3/2003 Rev 13/2003 Rev 1 II.3.2 – slide II.3.2 – slide 11 of 27 of 27

Part IIPart II Quantities and MeasurementsQuantities and Measurements

Module 3Module 3 Principles of Radiation Principles of Radiation Detection and MeasurementDetection and Measurement

Session 2Session 2 Proportional and GM DetectorsProportional and GM Detectors

Session II.3.2Session II.3.2

IAEA Post Graduate Educational CourseIAEA Post Graduate Educational CourseRadiation Protection and Safe Use of Radiation SourcesRadiation Protection and Safe Use of Radiation Sources

3/2003 Rev 13/2003 Rev 1 II.3.2 – slide II.3.2 – slide 22 of 27 of 27

OverviewOverview

In this session we will discuss the principle In this session we will discuss the principle of measuring radiation using proportional of measuring radiation using proportional and Geiger Mueller detectorsand Geiger Mueller detectors

3/2003 Rev 13/2003 Rev 1 II.3.2 – slide II.3.2 – slide 33 of 27 of 27

As indicated in the previous lecture, ion As indicated in the previous lecture, ion chambers are the simplest of all gas filled chambers are the simplest of all gas filled detectorsdetectors

An electric field is used to collect all the An electric field is used to collect all the ionizations (positive and negative charged ionizations (positive and negative charged particles) produced by the incident radiation in particles) produced by the incident radiation in the gas volumethe gas volume

Gas Filled DetectorsGas Filled Detectors

3/2003 Rev 13/2003 Rev 1 II.3.2 – slide II.3.2 – slide 44 of 27 of 27

PULS

EHEIG

HT

VOLTAGE APPLIED

IION CHAMBER

REGION

IIPROPORTIONAL

REGION

IIILIMITEDPROPOR-TIONALREGION

IVG-M

REGION

VCONTINUOUSDISCHARGEREGION

(100 X B)

a

(100 X Y)

a

B

Y

VS VP VL VG VD

RecombinationRegion

Regions of a Gas Filled ChamberRegions of a Gas Filled Chamber

3/2003 Rev 13/2003 Rev 1 II.3.2 – slide II.3.2 – slide 55 of 27 of 27

RecombinationRecombination

IonizationIonizationProportionalProportional

Limited ProportionalLimited ProportionalGeiger MuellerGeiger Mueller

Continuous DischargeContinuous Discharge

Operating Regions of aOperating Regions of aGas Filled DetectorGas Filled Detector

3/2003 Rev 13/2003 Rev 1 II.3.2 – slide II.3.2 – slide 66 of 27 of 27

Gas Flow Proportional ChamberGas Flow Proportional Chamber

3/2003 Rev 13/2003 Rev 1 II.3.2 – slide II.3.2 – slide 77 of 27 of 27

INDICATED

ACTUALEXPOSURERATE

keV EFFECTIVE

20 50 100 500 1000137 Cs 60 Co

.2

.4

.6

.8

1.0

1.2

1.4

1.6

1.8

2.0

2.2

SIDE

FRONT

Directional and Energy ResponseDirectional and Energy Response

3/2003 Rev 13/2003 Rev 1 II.3.2 – slide II.3.2 – slide 88 of 27 of 27

Sample Geiger MullerSample Geiger Muller(GM) Detectors(GM) Detectors

3/2003 Rev 13/2003 Rev 1 II.3.2 – slide II.3.2 – slide 99 of 27 of 27

0-0.2 mR/h to 0-2,000 mR/h0-0.2 mR/h to 0-2,000 mR/h0-240 cpm to 0-240,000 cpm0-240 cpm to 0-240,000 cpmExposure accuracy within 10% (per NRC reg. guide 10.8)Exposure accuracy within 10% (per NRC reg. guide 10.8)Meets or exceeds 10CFR35 for nuclear medicineMeets or exceeds 10CFR35 for nuclear medicine

Surveyor 2000 is compact, with Surveyor 2000 is compact, with doserate and countrate scales and doserate and countrate scales and controls for response time and controls for response time and audio. audio. X-ray and gamma ray X-ray and gamma ray exposures are measured by an exposures are measured by an internal GM detectorinternal GM detector, and , and alpha, alpha, beta, X- or gamma countrates beta, X- or gamma countrates using a suitable external probeusing a suitable external probe operating at 900 V. High voltage operating at 900 V. High voltage check, anti-saturation and dead check, anti-saturation and dead time compensation are included. time compensation are included.

