InteractivePetrophysics 3.5Developed by petrophysicists,for petrophysicists.

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IP is truly unique in its approach to petrophysics.For the expert user IP offers some of the mostsophisticated interpretation modules in the industry.

• The mineral solver enables the most complicatedmodels to be built.

• The Monte Carlo simulation allows the user to trulyunderstand and quantify the errors associated with a complete interpretation workflow.

• The saturation height modelling modules facilitates the creation of Sw functions using core capillarypressure data and/or log data.

• The rock physics interpretation workflow has twohighly sophisticated fluid substitution modules.

• The suite of modules in the statistical predictionpackage includes fuzzy logic, multi-linear regression,neural network, cluster analysis and principalcomponent analysis.

What is IP?

Interactive Petrophysics was developed by a petrophysicist, for petrophysicists, so they can work

as they have always wanted to work. The software is different by design – portable, quick and

versatile. It is an easy-to-use log analysis tool, ideal for both geologists and petrophysicists.

A geologist can use it to make a swift quality check of his log data, but equally an experienced

petrophysicist can use it for multi-zone, multi-well petrophysical field analyses.

IP is PC-based and therefore portable. It can be takenoffshore, into clients’ offices and even home. IP enhancesefficiency, productivity and confidence in log analysis. Itoffers a unique and advanced graphical interpretationprogram designed and developed by petrophysicists. IP’sspeed and interactivity means that data can be zoned andapplied using different methodologies graphically. Usingonly the mouse, you can pick parameters from cross plots, histograms and log plots. IP instantaneously recomputesand displays the results when parameters are changed.

The software is also used by universities and is anexcellent tool for training geoscientists and engineers.Interactive Petrophysics gives rapid results.

The programIP is sold as a base module, plus the following optional specialist modules:

• Mineral solver;• Statistical prediction;• Monte Carlo analysis;• Rock physics;• Saturation height modelling;• Pore pressure prediction;• Eastern European resistivity modelling;• Parameter mapping.

Why is IP so different?

Developed over 10 years and

now used globally by over

500 companies, in more

than 70 countries.

“ IP is PC-based and therefore portable. It can be taken offshore,into clients’ offices and even home. IP enhances efficiency,productivity and confidence in log analysis. It offers a uniqueand advanced graphical interpretation program designed anddeveloped by petrophysicists.”

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Frank Whitehead, Interactive Petrophysics Development Manager

The standard deterministic analysis is done usingthree modules:• Clay Volume;• Porosity and Water Saturation; • Cutoff and Summation.

The Clay Volume module allows multiple clayindicators to be combined.

Once the Clay Volumes have been determined thePorosity and Water Saturation module is run.This module uses the same intuitive interactive graphics.

Porosities can be calculated using severaldifferent methods: • Neutron / Density;• Neutron / Sonic;• Density;• Sonic;• Neutron.

Water Saturations are calculated usingany standard method: • Archie;• Simandoux;• Indonesian;• Dual Water;• Juhasz;• Waxman-Smits.

Hydrocarbon corrections are made using iterativetechniques. A simple (optional) mineral analysis can beperformed using the Rho Matrix / U Matrix / DT Matrixcrossplot technique. Clay type distributions using theThomas-Stieber technique can be made. This allowslaminated shaley sands to be analysed.

The Cut-offs and Summation module allows multiplecut-off to be used to calculate net pay and reservoir.

The cut-off sensitivity module allows the users to asseshow a change in a cut-off effects the overall zonal results.

The user clicks on a parameter lineand drags it to the new position.IP instantly recalculates the resultsand updates the graphics.

Interactive lines allow adjustmentof most parameters including, Rw,Rmf, clay parameters, hydrocarbondensity. Pickett plots can be usedto set ‘Rw’ and ‘m’.

Interactive lines can be used to set cutoffs on the log plots as well as crossplots.

Interactive interpretationThe heart of IP is its graphical interpretation engine. This allows the user to perform a fast and

sophisticated multi-zone interpretation using only the mouse, adjusting parameters on log plots,

crossplots and histograms.

