321.4

S 5MA

Manual for theconstruction of latrinesin SarvodayaVillages

in Sri Lanka

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321.4—2431

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7

SARVODAYARUPAL TECHNICAL SERVICE

MANtJAL FOR THE CONSTRUCTIONOF LATRINES IN SϽRVODAYAVILLAGES IN SRI LANKA

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By Rud.StarkHELVETAS-Team

Sri LankaKandy,2/3/85

1. Introduction

1.1 Preface

Sarvodaya Rural Technical Service (SRTS) in its attempt to satisfy thebasic human needs is requested by a lot of villages to help them buildingclean, adequate sanitation facilities. In most of the cases latrines areconstructed as a completion or a follow up of village water supplies(gravity supplies or wells) , but of course sanitation programmes may also

be started independently where villagers feel sanitation to be the firstpriority of their needs.In any case, it is a necessity that before a sanitation project is started,

- the villagers have proved in other Shramadana activities thatthere is a community spirit alive in the village (because latrineconstruction hardly helps to create such a spirit)

— health seminars are organised and people are made aware of theirexpected input into such a project and of the benefit for theirhealth condition. (40% of the hospital patients in Sri Lankasuffer from 50 called water related diseases, and by disposing ofthe human excretas in a contained place like a latrine the circleof infection for many of those diseases can be broken, speciallyparasitic worm infections, but also to a certain extent Typhoid,Cholera, Amoebic dysentery, diarrhoeal diseases, etc.)

- people are instructed in how to use the latrine and to keep itclean and in good order to get the maximum benefit out of it.

This manual does not deal with the medical aspect of latrine programmes,with health education or motivation work. The intention is to give

- an idea of different appropriate technologies of latrineconstructions which are used hy SRTS,

- an approximate estimate (material list and labour) for thedifferent types of latrines described in the manual and

— some important measurements and some advice about latrineconstruction for the gramodaya worker or the health worker andthe construction plans for the technician who is doing theplanning and the construction of the project,

t-

It is based on the experience SRTS has made in the field during the lastyears, the advice given by the Ministry of Health and the financialpossibilities of Sarvodaya and the ordinary villager in Sri Lanka,

In this manual, SRTS tries to give 4 different exainples of appropriatetypes of latrines. It is up to the villagers to choose which one they liketo build, they might even propose some modifications.But whatever the decision of the villagers will be, the assistance of SRTSwill always remain the same, in particular the supplied materials,

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1.2 Decision making flow chart for the implementation of a

sanitation Programme in a Sarvodaya village through SRTS

Villagers -~ ~ Gramodaya worker

Committee

1 ________

Application to District Coordinator ( ~ Health Section

Application to SRTS -~

Gramodaya-~ - Site visit by SRTS-technician ~ ~ Health Section

worker

Meeting

(Is sanitation really first priority?)

Detailed survey (form A) ~ ~ MP/PHI/MOH

(Application forfinancial assistance)

SRTS-technician--.~--Joint preparation of theGramodaya locally available materials

worker and digging of the pits(e.g.organised by the

Shramadana society)

SRTS-technician-~-Purchasing and supplying ofadditional materials andconstruction of the latrine

Taking over of the finishedlatrine, inspection by PHI-~ ~-Financia1 contribu—

1 tion to

Maintenance of the latrine

—~--- flow of information

-~ ~-in cooperation with

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1.3 Duties and responsibilities of parties involved in the

implementation of a sanitation project in a Sarvodaya village

Sarvodaya District Centre/Gramodaya Centre/Health Section:

— Selecting the village— Motivation and education work, health seminars- Getting in contact with the Health Department and requesting funds

for the latrines— Organising Shramadana work— Discussing the request form “A” together with the villagers and

filling it out, after discussion of advantages and disadvantages ofthe different latrine types

Villagers:

- A Shramadana Society has to be established- A committee for the latrine project has to be established— The request form “A” has to be filled and signed- A request to the Ministry of Health has to be made for financial

assistance (via MP)— The villagers have to participate in meetings and seminars

- The necessary building materials supplied by the villagers must beready on the site, and the pit must be excavated to the requireddepth

— All necessary assistance has to be given to the SRTS—worker during

construction of the latrine

— Accommodation and food has to be given free to the SRTS—worker— After construction all surrounding work and maintenance must be done