Bicron Surveyor 2000Bicron Surveyor 2000

3/2003 Rev 13/2003 Rev 1 II.3.2 – slide II.3.2 – slide 1010 of 27 of 27

A portable survey meter with an internal A portable survey meter with an internal energy-compensated GM detector, the energy-compensated GM detector, the Radiographer also features automatic Radiographer also features automatic dead time compensation, anti-saturation dead time compensation, anti-saturation circuit and HV and battery checkscircuit and HV and battery checks

Bicron “Radiographer”Bicron “Radiographer”

Three linear ranges: 0-10 mR/h to 0-1000 mR/hThree linear ranges: 0-10 mR/h to 0-1000 mR/h

Response times optimized for each rangeResponse times optimized for each range

Energy compensated: 40 keV to 1.2 MeVEnergy compensated: 40 keV to 1.2 MeV

Weighs only 1 kgWeighs only 1 kg

3/2003 Rev 13/2003 Rev 1 II.3.2 – slide II.3.2 – slide 1111 of 27 of 27

FEATURESFEATURES - Energy compensated GM tube with a range of 10 mR/h to - Energy compensated GM tube with a range of 10 mR/h to 10,000 R/h - Watertight detector down to 20m  10,000 R/h - Watertight detector down to 20m  Detector Size 3.5 cm diameter x 23 cm longDetector Size 3.5 cm diameter x 23 cm longBatteries - 2 standard "AA", 250 hrs with Alkaline, 500 hrs with LithiumBatteries - 2 standard "AA", 250 hrs with Alkaline, 500 hrs with LithiumSimultaneous internal and external detector rate measurements           Simultaneous internal and external detector rate measurements          

OPTIONS - OPTIONS - Stainless steel detector housing to facilitate easy Stainless steel detector housing to facilitate easy decontamination  - "Smart Probe" with stored calibration parametersdecontamination  - "Smart Probe" with stored calibration parameters

Detects high gamma fields underwater. Detects high gamma fields underwater. Underwater detector, 65' watertight cable Underwater detector, 65' watertight cable and a Survey Meter which features a large, and a Survey Meter which features a large, backlit digital display with analog bar graph. backlit digital display with analog bar graph. Data logging (up to 256 data points), Data logging (up to 256 data points), adjustable alarms, and built in speaker with adjustable alarms, and built in speaker with click rate proportional to the count rate.click rate proportional to the count rate.

Eberline UnderwaterEberline UnderwaterDetector System (UWDS)Detector System (UWDS)

3/2003 Rev 13/2003 Rev 1 II.3.2 – slide II.3.2 – slide 1212 of 27 of 27

INDICATED USE:INDICATED USE: Alpha beta gamma survey Alpha beta gamma surveyDETECTOR:DETECTOR: Pancake type halogen quenched GM Pancake type halogen quenched GMWINDOW:WINDOW: 1.7 plus or minus 0.3 mg/cm 1.7 plus or minus 0.3 mg/cm22 mica micaWINDOW AREA:WINDOW AREA: Active - 15 cm Active - 15 cm22 ; Open - 12 cm ; Open - 12 cm22

EFFICIENCY(4EFFICIENCY(4 geometry): geometry): Typically 5% - C Typically 5% - C1414; 22% - Sr; 22% - Sr9090/Y/Y9090; 19% - Tc; 19% - Tc9999;;32% - P32% - P3232; 15% - Pu; 15% - Pu239239

SENSITIVITY:SENSITIVITY: Typically 3300 cpm/mR/hr (Cs Typically 3300 cpm/mR/hr (Cs137137 gamma ) gamma )ENERGY RESPONSE:ENERGY RESPONSE: Energy dependent Energy dependentDEAD TIME:DEAD TIME: Typically 80 microseconds Typically 80 microsecondsCOMPATIBLE INSTRUMENTS:COMPATIBLE INSTRUMENTS: General purpose survey meters, ratemeters, General purpose survey meters, ratemeters,

and scalersand scalersOPERATING VOLTAGE:OPERATING VOLTAGE: 900 volts 900 voltsCONNECTOR:CONNECTOR: Series "C" (others available ) Series "C" (others available )CONSTRUCTION:CONSTRUCTION: Aluminum housing with beige polyurethane enamel paint Aluminum housing with beige polyurethane enamel paintTEMPERATURE RANGE:TEMPERATURE RANGE: -20 -20ooC to 50C to 50ooCCSIZE:SIZE: 4.6 cm H X 6.9 cm W X 27.2 cm L 4.6 cm H X 6.9 cm W X 27.2 cm LWEIGHT:WEIGHT: 0.5kg 0.5kg