The NMR Interpretation module allows the user to:• apply cut-offs for Free Fluid and Clay-Bound Fluid; • apply a tapered (spectral) function for Bound Fluid; • calculate permeability using the Timur / Coates

relationship;• derive the permeability coefficients from external

permeability data;• calculate Sw using the Dual Water equation

(resistivity curve required);• derive Pc curves from T2 distributions, and hence

generate a Sw height curve.

Water saturation is calculated in the NMR Interpretationmodule using the Dual Water equation. The NMR dataprovides the clay bound water saturation and total porosity, which the model requires as inputs, while also providing a minimum Sw to constrain the results. The module also has the flexibility to handle older, effective porosity, NMR logs or gas affected NMR logs, by integrating with the standard interpretation modules.

Capillary pressure curves can be generated from T1 or T2distribution data, but these need to be calibrated to anactual capillary pressure measurement made on core. The NMR Interpretation module provides an interactivetool for doing this calibration and it generates crossplotsof the capillary pressure curves for QC purposes. These Pccurves can then be used to generate a Sw height curvefrom the entered FWL and fluid densities.

Basemodule

NMR Normalisation allows all NMR distributions to be standardised.

Timur/Coates permeability coefficients can be derived from regression with external permeability data when it is available.

NMR Interpretation using the Dual Water volumetric solutionutilising NMR and Resistivity data, provides a more constrainedresult and reduces uncertainty.

The Pc curves derivedfrom T1 or T2distribution can beused to derive a Swheight curve.

T1 or T2 data can be calibrated to core Pcdata using a one pointor two point methodology on eithera T2 vs. Pore Radiusplot, or, as in the example shown, on Cumulative Porosity vs.Sw plot.

NMR interpretationThe NMR module works with the T2 spectrum as loaded from the service company.

The module allows the user to interactively change the boundaries between bound, clay-bound,

and free fluids. The module includes a full volumetric analysis of the fluids, plus estimates of

permeabilities.

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The Database Browser allows the user to interrogate an IPdatabase in a graphical ‘tree’ view.

Curve Sets are used to group curve data together in aflexible way that allows the user to manage the data asthey wish, such as different logging runs, different typesof data (e.g. irregular data such as core data or pressuredata), different interpreters or multiple output models.Each set can have a different top depth, bottom depthand data step.

High sample data from electrical and acoustic imagingtools are stored in array curves. This data can then beused for plotting and dip picking.

Text Curves are ‘curves’ containing text strings such asRFT pressure points, production test results, perforationdepths or core descriptions, and can be created by‘cutting and pasting’ from spreadsheets.

Picture Curves are graphics files, e.g. core photographswith a defined top and bottom depth allowing thepicture to be scaled to the log data. IP recognises mostcommon image formats.

Well Headers allow the user to enter and save wellattributes and other important positions, defaultpetrophysical parameters and log acquisition data. There is also a comprehensive History Module that allowsusers to track changes made to curves and wells within IP.

Database and utilitiesThe IP database is simple to work with but also flexible. It can be just a single well for a quick look

interpretation or a multi-well and multi-field database. An IP database consists of a binary data

file for each well, each consisting of log curve data, general well information and interpretation

‘Parameter Sets’.

The Database Browser allows the user to drill down into a well andview or edit individual curves, parameters, log plots, crossplotsand histograms, well data, statistics and listings, etc.

Curve sets give the user flexibility as the only requirement is that all the curves in a curve set should have the same step.

Text curves can be displayed on log plots.

Picture curves can bedisplayed on log plots,for example, a sonicsemblance plot can beloaded from a screengrab of a PDS file anda DT pick made withthe interactive curveeditor.

Basemodule

IP has a full range of versatile Data Viewers including: • log plot displays including horizontal log plots;• crossplots including 3D crossplots;• histograms including statistical summaries;• data listings;• 3D parameter viewer;• well map;• multi-well correlations;• montage builder.

IP data loaders support the following data formats:• ASCII;• LAS / LBS – batch loader for multiple files;• LAS3; • LIS; • DLIS; • DBASE4.

The Interval Loader allows the user to load datasuch as a facies interpretation, where a certain faciesis represented by a numerical value assigned over aparticular depth interval. The Interval Loader can also beused to load periodic or discrete data, such as core pluganalysis results or formation tester pressure data, or anydiscrete spreadsheet data. The Capillary Pressure DataLoader is designed to assist the entering of PC data into IP and can load multiple plugs from different wells at thesame time.