Sarvodaya Rural Technical Service:

- Assisting the Gramodaya worker in the organisation of the village— Assisting to organise the necessary funds- Planning of the project and supervision— Organising the necessary building materials and transporting them to

the village(Usual material contribution of SRTS:

- cement and reinforcement rods for the squatting slab

formwork for the squatting slabcement for the mortar to place the squatting slab on the

linings- cement for the protection plastering inside and outside of

the latrine- GI-sheets for the roof

mosquito mesh for the VIP-latrines)- Building the latrines together with the villagers according to the

chosen design (maximum 1 mason for 5 days)

6

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7

2. !~cD ~ s,2. Types of Latrines and

Soak Aways

2.1 The simple pit latrine

(see plan No. L - 1)

Pit latrines are the simplestway of clean disposal ofhuman excretas. They consistof a hole in the groundbridged by a squatting slab,around or on top of which ahut is built to provide

privacy.

When the pit is full, thesquatting slab and thesuperstructure is shifted toanother pit.

There is often also a cover

for the squatting hole with along handle, enabling thehole to be closed when not inuse to prevent flies from

entering the pit.

Construction plan for the

squattinq slab:see plan No.L - 1/1.

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Description of the construction:

The pit linings are in stone

masonry, built with day, thesquatting slab in reinforcedconcrete (see plan No. L — 1/1),the superstructure in mud bricks,built with day. The roof is

made with G.I.— sheets, the

entrance with a simple wooden

door. Outside, up to 1 meter,the walls will be plastered with

2 coats of spatterdash, inside,

up to 50cm, with smooth plaster-

Ing with cement paste.

Material list:

cement 1½ bagssand ¼ cube (500 1)metal 12 pans (100 1)

rods, Ø 6mm, lOm (2.3kg)stones ¼cubemud brjclçs (standard) 450 pcs.G.I.— sheets,32g, E’long 2½pcs.

1 time useformworkdoor and frame 1 PCtimbers for the roofnails,grounds,wire, etc.

Additional costs:

Supervision ,planning,organisatjonskilled labour (mason) 4 daysunskilled labour variable

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5arvod~y2 Pural Techn1(22 Servite k9fldy

SIMPLE Pl7~ LA TRINE

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2.2 The ventilated improved pit

latrine (VIP-latrine)

(see plan No.L - 2 and L - 3)

Work and tests on latrines within

the last years have provided des-igns for latrines that are basic-ally odourless and have a minimumfly and mosquito nuisance. VIP-latrines (as e.g.shown in planL - 2 and L - 3) are hygienic,

not too expensive and quite soph—isticated and need only littiemaintenance.

The principle of a VIP-latrine:

The ventilation pipeor the chimney whichis covered with afly screen carriesthe foul air out ofthe pit and awayfrom the superstruc-ture. This occursmainly because windacross the ventpipeor chimney sucksfresh air throughthe squatting holeinto the pit and foulair out of thevent-pine, but alsobecause the air insidethe vent-pipe

rises when heated upby the sunlight.Secondly, the vent-pipe serves as flytrap, because insects

inside the pitare attracted by thelight at the end ofthe vent-pipe, butthen they are trappedby the fly screen,die and fail backinto the pit.

From this explanation we dan seethat the important points forthe proper functioning of a VIP-latrine are:

— The latrine entrance has toface the main wind direction.

Suf ficient ventilation openingshave to be provided to allow airto enter the latrine.

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- The inside of the latrine mustbe kept sufficiently dark, sothat flies inside the pit arenot attracted to a brightsquatting hole.A wooden cover for the squattinghole with a long handle may beprovided, but it must havespading blocks nailed at thebottom to provide sufficient

ventilation opening. (see 3.6)— The measurements given in the

plans for chimney or vent pipemust be followed to ensureenough and correct air movement.Adequate cross—sectional areaand sufficient rise above theroof are most important.

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11

Description of the construction:

The linings are built in stonemasonry with day, the squatting slabin reinforced concrete (see plan No.L — 2/1), the whole superstructurewith mud bricks, and the roof is madewith G.I.—sheets. Thepart of thechimney above the roof will be plast—ered together with the top of thechimney (after placing of the mosqui-to mesh). Outside, the wails will be~1astered with 2 coats of spatterdash(im high), inside with 50cm high smo-oth plastering (dement paste).