Ludlum 44-9 “pancake” GMLudlum 44-9 “pancake” GM

3/2003 Rev 13/2003 Rev 1 II.3.2 – slide II.3.2 – slide 1313 of 27 of 27

Eberline Monitor 4Eberline Monitor 4(pocket sized meter)(pocket sized meter)

FEATURESFEATURESCompactCompactEasy to UseEasy to UseLow CostLow CostCarrying Case IncludedCarrying Case Included

DETECTORDETECTORGM, uncompensatedGM, uncompensated

RANGESRANGES0.5, 5, 50 mR/h and 500, 5k, 50k cpm0.5, 5, 50 mR/h and 500, 5k, 50k cpm

OPTIONSOPTIONSEnergy Compensated GMEnergy Compensated GM

3/2003 Rev 13/2003 Rev 1 II.3.2 – slide II.3.2 – slide 1414 of 27 of 27

Application/Type:Application/Type: Beta/Gamma surveys; GM, non energy compensated Beta/Gamma surveys; GM, non energy compensatedDead Time:Dead Time: 50 usec nominal 50 usec nominalMica Window Size/Thickness:Mica Window Size/Thickness: 1.75 diameter (4.4 cm); 1.4 to 2.0 mg/cm 1.75 diameter (4.4 cm); 1.4 to 2.0 mg/cm22

Background Sensitivity:Background Sensitivity: ~3,600 cpm/mR/h ( ~3,600 cpm/mR/h (137137Cs)Cs)Beta/Gamma Efficiency:Beta/Gamma Efficiency: ~22% ~22% 137137Cs, ~16% Cs, ~16% 6060CoCoBeta Efficiency (4Beta Efficiency (4):): ~ 32% ~ 32% 9090Sr/Sr/9090Y, ~ 15% Y, ~ 15% 9999Tc, ~ 6% Tc, ~ 6% 1414CCAlpha Efficiency (4Alpha Efficiency (4):): ~ 25% ~ 25% 241241AmAm

CONFIGURATIONSCONFIGURATIONSModel HP-210AL:Model HP-210AL: Aluminum with 1:1 window to bkg ratio (0.7 kg)Aluminum with 1:1 window to bkg ratio (0.7 kg)Model HP-210L:Model HP-210L: Lead shielded with 4:1 window to bkg ratio (1.9 kg)Lead shielded with 4:1 window to bkg ratio (1.9 kg)Model HP-210T:Model HP-210T: Tungsten shield with 4:1 window to bkg ratio (1.9 kg)Tungsten shield with 4:1 window to bkg ratio (1.9 kg)

Eberline HP-210 SeriesEberline HP-210 SeriesGM “pancake”GM “pancake”

Ludlum 44-40Ludlum 44-40Window Area:Window Area: Active - 15 cm Active - 15 cm22 Open - 12 cm Open - 12 cm22 Window:Window: 1.7 1.7 0.3 mg/cm 0.3 mg/cm22 mica micaSensitivity:Sensitivity: ~ 3,300 cpm/mR/hr ( ~ 3,300 cpm/mR/hr (137137Cs )Cs ) Beta Efficiency (4Beta Efficiency (4):): ~ 22% ~ 22% 9090Sr/Y; 19% Sr/Y; 19% 9999Tc; 5% Tc; 5% 1414C; 32% C; 32% 3232PPAlpha Efficiency (4Alpha Efficiency (4):): ~ 15% ~ 15% 239239PuPu