The Real Time Data Link module enables an IP user to connect to a remote data server and download logcurve and drilling data in real-time. The data can then be automatically analysed and displayed on all IP output graphics. This allows a real-time petrophysicalinterpretation to be shown, which updates automaticallyas more data arrives.

IP provides connectivity to a number of External DataRepositories. These are Paradigm’s GEOLOG6®, LandmarkGraphics Corporation’s OpenWorks®, PETCOM’s Powerlog®and Senergy’s ODM3 databases.

Once a connection to an external database has beenestablished, the following tasks can be performed:• create new IP well from an external database well;• load selected curves into IP;• load well tops into IP;• edit and load well attributes.

The Read / Write via OpenSpirit™ functionality allows the user to load and save data between IP and otherOpenSpirit™ - enabled databases such as OpenWorks™,GeoFrame™ and Recall™. The IP - OpenSpirit link requiresthe OpenSpirit™ system to have been installed on the user’s computer systems. More information about OpenSpirit™ can be found on their websitewww.openspirit.com

IP has various interactive Data Editors, several of whichfeature wizards to guide the user.• Interactive Curve Edit• Interactive Baseline Shift• Interactive Trend/Square Curves• Interactive Depth Shift with Auto

Depth Match option• Interactive Curve Splice• Interactive Lithology Curve editor• Curve Filters and Averages• Curve Rescale• Data Gap Filling• Temperature Gradient Calculator• TVD Calculator

Interactive depth shifting.

Depth shift setup wizard.

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• Multi-well Parameter Distribution;- copy ‘Parameter Sets’ from one well to other wells in the same project;

• Multi-well Change Parameters;- change one or more interpretation parameters and re-run the analysis with the new parameter(s);

• Multi-well Batch Operation;- run multiple IP modules or scripts, on one or more wells, in a single ‘batch’ procedure;

• Multi-well Correlation Viewer;• Multi-well Cutoff and Summation; • Multi-well Curve Statistics;• Manage Multi-well Header Info;• Manage Multi-well Curve Sets;• Manage Multi-well Curve Headers;• Manage Multi-well Zones/Tops;• Curve Aliasing.

There are a variety of routines within IP to handlesituations in multiple wells where there are inconsistenttops sets and zoning methodology.

Multi-well processingTo handle large multi-well projects within IP a number of modules have been developed to make

the task easier.

The ‘User Program’ module is arranged on a set of easy to use input / output screens toallow for the setup of normal IP functionalitywith interactive plots and displays.

The User Programs module allows the user to createhis/her analysis routines. The routines can be verysimple; one line routes, or more sophisticated, longroutines which loop through the data multiple times.

The routines are written by the user in either FORTRAN,PASCAL, C++, VB.NET or C#.NET. Once compiled theprogram can be distributed easily to other users.

The user can simply and easily define:• input and output curves;• input parameters including text and logic flags;• input parameter table layout;• interactive log plot displays;• interactive crossplots.

User programsMulti-well Field Study Workflow

Load Log Data for all Wells

Depth match, splice, edit andenvironmentally correct logs

for each well

Interpret Key WellClay Volume module

Porosity and Sw moduleCutoffs and Summation module

Load or create a correlation tops setbetween all the wells.

Zone Set module

Copy Key Well interpretation parametersto all wells using correlation tops set.

Parameter Set Distribution module

Step through the wells one at a timerunning the interpretation modules.Checking results and fine-tuning theparameters to give optimum results

by well.

A typical workflow for a multi-well field study.

Mineralsolver

Mineral solver

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Due to the speed of the techniques used the same interactive features that are used in the standard analysismodules are available.

Key features:• multiple models allow the analysis of the most complex

reservoirs;• input flexibility allows for any logging tool output to

be used in the model;• models both the flushed and un-invaded zone;• model combination for final results completely flexible;• interactive crossplots for selection of parameter

end points;• all end point parameters can be either fixed values

or an input curve, which allows trending of parametervalues versus depth;

• the weighting of input equations is simple tounderstand and use;

• constant and Limit equation;• output equations for calculation of parameters such

as dry rock grain density or rock Qv value;• model allows all standard non-linear Sw equations;• calibration module allows core XRD data to be used

to calculate the best end point parameters needed to match the core results.

