33 part 3-earthsoft-water - pollution-challenges-solution

Making earth little softer

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About us


• Water cycle• What is pollution• Form of Pollution• Types of Pollution• Causes• Effect• Prevention• Ground water• Water quality• Diseases• Solutions

Index• Prevention and control• Solutions• Waste water treatment• Clean production• Solutions• Suggestions • Legislation• Assessment• Statistics• Sanitation• Septic Systems• Sewage treatment


Challenges


Challenges- Industry

Over exploitation

Over exploitation

Groundwater depletion

Groundwater depletionPollutionPollution

Land Degraded

Land Degraded

Agriculture Spoiled

Groundwater & Surface water polluted

Groundwater & Surface water polluted

Health IssuesHealth Issues


Challenges- Government• Inefficient Government – State construction

• Lack of integrated water management

• Inadequate enforcement of environment legislation relating to water

• Insufficient facilities for waste water treatment

• Insufficient local technological research on water


Challenges - Public• Wasting Water

• Polluting Water


Challenges – Climate change• 2020 India will become a water stressed nation.• 66 million Indians in 20 states are at risk due to

excess fluoride• 10 million due to excess arsenic in groundwater• Out of these 6.3 lakh rural schools only 44 %

have water supply facilities• Half of all Indian children are undernourished

and half of all adult women suffer from anaemia.


Challenges• 37.7 million Indians are affected by waterborne

diseases annually• 1.5 million children are estimated to die of

diarrhoea alone• 180 million working days are lost due to

waterborne disease each year• Economic burden is estimated at $600 million a

year.• 1,95,813 habitations in the country are affected

by poor water quality.


Challenges• India’s rivers carry 90% of the water during the

period from June to November, but only 10% is available during the other six months.

• Biofuel threatens India’s water supply.• 161 of out of approximately 600 districts in India

have been declared drought.• At least 45% of India's land area is degraded.• 90% of the sewage generated by municipal

councils and over 50% of sewage discharged by municipal corporations goes untreated


Challenges• Overview of the major problems:• Drinking Water• Inadequate and intermittent supply of drinking

water• Metallic and bacterial pollution of water• Inadequate piped water supply in rural areas

and some urban slum areas• Loss of water in transmission (distribution) and

storage• Lack of financial resources for improvements.


Challenges• Affect agriculture production• Insufficient local technological research on

water• Lack of integrated water management• Inadequate enforcement of environment

legislation relating to water• Lack of control over-exploitation of groundwater

resources• Insufficient facilities for waste water treatment


Challenges- Industrial water• Inadequate enforcement of special water regime

for industries requiring considerable amounts of water

• Inability of municipal water supplier to meet increasing demands of existing & new industries


Challenges

Uncontrolled exploitation of ground water by some industrial establishments

Safety of industrial establishments from surplus surface water and floods

Lack of proper draining facilities


Challenges• River Yamuna- “the principal drain for New

Delhi’s waste.”

• “Residents pour 150 million gallons of sewage into the river each day.”

• “In New Delhi the Yamuna itself is clinically dead.”

• River Ganges- “River of Dead Bodies”


Challenges• The World's Most Polluted Places (Times

survey)• Sukinda, India• Number of people potentially affected: 2,600,000• Groundwater in Sukinda is believed to be

contaminated with chromium. Sukinda, which contains one of the largest open cast chromite ore mines in the world, 60% of the drinking water contains hexavalent chromium


Challenges• Most common reasons for not enough supply

• Not enough rain or drought

• Changes to a river basin

• Wells run dry


Water Pollution SolutionsWhat can we contribute?