3/2003 Rev 13/2003 Rev 1 II.3.2 – slide II.3.2 – slide 1515 of 27 of 27

Application:Application: Alpha/Beta/Gamma surveys Alpha/Beta/Gamma surveysDetector Type:Detector Type: GM, non energy compensated, end window GM, non energy compensated, end windowOperating Voltage:Operating Voltage: 900 V +/- 50 V 900 V +/- 50 VDead Time:Dead Time: 200 uSec nominal 200 uSec nominalMica Window Size:Mica Window Size: 1.1 diameter (2.8 cm) 1.1 diameter (2.8 cm)Mica Window Thickness:Mica Window Thickness: 1.4 to 2.0 mg/cm 1.4 to 2.0 mg/cm22

Gamma Sensitivity:Gamma Sensitivity: ~ 2,500 cpm/mR/h ( ~ 2,500 cpm/mR/h (137137Cs)Cs)Beta Efficiency (4Beta Efficiency (4):): ~ 35% ~ 35% 9090Sr/90Y, ~ 25% Sr/90Y, ~ 25% 9999Tc, ~ 10% Tc, ~ 10% 1414CCAlpha Efficiency (4Alpha Efficiency (4):): ~ 6% ~ 6% 241241AmAmOperating Temp:Operating Temp: -30 -30oo to +60 to +60ooCCHousing:Housing: ABS plastic ABS plasticConnector:Connector: BNC BNCSize:Size: 3.9 x 12.4 cm 3.9 x 12.4 cmWeight: Weight: 156 g156 g

Eberline HP-190AEberline HP-190AEnd Window GMEnd Window GM

3/2003 Rev 13/2003 Rev 1 II.3.2 – slide II.3.2 – slide 1616 of 27 of 27

Application:Application: Beta/Gamma exposure surveys Beta/Gamma exposure surveysDetector Type:Detector Type: Energy compensated GM Energy compensated GMDetector Range:Detector Range: 3 R/hr (with dead time correction) 3 R/hr (with dead time correction)Energy Range:Energy Range: 30 keV to 6 MeV 30 keV to 6 MeVOperating Voltage:Operating Voltage: 900 V +/- 50V 900 V +/- 50VDead Time:Dead Time: 100 uSec nominal 100 uSec nominalWall Material:Wall Material: Stainless steel Stainless steelWall Thickness:Wall Thickness: 30 mg/cm 30 mg/cm22 (tube only) (tube only)Gamma Sensitivity:Gamma Sensitivity: ~1,200 cpm/mR/h ( ~1,200 cpm/mR/h (137137Cs)Cs)Operating Temp:Operating Temp: -40 -40oo to +63 to +63oo C CHousing:Housing: ABS plastic with sliding beta shield ABS plastic with sliding beta shieldConnector:Connector: BNC BNCSize:Size: 3.5 x 15.2 cm 3.5 x 15.2 cmWeight:Weight: 142 g 142 g

Eberline HP-271Eberline HP-271Energy Compensated GMEnergy Compensated GM

3/2003 Rev 13/2003 Rev 1 II.3.2 – slide II.3.2 – slide 1717 of 27 of 27

DETECTOR:DETECTOR: Built-In Pancake GM Built-In Pancake GMSENSITIVITY:SENSITIVITY: ~ 3,300 cpm/mR/hr ( ~ 3,300 cpm/mR/hr (137137Cs gamma)Cs gamma)ENERGY RESPONSE:ENERGY RESPONSE: Energy dependent Energy dependentMETER DIAL:METER DIAL: 0 - 0.15 mR/hr; 0 - 500 cpm; BAT OK 0 - 0.15 mR/hr; 0 - 500 cpm; BAT OKMULTIPLIERS:MULTIPLIERS: X1, X10, X100 X1, X10, X100LINEARITY:LINEARITY: Reading within Reading within 10% of true value10% of true valueAUDIO:AUDIO: Built in speaker (quiet position on main switch to silence audio) Built in speaker (quiet position on main switch to silence audio)CALIBRATION CONTROLS:CALIBRATION CONTROLS: Accessible from front of instrument Accessible from front of instrumentRESPONSE:RESPONSE: Typically 5 seconds from 10% to 90% of final reading Typically 5 seconds from 10% to 90% of final readingPOWER:POWER: 1 ea. 9 volt 1 ea. 9 voltBATTERY LIFE:BATTERY LIFE: Typically 250 hours with alkaline batteries (battery condition Typically 250 hours with alkaline batteries (battery condition

