Lord Robert Cecil, the chair was given to General Tasker Bliss of the American delegation. We have already
indicated that the experts of the British delegation at the Peace Conference were almost exclusively from the Milner Group an
Cecil Bloc. The American group of experts, the Inquiry, was manned almost as completely by persons from institutions
(including universities) dominated by J. P. Morgan and Company. This was not an accident. Moreover, the Milner Group has
always had very close relationships with the associates of J. P. Morgan and with the various branches of the Carnegie Trust.
These relationships, which are merely examples of the closely knit ramifications of international financial capitalism, wereprobably based on the financial holdings controlled by the Milner Group through the Rhodes Trust. The term international
financier can be applied with full justice to several members of the Milner Group inner circle, such as Brand, Hichens, and
above all, Milner himself. At the meeting at the Hotel Majestic, the British group included Lionel Curtis, Philip Kerr, Lord
Robert Cecil, Lord Eustace Percy, Sir Eyre Crowe, Sir Cecil Hurst, J. W. Headlam-Morley, Geoffrey Dawson, HaroldTemperley, and G. M. Gathorne-Hardy. It was decided to found a permanent organization for the study of international affair
and to begin by writing a history of the Peace Conference. A committee was set up to supervise the writing of this work. It h
Lord Meston as chairman, Lionel Curtis as secretary, and was financed by a gift of 2000 from Thomas W. Lamont of J. P.
Morgan and Company. This group picked Harold Temperley as editor of the work. It appeared in six large volumes in the yea
1920-1924, under the auspices of the RIIA. The British organization was set up by a committee of which Lord Robert Cecil w
chairman, Lionel Curtis was honorary secretary and the following were members: Lord Eustace Percy, J. A. C. (later Sir John
Tilley, Philip Noel-Baker, Clement Jones, Harold Temperley, A. L. Smith (classmate of Milner and Master of Balliol), Georg
W. Prothero, and Geoffrey Dawson. This group drew up a constitution and made a list of prospective members. Lionel Curtis
and Gathorne Hardy drew up the by-laws. The above description is based on the official history of the RIIA published by the
Institute itself in 1937 and written by Stephen King-Hall.
Carroll Quigley, The Anglo-American Establishment, p. 182-183
This point of view was supported by the second group, which was known in those days as the Round Table Group, and came
later to be called, somewhat inaccurately, the Cliveden Set, after the country estate of Lord and Lady Astor. It included LordMilner, Leopold Amery, and Edward Grigg (Lord Altrincham), as well as Lord Lothian, [Jan] Smuts, Lord Astor, Lord Brand
(brother-in-law of Lady Astor and managing director of Lazard Brothers, the international bankers), Lionel Curtis, Geoffrey
Dawson (editor ofThe Times), and their associates. This group wielded great influence because it controlled the Rhodes Trusthe Beit Trust, The Times of London, The Observer, the influential and highly anonymous quarterly review known as The RouTable (founded in 1910 with money supplied by Sir Abe Bailey and the Rhodes Trust, and with Lothian as editor), and it
dominated the Royal Institute of International Affairs, called Chatham House (of which Sir Abe Bailey and the Astors were
the chief financial supporters, while Lionel Curtis was the actual founder), the Carnegie United Kingdom Trust, and All Souls
College, Oxford. Carroll Quigley, Tragedy and Hope, p. 581
The more moderate Round Table group, including Lionel Curtis, Leopold Amery (who was the shadow of Lord Milner), LorLothian, Lord Brand, and Lord Astor, sought to weaken the League of Nations and destroy all possibility of collective securit
order to strengthen Germany in respect to both France and the Soviet Union, and above all to free Britain from Europe in orde
to build up an Atlantic bloc of Great Britain and the British Dominions, and the United States. They prepared the way for t
Union through the Rhodes Scholarship organization (of which Lord Milner was the head in 1905-1925 and Lord Lothian w
secretary in 1925-1940), through the Round Table groups (which had been set up in the United States, India, and the British
Dominions in 1910-1917), through the Chatham House organization, and a Council on Foreign Relations in New York, as we
as through Unofficial Commonwealth Relations Conferences held irregularly, and the Institutes of Pacific Relations set up
various countries as autonomous branches of the Royal Institutes of International Affairs. This influential group sought tochange the League of Nations from an instrument of collective security to an international conference for nonpolitical matte
like drug control or international postal services, to rebuild Germany as a buffer against the Soviet Union and a counterpoise t
France, and to build up an Atlantic bloc of Britain, the Dominions, the United States, and, if possible, the Scandinavian
countries. Carroll Quigley, Tragedy and Hope, p. 582
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Chatham House History
Chatham House, also known as the Royal Institute of International Affairs, is based in the heart of London. As a measure of itsmportance in the world of international relations, the name 'Chatham House' - the building - is now commonly used to refer to theorganization.
The House has given its name to the famous Chatham House Rule, first established here in 1927 and revised twice since. The Ruleused around the world to ensure free and open debate.
Background
In 1919 British and American delegates to the Paris Peace Conference, under the leadership of Lionel Curtis, conceived the idea of Anglo-American Institute of foreign affairs to study international problems with a view to preventing future wars. In the event, the BritInstitute of International Affairs was founded separately in London in July 1920 and received its Royal Charter in 1926 to become Th
Royal Institute of International Affairs. The American delegates developed the Council on Foreign Relations in New York as a sisternstitute. Both are now among the world's leading international affairs think-tanks.
The Royal Institute of International Affairs (Chatham House) is an independent international affairs think-tank and membershiporganization. It is precluded by its Charter from expressing any institutional view or policy on any aspect of international affairs. It donot receive any statutory government funding and is not a government organization, although some government departments arecorporate members of Chatham House and may fund specific projects.
More about membership >>
Based inSt James' Square in London, the listed building was home to three Prime Ministers (William Pitt the Elder, Edward Stanleyand William Gladstone) before being gifted to what was then the Institute of International Affairs in 1923. The book, Chatham HouseHistory and Inhabitants, published in July 2004, is available to order.