Material list:

cement 2 bagsrods,Ø 6rnm, lOm (2.3kg)sarid ¼ cube (500 1)metal 20 pans (150 1)stones ¼ cubemud bricks (standard) 650 pcsG.I.—sheets, 3

2g, 6’long, 3 pcs

forr~work 1 time usemosquito mesh 1 sq.ft.timbers for the roofnails,grourids,wjre, etc.

Additional costs:

Supervision,organisation ,planningtransportskilled labour (mason) 5 daysunskilled labour variable

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VENT/LATED JA1PPO~LiIJ ,°/T L A T,?J/\IE

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Description of the construction:

The linings are built in stonemasonry with day, the squattingslab in reinforced concrete andthe superstructure witb mud bricksbuilt with day. The roof ismade with G.I.-sheets, the vent-pipe is a 4” - PVC -pipe, coveredwith a mosquito mesh, theentrance a simple wooden door.Outside, the walis will be plas—tered with 2 doats of spatterda—sh ( lm high ), inside with 50cmhigh smooth plastering (cementpaste) -

Material list:

cement 1½bagsrods, 0 6mm, lOm (2.3kg)sand ¼ cube (500 1)metal,½”, 12 pans (100 1)stones ¼cube

mud bricks (standard) 450 pcsG.I.-sheets, 32g,6”long 2½pcs

formwork 1 time usemosquito mesh ½ sq.f t.4” -PVC-down pipe 250cmwooden door and frame 1 PCtimber for the roofnails, grounds, wire, etc.

Additional costs:

supervision,organisation ,planningtransportskilled labour (mason) 4 daysunskilled labour variable

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Sec /~on13

2.3 The water sealed latrine

(see plan No. L - 4)

Water sealed toilets are on onehand the most advanced andhygienically best way of faecaldisposal. On the other hand itis normally the most expensive

solution and should only be

favoured, if sufficient wateris available.

Water sealed toilets can discharge

either directly into a pitbelow the squatting slab, orthe faecals can be flushed through

a pipe to a separate soakaway pit. This manual dealsonly with the latter solutionbecause of its advantage thatthe superstructure does nothave to be shifted when the pitis full. Only a new pit has tobe made and the drain pipe ledinto there.

2.4 Soak aways

(see plans No.L — 5,L — 6,L — 7)

A soak away in hard ground canbe built like a normal squatting

hole for a pit latrine and cove-red with a full doncrete slabwith an aeration (plan No.L - 5).For soak aways in soft ground orsandy soli solutions are shownin the plans L - 6 and L - 7.

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14

Description of the construction:

Foundation is built with stonemasonry and day, the floor aroundthe squatting pan and the syphonwith lean concrete, top smoothedwith cement mortar 1:3 and cementpaste.The roof is made with G.I.-sheets, the entrance is a simplewooden door and frame, the wallsof the superstructure are builtwith m’ud bricks and day. Outside,up to im, the wails will be plast-ered with 2 coats of spatterdash,inside up to 50cm with smoothplastering with cement paste. Thepipe line to the soak away is a4”-PVC-down pipe.

Material list:

1½ bags30 pans (250 1)10 pans (100 1)

¼ cubemetal

stonesmud bricks (standard) 450 pcsG.I.—sheets,32g,6’ long, 2½ pcssquatting pan with syphon 1 PC.wooden door and frame 1 PC.nails, grounds, wire, etc.4’ -PVC-down pipe 4m

Additional costs:

supervision , organisation ,planningtransportskilled labour (mason) 4 daysunskilled labour variable

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Grouna1 Plan

cement

sand

S’aruodaya Pwa/ ~ ~‘eruice Manc~y

1~/ATE/? SEALELJ LI4T~/NE

Plan N5 L - 4 DTiN/7 .QumL2~Lni

scele -~ / 20 oale - 5-9

A

to0

0

0

A

t0‘-0

30 - 20 L.10

0

(‘1

0L

401

-/0 1/20

Sedion A—A15

Desdription of the construction:

Linings with stone masonry, builtwith day, cover with reinforcedConcrete slab, ventilation pipewith 1”-G.I.—pipe.(for cover slab see plan No.