can be checked on meter )can be checked on meter )CONSTRUCTION:CONSTRUCTION: Aluminum housing with beige polyurethane enamel paint, Aluminum housing with beige polyurethane enamel paint,

and a recessed subsurface printed membrane front paneland a recessed subsurface printed membrane front panelTEMPERATURE RANGE:TEMPERATURE RANGE: -20 C to 50 C -20 C to 50 CSIZE:SIZE: 4.6 cm H X 8.4 cm W X 13.5 cm L 4.6 cm H X 8.4 cm W X 13.5 cm LWEIGHT:WEIGHT: 0.4 kg including batteries 0.4 kg including batteries

Ludlum Model 2401PLudlum Model 2401P““pocket meter”pocket meter”

3/2003 Rev 13/2003 Rev 1 II.3.2 – slide II.3.2 – slide 1818 of 27 of 27

Explosion Proof NaI(Tl) Gamma Scintillator & Energy-Compensated GM Explosion Proof NaI(Tl) Gamma Scintillator & Energy-Compensated GM INDICATED USE:INDICATED USE: Gamma Survey Gamma SurveyDETECTORS:DETECTORS: 2.5 cm X 2.5 cm NaI(Tl) scintillator 2.5 cm X 2.5 cm NaI(Tl) scintillatorSENSITIVITY:SENSITIVITY: Typically 175 cpm/microR/hr (Cs-137 gamma) Typically 175 cpm/microR/hr (Cs-137 gamma)ENERGY RESPONSE:ENERGY RESPONSE: Energy dependent - Energy compensated GM Energy dependent - Energy compensated GMENERGY RESPONSE:ENERGY RESPONSE: Within Within 15% of true value from 60 keV - 3 MeV15% of true value from 60 keV - 3 MeVWORKING ENVIRONMENT:WORKING ENVIRONMENT: Explosion proof housing for extreme environments Explosion proof housing for extreme environmentsMETER DIAL:METER DIAL: 0 - 100 mR/hr, BAT TEST 0 - 100 mR/hr, BAT TESTMULTIPLIERS:MULTIPLIERS: X0.1, X1, X10, X100, X1k X0.1, X1, X10, X100, X1kLINEARITY:LINEARITY: Reading within Reading within 10% of true value with detector connected10% of true value with detector connectedCALIBRATION CONTROLS:CALIBRATION CONTROLS: Located in meter housing Located in meter housingRESPONSE:RESPONSE: 4 seconds from 10% to 90% of final reading 4 seconds from 10% to 90% of final readingRESET:RESET: Push-button to zero meter Push-button to zero meterPOWER:POWER: 2 each "C" cell batteries 2 each "C" cell batteriesBATTERY LIFE:BATTERY LIFE: Typically 450 hours with alkaline batteries Typically 450 hours with alkaline batteriesCONSTRUCTION:CONSTRUCTION: explosion proof housing explosion proof housingTEMPERATURE RANGE:TEMPERATURE RANGE: -20 -20oo C to 50 C to 50oo C CSIZE/WEIGHT:SIZE/WEIGHT: 16.5cm H X 20.3cm W X 17.8cm L; 6.4 kg including batteries 16.5cm H X 20.3cm W X 17.8cm L; 6.4 kg including batteries

Ludlum Model 3-97EPLudlum Model 3-97EP

3/2003 Rev 13/2003 Rev 1 II.3.2 – slide II.3.2 – slide 1919 of 27 of 27

ProportionalProportionalCountersCounters

3/2003 Rev 13/2003 Rev 1 II.3.2 – slide II.3.2 – slide 2020 of 27 of 27

GENERAL DESCRIPTIONGENERAL DESCRIPTIONThe model E600/NRD Combines E-600 Survey Meter with NRD neutron REM The model E600/NRD Combines E-600 Survey Meter with NRD neutron REM detector. The NRD is a 23 cm-diameter, cadmium-loaded polyethylene sphere detector. The NRD is a 23 cm-diameter, cadmium-loaded polyethylene sphere with a BFwith a BF33 tube in the center. Energy response closely follows the theoretical tube in the center. Energy response closely follows the theoretical

dose from neutrons over the energy range from 0.025 eV thermal to about 10 dose from neutrons over the energy range from 0.025 eV thermal to about 10 MeV. The BFMeV. The BF33 tube allows excellent gamma rejection. tube allows excellent gamma rejection.