(Source: http://www.chathamhouse.org.uk/about/history/)
http://www.chathamhouse.org.uk/about/chathamhouserule/http://www.chathamhouse.org.uk/membership/http://www.chathamhouse.org.uk/contact/http://www.chathamhouse.org.uk/contact/http://www.chathamhouse.org.uk/contact/http://www.chathamhouse.org.uk/publications/books/view/-/id/950/http://www.chathamhouse.org.uk/publications/books/view/-/id/950/http://www.chathamhouse.org.uk/about/history/http://www.chathamhouse.org.uk/about/chathamhouserule/http://www.chathamhouse.org.uk/membership/http://www.chathamhouse.org.uk/contact/http://www.chathamhouse.org.uk/publications/books/view/-/id/950/http://www.chathamhouse.org.uk/publications/books/view/-/id/950/http://www.chathamhouse.org.uk/about/history/ -
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Chatham House Rule
The Chatham House Rule reads as follows:
"When a meeting, or part thereof, is held under the Chatham House Rule, participants are free to usethe information received, but neither the identity nor the affiliation of the speaker(s), nor that ofany other participant, may be revealed".
The world-famous Chatham House Rule may be invoked at meetings to encourage openness and the sharing of information.
EXPLANATION of the Rule
The Chatham House Rule originated at Chatham House with the aim of providing anonymity to speakers and to encourage opennesand the sharing of information. It is now used throughout the world as an aid to free discussion. Meetings do not have to take place Chatham House, or be organized by Chatham House, to be held under the Rule.
Meetings, events and discussions held at Chatham House are normally conducted 'on the record' with the Rule occasionally invokedthe speaker's request. In cases where the Rule is not considered sufficiently strict, an event may be held 'off the record'.
FREQUENTLY ASKED QUESTIONS:
Q.When was the Rule devised?A. In 1927 and refined in 1992 and 2002.
Q.Should one refer to the Chatham House Rule or the Chatham House Rules?A. There is only one Rule.
Q.What are the benefits of using the Rule?A. It allows people to speak as individuals, and to express views that may not be those of their organizations, and therefore itencourages free discussion. People usually feel more relaxed if they don't have to worry about their reputation or the implications ifthey are publicly quoted.
Q.How is the Rule enforced?A. Chatham House can take disciplinary action against one of its members who breaks the Rule. Not all organizations that use the Rhave sanctions. The Rule then depends for its success on being seen as morally binding.
Q.Is the Rule used for all meetings at Chatham House?A. Not often forMembers Events; more frequently for smaller research meetings, for example where work in progress is discussed owhen subject matter is politically sensitive. MostChatham House conferencesare under the Rule.
Q.Who uses the Rule these days?A. It is widely used in the English-speaking world - by local government and commercial organizations as well as researchorganizations.
(Source: http://www.chathamhouse.org.uk/about/chathamhouserule/)
http://www.chathamhouse.org.uk/events/members/http://www.chathamhouse.org.uk/events/conferences/http://www.chathamhouse.org.uk/events/conferences/http://www.chathamhouse.org.uk/events/conferences/http://www.chathamhouse.org.uk/about/chathamhouserule/http://www.chathamhouse.org.uk/events/members/http://www.chathamhouse.org.uk/events/conferences/http://www.chathamhouse.org.uk/about/chathamhouserule/ -
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Patron, Presidents, Council and Directors of the Royal Institute of International Affairs
Patron
Her Majesty The Queen
Presidents
Chatham House has Presidents from each of the three major political parties at Westminster - a reflection of our independence fromgovernment:
The Rt Hon Lord Ashdown of Norton-Sub-Hamdon
The Rt Hon Lord Hurd of Westwell
The Rt Hon Lord Robertson of Port Ellen
Council
The governance of Chatham House is overseen by its Council.
The Council is elected by members of Chatham House, in a secret ballot. Council members serve for three years with the possibilityre-election for a further three years. There are three Committees of Council with delegated authority; the Executive Committee, theFinance Committee and the Investment Committee.
Communications to the Council should be addressed to The Secretary to the CouncilPaul Curtin.
Dr DeAnne Julius CBE, Chairman E,F
Sir Brian Crowe, Deputy Chairman E
Ed Smith, Hon Treasurerex-officioE,F,I
Tony Baldry MP
Lyse Doucet
Andrew Fraser CMG E
Ryan Gawn
Martin Giles
Claudia Hamill F
Dr John Llewellyn Raj Loomba, CBE F
The Rt Hon Dr Denis MacShane MP
Michael Moore MP F
Elizabeth Padmore E
Alpesh Patel I
Stuart Popham F
Trisha Rogers
Divya Seshamani F
Jonathan Steele E
Seth Thomas F
E = Member of the Executive Committee
F = Member of the Finance CommitteeI = Member of the Investment Committee
Directors
Dr Robin Niblett, Director
Paul Curtin, Finance Director
(Source: http://www.chathamhouse.org.uk/about/council/)