L — 5/1)

1 bag20 pans (150 1)

10 pans ( 80 1)¼cube

lOm (2.3kg)

2m,1 socket

2 bends (90°)1 time use

supervision, organisation ,planningtransport

skilled Labour (mason) 1 dayunskilled labour variable

1/4

6Ø ~ ~ l0(~c~’ ~ 2.3)

c~e5e~ ~ 2, G~i~ 1

~3t3t~d~fk~3~ ~ ~Gc.5?i~, ~,Ek5~~

)~ ~ ~ ~ e~ ~5

cic~n ~cr~ 1” ~ E~&~~

~ ~ (pEk~e~3L -5 /1 cj~c~tc~~

Material list:

cement

sandmetal

stonesrods, 0 6mm

G.I.-pipe

formwork

Additional costs:

~h, G~ci

01

20(~O~ 150)

IO(~D~80)

c~da ~

~ 1 Ø

S.’,iroc-}a,~,ia A~ura/ Tec/inica/ Senrt,ce kar?d,9

SEP4A~4TE 50,4K ~4h~4YPIT /N

MPL~ G,QOUiVL)

~ian Nô - 5 i~rawn ~umu~9in~ A,nendmeol5

sca/e 1 20 eele - -

t’&t7/ pipe G i.i

6 t

dc?el,2T0,ced COf?crele 1 2 3, -l

~ i~-~1~k

9Q ~ 2

q~ ~c5~t~~c3 tX~3

~e5~ ~cj~

~3oC~~ci,otC~ ~ e~

9~ ~ (e~~ ) ~ 1

~L ~!~d( GD~d~ ~

A

t

0(9

0(9

see ,okn ivö L 3/, J,vorlar I,ed

~Sz10flê rr,asonar~,,

1’[20 L L20 L

0(9

/20

0

‘0

t,

GrOut7eJ P/a~’16

sa?/i~j~ p~/

0

t,

‘ \Vfff\\’/f’ \‘\~YI!’f \\\~ijf/ \\‘W/fll \‘lIf(J lfly//f \~~Y(f/N

Sedon A—A

Description of the construction:

The pit linings till below thedrain pipe are made with filterrings cast with metal concrete1:6, above the drain pipe with

full concrete rings (1:2:3).

The cover is also made withreinforced concrete, the vent—ilation with a 1~ -G.I.-pipe.

Material list:

cement 3½ bagssand 20 pans (160 1)metal, ½!t/¾I 75 pans (600 1)

rods, 0 6mm 80m (18kg)well ring formwork 4 time useslab formwork 1 time useG.I.—pipe,1” 2m, 1 socket,

2 bends (900)

Additional dOstS:

supervision ,organiisation ,olanningtransportskilled labour (mason) 3 daysunskilled labour variable

~co e~D~ ~

~J’i3~ 1/2 ~ e~~e~~(I:6 )G~1~r~~ ~ ~d, ~

3’CGci~ Q~O~bO~ ~ ~ ~

~~ec3~(l:2:3:) ~ ~ E~ O~$

~ E~-’• ~ G~EV:2 ~d, ~ ~ ~ 10

~&3t~ ~ ~ ~$ ~

~ G~’~i:

31/2

20(~O~ 160)

3/4” I/2”~ 75 (~Oö 600)

~~OÖ 6~ c~ ~ö 8O(~�~~~.‘8)

G~3~’~E~ ~ ~6 ~ ~ ~

G~Ç~ ~pEk5�~~ ~ E~d~ ~c.i ~

r’~c~IØ~~~8~3d~ ~ö 2,0V3~ 1,

~ 90 ~ 2

~Ç~d

~3b3ci,~0,e~c~ ~ ri~ ~)~3)cj

~ (o~~T) ~ 3~ ~ &O~d

5aT~ûdaqa Pura/ rec~,7,c~lT ~er~icê Xand~

SO~4/~,IU,4V /N L OO5~SO/L OP S4/Vû

BUlL T h//TH CON(~ETE ,Q/NGS

L - 6 Arnendmenis

scale t 20 oa/e 85 - 5 ~

ij

4*.

oipe 6 /

CÔncre/e Cover 5 ~&‘ 2 3 ré’,r?forcea’ ,~ ô, d 20, CroSS k/.’Se.

concre/e Tl’fl~ / 2 -s, reinj’orceâ.

t..:

t:0

(‘7

0

~~1

0

E‘.7

6 ÏOUJ!d, 4 Ø 6 V~ riph?)