FEATURESFEATURESMeasures Thermal Through Fast NeutronsMeasures Thermal Through Fast NeutronsGamma Rejection Up To 500 R/hGamma Rejection Up To 500 R/hDirection Independent MeasurementsDirection Independent MeasurementsBackground SubtractionBackground SubtractionData LoggingData Logging

COMBINED DETECTOR/METERCOMBINED DETECTOR/METERSize/Weight: 41.6 cm x 22.9 cm x 22.9 cm; 8.16 KgSize/Weight: 41.6 cm x 22.9 cm x 22.9 cm; 8.16 KgOperating Temperature: -20Operating Temperature: -20ooC to +50C to +50ooCCOperating Humidity: Up to 95% non-condensingOperating Humidity: Up to 95% non-condensing

Eberline E600 Survey MeterEberline E600 Survey Meter+ NRD Detector+ NRD Detector

3/2003 Rev 13/2003 Rev 1 II.3.2 – slide II.3.2 – slide 2121 of 27 of 27

DETECTORDETECTORDetector:Detector: BF BF33 Tube in 23 cm cadmium loaded polyethylene sphere Tube in 23 cm cadmium loaded polyethylene sphere

Plateau:Plateau: Approximately 200 V with a slope of 5% per 100 V Approximately 200 V with a slope of 5% per 100 VOperating Voltage:Operating Voltage: Dependant on sensitivity of counter and cable length; Dependant on sensitivity of counter and cable length;typically 1,600 to 2,000 V.typically 1,600 to 2,000 V.Directional Response:Directional Response: Within Within 10%10%Energy Range:Energy Range: Thermal to approximately 10 MeV Thermal to approximately 10 MeVGamma Rejection:Gamma Rejection: Up to 500 R/h. Rejection is dependant on voltage selected. Up to 500 R/h. Rejection is dependant on voltage selected.Factory default is 10 mR/h.Factory default is 10 mR/h.Sensitivity:Sensitivity: Approximately 45 cpm/mrem/h (3,000 counts per mrem) Approximately 45 cpm/mrem/h (3,000 counts per mrem)

SURVEY METER (E-600)SURVEY METER (E-600)Count Range:Count Range: 1 to 1.3 million cpm 1 to 1.3 million cpmResponse Times:Response Times: Slow, Medium, Fast. Each time setting is programmable Slow, Medium, Fast. Each time setting is programmable from from 0 to 255 seconds.0 to 255 seconds.Dead Time Correction:Dead Time Correction: 0 to 255 0 to 255 secsecOperating Modes:Operating Modes: Ratemeter, Scaler, Integration, Peak Trap, Background Ratemeter, Scaler, Integration, Peak Trap, BackgroundAccumulation. Accumulation.

Eberline E600 Survey MeterEberline E600 Survey Meter+ NRD Detector+ NRD Detector

3/2003 Rev 13/2003 Rev 1 II.3.2 – slide II.3.2 – slide 2222 of 27 of 27

Eberline E600 Survey MeterEberline E600 Survey Meter+ SHP-400A+ SHP-400A

(Data Logging RO-20)(Data Logging RO-20)

Eberline E600 Survey MeterEberline E600 Survey Meter+ NRD Detector+ NRD Detector

3/2003 Rev 13/2003 Rev 1 II.3.2 – slide II.3.2 – slide 2323 of 27 of 27

End Window GM Detector for Alpha Beta and Gamma End Window GM Detector for Alpha Beta and Gamma BFBF33 Proportional Detector with Moderator for Neutron Proportional Detector with Moderator for Neutron

4 Ranges - Total Counting Range from 0 - 500,000 cpm4 Ranges - Total Counting Range from 0 - 500,000 cpmINDICATED USE:INDICATED USE: Fast and thermal neutron, alpha, beta-gamma survey Fast and thermal neutron, alpha, beta-gamma surveyDETECTORS:DETECTORS: Controlled by selector switch Controlled by selector switchNEUTRON:NEUTRON: Model 42-9 BF Model 42-9 BF33 proportional detector with proportional detector with