http://www.chathamhouse.org.uk/about/council/lord_ashdown/http://www.chathamhouse.org.uk/about/council/lord_hurd/http://www.chathamhouse.org.uk/about/council/lord_hurd/http://www.chathamhouse.org.uk/about/council/lord_robertson/http://www.chathamhouse.org.uk/contact/email/-/cid/12/sn/1/http://www.chathamhouse.org.uk/contact/email/-/cid/12/sn/1/http://www.chathamhouse.org.uk/contact/email/-/cid/12/sn/1/http://www.chathamhouse.org.uk/about/council/deanne_julius/http://www.chathamhouse.org.uk/about/council/brian_crowe/http://www.chathamhouse.org.uk/about/council/ed_smith/http://www.chathamhouse.org.uk/about/council/tony_baldry/http://www.chathamhouse.org.uk/about/council/lyse_doucet/http://www.chathamhouse.org.uk/about/council/lyse_doucet/http://www.chathamhouse.org.uk/about/council/andrew_fraser/http://www.chathamhouse.org.uk/about/council/ryan_gawn/http://www.chathamhouse.org.uk/about/council/martin_giles/http://www.chathamhouse.org.uk/about/council/claudia_hamill/http://www.chathamhouse.org.uk/about/council/claudia_hamill/http://www.chathamhouse.org.uk/about/council/dr_john_llewellyn/http://www.chathamhouse.org.uk/about/council/raj_loomba/http://www.chathamhouse.org.uk/about/council/denis_macshane/http://www.chathamhouse.org.uk/about/council/michael_moore/http://www.chathamhouse.org.uk/about/council/elizabeth_padmore/http://www.chathamhouse.org.uk/about/council/alpesh_patel/http://www.chathamhouse.org.uk/about/council/alpesh_patel/http://www.chathamhouse.org.uk/about/council/stuart_popham/http://www.chathamhouse.org.uk/about/council/trisha_rogers/http://www.chathamhouse.org.uk/about/council/divya_seshamani/http://www.chathamhouse.org.uk/about/council/divya_seshamani/http://www.chathamhouse.org.uk/about/council/jonathan_steele/http://www.chathamhouse.org.uk/about/council/seth_thomas/http://www.chathamhouse.org.uk/about/council/robin_niblett/http://www.chathamhouse.org.uk/about/council/robin_niblett/http://www.chathamhouse.org.uk/contact/email/-/cid/12/sn/1/http://www.chathamhouse.org.uk/about/council/http://www.chathamhouse.org.uk/about/council/lord_ashdown/http://www.chathamhouse.org.uk/about/council/lord_hurd/http://www.chathamhouse.org.uk/about/council/lord_robertson/http://www.chathamhouse.org.uk/contact/email/-/cid/12/sn/1/http://www.chathamhouse.org.uk/about/council/deanne_julius/http://www.chathamhouse.org.uk/about/council/brian_crowe/http://www.chathamhouse.org.uk/about/council/ed_smith/http://www.chathamhouse.org.uk/about/council/tony_baldry/http://www.chathamhouse.org.uk/about/council/lyse_doucet/http://www.chathamhouse.org.uk/about/council/andrew_fraser/http://www.chathamhouse.org.uk/about/council/ryan_gawn/http://www.chathamhouse.org.uk/about/council/martin_giles/http://www.chathamhouse.org.uk/about/council/claudia_hamill/http://www.chathamhouse.org.uk/about/council/dr_john_llewellyn/http://www.chathamhouse.org.uk/about/council/raj_loomba/http://www.chathamhouse.org.uk/about/council/denis_macshane/http://www.chathamhouse.org.uk/about/council/michael_moore/http://www.chathamhouse.org.uk/about/council/elizabeth_padmore/http://www.chathamhouse.org.uk/about/council/alpesh_patel/http://www.chathamhouse.org.uk/about/council/stuart_popham/http://www.chathamhouse.org.uk/about/council/trisha_rogers/http://www.chathamhouse.org.uk/about/council/divya_seshamani/http://www.chathamhouse.org.uk/about/council/jonathan_steele/http://www.chathamhouse.org.uk/about/council/seth_thomas/http://www.chathamhouse.org.uk/about/council/robin_niblett/http://www.chathamhouse.org.uk/contact/email/-/cid/12/sn/1/http://www.chathamhouse.org.uk/about/council/ -
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Panel of Senior Advisers
The Panel of Senior Advisers was founded in 2008 to provide Chatham House with an experienced sounding board for our policyconclusions and help communicate our ideas at the highest levels in the UK and abroad.
Lord Browne of MadingleyPresident, Royal Academy of Engineering; and Chief Executive, BP (1995-2007)
Arzuhan Doan-YalindaBoard Member, Doan Sirketler Grubu Holding SA, Turkey
Mary Francis CBENon-Executive Director, Centrica, Arriva and St Modwen; Director, Bank of England (2001-07)
Andr HoffmannVice-Chairman, Board of Roche Holding Ltd
Lord Hurd of WestwellPresident, Chatham House; UK Foreign Secretary (1989-95)
Lord Jay of EwelmePermanent Under-Secretary, Foreign Office (2002-06)
Sir Paul JudgeChairman, Schroder Income Growth Fund plc; Deputy Chairman, Royal Society of Arts
Lord Kerr of KinlochardPermanent Under-Secretary, Foreign Office (1997-2002); Vice-Chairman, Royal Dutch Shell
Nemir KirdarFounder, Executive Chairman and CEO, Investcorp
Mark Leland
President, Marc E. Leland and Associates, USA; Co-Chairman, German Marshall Fund of the United States Rachel LomaxDeputy Governor, Monetary Policy, the Bank of England (2003-08)
Sir David ManningBritish Ambassador to the United States (2003-07); foreign affairs and defence adviser to Prime Minister Tony Blair (2001-0
Baron Marshall of KnightsbridgeChairman, Nomura International plc and Pirelli UK
David MottChief Executive and President, MedImmune, USA
Sir Michael RakeChairman, BT
Lord Robertson of Port EllenPresident, Chatham House, Secretary General, NATO (1999-2003)
John C WhiteheadFounding Chairman, Lower Manhattan Development Corporation, USA; former Co-Chairman of Goldman Sachs
(Source: http://www.chathamhouse.org.uk/about/psa/)
http://www.chathamhouse.org.uk/about/psa/http://www.chathamhouse.org.uk/about/psa/ -
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Corporate Members List of the Royal Institute of International Affairs
A list of current Corporate Members of Chatham House.