BeloN in?P/ pipe

Ne//? QraYe? canere ie / 6

6rounc? P/a17

;) ,

‘//A\\Y///\\V1’ //s.~\\7 / //\\ j,

AA17

Description of the constructjon:

A small foundation is built withlean concrete 1:3:8. The wallsof the soakaway are constructedwith burned bricks, built withmortar 1:6 (openings accordingto olan). The cover is made witha rejnforced concrete slab (con—crete 1:2:3), and the ventilati—on with a 1” -G.I.-pioe.

Material list:

burned bricks (standard) 400 pcs

cement 1½ bags30 pans (250 1)

4 pans (25 1)8mm (1.8kg)slab 1 time use2m, 1 socket,

02 elbows 90

Additional costs:

supervision , organisation ,planningtransportskilled labour (mason) 2 daysuriskilled labour variabie

RO coarse J~j/ljoln?5:,

all olJier coor~e5 2~k8 .S/70.’-Ifl above

o~O 1:3:8: ~ ~

~ ~d3E~,d~ ~ CL~. ~,d) )G~~GC~7~ ~ e~ ~ ~ (1:6)

~ ~ (c’CLr3&~ q~E~qE~~ ~

~ o~ ~ D?d~z~~

(1:2:3:), ~ e~Eh~~ ~x3 10 ~

~ç;E~1j OÇ~i3ci

~ e~~) 4001 1/2

D~~ 30(~~ 250)I/2”~~~ ~ 04(~ö 25)

‘~~Dö60ci~ Z5~~ O8(~.~.I.8)

G~l~r~~3E~6~ ~ Ek5~ ti3~~ci t~7

~ 1 0 ~OÖ 2, Qr)~ 1

‘~90~ 2

~!~d ~‘kjc,~

O8eC~,~O~,eLC9~~

~ ~ax~ (c~ri~’) ~ 2a~d1 GE~r,~~ci ~.

A

t

s andmetal , ½”

rods, 0 6mm

formwork forG.I.—pipe,1”

~ruo~1aya /7ura/ Techni~V Sert’-,ce Xand,~,

504h’ 414/A Y IN /005E Sû/L OP SAND

BUIL T k’/T/-/ ~BLJRND P~R/C/<5

Plat? ivö - 7 ora.va k..imu~mi ,4mendmen?s

scale 1 - 20 oa/e 95 - 5 - 9

ven! p’,Gî 1’

concreie Cov, s/ah / 2 .3 rei’r,forced ~ 6 d 20 Crû55 kilLe

A

t

t--

-o

:3

17(

____ ________ xxxxy~~ Aôov9 draz~p~pe.~a//5

/0117/S

0Burngd brkk~ 5/recJ,er hond(9 ‘ pforz’ar / 6 (see del.~.’? bJ

c.

‘.7

_____ _~~17 Cor?Cr#18____ — — _____

LJe/G/l 8 Ground Plan Sedzon

18

3. Measurements,Details and

pradtical Advice for the

Construction of Latrines

3.1 The squattinq pit or

soak away

3.11 The exdavation of the pit

The normal measurements for alatrine pit are:

90cm x 90cm x 450cm

or 3’ x 3’ x 15’

Important:

The top should not be

bigger than 90cm x 90cm,otherwise the squattingslab becomes too heavyand too expensive.

3.12 When the ground is rocky

and it is not possible todig to the wanted depth:

Indrease the pit at the bottomto get the necessary volume.

Attention:This can only be done in good,hard soil. The first lm may notbe enlarged.

Or:Increase the pit to one side.The additional part has to becovered with concrete slabs or

other suitable materials.

3. ~ ~ ~mj

~ £~c~G~’~,c5,~3!_!.I. ~Cat~jE~

t,ç~» C33~33~23~

~ ~.90xG0. ~. 450

c~ 3 x3’ x15’

Ge.~.90xc3ei.~.90 E~

~ ~ ÔGri ~OG~ ~

~ ~d E~L~E~~d, ~ ~

3.I.2.oe,eC7E~e~e~t~Dc~T~

p~ ez~,dD ~ ~

E~c3 ~e3~,E~~

E~G~~ eeo~

ec~L 90dc3 ~ ~ ~ G~3~

E3~.

ee ‘~e~aDE~G~g~c.) ~

~GÖ~ G~DC

~E73C3~ q)E~6~C3 ~

E~c3~,’c~.