Prevention• Better to NOT pollute than to clean up later

• Clean up is expensive• Clean up never complete get completed


Prevention and control• Various ways and technique suggested for

prevention and control of water pollution are following

• Stabilization of eco-system.• Re-utilization or recycling of wastes


Pollution ControlMeasures of pollution control :• Public awareness.• Minimizing the use of polypacks.• Use of fuel-efficient automobiles.• Effective traffic management.• Fertilizers & pesticides to be used in adequate

quantity as minimum as possible• Plantation of native species of plants.• Solid wastes should be pre-treated & re-cycled.• Proper laws to be enforced


Solutions• Solutions: Preventing and Reducing Surface

Water PollutionNonpoint Sources• Reduce runoff• Buffer zone vegetation• Reduce soil erosionPoint Sources• Clean Water Act• Water Quality Act


ONLY SOLUTION IS

CLEANER PRODUCTION

Clean production


Do You Want?


Solution

Progress is Must,But

Environment is First.


Solution• Solutions to water problems require the

consideration of cultural, educational, communication and scientific aspects.

• Plant Trees• Avoid Pollution• Conserve water• Technologies and Innovations• Water Purification Systems• Seawater desalination• Water Footprint


Solution• The much-awaited seawater desalination plant,

the largest in the country with a capacity of 100 MLD (million litres per day), coming up near Minjur about 35 km north of Chennai .

• Under the technology, developed by the National Institute of Ocean Technology (NIOT), warm water is pumped into a vacuum flash chamber and the resultant vapour is condensed using cold water to get crystal clear potable water.

• Desalinated water is of a better quality and the cost is only 6 paise per litre.


Solution-Water foot print• To manage the water consumption better.• A water footprint measures the total amount of

water it takes for a company to manufacture and transport a product, or for a city, country, or business to operate.

• Calculating water footprints can help businesses and communities better understand and prepare for the impacts of global water scarcity, according to experts.

• Such data allows companies to identify potential water savings and plan for future shortages


Solution• Rain Water Harvesting

• Irrigation Water Management

• Hydrological projects - Construction of Dams

• Artificial Recharge to Ground Water through Dug well


River linking project


Solution• Try to do things each day that will save water• Don't worry if the saving is minimal, every drop

counts! You can make a difference. • To use only the amount you actually need• Form a group of water-conscious people and

encourage friends & neighbors to be in group• Promote water conservation in community

newsletters and on bulletin boards. • Encourage your friends, neighbors and co-

workers to also contribute. • Encourage family to keep looking for new ways

to conserve water in and around your home.


Solution• Make sure that your home is leak-free. • Many homes have leaking pipes that go

unnoticed.• Do not leave the tap running while you are

brushing your teeth or soaping your face.


Solution• Avoid flushing the toilet unnecessarily. • When washing the car, use water from a bucket

and not a hosepipe.• Do not throw away water that has been used for

washing vegetables, rice or dals. • Use it to water plants or to clean the floors, etc.• You can store water in a variety of ways. • To place a drum on a raised platform directly

under the rainwater collection source. • You can also collect water in a bucket during the

rainy season.• Donate fund for ongoing projects.


Solution• Water awareness groups among social media

networking sites like Twitter, Facebook are creating new trend among the social awareness groups.

• Web 2.0 concept helps to bridge gap between the people – more interactive

• By doing this water project, I have learned more about saving a drop of water rather using wordpress

• Its not a solution to be found, it should be a RESOLUTION everyone should take.


Solution

sAvE wAtErSaVe WoRlD


• Of all the water in the world, only 3% is fresh. • < 1/3rd of 1% fresh water is available for us• The rest is frozen in glaciers or polar ice caps,

or is deep within the earth, beyond our reach.• If 100 liters represents the world's water, about

half a tablespoon of it is fresh water available• Increase in world's population as more people

live cities and big towns• Increase in farming because farmers start

growing more crops • Increase in money earned results people use a

lot more water in dishwashers & lawn sprinklers

Why save water?


• Few ideas for educating the importance of water• Paint pictures, view or present performances or

sing songs that convey conservation message• Read, circulate, debate water related articles• Write stories about the role that water plays• Discuss how water quality and quantity can

impact the health of the people• Investigate the role that water plays globally• Understand the amount of water used in• Study the water cycle, understand the

importance of water for life and how plants and animals adapt to different water conditions

Ideas to save water


• Understand the role of water in geological formations or atmospheric conditions.