The mineral solver module allows the user to analyse the simplest to most complicated

formation using classical probabilistic analysis type techniques. The user sets-up

a formation mineral model and a set of input logs - the program will then use this

information to calculate the most likely solution. The solution is used to recalculate

the input logs and these are compared to the original logs.

Plot shows final combined model with reconstructed curves to the rightand Interactive lines in the left tracks.

Model creation grid is simple to use and understand. Default end point values available for most tool equations and minerals.

Parameter mineral endpoint crossplot. Quick and easy to make with interactivemineral parameters which when moved recalculate the model automatically.

Interactive Pickettplot where ‘Rw’ and

‘m’ can be picked.

The suite of statistical modules consists of:• Fuzzy Logic prediction;• Multi-linear regression prediction;• Neural network prediction;• Cluster analysis;• Principal component.

All modules use a similar multi-well interface where a setof wells and intervals can be used to create a model andthen this model can be applied to another group of wellsand intervals. Discriminators can be used to limit the datause in the models.

The Fuzzy logic module divides the data up into userselected bins and uses probability theory to predict thelikelihood of data being in a bin. The results are normallywell controlled and quality control probability curves givethe likelihood that the result is in a bin. This allows theoutput of a probability map, so the user can easily qualitycontrol results in wells not used in the model build stage.The module can be used to predict core facies or corepermeability, for example.

The Multi-linear regression is useful for predicting core permeability from log data. It uses standard matrix algebra to solve the fit coefficients. Normalised coefficients are also output to allow the user to see thecontribution of each log to the result.

The Neural network module uses a back-propagationlearning technique to train the network. The module canbe used for log repair, prediction of core permeability or in a classification mode for prediction of core facies.

In log repair mode the user selects a few small trainingintervals and the trained network can then reproduce the whole log extraordinarily well.

The Cluster Analysis module is used to group log data intoelectro facies. The program uses K-Mean clustering togroup the data into manageable data clusters (15-20). These clusters are then either manually or automatically (hierarchical clustering) regrouped into geological clusters.

Statistical analysis

Plot shows a core facies prediction.The fuzziness of the prediction is shown in right track.

Neural Network log plot showing a reconstructed density (track 6)from a Sonic, Gamma ray and neutron log. Only a few small trainingzones, track 2, were used to create the model.

Multi-curve crossplots shows cluster grouping.

Electro facies shown in right hand tracks. Far right track is after re-grouping original 15 clusters to 5.

The statistical analysis package consists of five modules. Three modules are used to create models

that predict a curve from other curves. These are useful for predicting core permeability and core

facies, they also can be used to reconstruct missing or bad logs. The cluster analysis module can

be used for constructing electrical facies from a group of log curves. The Principal component

analysis module is used for data reduction.

MonteCarlo

analysis

Statisticalprediction

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The results are cumulated on a depth by depth level and

also by zone using the cutoff and summation module.

Crossplots and histograms can be used for analysis

and the distribution of the results.

The Summary Result listing gives the zonal

results sorted by percentiles. Up to 5 user-defined

percentiles can be output in the report.

The report allows the user to quantitatively show

the errors involved in the interpretation. Rather than

reporting a net pay thickness and average porosity, the

user can give the P10, P50 and P90 net pay and average

porosity. These values can then be used for more

accurately estimating the errors in the reserves.

In order to assess which parameters control the results

of the analysis, a Tornado type analysis of the input

parameters can quickly be made. This varies each

parameter separately and then plots the change in

results for the change in an individual result parameter.

The results are then ordered to form the Tornado plot.

This type of plot can be used to focus the interpreter’s

attention on those parts of the analysis which have the

most significant influence on the final results and not

waste their time on refining those parameters which

have little influence.

Monte Carlo analysisThe Monte Carlo analysis module uses a Monte Carlo simulation to estimate errors in a

petrophysical analysis. The user sets up the analysis work flow and enters the distribution

of possible errors in the individual interpretation parameters and input curves. The program

randomises the input parameters based on user-selected ranges and then runs the work flow.

Several thousand passes are made through the work flow with different starting parameters.

Crossplot shows the Vcl cutoff has astrong effect on the result of the Av PhiRes parameter.