More about Corporate Membership of Chatham House >>
ABC NEWS INTERCONTINENTAL INC
AEGIS DEFENCE SERVICES LTD
AKE LTD
AL-HAYAT (LONDON)
ALLEN & OVERYALULBAYT FOUNDATION
AMERICAN EXPRESSAMNESTY INTERNATIONAL
ANGLO AMERICAN PLC
ANGLO-ARAB ORGANISATION
ARAB ACADEMY FOR SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
ARCELORMITTAL
ASAHI SHIMBUN (EUROPE)
ASPEN INSURANCE UK LTD
ASTRAZENECA PLCBANK OF ENGLAND
BANK OF ITALY
BANK OF JAPANBANK OF TOKYO-MITSUBISHI UFJ, LTD
BLAND GROUP LTD
BREVAN HOWARD
BRITISH COUNCIL
C13 ASSOCIATES LTDCABINET OFFICE
CBI
CBS NEWS
CCC GROUP COMPANIES
CENTRE FOR GLOBAL ENERGY STUDIES
CHIVAS BROTHERS
CHUBB INVESTMENT SERVICES LTD
CHUBU ELECTRIC POWER CO., INCCHURCH OF ENGLAND
CITIGROUP GLOBAL MARKETS LTDCLEARY GOTTLIEB STEEN & HAMILTON
COMMONWEALTH PARLIAMENTARY ASSOCIATION
COMMONWEALTH SECRETARIAT
CONOCOPHILLIPS (UK) LIMITED
CROWN AGENTS
CRU INTERNATIONAL LTD
DAILY MAIL AND GENERAL TRUST
DE BEERS GROUP SERVICES UK LTDDE LA RUE
DEFENCE ACADEMY OF THE UNITED KINGDOM
DEPARTMENT FOR BUSINESS, ENTERPRISE & REGULATORY REFORM
DIPLOMATIC COUNCIL, THE
E.ON UK
EADS UK LTD
EDS
EMBASSY OF ALGERIAEMBASSY OF ARGENTINA
EMBASSY OF ARMENIA
EMBASSY OF AUSTRIA
EMBASSY OF AZERBAIJAN
EMBASSY OF BAHRAIN
EMBASSY OF BELGIUM
EMBASSY OF BOLIVIA
EMBASSY OF BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA
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EMBASSY OF BRAZIL
EMBASSY OF CHILE
EMBASSY OF COSTA RICA
EMBASSY OF ESTONIA
EMBASSY OF ETHIOPIA
EMBASSY OF FINLAND
EMBASSY OF FRANCE
EMBASSY OF GERMANY
EMBASSY OF GREECEEMBASSY OF INDONESIA
EMBASSY OF IRELAND
EMBASSY OF ISRAELEMBASSY OF ITALY
EMBASSY OF JAPAN
EMBASSY OF KUWAIT
EMBASSY OF LATVIA
EMBASSY OF LUXEMBOURGEMBASSY OF MEXICO
EMBASSY OF MOROCCO
EMBASSY OF PORTUGAL
EMBASSY OF ROMANIA
EMBASSY OF RUSSIA (London)
EMBASSY OF SPAIN
EMBASSY OF SWEDEN
EMBASSY OF SWITZERLANDEMBASSY OF THAILAND
EMBASSY OF THE ARAB REPUBLIC OF EGYPT
EMBASSY OF THE BOLIVARIAN REPUBLIC OF VENEZUELA
EMBASSY OF THE CZECH REPUBLIC
EMBASSY OF THE DOMINICAN REPUBLIC
EMBASSY OF THE HASHEMITE KINGDOM OF JORDAN
EMBASSY OF THE ISLAMIC REPUBLIC OF IRAN
EMBASSY OF THE KINGDOM OF THE NETHERLANDS
EMBASSY OF THE PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF CHINA
EMBASSY OF THE REPUBLIC OF BULGARIAEMBASSY OF THE REPUBLIC OF CROATIA
EMBASSY OF THE REPUBLIC OF HUNGARY
EMBASSY OF THE REPUBLIC OF IRAQEMBASSY OF THE REPUBLIC OF KOREA
EMBASSY OF THE REPUBLIC OF LITHUANIA
EMBASSY OF THE REPUBLIC OF MACEDONIA
EMBASSY OF THE REPUBLIC OF MOLDOVA
EMBASSY OF THE REPUBLIC OF POLANDEMBASSY OF THE REPUBLIC OF SERBIA
EMBASSY OF THE REPUBLIC OF SLOVENIA
EMBASSY OF THE REPUBLIC OF THE SUDAN
EMBASSY OF THE REPUBLIC OF TURKEY
EMBASSY OF THE REPUBLIC OF UZBEKISTAN
EMBASSY OF THE REPUBLIC OF YEMEN
EMBASSY OF THE SLOVAK REPUBLIC
EMBASSY OF THE STATE OF QATAREMBASSY OF THE SULTANATE OF OMAN
EMBASSY OF THE SYRIAN ARAB REPUBLIC
EMBASSY OF THE UNITED ARAB EMIRATES
EMBASSY OF UKRAINE
EMBASSY, OF THE ROYAL KINGDOM OF SAUDI ARABIA
EMBASSY, ROYAL DANISH
EMBASSY, ROYAL NORWEGIAN
ENERGY INTELLIGENCE GROUP
ES-KO INTERNATIONAL INC
EUROPEAN BANK FOR RECONSTRUCTION & DEVELOPMENTEUROPEAN COMMISSION
EUROPEAN INVESTMENT BANK
EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT UK OFFICE
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FINANCIAL SERVICES AUTHORITY
FINANCIAL TIMES
FINMECCANICA UK LTD
FUJISANKEI COMMUNICATIONS INTL
FUJITSU
GARDA
GCHQ
GOOD GOVERNANCE GROUP
GROUP 4 SECURICORGUARDIAN, THE
HERMITAGE CAPITAL MANAGEMENT
HESS LTDHIGH COMMISSION FOR THE ISLAMIC REPUBLIC OF PAKISTAN
HIGH COMMISSION FOR THE REPUBLIC OF SINGAPORE
HIGH COMMISSION FOR THE REPUBLIC OF SOUTH AFRICA
HIGH COMMISSION FOR THE REPUBLIC OF TRINIDAD & TOBAGO
HIGH COMMISSION OF AUSTRALIAHIGH COMMISSION OF BELIZE
HIGH COMMISSION OF BRUNEI DARUSSALAM
HIGH COMMISSION OF CANADA
HIGH COMMISSION OF CYPRUS
HIGH COMMISSION OF INDIA
HIGH COMMISSION OF MALTA
HIGH COMMISSION OF NEW ZEALAND
HIGH COMMISSION OF ZAMBIAHILL AND KNOWLTON
HM TREASURY
HOGAN & HARTSON LLP
HONG KONG ECONOMIC & TRADE OFFICE
HOUSE OF COMMONS LIBRARY
HOUSE OF LORDS LIBRARY
HUMAN RIGHTS WATCH
HUNGARIAN DEFENCE ATTACHE OFFICE
IIED
INDEPENDENT TELEVISION NEWSINSTITUTE OF CHARTERED ACCOUNTANTS IN ENGLAND AND WALES
INTERNATIONAL COMMITTEE OF THE RED CROSS
INTERNATIONAL SOSINVESTCORP INTERNATIONAL LTD
JAPAN CENTRE FOR INTERNATIONAL FINANCE
JAPAN OIL, GAS AND METALS NATIONAL CORPORATION
JARDINE LLOYD THOMPSON
JICA UK OFFICEJKX OIL & GAS
JOHN SWIRE & SONS LTD
KANSAI ELECTRIC POWER CO INC
KOKUSAI ASSET MANAGEMENT CO., LTD
KROLL
KUWAIT INVESTMENT OFFICE
KYODO NEWS
LEAGUE OF ARAB STATESLINKLATERS
LLOYD'S OF LONDON
LLOYDS TSB GROUP PLC
MAPLECROFT
MARATHON OIL UK LTD
MARUBENI EUROPE PLC
MATHESON & CO LTD
MBDA
MCKINSEY & COMPANY
MERRILL LYNCH EUROPE PLCMITSUI & CO EUROPE PLC
MO IBRAHIM FOUNDATION
MORGAN STANLEY & CO INTERNATIONAL LTD
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NATIONAL SCHOOL OF GOVERNMENT
NEXEN PETROLEUM UK LTD
NHK JAPAN BROADCAST CORPORATION
NIKKEI INC
OFFICE FOR EUROPEAN AFFAIRS
OXFORD ANALYTICA LTD
PAPUA NEW GUINEA ECO-FORESTRY FORUM
PETRO-CANADA UK LTD
PETROFAC ENERGY DEVELOPMENTSQUAKER PEACE AND SOCIAL WITNESS
QUEBEC GOVERNMENT OFFICE
REFUGEE LEGAL CENTREREGAL PETROLEUM PLC
RELIANCE EUROPE LTD
RISK ADVISORY GROUP
ROLLS-ROYCE PLC