• Investigate the development of water supply and water treatment

• Understand how these technologies consider the environment and society in order to support economic growth

Ideas to save water


Saving water in home• Running water is required for an endless list of

uses in and around the home. • Imagine living in a house without running

water...For some this might be a nightmare• Be careful while using water in our homes! • Understand easy & effective ways to reduce the

use of precious drinking water in our gardens. • Water the plants as per real need• We can't afford gardens that require excessive

amounts of water.


Save water - BusinessesOpportunities to reduce water used in businesses like factory, office, restrooms or canteen

HOSPITALITYGood water

management in hospitality will help protect

environment.

FOOD PROCESSING

Saving water can result in better hygiene and

reduction in costs.

NURSERIES

Water efficiency also encourages good

business practices.

CONSTRUCTIONGood water

management in hospitality will help

protect environment.

TEXTILESSaving water can

result in better hygiene and

reduction in costs.

MANUFACTURINGWater efficiency also

encourages good business practices.


Save water - AgricultureWhile agriculture is one of our country's most significant water users, some innovative solutions have been developed to improve water use efficiency and maintain or even increase yields.

COTTON

Efficient water management is vital for cotton growers to achieve high yields

RICE

Rice is the main crop of India and it

requires a lot of water for sowing, growing,

cleaning, etc.

DAIRY

The dairy industry uses water for irrigation of pastures, watering stock and cleaning

dairy sheds.


Saving water in horticulture• Horticulture industry includes production of fruit,

vegetables, wine and ornamental plants. • Horticulture production is intensive in water use. • To improve water use efficiency, farmers should

use irrigation methods that are appropriate to the crop

• They must monitor and maintain irrigation system performance and manage water usage in terms of needs of the crop and local weather conditions.


Saving water in home A to Z• A dripping tap could waste as much as 90 liters

a week. • Brushing your teeth with the tap running wastes

almost 9 liters a minute. Rinse out from a tumbler instead.

• Cool water kept in the fridge means you won't have to run the tap for ages to get a cold drink.

• Don't use washing machine until you've got a full load. A full load uses less than 2 half loads.

• Every time you boil an egg save the cooled water for your houseplants. They'll benefit from the nutrients released from the shell.


Saving water in home A to Z• Fit a water saving device in your cistern and

save up to three liters a flush. • Grow grass a little longer. It will stay greener

than a close mown lawn and need less watering. • Hoeing stimulates the growth of plants, reduces

water loss from the soil surface and removes weeds that take up valuable water and nutrients.

• Installing a water meter can save you water and money by monitoring how much you use.

• Just taking a five minute shower very day, instead of a bath, will use a third of the water, saving up to 400 liters a week.


Saving water in home A to Z• Kettles should be filled with enough water for

your needs but not to the brim. This will reduce your fuel bills too.

• Lag your pipes to avoid bursts and leave your heating on a low setting while you are out in cold weather to prevent pipes freezing.

• Mulch for moisture in the garden. Adding a layer of tree bark, compost, coconut husks or even newspaper keeps the sun off the soil and retains precious moisture.

• No further watering is usually required for established trees and shrubs.


Saving water in home A to Z• Once a week is all the watering your lawn needs

even in the hottest weather. • Purchasing a water butt will help you to collect

rain water for use on the garden.• Question your local garden centre about the

water requirements of different plants. Some thrive in drier conditions.

• Replacing a toilet cistern can save water. • Sprinklers can be wasteful. It can use water in

an hour as a family of four will use in a day! • Trigger nozzles can save water by using it only

when needed.


Saving water in home A to Z• Use the dirty water when cleaning a fish tank on

houseplants. It's rich in nitrogen & phosphorus, which provides an excellent fertilizer.

