3.3 - joint2kaas, darby - tappi€¢ mechanical seal – no real chemical compatibility involved –...

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Heat Sealing Duncan Darby Clemson University

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Page 1: 3.3 - joint2Kaas, Darby - TAPPI€¢ Mechanical Seal – No real chemical compatibility involved – Plastic flows into pores or around fibers of seal partner. 4 Opening Mechanisms

Heat Sealing

Duncan Darby

Clemson University

Page 2: 3.3 - joint2Kaas, Darby - TAPPI€¢ Mechanical Seal – No real chemical compatibility involved – Plastic flows into pores or around fibers of seal partner. 4 Opening Mechanisms

Common Method to Close / Shape Flexible Packages

• Supply thermal energy on outside of package

• Soften / “melt” sealant

• Also used in closure of semi‐rigid and rigid packages– Especially combinations with flexible, e.g. cups & lids, etc.

Page 3: 3.3 - joint2Kaas, Darby - TAPPI€¢ Mechanical Seal – No real chemical compatibility involved – Plastic flows into pores or around fibers of seal partner. 4 Opening Mechanisms

What Is Needed to Make a Seal

• Two surfaces‐ thermoplastic “seal partners”

• Time, Temperature and Pressure??

• Actually time, energy and pressure– Different seal methods supply energy in different ways

Page 4: 3.3 - joint2Kaas, Darby - TAPPI€¢ Mechanical Seal – No real chemical compatibility involved – Plastic flows into pores or around fibers of seal partner. 4 Opening Mechanisms

Heat Conduction

• Most common type of sealing is heated tooling– Often called hot bar, bar, constant temperature, heat sealing, etc.

• Depending on conduction through the materials

• Generally need higher melt point on outside than on inside

Page 5: 3.3 - joint2Kaas, Darby - TAPPI€¢ Mechanical Seal – No real chemical compatibility involved – Plastic flows into pores or around fibers of seal partner. 4 Opening Mechanisms

Model of Conductive Heat SealingSeal Interface Temperature vs. Time

0.0

50.0

100.0

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200.0

250.0

300.0

0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8

Time, sec

Tem

pera

ture

, F

Temperature @ Seal Interface vs. Time

0.0000

50.0000

100.0000

150.0000

200.0000

250.0000

300.0000

0.000 0.100 0.200 0.300 0.400 0.500 0.600

Time (s)

Tem

pera

ture

(F)

2 mil LLDPE sealed one side at 250 F

2 mil LLDPE sealed two sides at 250 F

Page 6: 3.3 - joint2Kaas, Darby - TAPPI€¢ Mechanical Seal – No real chemical compatibility involved – Plastic flows into pores or around fibers of seal partner. 4 Opening Mechanisms

Model of Cooling of Heat SealCooling Curve for a Seal

0

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0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18

Time, s

Tem

pert

ure.

F

Temp seal interface

2 mil LLDPE initially at 250 F

Page 7: 3.3 - joint2Kaas, Darby - TAPPI€¢ Mechanical Seal – No real chemical compatibility involved – Plastic flows into pores or around fibers of seal partner. 4 Opening Mechanisms

To Understand Seal Mechanisms

• Separate:– The mechanism of creating the seal

– The mechanism of opening the seal

Page 8: 3.3 - joint2Kaas, Darby - TAPPI€¢ Mechanical Seal – No real chemical compatibility involved – Plastic flows into pores or around fibers of seal partner. 4 Opening Mechanisms

3 Mechanisms of Making a Seal• Chain entanglement across seal interface

– Aka molecular intermingling, autohesion 

– Molecular chains cross interface & entangle together

• Intermolecular bonding– Functional groups on one seal partner attracted to those on other seal partner

• Mechanical Seal– No real chemical compatibility involved

– Plastic flows into pores or around fibers of seal partner

Page 9: 3.3 - joint2Kaas, Darby - TAPPI€¢ Mechanical Seal – No real chemical compatibility involved – Plastic flows into pores or around fibers of seal partner. 4 Opening Mechanisms

4 Opening Mechanisms• Destruct / Fusion ‐ Seal is stronger than something else, so something else breaks

• Adhesive (peelable)‐When opening, sealant comes away from seal partner

• Cohesive (peelable)‐ Sealant on one of the seal partners breaks within  itself

• Interfacial / delamination (peelable)‐ Seal strong, but delamination built into structure allows for easier opening

Page 10: 3.3 - joint2Kaas, Darby - TAPPI€¢ Mechanical Seal – No real chemical compatibility involved – Plastic flows into pores or around fibers of seal partner. 4 Opening Mechanisms

Relating Seal Mechanisms to Opening Mechanisms

• Chain entanglement– Typically destruct, cohesive, interfacial peel

– Blended sealants can result in cohesive or adhesive bonds

• Intermolecular bonding– Typically adhesive

• Mechanical– Typically destruct, cohesive

Page 11: 3.3 - joint2Kaas, Darby - TAPPI€¢ Mechanical Seal – No real chemical compatibility involved – Plastic flows into pores or around fibers of seal partner. 4 Opening Mechanisms

Opening Mechanisms

AdhesiveCohesive

DestructInterfacial split

Page 12: 3.3 - joint2Kaas, Darby - TAPPI€¢ Mechanical Seal – No real chemical compatibility involved – Plastic flows into pores or around fibers of seal partner. 4 Opening Mechanisms

Seal Curves

• Help to characterize / predict seal behavior of material

• Derived from seal test

• Y‐axis:  Seal strength

• X‐axis: Energy (usually temperature)– Pressure, time could also be used

Page 13: 3.3 - joint2Kaas, Darby - TAPPI€¢ Mechanical Seal – No real chemical compatibility involved – Plastic flows into pores or around fibers of seal partner. 4 Opening Mechanisms