SCHLUMBERGERSMITHS GROUP PLC
SPECIALIST SCHOOLS AND ACADEMIES TRUST
STANDARD LIFE GROUP
STATOIL (UK) LTD
STEPHENSON HARWOOD
STREET CHILD AFRICA
SUMITOMO MITSUI BANKING CORPORATION
TAIPEI REPRESENTATIVE OFFICETAPESTRY NETWORKS LTD
TATA LTD
TELEGRAPH MEDIA GROUP
THE MCGRAW-HILL COMPANIES
TIMES NEWSPAPERS LTD
TOKYO ELECTRIC POWER COMPANY
UBS
UNIVERSITIES SUPERANNUATION SCHEME LTD
VTB EUROPE
WILMER CUTLER PICKERING HALE & DORRWILTON PARK
WORLD BANK
YOMIURI SHIMBUN
(Source: http://www.chathamhouse.org.uk/membership/corporate/corporate_members_list/)
http://www.chathamhouse.org.uk/membership/corporate/corporate_members_list/http://www.chathamhouse.org.uk/membership/corporate/corporate_members_list/ -
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Major Corporate Members List of the Royal Institute of International Affairs
A list of Major Corporate Members of Chatham House.
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ACCENTUREAVIVA PLCBARCLAYS CAPITALBBC
BG GROUPBHP BILLITON INTERNATIONAL SERVICES LTDBLOOMBERGBOOZ & COBP PLCBRITISH AMERICAN TOBACCOBT GROUP PLCCHEVRON LTDCITY OF LONDON, THECLIFFORD CHANCE LLPCONTROL RISKS GROUPDEPARTMENT FOR INTERNATIONAL DEVELOPMENTDETICADLA PIPER UK LLP
ECONOMIST, THEEMBASSY OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICAEXXONMOBILFOREIGN AND COMMONWEALTH OFFICEGLAXOSMITHKLINE PLCGOLDMAN SACHS INTERNATIONALHOME OFFICEHSBC HOLDINGS PLCITOCHU EUROPE PLCJAPAN BANK FOR INTERNATIONAL COOPERATIONJETRO LONDONKPMGKUWAIT PETROLEUM CORPORATIONLEHMAN BROTHERS
MERCK & CO., INCMINISTRY OF DEFENCEMITSUBISHI CORPORATIONNATIONAL INTELLIGENCE COUNCILNESTLE (UK)PRICEWATERHOUSECOOPERSREUTERS GROUP PLCRINKU OF LONDON PLCRIO TINTO PLCROYAL BANK OF SCOTLANDSAUDI PETROLEUM OVERSEAS LTDSERCOSHELL INTERNATIONAL LTDSTANDARD CHARTERED BANK
STATE STREETTHALESTNK - BPTOTAL HOLDINGS UK LTDUNILEVER PLCVIRGIN ATLANTICVODAFONE GROUP PLCWARBURG PINCUS
(Source: http://www.chathamhouse.org.uk/membership/corporate/major_corporate_members_list/)
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President Ronald Reagan gives a speech to members of the Royal Institute of International Affairs at the Guildhall in London
United Kingdom on June 3, 1988. (Photo: Ronald Reagan Presidential Library, Photo C47546-14)
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Robert S. Mueller III, Director of Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) [United States of America], speaks at Chatham House London on Monday, April 7, 2008. Mueller gave a speech entitled Global Terrorism Today and the Challenges of Tomorrow.(Associated Press/Kirsty Wigglesworth)
United Nations Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon delivers a speech at Chatham House in London on July 11, 2007. Ban Ki-Mos making his first official visit to Britain since he replaced Kofi Annan as the United Nations chief at the start of this year.(Associated Press/Matt Dunham)
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President of the European Central Bank Jean-Claude Trichet gives a lecture entitled "Central banks and the public: themportance of communication" at Chatham House in London on November 18, 2008. (Reuters)
Rwandas President Paul Kagame delivers a speech on "Evolution of Conflict: Prospects for Peace and Development in Africaat Chatham House in London on December 6, 2006. (Photo: Government of Rwanda)
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Yang Jiechi, the Chinese Communist Minister of Foreign Affairs, addresses guests at Chatham House in central London onDecember 5, 2007. (AFP/Getty Images)
Former President of Iran Mohammad Khatami gives a press conference at Chatham House in London on November 1, 2006. Khatami facenoisy protests from pro-democracy groups today ahead of an address to a foreign affairs think-tank in London. More than 100 demonstratogathered outside Chatham House in central London, protesting against the cleric's record during his time in office between 1997 and 2005.(Leon Neal/AFP/Getty Images)
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European Commission President Jose Manuel Barroso delivers a speech at Chatham House. (Photo: Chatham House 2007 Annual Revie
(Left and right photos: Chatham House 2003 Annual Report)
(Source: Chatham House 2003 Annual Report)
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Royal Institute of International Affairs and its sister organization
Council on Foreign Relations (United States of America) founded on July 29, 1921
Canadian Institute of International Affairs founded on 1 January 1928
Australian Institute of International Affairs founded on 20 February 1933
New Zealand Institute of International Affairs founded on 17 July 1931
South African Institute of International Affairs founded on 26 May 1934
Indian Council of World Affairs founded on 21 November 1943
Pakistan Institute of International Affairs founded on 30 March 1948
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Page 13 of the 1952 edition of the Royal Institute of International Affairs annual report
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1947 edition of the Royal Institute of International Affairs annual report
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Page 40 of the 1965 edition of the Royal Institute of International Affairs report
