3/2003 rev 1 i.2.9 – slide 1 of 35 session i.2.9 part i review of fundamentals module 2basic...
TRANSCRIPT
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3/2003 Rev 1 I.2.9 – slide 1 of 35
Session I.2.9
Part I Review of Fundamentals
Module 2 Basic Physics and MathematicsUsed in Radiation Protection
Session 9 Nuclear Reactions
IAEA Post Graduate Educational CourseRadiation Protection and Safety of Radiation Sources
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3/2003 Rev 1 I.2.9 – slide 2 of 35
Various examples of nuclear reactions will be discussed
Students will learn about properties of neutrons, nuclear decay processes, cross section, neutron interactions, and various kinds of nuclear reactions including charged particle reactions, spallation, fission and fusion reactions
Introduction
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3/2003 Rev 1 I.2.9 – slide 3 of 35
Content
Properties of neutrons Nuclear decay processes Cross section Neutron interactions Charged particle reactions Spallation Fission Fusion
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3/2003 Rev 1 I.2.9 – slide 4 of 35
Overview
Various kinds of nuclear reactions will be discussed and examples shown
Health physics significance and energy considerations of nuclear reactions will be discussed
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3/2003 Rev 1 I.2.9 – slide 5 of 35
Chadwick, 1932, alpha bombardment
He + Be C + n + Q
Neutron Discovery
Thermal (0.0025 eV)Slow (1 - 100 eV)Epithermal (100 eV – 100 keV)Fast (100 keV – 1 MeV)Ultrafast (>1 MeV)
Neutron Classification
Properties of Neutrons
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3/2003 Rev 1 I.2.9 – slide 6 of 35
Neutron Characteristics symbol - n no charge rest energy 939.507 MeV has a magnetic moment it is a fermion
Neutron Interaction with matter Scattering (2 mechanisms) Absorption (>4 mechanisms)
Properties of Neutrons
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3/2003 Rev 1 I.2.9 – slide 7 of 35
Nuclear ReactionsNuclear Decay
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3/2003 Rev 1 I.2.9 – slide 8 of 35
Nuclear ReactionsAlpha Decay
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3/2003 Rev 1 I.2.9 – slide 9 of 35
Nuclear ReactionsBeta Decay
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3/2003 Rev 1 I.2.9 – slide 10 of 35
Nuclear ReactionsPositron Decay or Electron Capture
Electron Capture
Positron Emission
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3/2003 Rev 1 I.2.9 – slide 11 of 35
Nuclear ReactionsSummary of Major Decay Mechanisms
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3/2003 Rev 1 I.2.9 – slide 12 of 35
Cross Section
where
= cross section
R = number of reactions per unit time per nucleus
I = number of incident particles per unit time per unit area
= RI
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3/2003 Rev 1 I.2.9 – slide 13 of 35
Nuclear ReactionsFast Neutron Interactions
Elastic scattering - neutrons interact with particles of approximately the same mass such as protons (billiard ball analogy)
Occurs in materials rich in hydrogen such as water, wax, concrete
Accounts for about 80% of fast neutron dose to tissue
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3/2003 Rev 1 I.2.9 – slide 14 of 35
Inelastic scattering – neutrons interact with particles of much greater mass, for example, iron (table tennis ball vs bowling ball analogy)
Nuclear ReactionsFast Neutron Interactions
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3/2003 Rev 1 I.2.9 – slide 15 of 35
Nuclear ReactionsElastic Scattering of Neutrons
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3/2003 Rev 1 I.2.9 – slide 16 of 35
Nuclear ReactionsInelastic Scattering of Neutrons
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3/2003 Rev 1 I.2.9 – slide 17 of 35
Neutron Reactions
(n, CP) QHeLiBn 42
73
105
10
CoCon 605910
(n, gamma)
LiMoUUn 1399523692
23592
10 *
(n, fission)
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3/2003 Rev 1 I.2.9 – slide 18 of 35
Nuclear ReactionsNeutron Absorption, Charged Particle
n + 10B 7Li(*) +
7Li(*) 7Li + soft gamma (480 KeV)
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3/2003 Rev 1 I.2.9 – slide 19 of 35
Fission
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3/2003 Rev 1 I.2.9 – slide 20 of 35
Breeding 239Pu from 238U Neutron Capture
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3/2003 Rev 1 I.2.9 – slide 21 of 35
Details of 239U Decay to 239Pu
239U (23.5 min) 239Np (2.3 d) 239Pu
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3/2003 Rev 1 I.2.9 – slide 22 of 35
Nuclear ReactionsCharged Particle Bombardment
p + 68Zn 67Ga + 2n
+ 16O 18F + p + n
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3/2003 Rev 1 I.2.9 – slide 23 of 35
Nuclear ReactionsSpallation
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3/2003 Rev 1 I.2.9 – slide 24 of 35
Spallation Products
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3/2003 Rev 1 I.2.9 – slide 25 of 35
Spallation Produced by Neutrons or Protons
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3/2003 Rev 1 I.2.9 – slide 26 of 35
Nuclear Fusion ReactionsUtilize Isotopes of Hydrogen
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3/2003 Rev 1 I.2.9 – slide 27 of 35
Nuclear ReactionsFusion
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3/2003 Rev 1 I.2.9 – slide 28 of 35
Deuteron – Deuteron Fusion
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3/2003 Rev 1 I.2.9 – slide 29 of 35
Tritium – ProtonProduction from Fusion
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3/2003 Rev 1 I.2.9 – slide 30 of 35
3He with Neutron Production from Fusion
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3/2003 Rev 1 I.2.9 – slide 31 of 35
Fusion - Tokamak
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3/2003 Rev 1 I.2.9 – slide 32 of 35
Energy ProductionReactions in Stars
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3/2003 Rev 1 I.2.9 – slide 33 of 35
CNO Energy ProductionReactions in Stars
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Summary
Various examples of nuclear reactions were discussed
Students learned about properties of neutrons, nuclear decay processes, cross section, neutron interactions, and various kinds of nuclear reactions including charged particle reactions, spallation, fission and fusion
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3/2003 Rev 1 I.2.9 – slide 35 of 35
Where to Get More Information
Cember, H., Johnson, T. E., Introduction to Health Physics, 4th Edition, McGraw-Hill, New York (2008)
Martin, A., Harbison, S. A., Beach, K., Cole, P., An Introduction to Radiation Protection, 6th Edition, Hodder Arnold, London (2012)
Jelley, N. A., Fundamentals of Nuclear Physics, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge (1990)
Firestone, R.B., Baglin, C.M., Frank-Chu, S.Y., Eds., Table of Isotopes (8th Edition, 1999 update), Wiley, New York (1999)