7.6 cm diameter cadmium lined moderator for fast neutrons7.6 cm diameter cadmium lined moderator for fast neutrons(remove detector from moderator for thermal neutrons)(remove detector from moderator for thermal neutrons)ENERGY RESPONSE:ENERGY RESPONSE: Count response is not linear throughout Count response is not linear throughoutenergy spectrum (0.025 - 8 MeV)energy spectrum (0.025 - 8 MeV)SENSITIVITY:SENSITIVITY: Typically 60 cpm/mrem/hr (AmBe fast neutrons) Typically 60 cpm/mrem/hr (AmBe fast neutrons)GAMMA REJECTION:GAMMA REJECTION: Less than 10 cpm through 10 R/hr Less than 10 cpm through 10 R/hrALPHA BETA-GAMMA:ALPHA BETA-GAMMA: Model 44-7 thin end window GM detector Model 44-7 thin end window GM detectorWINDOW:WINDOW: 1.7 1.7 0.3 mg/cm2 mica0.3 mg/cm2 micaWINDOW AREA:WINDOW AREA: Active - 6.4 cm Active - 6.4 cm22 Open - 5.2 cm Open - 5.2 cm22

EFFICIENCY(2EFFICIENCY(2 geometry): geometry): Typically 5% - Typically 5% - 1414C; 20% - C; 20% - 9090Sr/Sr/9090Y; 15% - Y; 15% - 239239PuPuSENSITIVITY:SENSITIVITY: Typically 2100 cpm/mR/hr ( Typically 2100 cpm/mR/hr (137137Cs gamma)Cs gamma)

Ludlum Model 15 (Ludlum Model 15 (------))

3/2003 Rev 13/2003 Rev 1 II.3.2 – slide II.3.2 – slide 2424 of 27 of 27

METER DIAL:METER DIAL: 0 - 500 cpm, 0 - 2.5 kV, BAT TEST 0 - 500 cpm, 0 - 2.5 kV, BAT TESTMULTIPLIERS:MULTIPLIERS: X1, X10, X100, X1000 X1, X10, X100, X1000LINEARITY:LINEARITY: Reading within Reading within 10% of true value10% of true valueRESET:RESET: Push-button to zero meter Push-button to zero meterAUDIO:AUDIO: Built in speaker with ON/OFF switch (greater than 60 dB at 0.6 m) Built in speaker with ON/OFF switch (greater than 60 dB at 0.6 m)CALIBRATION CONTROLS:CALIBRATION CONTROLS: Accessible from front of instrument (protective Accessible from front of instrument (protective

cover provided)cover provided)RESPONSE:RESPONSE: Toggle switch for FAST (4 seconds) or SLOW (22 seconds) from Toggle switch for FAST (4 seconds) or SLOW (22 seconds) from

10% to 90% of final reading10% to 90% of final readingPOWER:POWER: 2 each "D" cell batteries (housed in sealed compartment that is 2 each "D" cell batteries (housed in sealed compartment that is

externally accessible)externally accessible)BATTERY LIFE:BATTERY LIFE: Typically 600 hours with alkaline batteries (battery condition Typically 600 hours with alkaline batteries (battery condition

can be checked on meter)can be checked on meter)METER:METER: 6.4cm arc, 1 mA analog type 6.4cm arc, 1 mA analog typeCONSTRUCTION:CONSTRUCTION: aluminum with beige polyurethane enamel paint aluminum with beige polyurethane enamel paintTEMPERATURE RANGE: TEMPERATURE RANGE: -20-20ooC to 50C to 50ooCCSIZE:SIZE: 31.8cm H X 8.9cm W X 21.6cm L 31.8cm H X 8.9cm W X 21.6cm LWEIGHT:WEIGHT: 3.7 kg including batteries 3.7 kg including batteries

Ludlum Model 15Ludlum Model 15

3/2003 Rev 13/2003 Rev 1 II.3.2 – slide II.3.2 – slide 2525 of 27 of 27

INDICATED USE:INDICATED USE: Alpha survey Alpha surveyWORKING ENVIRONMENT:WORKING ENVIRONMENT: Splashproof shields and Splashproof shields and desiccant vented chamber for outdoor usedesiccant vented chamber for outdoor useWINDOW:WINDOW: 0.4 mg/cm 0.4 mg/cm22 aluminized mylar aluminized mylarWINDOW AREA:WINDOW AREA: Active - 76 cm Active - 76 cm22 Open - 50 cm Open - 50 cm22