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Sir Maurice Hankey is shown here in civilian clothing, top row center, with the Imperial War Cabinet of 1917-1918. Canadian
Prime Minister Robert Borden is seated beside British Prime Minister Lloyd George (front row, third and fourth from left
respectively). At the far right of the same row is the South African General Jan Christian Smuts, a key proponent of liberal
internationalism and a champion of the soon-to-be-established League of Nations. David Lloyd George was a member of the
Royal Institute of International Affairs.
The Dominion Prime Ministers meet in London in 1944. Standing from left to right: Jan Christian Smuts (Prime Minister of
South Africa) and Peter Fraser (Prime Minister of New Zealand). Sitting from left to right: W. McKenzie-King (Prime Minis
of Canada), Winston Churchill (Prime Minister of the United Kingdom), and John Curtin (Prime Minister of Australia). All fmen served as honorary presidents of the Royal Institute of International Affairs during World War II.
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Librarian of Congress Archibald MacLeish, a member of Skull & Bones, shakes hands with British Ambassador to the UnitedStates the Marquess of Lothian (Philip H. Kerr), a member of Alfred Milners Kindergarten, on November 28, 1939. MacLeishwas the founder of UNESCO; Kerr was the Secretary of Rhodes Trust at Oxford University (1925-1939).
The Chatham House in London, headquarters of the Royal Institute of International Affairs
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NOTABLE MEMBERS OF THE
ROYAL INSTITUTE OF INTERNATIONAL AFFAIRS
King George VI, Viscount Astor, Lionel Curtis, Sir Abe Bailey, Queen Elizabeth II
Clement Attlee, Winston S. Churchill, David Lloyd George, Anthony Eden
Herbert Samuel, Robert Cecil, Denis Healey, Ernest Bevin
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THE ROUND TABLE:CECIL RHODES & HIS AFRIKA KORPS
Cecil Rhodes, who established the diamond corporation DeBeers and founded the Rhodes Scholarship, is flanked by the flags
the apartheid states of South Africa (left) and Rhodesia (right).
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[Lord Alfred] Milner took over the two defeated Boer republics and administered them as occupied territory until 1905, usin
civil service of young men recruited for the purpose. This group, known as Milners Kindergarten, reorganized the
government and administration of the Transvaal and Orange River Colony and played a major role in South African life
generally. When Milner left public in 1905 to devote himself to international finance and the Rhodes enterprises, Lord Selbo
his successor as high commissioner, took over the Kindergarten and continued to use it. In 1906 a new Liberal government in
London granted self-government to the two Boer states. The Kindergarten spent the next four years in a successful effort to
create a South African Federation. Carroll Quigley, Tragedy and Hope, p. 138
As soon as South Africa was united in 1910, the Kindergarten returned to London to try to federate the whole empire by the
same methods. They were in a hurry to achieve this before the war with Germany which they believed to be approaching. W
Abe Bailey money they founded The Round Table under Kerrs (Lothians) editorship, met in formal conclaves presided overMilner to decide the fate of the empire, and recruited new members to their group, chiefly from New College, of which Milne
was a fellow. The new recruits included a historian, F. S. Oliver, (Sir) Alfred Zimmern, (Sir) Reginald Coupland, Lord Lova
and Waldorf (Lord) Astor. Curtis and others were sent around the world to organize Round Table groups n the chief British
dependencies. For several years (1910-1916) the Round Table groups worked desperately trying to find an acceptable formul
for federating the empire. Three books and many articles emerged from these discussions, but gradually it became clear that
federation was not acceptable to the English-speaking dependencies. Gradually, it was decided to dissolve all formal bonds
between these dependencies, except, perhaps, allegiance to the Crown, and depend on the common outlook of Englishmen to
keep the empire together. This involved changing the name British Empire to Commonwealth of Nations, as in the title o
Curtiss book of 1916, giving the chief dependencies, including India and Ireland, their complete independence (but gradually
and by free gift rather than under duress), working to bring the United States more closely into this same orientation, and seek
to solidify the intangible links of sentiment by propaganda among financial, educational, and political leaders in each country
Carroll Quigley, Tragedy and Hope, p. 144
Cecil John Rhodes (left) and Alfred Beit, South African mining magnates, were instrumental in launching the Jameson Raid
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Confession of Faith
An essay written by Cecil Rhodes, 1877
Rhodes originally wrote this on June 2, 1877, in Oxford. Later, that year in Kimberley [South Africa], he made some additions and chang
What follows is that amended statement. The spelling and grammar errors were in the original.