Seal Test‐What To Expect

Typically, one of these will end up in the seal curve

Page 14: 3.3 - joint2Kaas, Darby - TAPPI€¢ Mechanical Seal – No real chemical compatibility involved – Plastic flows into pores or around fibers of seal partner. 4 Opening Mechanisms

Example Seal Curve

Page 15: 3.3 - joint2Kaas, Darby - TAPPI€¢ Mechanical Seal – No real chemical compatibility involved – Plastic flows into pores or around fibers of seal partner. 4 Opening Mechanisms

Risks of Using MST / SIT

• Can be arbitrary‐ different film companies use different “minimums”– ASTM specifies a number

• Different polymers / processing may give different shapes

• Best practice is to have entire curve

Page 16: 3.3 - joint2Kaas, Darby - TAPPI€¢ Mechanical Seal – No real chemical compatibility involved – Plastic flows into pores or around fibers of seal partner. 4 Opening Mechanisms

Seal Curves with MST’s

Page 17: 3.3 - joint2Kaas, Darby - TAPPI€¢ Mechanical Seal – No real chemical compatibility involved – Plastic flows into pores or around fibers of seal partner. 4 Opening Mechanisms

Hot Tack

• Seal curves measured when seal has cooled

• For some applications, seal when hot is important 

• Seal may encounter impact or pressure when hot trying to push seal open– Vertical form fill seal machines

– Hot fill applications

Page 18: 3.3 - joint2Kaas, Darby - TAPPI€¢ Mechanical Seal – No real chemical compatibility involved – Plastic flows into pores or around fibers of seal partner. 4 Opening Mechanisms

Measuring Hot Tack

• Make seal on device

• Immediately after seal jaw opens, measure seal strength

• The stronger the opening force when hot, the better the hot tack properties

Page 19: 3.3 - joint2Kaas, Darby - TAPPI€¢ Mechanical Seal – No real chemical compatibility involved – Plastic flows into pores or around fibers of seal partner. 4 Opening Mechanisms

Heat Seal Defects: Poor Seals• Insufficient / Excess time, energy, pressure

• Incompatible layers

• Wrinkles in seal area

• Misalignment on packaging line

• Completely missed seal

• Tear / delaminate on opening

Page 20: 3.3 - joint2Kaas, Darby - TAPPI€¢ Mechanical Seal – No real chemical compatibility involved – Plastic flows into pores or around fibers of seal partner. 4 Opening Mechanisms

General Seal Defects

Page 21: 3.3 - joint2Kaas, Darby - TAPPI€¢ Mechanical Seal – No real chemical compatibility involved – Plastic flows into pores or around fibers of seal partner. 4 Opening Mechanisms

Causes of Leaking Seals

• Product in seal

• Insufficient (or excess) time, energy, pressure

• Gussets, fins, laps that go from one thickness to another– Sealant has to flow to prevent open channels

– “Caulking”

Page 22: 3.3 - joint2Kaas, Darby - TAPPI€¢ Mechanical Seal – No real chemical compatibility involved – Plastic flows into pores or around fibers of seal partner. 4 Opening Mechanisms

Leaking Seals

Page 23: 3.3 - joint2Kaas, Darby - TAPPI€¢ Mechanical Seal – No real chemical compatibility involved – Plastic flows into pores or around fibers of seal partner. 4 Opening Mechanisms

Product in Seal: Powders & Particulate

• May not melt at all

• If they do melt, probably not compatible with sealant

• Options– Prevent it from happening during fill

– Flush it out with lots of sealant

– Get sealant that seals through contamination

Page 24: 3.3 - joint2Kaas, Darby - TAPPI€¢ Mechanical Seal – No real chemical compatibility involved – Plastic flows into pores or around fibers of seal partner. 4 Opening Mechanisms

Solid in Seals

Page 25: 3.3 - joint2Kaas, Darby - TAPPI€¢ Mechanical Seal – No real chemical compatibility involved – Plastic flows into pores or around fibers of seal partner. 4 Opening Mechanisms

Product in Seal: Liquids & Grease• Low vaporization temperatures

– Vaporize & expand during seal, may break seal back open

• High vaporization temperatures– May not blow seal open, probably prevent seal

• Options– Prevent it from happening during fill

– Get sealant that seals through contamination

Page 26: 3.3 - joint2Kaas, Darby - TAPPI€¢ Mechanical Seal – No real chemical compatibility involved – Plastic flows into pores or around fibers of seal partner. 4 Opening Mechanisms

Liquid in Seals

Page 27: 3.3 - joint2Kaas, Darby - TAPPI€¢ Mechanical Seal – No real chemical compatibility involved – Plastic flows into pores or around fibers of seal partner. 4 Opening Mechanisms

Packaging Material Components in Seal: Slip Additive

• Added to promote machinability

• Some versions migrate to film surface: “bloom”

• Slick, powdery on surface & prevent good seals

• Options– Adjust slip additive to balance machinability and COF 

– Use non‐migratory slip additives  

Page 28: 3.3 - joint2Kaas, Darby - TAPPI€¢ Mechanical Seal – No real chemical compatibility involved – Plastic flows into pores or around fibers of seal partner. 4 Opening Mechanisms

Packaging Material Components in Seal: Solvent‐free Adhesive

• Solvent‐free adhesives start as monomers / oligomers 

• Small enough to migrate into and through film

• Interact with slip additive in high slip films to contaminate seal surface 

• Options– Change slip package / concentration 

– Change adhesive

Page 29: 3.3 - joint2Kaas, Darby - TAPPI€¢ Mechanical Seal – No real chemical compatibility involved – Plastic flows into pores or around fibers of seal partner. 4 Opening Mechanisms

Thank You