11 --.

II ——

-... II ~ ~~—--~

t)’

Ii

19

3.13 When the ground is sandy

or soft:

The whole pit has to be lined

according to the proposals inplan No.L - 6 and L - 7.

For further detail in case

there is also a high watertable refer to 3.14.

3.14 When there is a high

water table:

General:

- The distance between the

water level and the squatt-

ing slab should be at least

lm (or distance betweeninlet into soak away and

water level.)

- A water sealed toilet should

be chosen or else thefollowing “chute” should be

introduced in order to

avoid water splashing up:

For pits in loose soil:

- The bottom of the pit has tobe sealed with day or poly-ethylene sheet.

- The space between the liningand the natural ground hasto be filled with soil orfine sand. (Recommended min-imal thickness of sandenvelope is 50cm) -

3G~3~~ c~

~ L -6 ~ L _7 ~

q~~ ~ E~ ~ ~f~ci.

~ *~E~3E~5)i5)~ E~

~ 3.1,4, ~

3.1.4. ~ELdC ~ ~

- ~ ~d

~ ~ ~c~c?cj~ 1 ~ci

(G~ ~d, c~&~ OG~’ gG~c., ~ e~ E~t5~~6 ~d ~ t E~~, ~z~ci.

&~ 3~c~ G~5) rnc,, ~G~3

~ ~ ~ ~ ~

3~r~~ G~G~ dëc., ~cO~ ~ ~

~5GrS ~

T E~Gc~~c G~,~ZTc~r~~ E~$E~i&~~ ~

- 3~Gb~G~)~~6, ~

Bd&, ~cs.(E~i~ E~

~, ri.~. 50)

1 Sc~», /I,/~k,‘ei~i/oi-ced, /40 .r#woo/I,ed~.

boéh siies ,~‘iib ~

20

3.2 Linings of the pit: 32. EGC~~

stones.

~6ic~~Gt5~

3.t.3. ~~~ e,&ti~~ cptS~d~ci ~3G~ ‘~t~3C~

Ç~t~~3 C~G~~ ~. ~3~d~GL~ c~

~6 ~ 60(q~ 2) ~i ~

~rE~E~Gci~~ ~

In soft soilsee 3.13

In hard soil:

Linings in hard soil can easilybe built with stones and daysoil, which is also the cheapest

wav. The depth of the linings

should be minimum 60cm(2 feet), the top of the lining

should be minimum 10cm above

ground leve 1.

3.3 Placinq of the

slab:

tO ~ ~C3T ~c3 ~i.

squatting

No cement topping should be

put on the stones of the

linings for levelling.

Before the squatting slabis to be placed, a smallheap of stiff cement mortar

1:4 has to be laid on the

The squatting slab has then

carefully to be placed onthis mortar and adjusted by

knocking it into it, till

it is level.

S~uafr~~,1~(ah

cxxx ~ ‘( ~4

3.3. ~:g~z5~~sEj~ ~

- ~ t~7 ~ ~ ~

~ G~)3C~ci ~~ci.

— ~ 7~D~~ God 1:4 ~

~ GcS~3E~E~(JG~ti csç~

~ci ~- ~ gG~G~Ye~

~

21

3.4 Construction of the squatting 3.4. ~ ~slab

3.4.1 Practical advice:

— Prepare a level ground surfa—ce, about 2m x 2m. maybe use abit of sand to get the surfa-ce smooth. Best solution: Aconcrete floor or a woodenslab formwork

— When casting on bare ground ora concrete floor cover the

ground with a plastic sheetor wet cement bags.

- Prepare the reinforcement ac-cording to the respectiveplan.

— Mix stiff—plastic concrete inthe correct ratio 1:2:3 (½”metal).

— Spray about 2cm of concreteover the whole area of theslab and ram it.

— Place the reinforcement like

shown in the sketches.

— Fill the rest of the form

with concrete and ram it pro-

perly. Use some fine cementmortar 1:3 for the edgesaround the squatting hole.

— Screed the concrete according

to the formwork and floatthe top, also here using somecement mortar 1: 3.

— Cast the 2 footrests as shownin the olan. Use stiff mortar1:3 to do it.