It often strikes a man to inquire what is the chief good in life; to one the thought comes that it is a happy marriage, to another
great wealth, and as each seizes on his idea, for that he more or less works for the rest of his existence. To myself thinking ov
the same question the wish came to render myself useful to my country. I then asked myself how could I and after reviewing t
various methods I have felt that at the present day we are actually limiting our children and perhaps bringing into the world ha
the human beings we might owing to the lack of country for them to inhabit that if we had retained America there would at th
moment be millions more of English living. I contend that we are the finest race in the world and that the more of the world w
inhabit the better it is for the human race. Just fancy those parts that are at present inhabited by the most despicable specimen
human beings what an alteration there would be if they were brought under Anglo-Saxon influence, look again at the extra
employment a new country added to our dominions gives. I contend that every acre added to our territory means in the future
birth to some more of the English race who otherwise would not be brought into existence. Added to this the absorption of the
greater portion of the world under our rule simply means the end of all wars, at this moment had we not lost America I believ
we could have stopped the Russian-Turkish war by merely refusing money and supplies. Having these ideas what scheme cou
we think of to forward this object. I look into history and I read the story of the Jesuits I see what they were able to do in a ba
cause and I might say under bad leaders.
At the present day I become a member of the Masonic order I see the wealth and power they possess the influence they hold a
I think over their ceremonies and I wonder that a large body of men can devote themselves to what at times appear the mostridiculous and absurd rites without an object and without an end.
The idea gleaming and dancing before ones eyes like a will-of-the-wisp at last frames itself into a plan. Why should we not fo
a secret society with but one object the furtherance of the British Empire and the bringing of the whole uncivilised world und
British rule for the recovery of the United States for the making the Anglo-Saxon race but one Empire. What a dream, but yet
is probable, it is possible. I once heard it argued by a fellow in my own college, I am sorry to own it by an Englishman, that it
was good thing for us that we have lost the United States. There are some subjects on which there can be no arguments, and to
an Englishman this is one of them, but even from an Americans point of view just picture what they have lost, look at their
government, are not the frauds that yearly come before the public view a disgrace to any country and especially theirs which
the finest in the world. Would they have occurred had they remained under English rule great as they have become how
infinitely greater they would have been with the softening and elevating influences of English rule, think of those countless000s of Englishmen that during the last 100 years would have crossed the Atlantic and settled and populated the United State
Would they have not made without any prejudice a finer country of it than the low class Irish and German emigrants? All this
have lost and that country loses owing to whom? Owing to two or three ignorant pig-headed statesmen of the last century, at
their door lies the blame. Do you ever feel mad? do you ever feel murderous. I think I do with those men. I bring facts to prov
my assertion. Does an English father when his sons wish to emigrate ever think of suggesting emigration to a country under
another flag, neverit would seem a disgrace to suggest such a thing I think that we all think that poverty is better under our
own flag than wealth under a foreign one.
Put your mind into another train of thought. Fancy Australia discovered and colonised under the French flag, what would it
mean merely several millions of English unborn that at present exist we learn from the past and to form our future. We learn
from having lost to cling to what we possess. We know the size of the world we know the total extent. Africa is still lying rea
for us it is our duty to take it. It is our duty to seize every opportunity of acquiring more territory and we should keep this oneidea steadily before our eyes that more territory simply means more of the Anglo-Saxon race more of the best the most human
most honourable race the world possesses.
To forward such a scheme what a splendid help a secret society would be a society not openly acknowledged but who would
work in secret for such an object.
I contend that there are at the present moment numbers of the ablest men in the world who would devote their whole lives to i
often think what a loss to the English nation in some respects the abolition of the Rotten Borough System has been. What
thought strikes a man entering the house of commons, the assembly that rule the whole world? I think it is the mediocrity of tmen but what is the cause. It is simplyan assembly of wealth of men whose lives have been spent in the accumulation of
money and whose time has been too much engaged to be able to spare any for the study of past history. And yet in hands of su
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men rest our destinies. Do men like the great Pitt, and Burke and Sheridan not now to exist. I contend they do. There are men
now living with I know no other term the [Greek term] of Aristotle but there are not ways for enabling them to serve their
Country. They live and die unused unemployed. What has the main cause of the success of the Romish Church? The fact that
every enthusiast, call it if you like every madman finds employment in it. Let us form the same kind of society a Church for th
extension of the British Empire. A society which should have members in every part of the British Empire working with one
object and one idea we should have its members placed at our universities and our schools and should watch the English yout
passing through their hands just one perhaps in every thousand would have the mind and feelings for such an object, he shoulbe tried in every way, he should be tested whether he is endurant, possessed of eloquence, disregardful of the petty details of l
and if found to be such, then elected and bound by oath to serve for the rest of his life in his County. He should then be
supported if without means by the Society and sent to that part of the Empire where it was felt he was needed.
Take another case, let us fancy a man who finds himself his own master with ample means of attaining his majority whether h
puts the question directly to himself or not, still like the old story of virtue and vice in the Memorabilia a fight goes on in him
to what he should do. Take if he plunges into dissipation there is nothing too reckless he does not attempt but after a time his
palls on him, he mentally says this is not good enough, he changes his life, he reforms, he travels, he thinks now I have found
chief good in life, the novelty wears off, and he tires, to change again, he goes into the far interior after the wild game he think
at last Ive found that in life of which I cannot tire, again he is disappointed. He returns he thinks is there nothing I can do in
life? Here I am with means, with a good house, with everything that is to be envied and yet I am not happy I am tired of life h
possesses within him a portion of the [Greek term] of Aristotle but he knows it not, to such a man the Society should go, shou
test, and should finally show him the greatness of the scheme and list him as a member.
Take one more case of the younger son with high thoughts, high aspirations, endowed by nature with all the faculties to make
great man, and with the sole wish in life to serve his Country but he lacks two things the means and the opportunity, evertroubled by a sort of inward deity urging him on to high and noble deeds, he is compelled to pass his time in some occupation
which furnishes him with mere existence, he lives unhappily and dies miserably. Such men as these the Society should searchout and use for the furtherance of their object.