• Very 'water efficient' washing machines and dishwashers to be used.

• You'll find that they save on energy too. • Water garden at the coolest part of the day to

reduce evaporation. • Xeriscape , a plants that require less water. • You turn the hot tap down, rather than the cold

tap up, if you require cooler water. • Z The end of the alphabet but not the end of

water saving ideas – pl convey us as many!


Saving water

Do you leave the tap on when you clean your teeth?

You waste 5 litres of water.

You only need ¼ litre!

Do you leave the tap on when you clean your teeth?

You waste 5 litres of water.

You only need ¼ litre!


An average bath uses 80 litres of water.

An average shower only uses 35 litres.

An average bath uses 80 litres of water.

An average shower only uses 35 litres.

Saving water


Prevent pollution


• 1. Conserve water by turning off the tap when running water is not necessary. This helps prevent water shortages and reduces the amount of contaminated water that needs treatment.

• 2. Be careful about what you throw down your sink or toilet. Don’t throw paints, oils or other forms of litter down the drain.

• 3. Use environmentally household products, such as washing powder, household cleaning agents and toiletries.

Ways to conserve water


• 4. Take great care not to overuse pesticides and fertilisers. This will prevent runoffs of the material into nearby water sources.

• 5. By having more plants in your garden you are preventing fertiliser, pesticides and contaminated water from running off into nearby water sources.

• 6. Don’t throw litter into rivers, lakes or oceans. Help clean up any litter you see on beaches or in rivers and lakes, make sure it is safe to collect the litter and put it in a nearby dustbin.

• 7. Segregate the cotton, paper & plastic waste

Ways to conserve water


Preventive measures• New techniques that need no water are highly

beneficial. Some of the wet processes should be replaced by the dry processes. For example, metal pickling once carried out by acids is replaced by sand blasting in which no liquid effluent is generated.

• To minimize the volume of effluents, the waste water that is less polluted may be used in rinsing. For instance, in the mercerizing of yarn, the final rinse water containing little alkali is used for the first and second rinsing of yarn containing excess alkali.


Preventing water pollution• Rivers should not be used for washing clothes

or bathing animal• Dams and embankments must be created• The rivers must not be contaminated


Remedial measures• Locate the point sources of pollution. • Work against acid rain.• Educate your community. • Ensure sustainable sewage treatment. • Watch out for toxins. • Be careful what you throw away & where • Use water efficiently. • Prevent pollution . • Think globally, act locally.


Rethink storage• Renewed interest in storage

infrastructure for irrigation particularly in sub-Saharan Africa

• Explore wide range of options: large scale reservoirs, small village ponds, groundwater, water harvesting (i.e. soil moisture storage), virtual storage (food)

• Diversity of storage options within a basin

• New hydropower schemes and their impacts will be inevitable


Reform water governance• By demonstrating that evidence based policy

and management works best• By policies and institutional reform• By improved determination of water rights• By better valuation and pricing of water that

protects the rights of the poor• By improved management systems that are

equitable and gender friendly


Water pollution control• Methods of controlling water pollution fall into

three general categories:• Primary• Secondary• Tertiary


Levels of seperationPrimary• Removal of grit and large objects by physical

separation.Secondary• Aerobic microbiological process• Lowers suspended solid contents into sludgeTertiary• Anaerobic microbiological process• Re-oxygenated


Water pollution control


Groundwater pollution prevention• Monitor aquifers• Find less hazardous substitutes• Leak detection systems• Strictly regulating hazardous waste disposal• Store hazardous materials above ground


Reducing water pollution• Non point source• Septic tanks and sewers


Pollution : Agriculture• 2002: feed lot ruling• Credit trading• Agricultural: soil erosion, reforestation, cover

crops, reduced fertilizers and pesticides, buffer zones


Protection of water• Protection of water resources is primarily on the

technical solution, such as:• The application of technology without

wastewater• Of aeration of stagnant water• By closing water circuits• For mine water recycling and re-injection of

water into the ground • To secure the dumps and landfills• A wastewater treatment


Solutions• Prevent groundwater contamination• Greatly reduce nonpoint runoff• Reuse treated wastewater for irrigation• Find substitutes for toxic pollutants• Work with nature to treat sewage• Practice four R's of resource use (refuse,

reduce, recycle, reuse)• Reduce resource waste• Reduce air pollution• Reduce poverty• Reduce birth rates


Suggestions • Never dump anything into city street drains. • Check your vehicle for any leaks that could

pollute waterways when flushed down city drains.