Plot shows the error in Porosity, Water Saturation and Clay Volume at a depth by depth bases.

Plot shows thatthe biggest influence on the average pay porosity in zoneone is the Vcl cutoff. Parameters like‘DTLN’ and ‘ResClay’ have no influence on the results.

Plot shows a normal log distribution of PHiH.

There are four interrelated modules:• Capillary Pressure Setup;• Capillary Pressure Functions;• Saturation versus Height Curves;• Log Sw versus Height Functions.

The Capillary Pressure Set-up module is used to:• set-up the study wells and input Pc and saturation

curves;• convert Pc data from different measurement

techniques to a common 2 phase system;• optionally stress-correct and /or apply a Clay-bound

water correction to the Pc data; • visualise raw and corrected Pc Curve data and quality

check the data;• edit bad data points from the Pc dataset.

The Capillary Pressure Functions module allows the userto find a function or set of functions to represent thequality checked and corrected Pc data using two basicmethods:1. ‘One Equation for all Pc curves’ option - find a singleequation which fits all (or a subset) of the data using one of six basic functions, e.g. Leverett-J Function.2. ‘Separate equation for each Pc curve’ option - Fit eachindividual Pc curve and then combine the parameters into a ‘Combined equation’ using one of three basicfunction types, e.g. Lambda Function.

Discriminators can be applied to allow for functions to begenerated for specific data, e.g. for a particular porosityrange or litho-type.

The Saturation Versus Height Curves module is used toapply the derived functions to multiple wells and zones

Changes in fluid density can be fully accounted for, e.g. a simple gas cap or a more complicated oil compositionalgradient, as long as the contacts and densities are known.

The Log Sw versus Height Functions module is used togenerate Water Saturation (Sw) versus Height functionsfrom interpreted log saturation and optional porosityand permeability data. Over 30 different functions areavailable. ‘Discriminator’ logic can be used to select thedata. Different functions can be developed for eachunit in a reservoir.

Saturation height analysisThe Saturation height modelling modules enable the IP user to create saturation versus height

functions from either capillary pressure (Pc) data or from calculated water saturation curves,

or a combination of both approaches.

To help speed up the process the‘Regression Function Comparator’runs through all the modelsgiving each a rating.

Searches can be made to find the BestFit FWL and the Best Fit IFT factor to

match the PC data to the log data.

The resulting models can be visualised with a variety of QC crossplots.

Rockphysics

Sat. height modelling

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The Rock Physics section in IP contains the followingindependent modules:• Shear Sonic QC/Create;• Density Estimation;• Fluid Substitution;• Laminated Fluid Substitution;• Elastic Impedance.

The Shear Sonic QC / Create module uses the empiricalGreenberg-Castagna (1992) relationships for differentminerals to calculate a synthetic shear sonic from acompressional sonic log.

When there is no density log the Density Estimationmodule is used to estimate it from the compressionalsonic log using ‘Gardner’, ‘Bellotti et al’ or ‘Lindseth’.

The Fluid Substitution module removes the effect of thedrilling fluid from the sonic and density logs and restoresthe log responses to those resulting from the originalreservoir fluids at their original saturations.

Fluid density, bulk modulus and velocity can either bedirectly entered if known or calculated from Batzle and Wang (1992) in ‘Seismic Properties of Pore Fluids’.Similarly, the mineral properties can be entered orselected from a menu of minerals.

The data are inverted using Gassmann’s equation on a‘zonal’ basis to QC the fluid and matrix properties withrespect to the input velocities and parameters.

The elastic parameters for two-phase fluid mixtures arecalculated using a saturation curve and the fluid mixingapproach of Brie et al (1995) “Shear Sonic interpretationin Gas-bearing Sands”.

Once the user is satisfied that the input parameters aresuitable fluid substitution is performed on the data at thewell step increment. Along with the fluid-substituteddensity and sonic curves, both fluid-substituted AcousticImpedance and Poissons Ratio curves are calculated andvelocity and sonic slowness curves are output.

In the Laminated Fluid Substitution module the user selects one of two models depending on the shale distribution. If the shale is evenly distributed (the “shaley sand” model) the bulk modulus of the solid fraction is modeled as a weighted average of themoduli of all the components of the rock. In laminatedreservoirs, fluid effects only occur within the sandylaminations, and the appropriate moduli and porosity are those of the sandy laminations.