(In every Colonial legislature the Society should attempt to have its members prepared at all times to vote or speak and advoc
the closer union of England and the colonies, to crush all disloyalty and every movement for the severance of our Empire. Th
Society should inspire and even own portions of the press for the press rules the mind of the people. The Society should alway
be searching for members who might by their position in the world by their energies or character forward the object but the
ballot and test for admittance should be severe)
Once make it common and it fails. Take a man of great wealth who is bereft of his children perhaps having his mind soured b
some bitter disappointment who shuts himself up separate from his neighbours and makes up his mind to a miserable existencTo such men as these the society should go gradually disclose the greatness of their scheme and entreat him to throw in his lif
and property with them for this object. I think that there are thousands now existing who would eagerly grasp at the opportuni
Such are the heads of my scheme.
For fear that death might cut me off before the time for attempting its development I leave all my worldly goods in trust to S.
Shippard and the Secretary for the Colonies at the time of my death to try to form such a Society with such an object.
(Source: http://www.uoregon.edu/~kimball/Rhodes-Confession.htm)
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The Circle of Initiates and Round Table Groups: Part 1
Excerpts from Carroll Quigleys bookTragedy and Hope, p. 130-133
The new imperialism after 1870 was quite different in tone from that which the Little Englanders had opposed earlier. The ch
changes were that it was justified on grounds of moral duty and of social reform and not, as earlier, on grounds of missionary
activity and material advantage. The man most responsible for this change was John Ruskin.
Until 1870 there was no professorship of fine arts at Oxford, but in that year, thanks to the Slade bequest, John Ruskin was
named to such a chair. He hit Oxford like an earthquake, not so much because he talked about fine arts, but because he talked
also about the empire and England's downtrodden masses, and above all because he talked about all three of these things asmoral issues. Until the end of the nineteenth century the poverty-stricken masses in the cities of England lived in want, ig-
norance, and crime very much as they have been described by Charles Dickens. Ruskin spoke to the Oxford undergraduates a
members of the privileged, ruling class. He told them that they were the possessors of a magnificent tradition of education,
beauty, rule of law, freedom, decency, and self-discipline but that this tradition could not be saved, and did not deserve to be
saved, unless it could be extended to the lower classes in England itself and to the non-English masses throughout the world.
this precious tradition were not extended to these two great majorities, the minority of upper-class Englishmen would ultimat
be submerged by these majorities and the tradition lost. To prevent this, the tradition must be extended to the masses and to th
empire.
Ruskins message had a sensational impact. His inaugural lecture was copied out in longhand by one undergraduate, Cecil
Rhodes, who kept it with him for thirty years. Rhodes (1853-1902) feverishly exploited the diamond and goldfields of South
Africa, rose to be prime minister of the Cape Colony (1890-1896), contributed money to political parties, controlledparliamentary seats both in England and in South Africa, and sought to win a strip of British territory across Africa from the
Cape of Good Hope to Egypt and to join these two extremes together with a telegraph line and ultimately with a Cape-to-Cair
Railway. Rhodes inspired devoted support for his goals from others in South Africa and in England. With financial support fr
Lord Rothschild and Alfred Beit, he was able to monopolize the diamond mines of South Africa as De Beers Consolidated
Mines and to build up a great gold mining enterprise as Consolidated Gold Fields. In the middle 1890's Rhodes had a persona
income of at least a million pounds sterling a year (then about five million dollars) which was spent so freely for his mysterio
purposes that he was usually overdrawn on his account. These purposes centered on his desire to federate the English-speakin
peoples and to bring all the habitable portions of the world under their control. For this purpose Rhodes left part of his great
fortune to found the Rhodes Scholarships at Oxford in order to spread the English ruling class tradition throughout the Englis
speaking world as Ruskin had wanted.
Among Ruskins most devoted disciples at Oxford were a group of intimate friends including Arnold Toynbee, Alfred (laterLord) Milner, Arthur Glazebrook, George (later Sir George) Parkin, Philip Lyttelton Gell, and Henry (later Sir Henry)
Birchenough. These were so moved by Ruskin that they devoted the rest of their lives to carrying out his ideas. A similar grou
of Cambridge men including Reginald Baliol Brett (Lord Esher), Sir John B. Seeley, Albert (Lord) Grey, and Edmund Garret
were also aroused by Ruskin's message and devoted their lives to extension of the British Empire and uplift of England's urba
masses as two parts of one project which they called extension of the English-speaking idea. They were remarkably successin these aims because England's most sensational journalist William T. Stead (1849-1912), an ardent social reformer and
imperialist, brought them into association with Rhodes. This association was formally established on February 5, 1891, when
Rhodes and Stead organized a secret society of which Rhodes had been dreaming for sixteen years. In this secret society Rhod
was to be leader; Stead, Brett (Lord Esher), and Milner were to form an executive committee; Arthur (Lord) Balfour, (Sir) Ha
Johnston, Lord Rothschild, Albert (Lord) Grey, and others were listed as potential members of a Circle of Initiates; while th
was to be an outer circle known as the Association of Helpers (later organized by Milner as the Round Table organization).
Brett was invited to join this organization the same day and Milner a couple of weeks later, on his return from Egypt. Both
accepted with enthusiasm. Thus the central part of the secret society was established by March 1891. It continued to function
a formal group, although the outer circle was, apparently, not organized until 1909-1913. This group was able to get access to
Rhodes's money after his death in 1902 and also to the funds of loyal Rhodes supporters like Alfred Beit (1853-1906) and Sir
Abe Bailey (1864-1940). With this backing they sought to extend and execute the ideals that Rhodes had obtained from Rusk
and Stead. Milner was the chief Rhodes Trustee and Parkin was Organizing Secretary of the Rhodes Trust after 1902, while G
and Birchenough, as well as others with similar ideas, became officials of the British South Africa Company. They were joine
in their efforts by other Ruskinite friends of Steads like Lord Grey, Lord Esher, and Flora Shaw (later Lady Lugard). In 1890
by a stratagem too elaborate to describe here, Miss Shaw became Head of the Colonial Department ofThe Times while stillremaining on the p