• Don't let water run while you are washing or brushing your teeth

• Replace taps with water-saving models. • Don't dump unwanted prescriptions down the

toilet or the drain.


Great TipsBelow are several great tips you can use

to help prevent water pollution


Recycle Your Motor Oil


Take Care of Septic Tank• One way to make sure you have clean water

around your home is to properly maintain your septic tank. If it is not taken care of, the water from the tank can contaminate nearby water sources.

• Septic tanks are especially susceptible to breeding deadly bacteria. Make sure to have your tank inspected regularly and pumped when needed.


Be Educated About Your Car Wash Options

• Certain car washes do not dispose of the water they use properly. You should try to only use car washes that make sure to dispose of their water in a way that does not harm the environment.

• Many car washes also recycle their water. This practice can both protect water supplies as well as increase water conservation.


Use Natural Pesticides and Fertilizers

• Fertilizers and pesticides are some of the most common sources of water pollution in the world. If you have a garden, make sure to try to use more natural alternatives that will leave less of an impact on the environment.

• Avoid pesticides that contain harmful chemicals. Instead, go for pesticides that include ingredients like pyrethrum and insecticide soap.


Choices for fertilizer

• More natural choices for fertilizer include things such as animal dung, lawn clippings and ash from wood. In fact, many of these choices can enrich soil much better than most commercial fertilizers.


Use Environmentally Friendly Products

• Consumers should also be mindful of the household products they use that could potentially harm local water sources. E.g.certain kinds of soap are not actually biodegradable

• Biodegradable soap is available in the market and will not leave any kind of lasting imprint on water sources once it goes down the drain. Vinegar can also be a great alternative to bleach and chemical based cleaners.


Take Better Care of lawn• How you clean your lawn can also help affect

water quality near your home. One way to make sure a local water supply is not contaminated is to make sure grass clippings do not enter a nearby drain.

• More carefully sweeping and picking up your grass can help prevent this from happening.


4 R’s

Refuse, Reduce, Recycle, Reuse


No dumping


Sanitation lead better life• Using a large piece of paper decide how

improved sanitation can help well being


Sanitation


Politics• Often politics and war can play a role in

contamination and mass movement of people increasing the likelihood of water stress


Legislation• Water Quality Improvement Act of 1970• --control of oil pollution; work to eliminate acid

mine drainage, pollution of Great Lakes• CLEAN WATER ACT OF 1972• --billions of $ to clean up nation’s waters;

modern sewage treatment plants—huge affect• Comprehensive Environmental Response,

Compensation, and Liability Act of 1980• ---superfund!


• The graph shows reported pollution incidents since 1989-1994. If stronger legislations would have avoided these occurrences

Legislation


Assessment of pollution• The degree of pollution is determined by the

indicators of pollution, i.e. concentration of the substance in milligrams per 1 dm ³ of water.

• One of the most important indicators of surface water pollution is the concentration of dissolved oxygen, maximum value of 8.9 mg/dm3.

• Lower concentration of oxygen indicates the pollution of organic compounds, biochemical degradation, decrease in oxygen concentrations below 4 mg/dm3 causes death of many aquatic organisms


Assessment of pollutionOther indicators of pollution of natural waters are: • Biochemical oxygen demand, which is a

measure of the content of biochemical degradable organic compounds

• Chemical oxygen demand - a measure of the contents of all organic compounds

• The presence of suspended mineral and organic• Inorganic and organic compounds of nitrogen,

phosphorus.