The Elastic Impedance (EI) module uses the high angleinversion equation by P. Connolly in ‘The Leading Edge’(1999) and outputs EI at up to three user selected angles.

Rock physics

The Fluid Substitutioncrossplot enables theuser to visualise therelationship betweenthe velocities, density,AI and Poissons Ratioresults.

Greenberg-Castagna isalso used to generate a Shear Velocity QCCrossplot to verify thata recorded shear sonic is a valid shear and not a mud wave or Stoneleywave produced by poorprocessing of the sonicwaveform data.

Rock Physics in IP consists of several modules that allow the user to correct the raw logs to

conditions as seen by the seismic. The fluids in the reservoir can then be changed in order

to understand the effect this has on the acoustic impendence. This work is essential to truly

understand any fluid effects in the seismic data.

The three modules are:• Density Estimation - ‘density-from-sonic’ algorithms

included are ‘Gardner’, ‘Bellotti et al’ and ‘Lindseth’;• Overburden Gradient Calculation - determined from

density data, average density values, look-up tables or empirical ‘Amoco’ relationship;

• Pore and Fracture Pressure gradient calculations - fiveFracture Gradient models are implemented in IP, Eaton,Matthews & Kelly, Modified Eaton, Barker and Wood,and Daines.

An interactive log plot is used to calibrate the model.

Pore pressure calculationPore Pressure Calculation comprises of three modules to model Overburden, Pore and Fracture

Pressures based on conventional log curves, drilling information and seismic data. The modules

can be used as pre-drill (predictive), while-drilling (real-time) and post-drilling tools to analyse

and refine the models.

The model can be viewed with a Depthversus Pressure ‘Fan Diagram’ or a Depthversus Pressure Gradient ‘Gradient Plot’ (as shown). These plots can be annotatedwith casing shoes, RFT pressures, Leak OffPressures and operational comments toidentify hole stability problems, whileadditional curve data, such as ECD, can be added to the display.

Sonic, Resistivity and Drilling Exponent are displayed in separatetracks in the interactive display. A Normal Compaction Trend (NCT)line for sonic log response in shale (NCT_Son) and for resistivity inshale (NCT_Res) is also displayed in the appropriate track.

3D ParameterMapping

E-logCorrections

Pore PressureCalculation

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When a combination of lateral and normal logs are available, the largely automated functionality corrects for the tool configuration, borehole temperature andmud resistivity characteristics, producing corrected output curves for Rt, Ri, Rxo and Di.

When only lateral resistivity curves are available the module provides more sophisticated modelling based on a user-created curve controlling the bed boundaries.The user works interactively on the plot and decides thedepth of the top of the bed based on the theory of laterallogs and geological knowledge of the formation.

Eastern Europeanresistivity corrections

The Eastern European Resistivity Corrections Module is a specialist tool developed by the A.G.H

University of Science and Technology, Kraków, and integrated into IP.

This allows the user to look for trends in the data andQC anomalies in the interpretation. The maps can bemade in 3D with TVDSS as the 3rd axis, or in 2D. Thecolour of the map represents the value of theparameter being plotted.

3D parameter viewerThe 3D parameter viewer is an important QC

tool and is designed to allow the analyst to

quickly view calculated zonal properties such

as Porosity and Clay Volume, or interpretation

parameters such as Rw or ‘m’ as a map.

Map plots the average porosity in a zone. Z axis is TVDSS.Any anomalies and trends in the data can easily be seen.In this case porosity is clearly related to depth.

SalesFor all enquires please contact us on:

E: IP.info@senergyworld.com

TrainingSenergy offers IP training courses in various locations around the world. We can also provide tailored in-housecourses for individual clients.

E: training@senergyworld.com

W: www.senergyworld.com/training

T: +44 131 523 1000

Software supportSenergy operates a support service from our offices around the world.

E: IPsupport@senergyworld.com

Support portal: http://ipsupport.senergyworld.com/

Senergy (GB) Limited, Ternan House, North Deeside Road, Banchory AB31 5YR, United KingdomT: +44 1330 825188 F: +44 1330 825206 E: info.uk@senergyworld.com www.senergyworld.com