EFFICIENCY(4EFFICIENCY(4 geometry): geometry): Typically 8% Typically 8% 239239PuPuCOMPATIBLE INSTRUMENTS:COMPATIBLE INSTRUMENTS: Models 12, 16, 18, 2000,2200, 2221, 2241, 2350 Models 12, 16, 18, 2000,2200, 2221, 2241, 2350OPERATING VOLTAGE:OPERATING VOLTAGE: Altitude sensitive Altitude sensitive

Sea level - 2050 voltsSea level - 2050 volts2000 feet - 2000 volts2000 feet - 2000 volts5000 feet - 1925 volts5000 feet - 1925 volts7000 feet - 1875 volts7000 feet - 1875 volts

CONSTRUCTION:CONSTRUCTION: Anodized aluminum body with aluminum screen (65% open) Anodized aluminum body with aluminum screen (65% open)TEMPERATURE RANGE:TEMPERATURE RANGE: -20 C to 50 C -20 C to 50 CSIZE:SIZE: 10.2 cm H X 6.4 cm W X 22.9 cm L 10.2 cm H X 6.4 cm W X 22.9 cm LWEIGHT:WEIGHT: 0.5kg 0.5kg

Ludlum Model 43-44Ludlum Model 43-44““air proportional alpha”air proportional alpha”

3/2003 Rev 13/2003 Rev 1 II.3.2 – slide II.3.2 – slide 2626 of 27 of 27

The Model 44-110 is a windowless 100 cmThe Model 44-110 is a windowless 100 cm22 gas proportional detector for tritium detectiongas proportional detector for tritium detectionINDICATED USE:INDICATED USE: Tritium surface survey Tritium surface surveyWINDOW:WINDOW: Windowless WindowlessWINDOW AREA:WINDOW AREA: Active - 126 cm Active - 126 cm22 Open - 100 cm Open - 100 cm22

EFFICIENCY (4EFFICIENCY (4):): Typically 25% - H Typically 25% - H33

BACKGROUND:BACKGROUND: Typically 400 cpm Typically 400 cpmOPERATING VOLTAGE:OPERATING VOLTAGE: Typically 1700 volts Typically 1700 voltsCOUNTER THRESHOLD SETTING:COUNTER THRESHOLD SETTING: Typically 4 mV Typically 4 mVRECOMMENDED COUNTING GAS:RECOMMENDED COUNTING GAS: P-10 (10% methane, 90% argon) P-10 (10% methane, 90% argon)GAS PURGE TIME:GAS PURGE TIME: Approximately 20 seconds Approximately 20 secondsCONNECTOR:CONNECTOR: Series "C" Series "C"CONSTRUCTION:CONSTRUCTION: Anodized aluminum housing Anodized aluminum housingTEMPERATURE RANGE:TEMPERATURE RANGE: -20 -20oo C to 50 C to 50oo C CSIZE:SIZE: 12.4cm H X 11.7cm W X 22.9cm L 12.4cm H X 11.7cm W X 22.9cm LWEIGHT:WEIGHT: 0.9kg 0.9kg

Ludlum Model 44-110Ludlum Model 44-110

3/2003 Rev 13/2003 Rev 1 II.3.2 – slide II.3.2 – slide 2727 of 27 of 27

Where to Get More InformationWhere to Get More Information

Cember, H., Introduction to Health Physics, 3Cember, H., Introduction to Health Physics, 3rdrd Edition, McGraw-Hill, New York (2000)Edition, McGraw-Hill, New York (2000)

Firestone, R.B., Baglin, C.M., Frank-Chu, S.Y., Eds., Firestone, R.B., Baglin, C.M., Frank-Chu, S.Y., Eds., Table of Isotopes (8Table of Isotopes (8thth Edition, 1999 update), Wiley, Edition, 1999 update), Wiley, New York (1999)New York (1999)

International Atomic Energy Agency, The Safe Use International Atomic Energy Agency, The Safe Use of Radiation Sources, Training Course Series No. 6, of Radiation Sources, Training Course Series No. 6, IAEA, Vienna (1995)IAEA, Vienna (1995)