Statistics• One of every five people in the world lacks

access to safe drinking water.• Ninety-five percent of people in developed

countries and 74% of people in developing countries have access to clean drinking water.

• In a warmer world, too much rain and too little rain can increase water pollution.

Making earth little softer85

Septic Systems• Technological approach : Require suitable soil

and maintenance


Septic Systems• Technological approach : Require suitable soil

and maintenance


Sewage treatmentAdvanced (Tertiary) Sewage Treatment• Uses physical and chemical processes• Removes nitrate and phosphate• Expensive• Not widely used


Sewage treatment• Physical and biological treatment


Sewage treatment• Primary• Screens and settling tanks remove grit &

suspended organic matter.• Secondary• Sewage aerated; aerobic bacteria consume

organic matter• Leave dissolved inorganics, NO3, PO4, etc.• Tertiary• Filters most dissolved inorganics and remaining

dissolved organic compounds


Primary Sewage treatment

90

• Screens and settling tanks remove grit & suspended organic matter.


Secondary Sewage treatment• Sewage aerated; aerobic bacteria consume

organic matter• Leave dissolved inorganics, NO3, PO4, etc.


Sewage treatment• Tertiary• Filters most dissolved inorganics and remaining

dissolved organic compounds • Can be done biologically in wetlands• Natural • Artificial


Advanced Sewage treatment• Uses physical and chemical processes• Removes nitrate and phosphate• Expensive• Not widely used


Wetlands to treat sewage

Technological Approach


Wastewater Treatment Tech

Waste water treatment• Mechanical-consisting

of the removal of insoluble impurities

• Chemical-precipitation consisting of certain soluble compounds or their neutralization

• In the biological wastewater treatment technologies, involving the purification of pollutants by the action of microorganisms


Waste water treatment• The primary objective of wastewater treatment

is to protect the natural environment, and above all to protect the purity of surface waters.


Waste water treatment plants


Wastewater Treatment


Be the solution• You are the solution to the pollution


Pollution as a Bomb


Save the earth


References • www.wikipedia.org; www.google.com, www.slideshare.net• Gannon; Osmond, , Humenik, Gale, Spooner, Agricultural Water Quality Water resource• U.S.A. Environmental protection agency, washington, dc (usa)• MacKenzie, SH The Ecosystem ISLAND PRESS, CA (USA), 1996, 240• Water pollution and society ByDavid Krantz and Brad Kifferstein• Water pollution, By Mahesh & Ram, By Shohail Motahir Choudhury, Prasen Raptan,Executive

Director,Jankalyana• Living in the Environment, By G. Tyler Miller’s• Authors Arnone Matteo,Belingheri Omar,Fasce Federico,Migliorino Lorenzo,Ernest Kyć,• Michał Stolarski,Adam Chłąd,Kamil Tratkiewicz• Water Pollution by Dr. B. Victor• Refresher course on sewage treatment plant design by PAUL• Trends and Scenarios in Agricultural Development by COLIN CHARTRES; International Water Management

Institute• Diamond Energy Water. The close relationship between Water & Our Body. 19 April 2008 • <http://www.be-with-you.com/dew/WaterAndOurBody.html>.• We Rise. Water Facts. Allabout_facts. 15 May 2008 <www.werise.us/allabout_facts.html>• “Olympic Science: The Hydration Rate.” Popular Mechanics. August 2008. 68.• Water Security: Leadership and Commitment by Shuichi Hirayama• Environmental Pollutants By Dr.Rathnakar U.P.MD.DIH.PGDHM (K.M.C. Mangalore)• Water Pollution By DiGiT• Water Pollution & Cleanup By Andrew J Penniman• Water Pollution by Home• Air, Water and Soil pollution - By B.Tungalagtuya• John Rodgers - Lecture 8: Water Pollution• pppst.com• kangenforall.com