- Smooth the top of the slab(without the footrests) withthe trowel. Add some powdercement to the wet topping.

— The formwork dan be removedafter 1 day, but the slabshould not be used before 1week.

- Keep the slab wet for atleast 1 week.

3.4.1. ~GcM~ ~G~t3

- 90Ô 2x ~.2 ö~ ~

~c5~T25.~

~ ~ ~)&r~. ~

G~X~~t3~: G~)3~~~ G~ ~

— ~Z~3~)25 ~ G~ ~ ~ ~i1E~

~C~r3~s~ a3c~C~~~

- ~c5O ~

B~GC5C~

- 1 :2:3: (~ç~1/2 ~) i~

~ ~c~,~ci3d1 ~, G~3~T~~

- ~E~ij ~Gi~’c~~ Gri.~.2 ~ G~

G~35T~~ ~dt ~

- ~ ~ i1~DE~~ t~D~G~’Gb~TEb

~- ~ Gc~e~�~T~E~ ~63Gr~3C,3~

6~d~ 1:3 ~~ ~c~3~GC)~ ~~Z5).

- ~ ~ ~ ~6E~ 1.3

~ ~ DI~ 3~G(i~’~

- C~3G~ ~G~) ~d1 c5c1?5~ G~)

crm.~ 1 : 3 ~ci,61 G~)7~

b3~~

- ~ G~GC33i’ ~ ~(~d~ c~d) G~ C3~It~ ~

~- ç~E~t’~~ ~s:~j~ci. ~

ti~ci~ GG)GE~) ~

G~)3c~ç~5.

- ~ ~Gci~ t~C3~ ~ C~C~

~&, ~c5.

22

The following formwork, donsistingof 5 pieces, dan be used for allkind of squatting slabs described

in this manual:

~f piece

3.5 Hint for placing the doorframe

Keep a small space between thesquatting slab and the doorframe

(and of course the door) to avoidrotting of the timber.

e~ Gt),~T

~

e~c5 ~i~) ~d,ci~ E~~i~E’t~3

~ E~c~rj~(G~3d ~

3.42 formwork for the squattingsl ab:

~ 5 ~ ~ ~GE~) ~ G~

~ G~)G6~)&i~ ~

41 pieces:

3.5. �c~,c5 ~

‘t

23

3 • 6. ~ ~it c~ç~Sb~33.6 Cover for squatting hole:

Covers for squatting holes insimple pit latrines should beas tight as possible to prev-ent flies from entering orleaving the pit.

~~ço~ollb1g #o

-

S—

6~ ~)E~d~ ~

~lGti~) GrS ~, a~

— .,s ‘-.--- ,V / ~

~ro~.n-idpLa,,Covers for squatting holes inVIP—latrines must allow suf fic-

ient space for the air circula—tion, but can help to keep thesquatting hole sufficientlydark, so that the flies are not

attracted by a bright squattinghole but by the outlet of thechimney or the vent pipe.

v. t ~ t~E~xi

~ t5)t~cj ~c3. G~~ ~

~ ~JG~ ~d, ~

G~ ~ ~

~ôc~c3 ~ ~

—S

~—: ~—;~f~

J~CuiQ,~~

-~ 0-J

1~-

GroQndp/a/,

24

4. Appendix to Latrine Manual 4. E~F3~~Gb3G~ ~

4.1 Forms

Form A: Survey Form for LatrineProgramme

4.1. GO3’d~

4.2 Standard Drawingst~~) Gt~E~i

Construction plans:

No. L - 1/1: Squatting Slab for

simple Pit Latrine

No. L - 2/1: Sguatting Slab forVIP-Latrine withChimney

No. L - 3/1: Squatting Slab for

VIP-Latrine with

Vent-pipe

No. L - 5/1: Cover Slab for Soak-

away Pit in hardground

4.2.t~rii~j~:

~0~) L - 1/1 ~ic~c~c ~ ~

~O~) L — 2/1 ~ ri~,e~V. 1 • P

L — 3/1 ~ ~ V~ 1

t, S-, t,

p. ~

~ L — 5/t ~ Gc~3G~3G~ ~ ~

~,Ek5~j~

25

SARVODAYARURAL TECHNICAL SERVICE tiôGci cs)~ ~»ô~ ~D

Form “A’-’ : SURVEYFORM FOR LATRINE PROGRAMME

“A” Gt53’Ô~i F)1ri~w~ ~ ~T~!ç~7~)t’~jr1~5:»tj~~ )~ör~

Name of Village-

District~

Gramodaya~

Centre~O~t3Ö~ci:

Name of Applicant Type of Latrine Signature

&~) requested~ ~)d~) ~t3~ ~ôG)ci

Note:With their signature the villagers agree, that the subsidies fromthe Health Department will go directly to Sarvodaya Rural TechnicalService.

t~Gt~c~23 G G~~G~3T~ s~c~)~c5~Gci3~ ~ t~ c~ri~ Gcj3~~

26

Grovn~Plan

Top rou,ph. ~i/~’ f/ÔIZOQ

/ 2 3 V2 Mei22

0-5

Top Srnoo/h ~vil/7 cemen? pêsle

ROdS ~ 6(mm)

5&dzon Â-A

San’od.9~je iQ,~,ra/ 7~ecJ2nzca2 Se,yec& /(~ad~j

5~2/IATT//W ~L 48 F01? S/MPL E

PIT LATP/NE

Plan /vö L - 1/j oîaA’n - m~d~n~ Amendmen~s

.scale 1 /0 oale - 4 - 29

________ 220 ____

(9(9

t

1~

r r -

27 20 20 27

‘t).50

A

t

2f1. /6 50

.fl 11 -7

0~ 0

(9

“1

c~

1

1 III

~1~ /

~- 1~

~ 11

Î~’~~

11

,I \~-JII

iii~ —

—--t,—

L~j\\\\EQd \

\\

\—

~ -‘

A

t

39

‘7,

t, 17 8L /71 39

c4 .~ ‘T

-7

C9

(9t, t

01-

[~ij~-~- •1

27

-rap rouph only f/o/in.p

conc,e?e t 23 ~

ro.c’ smodh wz/Iz £5177ênl p2Sle

RodS ~6(,nm)

Sechzon A-A

Sarvodaya Rura? Technzcal LÇêTYICê Kan~y

SOLJATTIN6 SL48 FOP 1/ T P

L 4 TRINE W/TH (J-l/frÎNE Y

P22fl Nö : L - 2/1 9r2/’it7 kurnut~ir7l Arnendme,liZs

scale t to oalê 93- 5 - 6

r~ - -.~\ ~*I~E~: L r T T

‘-‘St.—t _

28

smoolh ,vz/h cemen? pas?e - ~“ p t’ c vent p2pe,f/lled ,.‘,4,le co&oc?i,,o

Sedion A-Â

Saruûda,ya ,Çkir~l Technzcal Serwce 1(andy

SQ/J4TT/NG SLAB FOP j/ / P-ET1 w156 747 m446 747 lSBT

LATR/IVE 1-1/TH VENT-P,’~DE

P12,? NÖ L - 3/1 Dra~~.in Jwrnudin, Arnenc2rnen/s

scale j 10 oa?e :95 -.s - g

120

20

t

A

t

~—~___

/II/~oo/7/ /

/ /

1/

~

1~\iL’

— —‘

‘\

‘‘S

‘S\

‘S\

‘S‘S

t—

27 ‘ 20 26 20 27

0

-~ 50 _______ /6 _______ .50 —~

0 0

— 39 _____ ‘i ~ ‘7 —_____ _________—

¼)

— ______ _________ ___________ _________ ___________ 0

(9

(9

t t

A

t

Ground P/~n

Top f/oled

1~

•1

Roc?s 9 6, d~jo

~.[1c- -)1concrde / 2 3~Md27

‘9

Sarirodaya Puîal Technica/ Sert’~’ce A’anû~,i

50/14TT/N6 SL 48 FOR 50/î/( 4W4Y PIT

IN HAPzJ GROUND

plan Nö : £ - S!!

scale z 10

Drab~’n )(umudinl ,4mendmen?s

Dele 85 - -5 - 9

A

tA

t

concrek / 2 3~” Meta?peznîorcerneril Ø 6 d~so

Grocind Pl~r,

-rap f/okd ven! pip Cfz#4~1 af?e,________________________________________ placrnp 1

14i sla~) -\ ~

k j H”Gi5ocke/rn !OSI~

.~ecé’on —A30

r